DRAINAGE/STORM WATER NETWORK DESIGN FOR A SMALL

COMMUNITY IN ILORIN.




COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN (CVE 656)


By


OKEKE, T.C. (12/68GE004)
Department o C!"!# En$!neer!n$
Un!"er%!ty o I#or!n& N!$er!a


CVE 656 Cou!" #"$%u"& Dr S.A Ra'!


OCT& ()*+
DRAINAGE/STORM WATER NETWORK DESIGNS FOR A SMALL COMMUNITY IN ILORIN.
ABSTRACT
Overland flow through a surface is usually channeled to either a surface drain or and underground sub-
surface drain. In this study, kulenda housing estate Ilorin was designed using open surface drain for its
internal roads and storm water underground drain for the external roads. Flow discharge from Ollota
road (i.e internal road with highest discharge rate was used in this design for the internal road network.
!ational method was used for the computation of flow discharge. "he hydrological and hydraulic
analysis of the estate culverts, storm drains was done using both visual basic and Hy8_7_3 sof!"#$.
!esults obtained shows a #$$$mm x %$$mm section for the open surface drain and the storm water
design shows varying pipe diameters ranging from &'$mm to #'$$mm. (omparing the values obtained
with established standards authenticates the ade)uacy of provided sections.

%.& INTRODUCTION
*rban drainage systems consist of three parts+ the overland surface flow system, the sewer network,
and the underground porous media drainage system (,en and -kan,#.%/. In the urban environment,
storm water drainage systems are provided to convey runoff from developments in a safe, convenient,
and environmentally conscious manner. Inherent in this philosophy is the analysis of rainfall events
(storms that result in both 0minor1 and 0ma2or1 storm water flows ((ity of (anterbury,#..'. In this
design, the 0minor1 storm flow was channeled through the open surface drains while the 0ma2or1 storm
water was drained using the underground storm water drain. -ll storm drain designs is be based on an
engineering analysis which takes into consideration runoff rates, pipe flow capacity, hydraulic grade line,
soil characteristics, pipe strength, potential construction problems, and potential runoff treatment
issues.(345O",6$#$.
'.& DESCRI(TION OF THE STUDY AREA
7y study area is the 8ulende 9ousing :state (phase III Ilorin. It is located along the ;ebba road axis. "he
area slopes from the east to the west and from the north to the south. "he soil type is a clayey loamy
soil. "he layout of kulende estate was drawn to a scale of #+6$$$. "he topographical map of my study
area is shown in fig #.$ below.

F)* %.&. "he "opgraphical 7ap of 8ulende :state Ilorin indicating the various streets and the contour
slopes alignments.
3.& LITERATURE RE+IEW.
4everal designs and literature publications on the design of storm water have been undertaken by
several researcher and engineers. - good knowledge of the hydrology of surface water flow is a
prere)uisite for the design of storm drains and channels. ;ohn <oullian (6$#6, observed that storm
water management calculations only consider infiltration, interception and surface storage losses, since
short time scales will render losses from evaporation and transpiration insignificant.
(ity of 4pringfeild (6$$= publication identified three acceptable methods of calculating runoff as>
!ational method, 8inematic wave method, and 4(4 unit hydrograph method. "he rational method was
developed by 8uichling (#%%. for estimating design discharge for small urban watersheds. "he rational
method has become the basis for design of many small watershed hydraulic structures. "hompson
(6$$= defines the rational method as a simple formula that relates runoff producing potential of the
watershed, the average intensity of rainfall for a particular length of time (the time of concentration,
and the watershed drainage area. "he rainfall intensity computation is based on a time of concentration
which "hompson (6$$= defined as the time re)uired for a parcel of runoff to travel from the most
hydraulically distant part of a watershed to the outlet.

