Design and Planning of Instrumentation Works

AECOM Singapore
LIM Chi-Sharn
Associate / Principal Engineer (Geotechnical) Chisharn.lim@aecom.com

09 May 2013

Outline

Introduction and Objectives Design of Instrumentation and Monitoring Systems

Bored tunnelling Mined tunnelling Deep excavation

Planning of Instrumentation and Monitoring Systems

Risk Management Information Management Contingency Planning Ensuring Reliability (System Assurance)

Challenges
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Tunnelling and Excavation causes Ground Movements & Other Changes which are kept Within Acceptable Limits in order to Ensure Safety & Protect Adjacent Structures
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What is Instrumentation & Monitoring?

Instrumentation is

Monitoring is

a Surveillance System

at Site
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Objectives To Verify Design Assumptions by Comparing Monitored responses against Predicted Values

To Ensure Safety by Limiting Magnitudes & Restricting Trends of Responses

To Minimize Damage of surrounding Structures & Buried Cables, Pipes etc.

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Construction Works as an Engineered System

QUALITY ability to satisfy requirements
Serviceability use for purpose and for conditions Safety acceptability of risks

Compatibility acceptability of impacts

Durability freedom from unanticipated degradation

(Bea, 1994, 2002)

Equipment reliable
Processes clearly defined People clear roles and responsibilities
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Benefits of Instrumentation & Monitoring

(from Dunnicliff, 1993)

Defines initial site conditions such as groundwater, background conditions (temperature, noise, vibration, tides)
Proof testing (test piles) Safety and Risk Management Observational approach to design and design verification that is based on data Construction control Legal protection Enhances public relations
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What are Monitored? Ground Movement

Settlement (& at Depths), Heave (& at Base) Lateral Displacement (& along Depths)

Ground Water
Water Table / Pore Water Pressure

Structural Forces
Strut/Ground-Anchor Supports, Tunnel Lining

Structural Deformations
Tilt & Crack Widths of Buildings/Structures Utilities; Cables & Pipes Profile & Shape of Tunnels

Vibration and Noise

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TYPICAL INSTRUMENTATION
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Ground Settlement Markers

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Settlement Plates

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Settlement at Depth (Magnetic Extensometer)

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Settlement at Depth (Hydraulic Hook)

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Settlement at Depth (Hook Sensor)

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Deep Leveling Datum

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Water Stand Pipe

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Water Stand Pipe & Piezometer

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Vibrating Wire Piezometer

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Piezometer

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Push-in Type Piezometer

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Building Settlement Markers

For Concrete Surface

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For Asphalt Surface

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Building Settlement Markers

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Tilt Meter

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EL Beam Sensor

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EL Beam Sensor As In-Place Inclinometer & for Settlement Profile

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Convergence Monitoring

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Convergence Monitoring

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Tape Extensometer

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Crack Meter

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Strut Load Measurement

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Brillouin optical time domain reflectometry (BOTDR)

Diagram courtesy of ntt.co.jp/news

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Distributed strain sensor BOTDR Average strain over 1m every 20cm Range ~5-10km Resolution 30 (0.003%) Low cost sensors - optical fibre 5 - 25 minutes per measurement Can link or switch between fibres

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DESIGN
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Design Aspects Purpose of instrument

What is to be monitored?

Location of instrument
Where is it to be installed?

Review levels
What are the safe limits?

Frequency and duration

When and how often is it to be monitored?

Contingencies
What should be done when the limits are exceeded, and who should do it?
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Design Verification Tunnelling Verification of parameters

Water table Volume loss Ground relaxation

Comparing predictions with outcomes

Ground movements Groundwater changes Convergence / radial displacement

Monitoring at areas of risk

To manage residual design risk, construction risk

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Trough Measurements Help to Identify Types of Ground Movement

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Settlements at Surface Vs at Depth

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Monitoring Arrays (Tunnelling)

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Monitoring Arrays (Tunnelling)

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Monitoring Arrays (Tunnelling)

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Monitoring Arrays (Tunnelling)

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Monitoring Arrays (Tunnelling)

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Interpreted Monitoring Data

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Convergence Monitoring (Bored Tunnel) For Both Tunnels,

Min 1 for each drive Min. 1 at each soil type encountered

For 1st tunnel,

Min one at every 100m if clear space < Min one at every 25m if clear space < 3m

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Convergence Monitoring (Cross Passages using SCL) Every 2m from breakout

7m from breakout
0m 2m

Every 20m thereafter

4m 6m 7m 20m
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Monitoring Ground Water Level Currently Not Monitored at Close Interval To Determine Correct Face Pressure with Reference to Ground Water Pressure for Both Slurry and EPBM To limit Ground settlement To avoid Ground heave, slurry spouts and foam spews To validate the design of tunnel segment

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Examples

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Examples

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Examples

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Examples

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Role in Risk Management Managing residual design risk and construction risk Tunnelling

Before tunnelling under buildings

(esp. with mixed ground)

Start of tunnelling

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Cavities are Not Always Fully Grouted

Leca, E. & Domieux, L. (1990)

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Subsurface Monitoring Rod extensometers @ Close Intervals?

