Operator's Manual

Table Of Contents
Fundamental Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-1

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Section 6 - Fundamental Terms

Operator's Manual
Fundamental Terms
Many terms are used which refer to crane function, as sembly, operation, and maintenance. The following list gives a brief definition as to how the terms are used in this Operator's Manual and how they fit this particular crane. Accumulator: A container in which fluid is stored un der pressure as a source of hydraulic energy. Aeration: The condition when air is present in the hy draulic fluid. This causes the fluid to appear milky and components to operate erratically because of the com pressibility of air trapped in the fluid. Annually: Once a year. Anti-Two Block System: A system of electrome chanical devices used to alert or prevent the crane op erator from two blocking the crane. See Two Block". Attachment: The lattice boom assembly, tubular jib, or the combination of both. Automatic Brake: Drum brake system that is applied automatically any time the drum control lever is in neu tral. Backstop: A device used to limit the angle of the boom or mast to the highest recommended angle. Backward Stability: Resistance to overturning of the crane in rearward direction. Bail: A frame equipped with sheaves and connected to the gantry. The bail is used in conjunction with the boom hoist drum and bridle to alter the crane's boom angle. Band Brake: Circular external contracting type brake having a strap lined with heat and wear resistant friction material. Base Section: The lower most section of the boom or jib. This section is usually tapered and is used to con nect the attachment to the crane. Basic Boom: Boom attachment made up of only the base and top sections of the boom. Basic Jib: Jib attachment made up of only the base and top sections of the jib. Boom: Lattice structure consisting of multiple sec tions, pinned together to a specific length. Wire rope reeved to the boom are used for lifting and excavating operations. Boom Angle: The angle above or below horizontal of the longitudinal axis of the boom base section. Boom Angle Indicator: An accessory which meas ures the angle of the boom above horizontal. Boom Chord: A main corner member of a lattice type boom. Boom Foot: Base of boom where it attaches to the up per revolving frame. Boom Hoist: Rope drum and its drive, or other mecha nism for controlling the angle of the boom. Boom Lattice: Structural truss members at angles to and supporting the boom chords of a lattice type boom. Boom Length: The straight line through the centerline of the boom foot pin to the centerline of the boom head sheave shaft, measured along the longitudinal axis of the boom. Boom Sections: Individual lattice structures which are pinned together to form the boom attachment. Crane lattice booms are usually in two basic sections, top and base. Such booms may be lengthened by insertion of one or more additional extension sections. Bridle: A frame equipped with sheaves and con nected to the boom by stationary ropes called pen dants. The bridle is used in conjunction with the boom hoist drum and bail to alter the crane's boom angle. By-Pass: A secondary passage of fluid flow, in addi tion to the main flow path. Capacity Chart: A chart in the Crane Rating Manual which gives rated lifting capacities for the crane under different load conditions. Carrier: The portion of the crane located below the turntable bearing. Carrier Frame: The main structure of the carrier sec tion of the crane. Catwalk: Platforms attached to the crane that provide a walkway. Cavitation: A condition where air is induced into a cav ity, line or chamber normally filled with oil. This condi tion can cause damage to pumps, cylinder walls, etc. Check Valve: A valve which permits flow in one direc tion only. Circuit: A complete or partial path over which electrical current, air pressure, or hydraulic fluid may flow.

