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CHAPTER1
INTRODUCTION
This project e !"i#es po$ic% re&!r'i#& the e$ectro#ic !ppro!ches !#' 'e(e$op"e#ts to)!r's e$ectro#ic !*the#tic!tio#+ R!'io ,re-*e#c% i'e#ti,ic!tio# .RFID/ 'e(ices ,or Vehic$e
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1.3 Organization of the Thesis I# (ie) o, the propose' thesis )or3 e p$!#!tio# o, theoretic!$ !spects !#' !$&orith"s *se' i# this )or3 !re prese#te' !s per the se-*e#ce 'escri0e' 0e$o)+
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CHAPT ! "
Overvie# of the techno$ogies
".1 %bedded &'ste%s( A# e"0e''e' s%ste" c!# 0e 'e,i#e' !s ! co"p*ti#& 'e(ice th!t 'oes ! speci,ic ,oc*se' jo0+ App$i!#ces s*ch !s the !ir8co#'itio#er2 VCD p$!%er2 DVD p$!%er2 pri#ter2 ,! "!chi#e2 "o0i$e pho#e etc+ !re e !"p$es o, e"0e''e' s%ste"s+ E!ch o, these !pp$i!#ces )i$$ h!(e ! processor !#' speci!$ h!r')!re to "eet the speci,ic re-*ire"e#t o, the !pp$ic!tio# !$o#& )ith the e"0e''e' so,t)!re th!t is e ec*te' 0% the processor ,or "eeti#& th!t speci,ic re-*ire"e#t+
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)ig( Three different !)*+ tags the' co%e in a$$ shapes and sizes. "., +efinition of !)*+ techno$og'
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Chapter 3
Hard#are *%p$e%entation of the Project
This ch!pter 0rie,$% e p$!i#s !0o*t the H!r')!re I"p$e"e#t!tio# o, the project+ It 'isc*sses the 'esi&# !#' )or3i#& o, the 'esi&# )ith the he$p o, 0$oc3 'i!&r!" !#' circ*it 'i!&r!" !#' e p$!#!tio# o, circ*it 'i!&r!" i# 'et!i$+ It e p$!i#s the ,e!t*res2 ti"er pro&r!""i#&2 seri!$ co""*#ic!tio#2 i#terr*pts o, AT>?S74 "icroco#tro$$er+ It !$so e p$!i#s the (!rio*s "o'*$es *se' i# this project+ 3.1 Project +esign The i"p$e"e#t!tio# o, the project 'esi&# c!# 0e 'i(i'e' i# t)o p!rts+ H!r')!re i"p$e"e#t!tio# Fir")!re i"p$e"e#t!tio# H!r')!re i"p$e"e#t!tio# 'e!$s i# 'r!)i#& the sche"!tic o# the p$!#e p!per !ccor'i#& to the !pp$ic!tio#2 testi#& the sche"!tic 'esi&# o(er the 0re!'0o!r' *si#& the (!rio*s IC@s to ,i#' i, the 'esi&# "eets the o0jecti(e2 c!rr%i#& o*t the PCB $!%o*t o, the sche"!tic teste' o# 0re!'0o!r'2 ,i#!$$% prep!ri#& the 0o!r' !#' testi#& the 'esi&#e' h!r')!re+
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Transfor%er(
Us*!$$%2 DC (o$t!&es !re re-*ire' to oper!te (!rio*s e$ectro#ic e-*ip"e#t !#' these (o$t!&es !re 7V2 ?V or 14V+ B*t these (o$t!&es c!##ot 0e o0t!i#e' 'irect$%+ Th*s the !+c i#p*t !(!i$!0$e !t the "!i#s s*pp$% i+e+2 45AV is to 0e 0ro*&ht 'o)# to the re-*ire' (o$t!&e $e(e$+ This is 'o#e 0% ! tr!#s,or"er+ Th*s2 ! step 'o)# tr!#s,or"er is e"p$o%e' to 'ecre!se the (o$t!&e to ! re-*ire' $e(e$+ !ectifier( The o*tp*t ,ro" the tr!#s,or"er is ,e' to the recti,ier+ It co#(erts A+C+ i#to p*$s!ti#& D+C+ The recti,ier "!% 0e ! h!$, )!(e or ! ,*$$ )!(e recti,ier+ I# this project2 ! 0ri'&e recti,ier is *se' 0ec!*se o, its "erits $i3e &oo' st!0i$it% !#' ,*$$ )!(e recti,ic!tio#+ )i$ter(
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3.3 Microcontrollers:
Microprocessors !#' "icroco#tro$$ers !re )i'e$% *se' i# e"0e''e' s%ste"s pro'*cts+ Microcontroller is a programmable device+ A "icroco#tro$$er h!s ! CPU i# !''itio# to ! ,i e' !"o*#t o, RAM2 ROM2 I;O ports !#' ! ti"er e"0e''e' !$$ o# ! si#&$e chip+ The ,i e' !"o*#t o, o#8chip ROM2 RAM !#' #*"0er o, I;O ports i# "icroco#tro$$ers "!3es the" i'e!$ ,or "!#% !pp$ic!tio#s i# )hich cost !#' sp!ce !re critic!$+ +)eatures of AT/0&-"C >D B%tes o, Re8pro&r!""!0$e F$!sh Me"or%+ RAM is 47E 0%tes+ 6+AV to 7+7V Oper!ti#& R!#&e+ F*$$% St!tic Oper!tio#C A H1 to 55 MH1@s Three8$e(e$ Pro&r!" Me"or% Loc3+ 47E >80it I#ter#!$ RAM+
54 Pro&r!""!0$e I;O Li#es+ Three 1E80it Ti"er;Co*#ters+ Ei&ht I#terr*pt So*rces+ +escription( The AT>?s74 is ! $o)8(o$t!&e2 hi&h8per,or"!#ce CMOS >80it "icroco"p*ter )ith >D 0%tes o, F$!sh pro&r!""!0$e "e"or%+ The 'e(ice is "!#*,!ct*re' *si#&
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Port " Port 4 is !# >80it 0i'irectio#!$ I;O port )ith i#ter#!$ p*$$8*ps+ The Port 4 o*tp*t 0*,,ers c!# si#3;so*rce ,o*r TTL i#p*ts+ Whe# 1s !re )ritte# to Port 4 pi#s2 the% !re p*$$e' hi&h 0% the i#ter#!$ p*$$8*ps !#' c!# 0e *se' !s i#p*ts+ As i#p*ts2 Port