Drawback Risk of Slurry Path

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Monitoring for unplanned stoppages

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Design Verification Excavation Verification of parameters

Water table Soil properties

Comparing predictions with outcomes

Ground movements Groundwater changes Retaining wall deflections Strut forces

Monitoring at areas of design risk

To manage residual design risk

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Monitoring Arrays - Excavations

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Monitoring Arrays - Excavations

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Examples

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Examples

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Examples

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Examples

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Examples

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Interpreted Monitoring Data Possible causes

Observed soil profile different from design no F2 at the East Wall Marine clay Cu and Eu lower than adopted at design

Back-Analysis of Unpredicted Sway of a Cut-And-Cover Deep Excavation in Singapore Marine Clay (Lim et. al. 2011. Proc of ICAGE)
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Role in Risk Management Managing residual design risk and construction risk Excavations
3D (??) 2D (ok)

The Impact of Geometry on Re-Entrant Corner Behaviour in Deep Excavation Retaining Walls: Two Case Studies from Stage 4 of the Circle Line. (Lim C.S. and Jee Y.Y., 2008, Proc. Of ICDE)
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Ensuring Safety and Minimizing Impact Adjacent Structures Comparing predictions with outcomes / safety limits
Ground movements Groundwater changes Building movements and strains

Comparing outcomes with legal limits / guidelines

Noise Vibration

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Structure Monitoring

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Structure Monitoring

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Structure Monitoring

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Effects of tunnelling on pile foundations

(slide from Mair, 2009)

Base Load B

W=F+B F

Volume Loss Shaft Friction F B Tunnel volume loss causes base load B to reduce, pile settles and shaft friction F Volume Loss increases
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Bored tunnelling below full scale pile trials in the Second Heinenoordtunnel site (Kaalberg et al, 2005) (slide from Mair,
distance from tunnel (m)
-30 -20 -10 0 10 4 -1 -6 -11 tunnel -16 -21 -30 -20 -10 0 10

2009)

0 -10

settlments (mm)

pile settlement surface settlement piles

-20 -30 -40 -50

Field trials : wooden and concrete piles above two 8.3m OD tunnels End-bearing piles, shaft friction very low Volume losses

depth below ref. level (m)

Zone B Zone A Zone C

30o 45o

1st tunnel : 1~2% 2nd tunnel : 0.75%

0.5D was considered to be safe distance between pile toe and tunnel

Piles in Zone A settle > ground surface Piles in Zone B settle ~ ground surface 09 May 2013 Page 78 Piles in Zone C settle < ground surface

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Structure Monitoring (Real Time)

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Structure Monitoring (Real Time)

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Design Role of the Qualified Person for Geotechnical Aspects of GBWs

(Building Control Regulations)

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PLANNING
(For the construction phase)
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Supervision Role of the Qualified Person for Geotechnical Aspects of GBWs (8th Schedule, Part II, Building Control Regulations) Tunnels

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Supervision Role of the Qualified Person for Geotechnical Aspects of GBWs (8th Schedule, Part II, Building Control Regulations) Deep excavations

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Construction Works as an Engineered System

QUALITY ability to satisfy requirements
Serviceability use for purpose and for conditions Safety acceptability of risks

Compatibility acceptability of impacts

Durability freedom from unanticipated degradation

(Bea, 1994, 2002)

Equipment reliable
Processes clearly defined People clear roles and responsibilities
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Monitoring Works as an Engineered System

QUALITY ability to satisfy requirements
Serviceability use for purpose and for conditions Safety acceptability of risks

Compatibility acceptability of impacts

Durability freedom from unanticipated degradation

(Bea, 1994, 2002)

Equipment reliable
Processes clearly defined People clear roles and responsibilities
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Role in Risk Management

Safety & Design RISKS are Managed

by

Setting Limits on Each Response

&

Comparing Monitored Responses Against these Set Limits

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3 Activity
against trend

Interpreting monitoring data key information required

2 Trend
graphically
visible

1 X-axis

annotated with dates

FORM IS FUNCTION

4 Key plan
with instrumentation locations

5 Table
readings against Review Levels
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Land Transportation Excellence Awards 2011

Best Innovation Partner

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Instrumentation & Monitoring Quality Plan (1 of 2) Sufficient & Correct Instrumentation

Proper Installation & Establishment of Initial Readings

Monitoring Schedule Updated Regularly & Strictly Adhered To Readings Taken by Competent Technicians Proper Data Deduction & Verification Daily Results into Summary Format

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Instrumentation & Monitoring Quality Plan (2 of 2) Daily Trend Watch

Daily Check on Results Vs Review Levels

Weekly Reports with Tables, Trend Plots Regular Meetings among Key Personnel Full Participation of QP(S) & PE Increased Monitoring at High Risk Area Increased Monitoring at High Activity Area Prompt Replacement of Damaged Instruments Calibration of Tools as per Schedule Manual checks of automated real-time monitoring
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Challenges of Instrumentation & Monitoring

Key responses of ground and structures are monitored Correct type of instrumentation is used Review Levels are set for each instrumentation Monitoring frequency matched with site activities Prompt processing of monitored data Graphical outputs to visualized trends Responses are tracked against Review Levels Regular review of monitored readings with key personnel Relate to Continuous training of personnel involved

Voluminous Data

Timely

Interpretation

Monitor and Analyze trend

Graphical output

construction

activities

Tracking
Predicted Levels
against

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THANK YOU

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