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Clamshell Bucket: A clamshell bucket usually con sists of two or more similar scoops hinged together, and a head assembly connected to the outer corners of the scoops by struts. When the head and hinge are pulled toward each other, the scoops are forced to gether to dig and hold material. Clamshell buckets are controlled by a holding line reeved over a boom point sheave and attached to the head assembly to support the bucket in open position and usually by a closing line also reeved over a boom point sheave and ending in a force amplifying tackle or other means between the head assembly and scoop hinge to close the bucket. Because digging ability is largely dependent on bucket weight, buckets are supplied in various weight classes ranging from light for easily dug stock piled materials, to heavy for excavating hard pan and the like. Closing Line: The rope reeved from the hoist drum to control the closing of the clamshell bucket. Clutch: A friction, electromagnetic, hydraulic, pneu matic, or mechanical locking device for engagement or disengagement of power. Compressibility: The change in volume of fluid when it is subjected to a unit change in pressure. Concrete Bucket: Bucket for handling wet concrete, fitted with a bail or bridle, usually handled on lifting crane and hoisted to dumping location. Counterbalance Valve (Holding Valve): A valve which regulated fluid flow by maintaining resistance in one direction, but allows free flow in the other direction. Counterweight: Weight used to supplement the weight of the crane in providing stability for lifting loads. Cracking Pressure: The pressure at which a pressure actuated valve begins to open to allow flow. Cylinder: A device which converts fluid power into me chanical force and motion. It usually consists of a moveable element, such as a piston and piston rod, which operates within a cylindrical bore. Delivery: The volume of fluid discharge by a pump in a given time, usually expressed in gallons per minute (gpm) or liters per minute (Lpm). Derricking: Operation of changing boom angle in a vertical plan. See Boom Hoist". Displacement: The quantity of fluid which can pass through a pump, motor, or cylinder in a single revolu tion or stroke. Double Acting Cylinder: A cylinder in which fluid force can be applied in either direction. Dragline: Machines with dragline attachments are generally used to excavate material from below the grade on which the machine is placed. A dragline bucket is loaded by the drag rope pulling it toward the machine, it is lifted and carried by the hoist rope reeved over the boom point sheave, and is balanced by the dump rope interconnecting the drag and hoist ropes. Buckets are supplied in various weight classes ranging from light for loose formations to heavy for compact or cemented formations. Drag Rope: Rope for pulling in bucket during dragline operations. Drum Lagging: See Winch Drum. Extension (Boom Or Jib): Sections of the boom or jib which come in various lengths and are used to in crease the overall length of the basic boom or jib. Fairleader: A combination of sheaves and/or rollers mounted at the front of the machine to guide the drag rope. Filter: A device which functions to remove insoluble contaminants from a fluid by a porous media. Flow Divider: A valve which divides a flow of oil into two streams. Force: Any cause which tends to produce or modify motion. In hydraulics, total force is expressed by the product of pressure (P) and the area of the surface (A) on which the pressure acts. ( Force = P X A) Frame: Structure on which either the upper or carrier machinery is attached. Free-Fall: Lowering of the hook and/or load without using power. The motion is caused by gravity and must be controlled by a brake. Friction: The property which tends to resist the relative motion of one surface in contact with another surface. It always exerts a Drag" in the direction opposite of the motion, thus consumes power. Full Flow: In a filter, the condition where all the fluid must pass through the filter element. Full Load Speed: The speed at which an engine runs when it is delivering its full rated horsepower. Function Limiter (Function Lockout, Hydraulic Cut outs, Hydraulic Kickouts): Devices incorporated into the anti-two block system or rated capacity limiter sys tem which will disable the crane function of winch up or boom up as a two block or overload situation ap proachs.

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Gantry: A structural frame, located to the rear of the revolving upper frame and usually extending above the cab. Retractable means are usually available to lower to cab height for roadable convenience. Its purpose is to support the boom hoist derricking system. Gradablity: The slope which a machine can climb ex pressed as a percentage. Ground Pressure: Weight of machine divided by the area of the surface directly supporting the machine. Head Machinery: An arrangement of sheaves on the end of an attachment used to reeve wire rope. High Idle: Governed engine speed at full throttle and no load. Hoist: Function of lifting and lowering the boom or loads. Hoist Drum: A rotating cylindrical spool with side flanges used to wrap the winch rope during the raising and lowering with the winch. Hoist Rope: The wire rope used to reeve the winch and the attachments for lifting loads. Holding Valve (Counterbalance Valve): A valve which regulates fluid flow by maintaining resistance in one direction, but allows free flow in the other direction. Hook Block: Block with hook attached used in lifting service. It may have a single sheave for double or triple line, or multiple sheaves for four or more parts of line. House Assembly: The housing which covers the ma chinery mounted on the upper revolving frame Hydraulic Reservoir: The storage tank for hydraulic fluid. Idler Roller: Rollers of track mechanism which are not power driven but are used to maintain proper tension on the track. Jib: A pendant supported extension attached to the boom head to provide added boom length for handling specified loads. The jib may be in line with the boom or offset. Lattice Boom: Boom of open construction with angu lar or tubular lacing between main corner members in form of truss. Lifting Capacity: The rated load for any given load ra dius and boom angle under specified operating condi tions. Line Pull: The rope pull generated off a rope drum of lagging at a specified pitch diameter. Line Speed: The rope velocity at a rope drum of lag ging at a specified pitch diameter. Live Mast: Frame hinged at or near the boom foot and extending above the cab for use in connection with supporting a boom. Head of mast is usually supported and raised or lowered by the boom hoist ropes. A live mast is used in place of a gantry. Load Line: Another term for Hoist Rope". In lifting crane service it refers to the main hoist. The secondary hoist is referred to as a Whip Line". Load Indicator: A device for measuring and display ing the net load being lifted. Load Radius: The horizontal distance from the center line of rotation of the upper to the center of gravity of a suspended load. Mat: Support, usually of timber or wire construction, for supporting the pontoons on soft surfaces where the pontoon areas are not large enough to support the load without settling. Midpoint Pendants: Wire rope pendants used to sup port the center portion of a long lattice boom. Motor (Hydraulic): A rotary motion device which changes hydraulic energy into mechanical energy, a rotary actuator. Oil Cooler: A heat exchanger used to remove heat from the hydraulic or transmission fluid. Open Center Circuit: A circuit where the pump con tinuously circulates fluid through the control valves when they are in a neutral position. Operator's Cab: A housing which covers the opera tors station. Outrigger: An extendable supporting device used to level the crane and increase stability. Outrigger Beam: The part of the outrigger which ex tends horizontally and acts as the support for the out rigger jack. Outrigger Jack: The hydraulic cylinder on the outrig ger beam which extends vertically to raise and lower the crane. Pendant: A supporting rope, which under tension, maintains a constant distance between its points of at tachment. Pick And Carry: The crane operation of lifting a load and traveling with it suspended. Pilot Pressure: Auxiliary pressure used to actuate or control hydraulic components. Pinion: Usually the small gear in a gear train which drives the other gears.