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e#!0$e the 'e(ice to ,etch co'e ,ro" e ter#!$ pro&r!" "e"or% $oc!tio#s st!rti#& !t AAAAH *p to FFFFH+ Note2 ho)e(er2 th!t i, $oc3 0it 1 is pro&r!""e'2 EA )i$$ 0e i#ter#!$$% $!tche' o# reset+ EA sho*$' 0e str!ppe' to VCC ,or i#ter#!$ pro&r!" e ec*tio#s+ This pi# !$so recei(es the 148(o$t pro&r!""i#& e#!0$e (o$t!&e .VPP/ '*ri#& F$!sh pro&r!""i#&+ 9TA41 I#p*t to the i#(erti#& osci$$!tor !"p$i,ier !#' i#p*t to the i#ter#!$ c$oc3 oper!ti#& circ*it+
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GTAL1 !#' GTAL4 !re the i#p*t !#' o*tp*t2 respecti(e$%2 o, !# i#(erti#& !"p$i,ier th!t c!# 0e co#,i&*re' ,or *se !s !# o#8chip osci$$!tor+ Either ! -*!rt1 cr%st!$ or cer!"ic reso#!tor "!% 0e *se'+ To 'ri(e the 'e(ice ,ro" !# e ter#!$ c$oc3 so*rce 2 GTAL4 sho*$' 0e $e,t *#co##ecte' )hi$e GTAL1 is 'ri(e#+ There !re #o re-*ire"e#ts o# the '*t% c%c$e o, the e ter#!$ c$oc3 si&#!$2 si#ce the i#p*t to the i#ter#!$ c$oc3i#& circ*itr% is thro*&h ! 'i(i'e80%8t)o ,$ip8,$op2 0*t "i#i"*" !#' "! i"*" (o$t!&e hi&h !#' $o) ti"e speci,ic!tio#s "*st 0e o0ser(e'+ &pecia$ )unction !egisters C A "!p o, the o#8chip "e"or% !re! c!$$e' the Speci!$ F*#ctio# Re&ister .SFR/ sp!ce is sho)# i# the ,o$$o)i#& t!0$e+ It sho*$' 0e #ote' th!t #ot !$$ o, the !''resses !re occ*pie' !#' *#occ*pie' !''resses "!% #ot 0e i"p$e"e#te' o# the chip+ Re!' !ccesses to these !''resses )i$$ i# &e#er!$ ret*r# r!#'o" '!t!2 !#' )rite !ccesses )i$$ h!(e !# i#'eter"i#!te e,,ect+User so,t)!re sho*$' #ot )rite 1s to these *#$iste' $oc!tio#s2 si#ce the% "!% 0e *se' i# ,*t*re pro'*cts to i#(o3e #e) ,e!t*res+ I# th!t c!se2 the reset or i#!cti(e (!$*es o, the #e) 0its )i$$ !$)!%s 0e A+
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+ua$ +ata Pointer !egistersC To ,!ci$it!te !ccessi#& 0oth i#ter#!$ !#' e ter#!$ '!t! "e"or%2 t)o 0!#3s o, 1E8 0it D!t! Poi#ter Re&isters !re pro(i'e'C DPA !t SFR !''ress $oc!tio#s >4H8>5H !#' DP1 !t >6H !#' >7H+ Bit DPS I A i# SFR AUGR1 se$ects DPA !#' DPS I 1 se$ects DP1+ The *ser sho*$' ALWA<S i#iti!$i1e the DPS 0it to the !ppropri!te (!$*e 0e,ore !ccessi#& the respecti(e D!t! Poi#ter Re&ister+ Po#er off )$agC The Po)er o,, F$!& .POF/ is $oc!te' !t 0it 6 .PCON+6/ i# the PCON SFR+ POF is set to 91: '*ri#& po)er *p+ It c!# 0e set !#' rest *#'er so,t)!re co#tro$ !#' is #ot !,,ecte' 0% reset+ :e%or' Organization MCS871 'e(ices h!(e ! sep!r!te !''ress sp!ce ,or Pro&r!" !#' D!t! Me"or%+ Up to E6D 0%tes e!ch o, e ter#!$ Pro&r!" !#' D!t! Me"or% c!# 0e !''resse'+ Progra% :e%or' I, the EA pi# is co##ecte' to HND2 !$$ pro&r!" ,etches !re 'irecte' to e ter#!$ "e"or%+ O# the AT>?S742 i, EA is co##ecte' to VCC2 pro&r!" ,etches to !''resses AAAAH thro*&h 1FFFH !re 'irecte' to i#ter#!$ "e"or% !#' ,etches to !''resses 4AAAH thro*&h FFFFH !re to e ter#!$ "e"or%+ +ata :e%or' The AT>?S74 i"p$e"e#ts 47E 0%tes o, o#8chip RAM+ The *pper 14> 0%tes occ*p% ! p!r!$$e$ !''ress sp!ce to the Speci!$ F*#ctio# Re&isters+ This "e!#s th!t the
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=A!T
The At"e$ >A71 Microco#tro$$ers i"p$e"e#t three &e#er!$ p*rpose2 1E80it ti"ers; co*#ters+ The% !re i'e#ti,ie' !s Ti"er A2 Ti"er 1 !#' Ti"er 4 !#' c!# 0e i#'epe#'e#t$% co#,i&*re' tooper!te i# ! (!riet% o, "o'es !s ! ti"er or !s !# e(e#t co*#ter+ Whe# oper!ti#& !s ! ti"er2 the ti"er;co*#ter r*#s ,or ! pro&r!""e' $e#&th o, ti"e !#' the# iss*es !# i#terr*pt re-*est+ Whe#
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+ correspo#'i#& e ter#!$ i#p*t pi#2 T4+ I# this ,*#ctio#2 the e ter#!$ i#p*t is s!"p$e' '*ri#& S7P4 o, e(er% "!chi#e c%c$e+ Whe# the s!"p$es sho) ! hi&h i# o#e c%c$e !#' ! $o) i# the #e t c%c$e2 the co*#t is i#cre"e#te'+ The #e) co*#t (!$*e !ppe!rs i# the re&ister '*ri#& S5P1 o, the c%c$e ,o$$o)i#& the o#e i# )hich the tr!#sitio# )!s 'etecte'+ Capture :ode
Auto<re$oad 6=p or +o#n Counter7 Ti"er 4 c!# 0e pro&r!""e' to co*#t *p or 'o)# )he# co#,i&*re' i# its 1E80it !*to8re$o!' "o'e+ This ,e!t*re is i#(o3e' 0% the DCEN .Do)# Co*#ter E#!0$e/ 0it $oc!te' i# the SFR T4MOD+ Upo# reset2 the DCEN 0it is set to A so th!t ti"er 4 )i$$ 'e,!*$t to co*#t *p+ Whe#