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Pitch Diameter: Root diameter of drum, lagging, or sheave plus the diameter of the rope. Pontoon: The support which attaches to the outrigger jack to increase the supporting area. Poppet: A disc, ball, or cone shaped part of certain valves, which when closed against a seat prevents flow. Port: The open end of a passage. May be within or at the surface of a hydraulic component housing or body. Pressure: Force per unit of area usually expressed in pounds per square inch (psi), kilograms force/centi meter squared (kgf/cm 2), or kilopascals (kPa). Pressure Drop: The reduction in pressure between two points in a line or passage due to the energy lost in maintaining flow. Pressure Reducing Valve: A valve which limits the maximum pressure at its outlet regardless of the inlet pressure. Pump (Hydraulic): A device which converts mechani cal force and motion into hydraulic fluid power. Radius Of Load: The horizontal distance from the cen terline of rotation of the crane to the center of gravity of the suspended load. Rated Capacity Limiter: A system with function limiter (cutout) ability intended to aid the operator in the effi cient operation of the crane by continually monitoring the load and warns of an approach to an overload condition. Reeving: Passing of ropes over pulleys or sheaves. Relief Valve: A pressure operated valve which by-passes pump delivery to the reservoir, limiting sys tem pressure to a predetermined maximum value. Reservoir: A container for storage of fluid in a fluid power system. Restriction: A reduced cross-sectional area in a line which produces a pressure drop. Rigging Switch (System Override Switch): A switch which can be used to override any or all of the function limiters (cutouts) which have been activated on the crane during crane rigging/set up. Rope: Refers to wire rope unless otherwise specified. See Wire Rope". Rotating Joint: Component which transfers fluid be tween a stationary and a rotating member. Schematic: A diagram or representation of a system showing everything in a simple way. No attempt is made to show the various devices in their actual rela tive positions. A schematic points out the operation of a circuit for troubleshooting purposes. Seasonally: Four times per year. Semiannually: Twice per year. Side Loading: A load applied at an angle to the vertical plane of the boom. Single Acting Cylinder: A cylinder in which fluid power can only be used in one direction. Another force must be used to return the cylinder. Speed-O-Matic (S-O-M): A term which applies to the hydraulic control system originally developed to apply two shoe clutches for transmission of power on Link-Belt products. Spool: Term loosely applied to almost any moving cylindrically shaped part of a hydraulic component which moves to direct flow through the component. Strainer: A filtering device for the removal of coarse solids from a fluid. Stroke: The length of travel of a piston or spool. Suction Line: The hydraulic line connecting the pump inlet port to the hydraulic reservoir. Sump Tank: See Hydraulic Reservoir. Support Line: The cable reeved from second hoist drum for holding clamshell bucket suspended during dumping and lowering operations. Surge: A very sudden rise in the hydraulic pressure or electrical potential in a circuit. Swing: The rotation of the upper with the carrier re maining stationary. Swing Motor: Hydraulic device which uses a plane tary to rotate the upper on the crawler. Tagline: A wire rope or cable attached to the bucket and a spring loaded, counterweighted, or powered unit keeping it in tension to retard rotation and pendu lum swaying of the otherwise freely suspended bucket. Tailswing: The swing radius from the centerline of ro tation of the upper frame to the extreme rear of the counterweight. Third Drum: A third hoist drum, in addition to two main hoist drums, often used in pile driving. Top Section: The upper most section of the boom or jib which also contains the head machinery of the at tachment. Torque: Turning or twisting force usually measured in foot-pounds (ft lb) or Newton meters (Nm). Tubular Jib: A multiple section boom tip extension supported by pendants and assembled from steel tub ing.

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Turntable Bearing: A large bearing which attaches the upper to the carrier allowing the upper to rotate on the carrier. Two Block: The situation when the crane's hook block or ball contacts the attachment's head machinery. Two Block Warning System: A system of electrome chanical devices used to warn the crane operator of im pending two block condition. Upper: The portion of the crane located above the turntable bearing. Upper Revolving Frame: The main structure of the upper section of the crane which serves as mounts for other components in the upper section. Valve: A device for controlling flow rate, flow direction, or pressure of a fluid. Viscosity: The resistance to flow. High viscosity indi cates a high resistance, low viscosity, a low resistance. Whip Line: Secondary hoist line. Also see Load Line". Winch: Function of lifting and lowering loads. Winch Drum: A rotating cylindrical spool with side flanges used to wrap the winch rope during the raising and lowering with the winch. Winch Rope: The wire rope used to reeve the winch and the attachments for lifting loads. Wire Rope: A flexible, multiwired member usually con sisting of a core member around which a number of multiwired strands are helically wrapped. Wiring Diagram: A diagram which included all the de vices in an electrical system and shows their functional relationships to each other. Such a diagram gives the necessary information for actual wiring or physically tracing circuits when troubleshooting is necessary. Working Weight: Weight of crane with full radiator, half full fuel tank, and attachments installed.

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