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The !0o(e ,i&*re sho)s Ti"er 4 !*to"!tic!$$% co*#ti#& *p )he# DCEN I A+ I# this "o'e2 t)o optio#s !re se$ecte' 0% 0it EGEN4 i# T4CON+ I, EGEN4 I A2 Ti"er 4 co*#ts *p to AFFFFH !#' the# sets the TF4 0it *po# o(er,$o)+ The o(er,$o) !$so c!*ses the ti"er re&isters to 0e re$o!'e' )ith the 1E80it (!$*e i# RCAP4H !#' RCAP4L+ Baud !ate 1enerator Ti"er 4 is se$ecte' !s the 0!*' r!te &e#er!tor 0% setti#& TCLD !#';or RCLD i# T4CON+ Note th!t the 0!*' r!tes ,or tr!#s"it !#' recei(e c!# 0e 'i,,ere#t i, Ti"er 4 is *se' ,or the recei(er or tr!#s"itter !#' Ti"er 1 is *se' ,or the other ,*#ctio#+ Setti#& RCLD !#';or TCLD p*ts Ti"er 4 i#to its 0!*' r!te &e#er!tor "o'e+ The 0!*' r!te &e#er!tor "o'e is si"i$!r to the !*to8re$o!' "o'e2 i# th!t ! ro$$o(er i# TH4 c!*ses the Ti"er 4 re&isters to 0e re$o!'e' )ith the 1E80it (!$*e i# re&isters RCAP4H !#' RCAP4L2 )hich !re preset 0% so,t)!re+ The 0!*' r!tes i# Mo'es 1 !#' 5 !re 'eter"i#e' 0% Ti"er 4@s o(er,$o) r!te !ccor'i#& to the ,o$$o)i#& e-*!tio#+
The Ti"er c!# 0e co#,i&*re' ,or either ti"er or co*#ter oper!tio#+ I# "ost !pp$ic!tio#s2 it is co#,i&*re' ,or ti"er oper!tio# .CP;T4 I A/+ The ti"er oper!tio# is 'i,,ere#t ,or Ti"er 4 )he# it is *se' !s ! 0!*' r!te &e#er!tor+ Nor"!$$%2 !s ! ti"er2 it i#cre"e#ts e(er% "!chi#e c%c$e .!t 1;14 the osci$$!tor ,re-*e#c%/+ As ! 0!*' r!te
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*nterrupts
The AT>?S74 h!s ! tot!$ o, si i#terr*pt (ectorsC t)o e ter#!$ i#terr*pts .INTA !#' INT1/2 three ti"er i#terr*pts .Ti"ers A2 12 !#' 4/ !#' the seri!$ port i#terr*pt+ These i#terr*pts !re !$$ sho)# i# the 0e$o) ,i&*re+ The Ti"er A !#' Ti"er 1 ,$!&s2 TFA !#' TF12 !re set !t S7P4 o, the c%c$e i# )hich the ti"ers o(er,$o)+ The (!$*es !re the# po$$e' 0% the circ*itr% i# the #e t c%c$e+ Ho)e(er2 the Ti"er 4 ,$!&2 TF42 is set !t S4P4 !#' is po$$e' i# the s!"e c%c$e i# )hich the ti"er o(er,$o)s+
Po#er saving %odes of operation ( >A71 h!s t)o po)er s!(i#& "o'es+ The% !reC 1+ I'$e Mo'e
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The sche"!tic 'i!&r!" ,or LPo)er 'o)#L "o'e !#' LI'$eL "o'e is &i(e# !s ,o$$o)sC
*d$e :ode( I'$e "o'e is e#tere' 0% setti#& IDL 0it to 1 .i+e+2 IDLI1/+ The c$oc3 si&#!$ is &!te' o,, to CPU2 0*t #ot to i#terr*pt2 ti"er !#' seri!$ port ,*#ctio#s+ The CPU st!t*s is preser(e' e#tire$%+ SP2 PC2 PSW2 Acc*"*$!tor !#' other re&isters "!i#t!i# their '!t! '*ri#& IDLE "o'e+ The port pi#s ho$' their $o&ic!$ st!tes the% h!' !t the ti"e I'$e )!s i#iti!$i1e'+ ALE !#' PSEN.0!r/ !re he$' !t $o&ic hi&h $e(e$s+ 1+ Po#er +o#n :ode( The Po)er Do)# Mo'e is e#tere' 0% setti#& the PD 0it to 1+ The i#ter#!$ c$oc3 to the e#tire "icroco#tro$$er is stoppe'+ Ho)e(er2 the pro&r!" is #ot 'e!'+ The Po)er 'o)# Mo'e is e ite' .PCON+1 is c$e!re' to A/ 0% H!r')!re Reset o#$%+ The CPU st!rts ,ro" the #e t i#str*ctio# )here the Po)er 'o)# Mo'e )!s i#(o3e'+
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Progra% :e%or' 4ock Bits The AT>?S74 h!s three $oc3 0its th!t c!# 0e $e,t *#pro&r!""e' .U/ or c!# 0e pro&r!""e' .P/ to o0t!i# the !''itio#!$ ,e!t*res $iste' i# the t!0$e+
Whe# $oc3 0it 1 is pro&r!""e'2 the $o&ic $e(e$ !t the EA pi# is s!"p$e' !#' $!tche' '*ri#& reset+ I, the 'e(ice is po)ere' *p )itho*t ! reset2 the $!tch i#iti!$i1es to ! r!#'o" (!$*e !#' ho$'s th!t (!$*e *#ti$ reset is !cti(!te'+ The $!tche' (!$*e o, EA "*st !&ree )ith the c*rre#t $o&ic $e(e$ !t th!t pi# i# or'er ,or the 'e(ice to ,*#ctio# proper$%+ Progra%%ing the )$ash ? Para$$e$ :ode The AT>?S74 is shippe' )ith the o#8chip F$!sh "e"or% !rr!% re!'% to 0e pro&r!""e'+ The pro&r!""i#& i#ter,!ce #ee's ! hi&h8(o$t!&e .148(o$t/ pro&r!" e#!0$e si&#!$ !#' is co"p!ti0$e )ith co#(e#tio#!$ thir'8p!rt% F$!sh or EPROM pro&r!""ers+ The AT>?S74 co'e "e"or% !rr!% is pro&r!""e' 0%te80%80%te+ Progra%%ing A$gorith%( Be,ore pro&r!""i#& the AT>?S742 the !''ress2 '!t! !#' co#tro$ si&#!$s sho*$' 0e set *p !ccor'i#& to the 9F$!sh Pro&r!""i#& Mo'es:+ To pro&r!" the AT>?S742 t!3e the ,o$$o)i#& stepsC 1+ I#p*t the 'esire' "e"or% $oc!tio# o# the !''ress $i#es+ 4+ I#p*t the !ppropri!te '!t! 0%te o# the '!t! $i#es+
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co#tro$ si&#!$s+ The )rite oper!tio# se$,82 A,ter Reset si&#!$ is hi&h2 SCD sho*$' 0e $o) ,or !t $e!st E6 s%ste" c$oc3s 0e,ore it &oes hi&h to c$oc3 i# the e#!0$e '!t! 0%tes+ No p*$si#& o, Reset si&#!$ is #ecess!r%+ SCD sho*$' 0e #o ,!ster th!# 1;1E o, the s%ste" c$oc3 !t GTAL1+
3., !)*+(
!)*+ princip$es M!#% t%pes o, RFID e ist2 0*t !t the hi&h active !#' passive+ Acti(e t!&s re-*ire ! po)er so*rce i+e+2 the% !re either co##ecte' to ! po)ere' i#,r!str*ct*re *se e#er&% store' i# !# i#te&r!te' 0!tter%+ I# the $!tter c!se2 ! t!&@s $i,eti"e is $i"ite' 0% the store' e#er&%2 0!$!#ce' !&!i#st the #*"0er o, re!' oper!tio#s the 'e(ice "*st *#'er&o+ Ho)e(er2 0!tteries "!3e the cost2 si1e2 !#' $i,eti"e o, !cti(e t!&s i"pr!ctic!$ ,or the ret!i$ tr!'e+ 1+ P!ssi(e RFID is o, i#terest 0ec!*se the t!&s 'o#@t re-*ire 0!tteries or "!i#te#!#ce+ The t!&s !$so h!(e !# i#'e,i#ite oper!tio#!$ $i,e !#' !re s"!$$ e#o*&h to ,it i#to ! pr!ctic!$ !'hesi(e $!0e$+ A p!ssi(e t!& co#sists o, three p!rtsC !# !#te##!2 ! se"ico#'*ctor chip !tt!che' to the !#te##! !#' so"e ,or" o, e#c!ps*$!tio#+ The t!& re!'er is respo#si0$e ,or po)eri#& !#' co""*#ic!ti#& )ith ! t!&
!)*+ )re@uencies M*ch $i3e t*#i#& i#to the ,!(o*rite r!'io st!tio#2 RFID t!&s !#' re!'ers "*st 0e t*#e' i#to the s!"e ,re-*e#c% to e#!0$e co""*#ic!tio#s+ RFID s%ste"s c!# *se ! (!riet% o, ,re-*e#cies to co""*#ic!te2 0*t 0ec!*se r!'io )!(es )or3 !#' !ct 'i,,ere#t$% !t 'i,,ere#t ,re-*e#cies2 ! ,re-*e#c% ,or ! speci,ic RFID s%ste" is o,te# 'epe#'!#t o# its !pp$ic!tio#+ Hi&h ,re-*e#c% RFID s%ste"s .>7A MH1 to ?7A MH1 !#' 4+6 HH1 to 4+7 HH1/ o,,er tr!#s"issio# r!#&es o, "ore th!# ?A ,eet2 !$tho*&h )!(e$e#&ths i# the 4+6 HH1 r!#&e !re !0sor0e' 0% )!ter2 )hich i#c$*'es the h*"!# 0o'% !#' there,ore h!s $i"it!tio#s+ !)*+ +esign Approach( T)o ,*#'!"e#t!$$% 'i,,ere#t RFID 'esi&# !ppro!ches e ist ,or tr!#s,erri#& po)er ,ro" the re!'er to the t!&C "!&#etic i#'*ctio# !#' e$ectro"!&#etic .EM/ )!(e c!pt*re+ These t)o 'esi&#s t!3e !'(!#t!&e o, the EM properties !ssoci!te' )ith !# RF !#te##!Nthe near field !#' the far field+ Both c!# tr!#s,er e#o*&h po)er to ! re"ote t!& to s*st!i# its oper!tio#Nt%pic!$$% 0et)ee# 1A OW !#' 1 "W2 'epe#'i#& o# the t!& t%pe+
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The r!#&e ,or )hich )e c!# *se "!&#etic i#'*ctio# !ppro i"!tes to c;4Pf2 )here c is ! co#st!#t .the spee' o, $i&ht/ !#' f is the ,re-*e#c%+ Th*s2 !s the ,re-*e#c% o, oper!tio# i#cre!ses2 the 'ist!#ce o(er )hich #e!r8,ie$' co*p$i#& c!# oper!te 'ecre!ses+ A ,*rther $i"it!tio# is the e#er&%
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)ar<fie$d !)*+ RFID t!&s 0!se' o# ,!r8,ie$' e"issio#s c!pt*re EM )!(es prop!&!ti#& ,ro" ! 'ipo$e !#te##! !tt!che' to the re!'er+ A s"!$$er 'ipo$e !#te##! i# the t!& recei(es this e#er&% !s !# !$ter#!ti#& pote#ti!$ 'i,,ere#ce th!t !ppe!rs !cross the !r"s o, the 'ipo$e+ A 'io'e c!# recti,% this pote#ti!$!#' $i#3 it to ! c!p!citor2 )hich )i$$ res*$t i# !# !cc*"*$!tio# o, e#er&% i# or'er to po)er its e$ectro#ics+ Ho)e(er2 *#$i3e the i#'*cti(e 'esi&#s2 the t!&s !re 0e%o#' the r!#&e o, the re!'er@s #e!r ,ie$'2 !#' i#,or"!tio# c!#@t 0e tr!#s"itte' 0!c3 to the re!'er *si#& $o!' "o'*$!tio#+
The tech#i-*e2 the 'esi&#ers *se ,or co""erci!$ ,!r8,ie$' RFID t!&s2 is back scattering+ I, !# !#te##! is 'esi&#e' )ith precise 'i"e#sio#s2 it c!# 0e t*#e' to ! p!rtic*$!r ,re-*e#c% !#' !0sor0 "ost o, the e#er&% th!t re!ches it !t th!t ,re-*e#c%+ Ho)e(er2 i, !# i"pe'!#ce "is"!tch occ*rs !t this ,re-*e#c%2 the !#te##! )i$$ re,$ect 0!c3 so"e o, the e#er&% .!s ti#% )!(es/ to)!r' the re!'er2 )hich c!# the# 'etect the e#er&% *si#& ! se#siti(e r!'io recei(er+ B% ch!#&i#& the !#te##!@s i"pe'!#ce o(er ti"e2 the t!& c!# re,$ect 0!c3 "ore or $ess o, the i#co"i#& si&#!$ i# ! p!tter# th!t e#co'es the t!&@s ID+ !)*+ :odu$e and Princip$e of #orking
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A# RFID s%ste" co#sists o, t)o sep!r!te co"po#e#tsC ! t!& !#' ! re!'er+ T!&s !re !#!$o&o*s to 0!rco'e $!0e$s !#' co"e i# 'i,,ere#t sh!pes !#' si1es+ The t!& co#t!i#s !# !#te##! co##ecte' to ! s"!$$ "icrochip co#t!i#i#& *p to t)o 3i$o0%tes o, '!t!+ The re!'er or sc!##er ,*#ctio#s si"i$!r$% to ! 0!rco'e sc!##er+ Ho)e(er2 )hi$e ! 0!rco'e sc!##er *ses ! $!ser 0e!" to sc!# the 0!rco'e2 !# RFID sc!##er *ses e$ectro"!&#etic )!(es+ To tr!#s"it these )!(es2 the sc!##er *ses !# !#te##! th!t tr!#s"its ! si&#!$ co""*#ic!ti#& )ith the t!&s !#te##!+ The t!&@s !#te##! recei(es '!t! ,ro" the sc!##er !#' tr!#s"its its p!rtic*$!r chip i#,or"!tio# to the sc!##er+ )eatures of !)*+( !eading co$ocated tags O#e co""erci!$ o0jecti(e o, RFID s%ste"s is to re!' !#' ch!r&e ,or !$$ t!&&e' &oo's i# ! st!#'!r' s*per"!r3et shoppi#& c!rt !s it is p*she' thro*&h !# i#str*"e#te' chec3o*t !is$e+ S*ch ! s%ste" )o*$' spee' *p the chec3o*t process !#' re'*ce oper!tio#!$ costs+ nab$ing a distributed %e%or' revo$ution A#other 'isti#&*ishi#& ,e!t*re o, "o'er# RFID is th!t t!&s c!# co#t!i# ,!r "ore i#,or"!tio# th!# ! si"p$e ID+ The% c!# i#corpor!te !''itio#!$ re!' o#$% or re!'8)rite "e"or%2 )hich !
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!)*+ that incorporates sensing O#e o, the "ost i#tri&*i#& !spects o, "o'er# RFID t!&s is th!t the% c!# co#(e% i#,or"!tio# th!t e te#'s 0e%o#' '!t! store' i# !# i#ter#!$ "e"or% !#' i#c$*'e '!t! th!t o#0o!r' se#sors cre!te' '%#!"ic!$$%+ Co""erci!$ (ersio#s o, RFID tech#o$o&% c!# !$re!'% e#s*re th!t critic!$ e#(iro#"e#t!$ p!r!"eters h!(e#@t 0ee# e cee'e'+ For e !"p$e2 i, ! p!c3!&e is 'roppe' o# the ,$oor2 the i"p!ct "i&ht h!(e '!"!&e' the e#c$ose' pro'*ct+ A p!ssi(e ,orce se#sor c!# s*pp$% ! si#&$e 0it o, i#,or"!tio# th!t c!# 0e ret*r#e' !$o#& )ith !# RFID t!&@s ID2 !$erti#& the s%ste" !0o*t the pro0$e"+ Privac' concerns RFID h!s recei(e' "*ch !tte#tio# i# rece#t %e!rs !s jo*r#!$ists2 tech#o$o&ists !#' pri(!c% !'(oc!tes h!(e 'e0!te' the ethics o, its *se+ Pri(!c% !'(oc!tes !re co#cer#e' th!t e(e# tho*&h "!#% o, the corpor!tio#s co#si'eri#& RFID *se ,or i#(e#tor% tr!c3i#& h!(e ho#or!0$e i#te#tio#s2 )itho*t '*e c!re2 the tech#o$o&% "i&ht 0e *#)itti#&$% *se' to cre!te *#'esir!0$e o*tco"es ,or "!#% c*sto"ers+ App$ication Areas( RFID2 R!'io Fre-*e#c% I'e#ti,ic!tio# is ! tech#o$o&%2 )hich i#c$*'es )ire$ess '!t! c!pt*re !#' tr!#s!ctio# processi#&+ Pro i"it% .short r!#&e/ !#' Vici#it% .$o#& r!#&e/ !re t)o "!jor !pp$ic!tio# !re!s )here RFID tech#o$o&% is *se'+ Tr!c3 !#' tr!ce !pp$ic!tio#s !re $o#& r!#&e or (ici#it% !pp$ic!tio#s+ This tech#o$o&% pro(i'es !''itio#!$ ,*#ctio#!$it% !#' 0e#e,its ,or pro'*ct !*the#tic!tio#+ Access co#tro$ !pp$ic!tio#s !re Short r!#&e or pro i"it% t%pe o, !pp$ic!tio#s+ A&i$eSe#se Tech#o$o&ies is ,oc*se' o# 'e$i(eri#& i##o(!ti(e2 hi&h (!$*e RFID so$*tio#s !ssisti#& co"p!#%@s tr!c3 !ssets2 peop$e !#' 'oc*"e#ts+ A&i$eSe#se pro(i'es ro0*st !#' co"p$ete RFID so$*tio#s 0*i$t o# top o, its e te#si0$e "i''$e)!re;,r!"e)or3 ,or Ho(er#"e#t2 He!$thc!re2 M!#*,!ct*ri#& !#' Aerosp!ce i#'*stries+
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1AT E(er% ti"er h!s ! "e!#s o, st!rti#& !#' stoppi#&+ So"e ti"ers 'o this 0% so,t)!re2 so"e 0% h!r')!re !#' so"e h!(e 0oth so,t)!re !#' h!r')!re co#tro$s+ The ti"ers i# the >A71 h!(e 0oth+ The st!rt !#' stop o, the ti"er !re co#tro$$e' 0% the )!% o, so,t)!re 0% the TR .ti"er st!rt/ 0its TRA !#' TR1+ These i#str*ctio#s st!rt !#' stop the ti"ers !s $o#& !s HATEIA i# the TMOD re&ister+ The h!r')!re )!% o, st!rti#& !#' stoppi#& the ti"er 0% !# e ter#!$ so*rce is !chie(e' 0% "!3i#& HATEI1 i# the TMOD re&ister+ C5T Ti"er or co*#ter se$ecte'+ C$e!re' ,or ti"er oper!tio# !#' set ,or co*#ter oper!tio#+ :1 Mo'e 0it 1 :3 Mo'e 0it A :ode &e$ection :1 A A 1 :3 A 1 A :ode A 1 4 Operating :ode 1580it ti"er "o'e >80it ti"er;co*#ter TH )ith TL !s 780it presc!$er 1E80it ti"er "o'e 1E80it ti"er;co*#ters TH !#' TL !re c!sc!'e' >80it !*to re$o!' ti"er;co*#ter TH ho$'s ! (!$*e th!t is to 0e re$o!'e' i#to TL e!ch ti"e it o(er,$o)s 1 1 5 Sp$it ti"er As'nchronous and &'nchronous &eria$ Co%%unication
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!&"3" CAB4 ( To !$$o) co"p!ti0i$it% !"o#& '!t! co""*#ic!tio# e-*ip"e#t2 !# i#ter,!ci#& st!#'!r' c!$$e' RS454 is *se'+ Si#ce the st!#'!r' )!s set $o#& 0e,ore the !'(e#t o, the TTL $o&ic ,!"i$%2 its i#p*t !#' o*tp*t (o$t!&e $e(e$s !re #ot TTL co"p!ti0$e+ For this re!so#2 to co##ect !#% RS454 to ! "icroco#tro$$er s%ste"2 (o$t!&e co#(erters s*ch !s MAG454 !re *se' to co#(ert the TTL $o&ic $e(e$s to the RS454 (o$t!&e $e(e$s !#' (ice (ers!+ :A9 "3"( M! 454 IC is ! speci!$i1e' circ*it )hich "!3es st!#'!r' (o$t!&es !s re-*ire' 0% RS454 st!#'!r's+ This IC pro(i'es 0est #oise rejectio# !#' (er% re$i!0$e !&!i#st 'isch!r&es !#' short circ*its+ MAG454 IC chips !re co""o#$% re,erre' to !s $i#e 'ri(ers+ To e#s*re '!t! tr!#s,er 0et)ee# PC !#' "icroco#tro$$er2 the 0!*' r!te !#' (o$t!&e $e(e$s o, Microco#tro$$er !#' PC sho*$' 0e the s!"e+ The (o$t!&e $e(e$s o, "icroco#tro$$er !re $o&ic1 !#' $o&ic A i+e+2 $o&ic 1 is F7V !#' $o&ic A is AV+
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&CO2 6seria$ contro$7 register( The SCON re&ister is !# >80it re&ister *se' to pro&r!" the st!rt 0it2 stop 0it !#' '!t! 0its o, '!t! ,r!"i#&+
Seri!$ port "o'e speci,ier Seri!$ port "o'e speci,ier Use' ,or "*$tiprocessor co""*#ic!tio# Set;c$e!re' 0% so,t)!re to e#!0$e;'is!0$e receptio# Not )i'e$% *se' Not )i'e$% *se' Tr!#s"it i#terr*pt ,$!&+ Set 0% h!r')!re !t the 0e&i##i#& o, the stop 0it i# "o'e 1+ M*st 0e c$e!re' 0% so,t)!re+
RI
SCON+A
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The oper!tio# o, this circ*it is !s ,o$$o)sC The i#p*t to the 0!se o, the tr!#sistor is !pp$ie' ,ro" the "icroco#tro$$er port pi# P1+A+ The tr!#sistor )i$$ 0e s)itche' o# )he# the 0!se to e"itter (o$t!&e is &re!ter th!# A+BV .c*t8i# (o$t!&e/+ Th*s )he# the (o$t!&e !pp$ie' to the pi# P1+A is hi&h i+e+2 P1+AI1 .SA+BV/2 the tr!#sistor )i$$ 0e s)itche' o# !#' th*s the 0*11er )i$$ 0e ON+ Whe# the (o$t!&e !t the pi# P1+A is $o) i+e+2 P1+AIA .TA+BV/ the tr!#sistor )i$$ 0e i# o,, st!te !#' the 0*11er )i$$ 0e OFF+ Th*s the tr!#sistor !cts $i3e ! c*rre#t 'ri(er to oper!te the 0*11er !ccor'i#&$%+ B=AA ! *2T !)AC*21 ;*TH TH :*C!OCO2T!O44 !(
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RFID BASED VEHICLE AUTHENTICATION WITH TIME 5+B &#itches and Pushbuttons
This is the si"p$est )!% o, co#tro$$i#& !ppe!r!#ce o, so"e (o$t!&e o# "icroco#tro$$er@s i#p*t pi#+ There is !$so #o #ee' ,or !''itio#!$ e p$!#!tio# o, ho) these co"po#e#ts oper!te+
This is !0o*t so"ethi#& co""o#$% *##otice!0$e )he# *si#& these co"po#e#ts i# e(er%'!% $i,e+ It is !0o*t co#t!ct 0o*#ce2 ! co""o# pro0$e" )ith "ech!#ic!$ s)itches+ I, co#t!ct s)itchi#& 'oes #ot h!ppe# so -*ic3$%2 se(er!$ co#sec*ti(e 0o*#ces c!# 0e #otice' prior to "!i#t!i# st!0$e st!te+ The re!so#s ,or this !reC (i0r!tio#s2 s$i&ht ro*&h spots !#' 'irt+ A#%)!%2 this )ho$e process 'oes #ot $!st $o#& .! ,e) "icro8 or "i$$iseco#'s/2 0*t $o#& e#o*&h to 0e re&istere' 0% the "icroco#tro$$er+ Co#cer#i#& the p*$se co*#ter2 error occ*rs i# !$"ost 1AAK o, c!ses+
The si"p$est so$*tio# is to co##ect si"p$e RC circ*it )hich )i$$ s*ppress e!ch -*ic3 (o$t!&e ch!#&e+ Si#ce the 0o*#ci#& ti"e is #ot 'e,i#e'2 the (!$*es o, e$e"e#ts !re #ot strict$% 'eter"i#e'+ I# the "ost c!ses2 the (!$*es sho)# o# ,i&*re !re s*,,icie#t+ &#itch *nterfacing #ith /3-1(
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For !#% pi# to 0e *se' !s !# i#p*t pi#2 ! HIHH .1/ sho*$' 0e )ritte# to the pi# i, the pi# )i$$ !$)!%s to 0e re!' !s LOW+ I# the !0o(e ,i&*re2 )he# the s)itch is #ot presse'2 the 1A3 resistor pro(i'es the c*rre#t #ee'e' ,or LOHIC 1 !#' c$os*re o, s)itch pro(i'es LOHIC A to the co#tro$$er PIN+
Features:
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Osci$$!tor Circ*itC The +&133C uses an e8terna$ 3".C>/ kHz cr'sta$. The osci$$ator circuit does not re@uire an' e8terna$ resistors or capacitors to operate. The be$o# tab$e specifies severa$ cr'sta$ para%eters for the e8terna$ cr'sta$. *f using a cr'sta$ #ith the specified characteristicsD the startup ti%e is usua$$' $ess than one second.
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Bit C( Output Contro$ 6O=T7. This 0it co#tro$s the o*tp*t $e(e$ o, the SVW;OUT pi# )he# the s-*!re )!(e o*tp*t is 'is!0$e'+ I, SVWE I A2 the $o&ic $e(e$ o# the SVW;OUT pi# is 1 i, OUT I 1 !#' is A i, OUT I A+ Bit ,( &@uare<;ave nab$e 6&E; 7. This 0it2 )he# set to $o&ic 12 e#!0$es the osci$$!tor o*tp*t+ The ,re-*e#c% o, the s-*!re8)!(e o*tp*t 'epe#'s *po# the (!$*e o, the RSA !#' RS1 0its+ With the s-*!re )!(e o*tp*t set to 1H12 the c$oc3 re&isters *p'!te o# the ,!$$i#& e'&e o, the s-*!re )!(e+ Bits 1D 3( !ate &e$ect 6!&1D !&37. These 0its co#tro$ the ,re-*e#c% o, the s-*!re8)!(e o*tp*t )he# the s-*!re8)!(e o*tp*t h!s 0ee# e#!0$e'+ The ,o$$o)i#& t!0$e $ists the s-*!re8)!(e ,re-*e#cies th!t c!# 0e se$ecte' )ith the RS 0its.
I4C D!t! B*s The +&133C supports the *"C protoco$. A device that sends data onto the bus is defined as a trans%itter and a device receiving data as a receiver. The device that contro$s the %essage is ca$$ed a %aster. The devices that are contro$$ed b' the %aster are referred to as s$aves. The bus %ust be contro$$ed b' a %aster device that generates the seria$ c$ock 6&C47D contro$s the bus accessD and generates the &TA!T and &TOP conditions. The +&133C operates as a s$ave on the *"C bus.
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+ata transfer %a' be initiated on$' #hen the bus is not bus'. +uring data transferD the data $ine %ust re%ain stab$e #henever the c$ock $ine is H*1H. Changes in the data $ine #hi$e the c$ock $ine is high #i$$ be interpreted as contro$ signa$s.
Accor'i#&$%2 the ,o$$o)i#& 0*s co#'itio#s h!(e 0ee# 'e,i#e'C Bus not bus'( Both '!t! !#' c$oc3 $i#es re"!i# HIHH+ &tart data transfer( A ch!#&e i# the st!te o, the '!t! $i#e2 ,ro" HIHH to LOW2 )hi$e the c$oc3 is HIHH2 'e,i#es ! START co#'itio#+ &top data transfer( A ch!#&e i# the st!te o, the '!t! $i#e2 ,ro" LOW to HIHH2 )hi$e the c$oc3 $i#e is HIHH2 'e,i#es the STOP co#'itio#+ +ata va$id( The st!te o, the '!t! $i#e represe#ts (!$i' '!t! )he#2 !,ter ! START co#'itio#2 the '!t! $i#e is st!0$e ,or the '*r!tio# o, the HIHH perio' o, the c$oc3 si&#!$+ The '!t! o# the $i#e "*st 0ech!#&e' '*ri#& the LOW perio' o, the c$oc3 si&#!$+ There is o#e c$oc3 p*$se per 0it o, '!t!+ E!ch '!t! tr!#s,er is i#iti!te' )ith ! START co#'itio# !#' ter"i#!te' )ith ! STOP co#'itio#+
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E!se o, pro&r!""i#& ,or ch!r!cters !#' &r!phics+These co"po#e#ts !re 9speci!$i1e': ,or 0ei#&
*se' )ith the "icroco#tro$$ers2 )hich "e!#s th!t the% c!##ot 0e !cti(!te' 0% st!#'!r' IC circ*its+ The% !re *se' ,or )riti#& 'i,,ere#t "ess!&es o#! "i#i!t*re LCD+
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4C+ Basic Co%%ands A$$ '!t! tr!#s,erre' to LCD thro*&h o*tp*ts DA8DB )i$$ 0e i#terprete' !s co""!#'s or !s '!t!2 )hich 'epe#'s o# $o&ic st!te o# pi# RSC RS I 1 8 Bits DA 8 DB !re !''resses o, ch!r!cters th!t sho*$' 0e 'isp$!%e'+ B*i$t i# processor !''resses 0*i$t i# 9"!p o, ch!r!cters: !#' 'isp$!%s correspo#'i#& s%"0o$s+
6A*S Disp$!%i#& positio# is 'eter"i#e' 0% DDRAM !''ress+ This !''ress is either pre(io*s$% 'e,i#e' or the !''ress o, pre(io*s$% tr!#s,erre' ch!r!cter is !*to"!tic!$$% i#cre"e#te'+ RS I A 8 Bits DA 8 DB !re co""!#'s )hich 'eter"i#e 'isp$!% "o'e+ List o, co""!#'s )hich LCD reco&#i1es !re &i(e# i# the t!0$e 0e$o)(
)unction I;D S
.a$ue 1 A 1 A
4C+ Connection Depe#'i#& o# ho) "!#% $i#es !re *se' ,or co##ectio# to the "icroco#tro$$er2 there !re >8 0it !#' 680it LCD "o'es+ The !ppropri!te "o'e is 'eter"i#e' !t the 0e&i##i#& o, the process i# ! ph!se c!$$e' 9i#iti!$i1!tio#:+ I# the ,irst c!se2 the '!t! !re tr!#s,erre' thro*&h o*tp*ts DA8DB !s it h!s 0ee# !$re!'% e p$!i#e'+ I# c!se o, 680it LED "o'e2 ,or the s!3e o, s!(i#& (!$*!0$e I;O pi#s o, the "icroco#tro$$er2 there !re o#$% 6 hi&her 0its .D68DB/ *se' ,or co""*#ic!tio#2 )hi$e other "!% 0e $e,t *#co##ecte'+ 4C+ *nitia$ization O#ce the po)er s*pp$% is t*r#e' o#2 LCD is !*to"!tic!$$% c$e!re'+ This process $!sts ,or !ppro i"!te$% 17"S+ A,ter th!t2 'isp$!% is re!'% to oper!te+ The "o'e o, oper!ti#& is set 0% 'e,!*$t+ This "e!#s th!tC 1+ Disp$!% is c$e!re'
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A$&orith" !ccor'i#& to the i#iti!$i1!tio# is 0ei#& per,or"e' 'epe#'s o# )hether co##ectio# to the "icroco#tro$$er is thro*&h 68 or >80it i#ter,!ce+ A$$ $e,t o(er to 0e 'o#e !,ter th!t is to &i(e 0!sic co""!#'s !#' o, co*rse8 to 'isp$!% "ess!&es+
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Contrast Contro$( To h!(e ! c$e!r (ie) o, the ch!r!cters o# the LCD2 co#tr!st sho*$' 0e !'j*ste'+ To !'j*st the co#tr!st2 the (o$t!&e sho*$' 0e (!rie'+ For this2 ! preset is *se' )hich c!# 0eh!(e $i3e ! (!ri!0$e (o$t!&e 'e(ice+ As the (o$t!&e o, this preset is (!rie'2 the co#tr!st o, the LCD c!# 0e !'j*ste'+
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Potentio%eter V!ri!0$e resistors *se' !s pote#tio"eters h!(e !$$ three ter%ina$s co##ecte'+ This !rr!#&e"e#t is #or"!$$% *se' to var' vo$tage2 ,or e !"p$e to set the s)itchi#& poi#t o, ! circ*it )ith ! se#sor2 or co#tro$ the (o$*"e .$o*'#ess/ i# !# !"p$i,ier circ*it+ I, the ter"i#!$s !t the e#'s o, the tr!c3 !re co##ecte' !cross the po)er s*pp$%2 the# the )iper ter"i#!$ )i$$ pro(i'e ! (o$t!&e )hich c!# 0e (!rie' ,ro" 1ero *p to the "! i"*" o, the s*pp$%+
Presets These !re "i#i!t*re (ersio#s o, the st!#'!r' (!ri!0$e resistor+ The% !re 'esi&#e' to 0e "o*#te' 'irect$% o#to the circ*it 0o!r' !#' !'j*ste' o#$% )he# the circ*it is 0*i$t+ For e !"p$e2 to set the ,re-*e#c% o, !# !$!r" to#e or the se#siti(it% o, ! $i&ht8se#siti(e circ*it2 ! s"!$$ scre)'ri(er or si"i$!r too$ is re-*ire' to !'j*st presets+ Presets !re "*ch che!per th!# st!#'!r' (!ri!0$e resistors so the% !re so"eti"es *se' i# projects )here ! st!#'!r' (!ri!0$e resistor )o*$' #or"!$$% 0e *se'+ :u$titurn presets !re *se' )here (er% precise !'j*st"e#ts "*st 0e "!'e+ The scre) "*st 0e t*r#e' "!#% ti"es .1AF/ to "o(e the s$i'er ,ro" o#e e#' o, the tr!c3 to the other2 &i(i#& (er% ,i#e co#tro$+
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This ch!pter 0rie,$% e p$!i#s !0o*t the ,ir")!re i"p$e"e#t!tio# o, the project+ The re-*ire' so,t)!re too$s !re 'isc*sse' i# sectio# 6+4+ Sectio# 6+5 sho)s the ,$o) 'i!&r!" o, the project 'esi&#+ Sectio# 6+6 prese#ts the ,ir")!re i"p$e"e#t!tio# o, the project 'esi&#+ ,.1 &oft#are Too$s !e@uired
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Bei$ Co%pi$er(
Dei$ co"pi$er is so,t)!re *se' )here the "!chi#e $!#&*!&e co'e is )ritte# !#' co"pi$e'+ A,ter co"pi$!tio#2 the "!chi#e so*rce co'e is co#(erte' i#to he co'e )hich is to 0e '*"pe' i#to the "icroco#tro$$er ,or ,*rther processi#&+ Dei$ co"pi$er !$so s*pports C $!#&*!&e co'e+
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Pro$oad(
Pro$o!' is so,t)!re )hich !ccepts o#$% he ,i$es+ O#ce the "!chi#e co'e is co#(erte' i#to he co'e2 th!t he co'e h!s to 0e '*"pe' i#to the "icroco#tro$$er !#' this is 'o#e 0% the Pro$o!'+ Pro$o!' is ! pro&r!""er )hich itse$, co#t!i#s ! "icroco#tro$$er i# it other th!# the o#e )hich is to 0e pro&r!""e'+ This "icroco#tro$$er h!s ! pro&r!" i# it )ritte# i# s*ch ! )!% th!t it !ccepts the he ,i$e ,ro" the Dei$ co"pi$er !#' '*"ps this he ,i$e i#to the "icroco#tro$$er )hich is to 0e pro&r!""e'+ As the Pro$o!' pro&r!""er 3it re-*ires po)er s*pp$% to 0e oper!te'2 this po)er s*pp$% is &i(e# ,ro" the po)er s*pp$% circ*it 'esi&#e' !0o(e+ It sho*$' 0e #ote' th!t this pro&r!""er 3it co#t!i#s ! po)er s*pp$% sectio# i# the 0o!r' itse$, 0*t i# or'er to s)itch o# th!t po)er s*pp$%2 ! so*rce is re-*ire'+ Th*s this is !cco"p$ishe' ,ro" the po)er s*pp$% 0o!r' )ith !# o*tp*t o, 14(o$ts+
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Features
S*pports "!jor At"e$ >? series 'e(ices A*to I'e#ti,% co##ecte' h!r')!re !#' 'e(ices Error chec3i#& !#' (eri,ic!tio# i#80*i$t Loc3 o, pro&r!"s i# chip s*pporte' to pre(e#t pro&r!" cop%i#& 4A !#' 6A pi# WIF soc3et o#80o!r' A*to Er!se 0e,ore )riti#& !#' A*to Veri,% !,ter )riti#& I#,or"!ti(e st!t*s 0!r !#' !ccess to $!test pro&r!""e' ,i$e Si"p$e !#' E!s% to *se Wor3s o# 7BEAA spee'
+escription It is si"p$e to *se !#' $o) cost2 %et po)er,*$ ,$!sh "icroco#tro$$er pro&r!""er ,or the At"e$ >? series+ It )i$$ Pro&r!"2 Re!' !#' Veri,% Co'e D!t!2 Write Loc3 Bits2 Er!se !#' B$!#3 Chec3+ A$$ ,*se !#' $oc3 0its !re pro&r!""!0$e+ This pro&r!""er h!s i#te$$i&e#t o#0o!r' ,ir")!re !#' co##ects to the seri!$ port+ It c!# 0e *se' )ith !#% t%pe o, co"p*ter !#' re-*ires #o speci!$ h!r')!re+ A$$ th!t is #ee'e' is ! seri!$ co""*#ic!tio# ports )hich !$$ co"p*ters h!(e+ pro&r!""i#& Li#te$$i&e#ceL is 0*i$t i#to the pro&r!""er so %o* 'o #ot #ee' !#% speci!$ h!r')!re to r*# it+ Pro&r!""er co"es )ith )i#'o) 0!se' so,t)!re ,or e!s% pro&r!""i#& o, the 'e(ices+
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Progra%%ing &oft#are Co"p*ter si'e so,t)!re c!$$e' GPro$oad .,.1G is e ec*te' th!t !ccepts the I#te$ HEG ,or"!t ,i$e &e#er!te' ,ro" co"pi$er to 0e se#t to t!r&et "icroco#tro$$er+ It !*to 'etects the h!r')!re co##ecte' to the seri!$ port+ It !$so !*to 'etects the chip i#serte' !#' 0%tes *se'+ So,t)!re is 'e(e$ope' i# De$phi B !#' re-*ires #o o(erhe!' o, !#% e ter#!$ DLL+
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55 se$ect the seria$ co%%unication /bit data 1 start and 1 stop bit %ode T!1K1M 55 start the ti%er AK1M &K1M zKread637M if6zKK38/37 R start( $cdc%d638317M t'peK>M %sgdisp$a'6Q & T TH T*: Q7M setti%e67M #rite63D37M de$a'6137M #rite61Dte%pti%eO1P7M de$a'6137M
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if6enterKK37 R #hi$e6enterKK37M goto startM T T T void setti%e6void7 R unsigned char ke'countK3DhDgDd1Dd"Dc%dDup$i%itM $cdc%d638C37M if6t'peKK>7
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#hi$e6ke'countIt'pe7
55 to se$ect a$ar% or current ti%e R hK3M if6ke'countKK37 R c%dK38c3M up$i%itK1"M T e$se if6ke'countKK17 R c%dK38c3M up$i%itK-0M
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if6incKK37 R de$a'6-37M
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XXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
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T 55&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &TOP )=2CT*O2 &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& void stop6void7 R &+AK3M &C4K1M NnopN67M NnopN67M &+AK1M &C4K3M T 55 ..................................... void de$a'6unsigned int s R + 4AF )=2CT*O2
...................................................
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>.1 !esu$ts Asse"0$e the circ*it o# the PCB !s sho)# i# Fi& E+1+ A,ter !sse"0$i#& the circ*it o# the PCB2 chec3 it ,or proper co##ectio#s 0e,ore s)itchi#& o# the po)er s*pp$%+ >." Conc$usion The i"p$e"e#t!tio# o, RFID 0!se' (ehic$e !*the#tic!tio# *si#& "icroco#tro$$er is 'o#e s*ccess,*$$%+ The co""*#ic!tio# is proper$% 'o#e )itho*t !#% i#ter,ere#ce 0et)ee# 'i,,ere#t "o'*$es i# the 'esi&#+ Desi&# is 'o#e to "eet !$$ the speci,ic!tio#s !#' re-*ire"e#ts+ So,t)!re too$s $i3e Dei$ U(isio# Si"*$!tor2 Pro$o!' to '*"p the so*rce co'e i#to the "icroco#tro$$er2 Orc!' Lite ,or the sche"!tic 'i!&r!" h!(e 0ee# *se' to 'e(e$op the so,t)!re co'e 0e,ore re!$i1i#& the h!r')!re+ ;orking procedure( RFID 0!se' (ehic$e !*the#tic!tio# is 0!sic!$$% !# e"0e''e' s%ste" th!t pro(i'es !*the#tic!tio# to the (ehic$es+ The project *ses the )ire$ess tech#o$o&% RFID !#' E"0e''e' s%ste"s to i"p$e"e#t the !pp$ic!tio#+ The (ehic$e2 )hich h!s to e#ter the p!rtic*$!r !re! h!s the RFID t!&2 the '!t! prese#t i# this t!& sho*$' "!tch to &et the !*the#tic!tio#+
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