,.& DESIGN METHODOLOGY
"he method of approach adopted for the design of 8ulenda :state is divided into the following
categories namely>
4.1 Preliminary survey: "his involves a site visit to the area to determine the soil type and land slopes
in the estate.
4.2 Data collection: !elevant data like the topographical map and the rainfall intensity- duration-
Fre)uency chart for Ilorin were obtained from the relevant organi?ations.
4.3 Hydrological Design: "he catchment flow rate was determined using the rational method which is
stated "s Q = CIA3 . .....E-.(i
3here, C is the Coefficient of runoff which represents the fraction of rainfall converted to
runoff.("hompson, 6$$=. -ppropriate values for coefficient of runoff are shown in the table#.$. I is the
Rainfall intensity which is expressed as the average rainfall intensity in mm@hr for a selected
reoccurrence fre)uency and for duration e)ual to the time of concentration of the watershed
("hompson, 6$$=. and A is the Area of watersed! in ectares.
"he "ime of concentration was obtained using kirpich formulae T/ 0 &1&&7823L
&.77
/S4
&1385
6E-. ))
3here+ T/ A time of concentration in mins. L A length of water shed area (ft. S A 4lope of water shade
which was obtained using the slope formulae. - Design return #eriod of #$ years was used in this
analysis.
"able #.$. !unoff (oefficients for !ational 7ethod. (-dopted from F93-, 6$$# <ublication
Ty7$ of D#")."*$ A#$" R8.off Co$ff)/)$. 9C:
B8s).$ss1
Do!.o!. A#$" $.=' - $..'
N$)*;<o#;oo= A#$" $.'$ - $.=$

R$s)=$.)">1
S).*>$ F"?)>y A#$" $./$ - $.'$
M8>) U.)@ D$"/;$= $.&$ - $.B$
M8>) U.)@ A"/;$= $.B$ - $.='
S8<8#<". $.6' - $.&'
A7"#?$. D!$>>).* A#$" $.'$ - $.=$

S#$$s1
As7;">)/ $.=$ - $..'
Co./#$$ $.%$ - $..'
B#)/A $.=$ - $.%'
D#)B$s ".= W">A!"ys $.=$ - $.%'
Roofs $.=$ - $..'

4.4 Hydraulic design: -ppropriate sections were computed using design formulas obtained from the
table 6.$ below. "his values are based on the assumption that
b = 2y, wbcrc y is tbc low Jcptb onJ b is tbc bottom wiJtb.
"able6.$ C 9ydraulic 4ections Dalues ( ossuming low Jcptb (y) = 2 - wiJtb (b).
C#oss
s$/)o.
A#$"3A4 W$$=
7$#)?$$#3(4
Hy=#"8>)/
R"=)8s3R4
To7
!)=;3T4
Hy=#"8>)/
=$7;3D4
S$/)o.
F"/o#3F4
T#"7$Co)=
y
2
VS 2yVS
y
2

4yVS
S

Sy
4

Sy
2.5
2

R$/".*>$ 2y
2
4y
y
2

2y Y 2y
2.5

T#)".*>$ y
2

2yV2
1
4
yV2
2y
y
2

V2
2
y
2.5

("#"<o>" 4y
2
2
V2
8y
S
V2
y
2

2yVS
ny
2

8y
2.5
9
VS
S$?)/)#/>$ ny
2
2

ny
y
2

2y
ny
4

ny
2.5
4


"able /.$+ 5ifferent Dalues of 7annings !oughness (oefficient ..
Ty7$s of C;"..$> >).).* Ro8*;.$ss Co$ff)/)$.@.
S?oo; /o./#$$ $.$#6
S?oo; "s7;"> $.$#'
E"#; $.$6$
Ro/A $.$/'
G#"ss ".= B#8s; $.$'$
D8/)>$ I#o. 7)7$ $.$#/
Co##8*"$= s$$> 7)7$ $.$6&
Co##8*"$= 7>"s)/ 7)7$ $.$6&
"he following are the hydrological and hydraulic considerations+
"he peak discharge obtained using the rational formulae served as design capacity for the pipes
and drains.
"he hydraulic analysis of flow in the culvert, open channel and closed conduit drains was done
using the Hy8_7_3 sof!"#$.
"he estate was designed to conform to the existing ground slope.
!ectangular sections were used for the open surface drains while circular sections were used for
the storm water drain.
"he manningEs e)uation was used in the determination of the si?es of the pipes and drains.
"hese computations of the various drain si?es were done using the visual basic programming
language.
"he flow area, wetted perimeter and the hydraulic radius were derived from design formulas in
table 6.$.
"he storm sewers were designed using a minimum cleansing velocity of $.Bm/@s
5.& THE DRAINAGE DESIGN.
$.1 Hydrological and Hydraulic Analysis for te o#en cannel drainage system.
"he following visual basic codes were used in the computation of the time of concentration+
<rivate 4ub (ommand#F(lick(
5im G:HI9" -s 4ingle
5im 4GO<: -s 4ingle
5im "( -s Dariant
5im - -s 4ingle
5im b -s 4ingle
G:HI9" A Dal("ext#."ext
4GO<: A Dal("ext6."ext
"( A $.$$=% J (G:HI9" K $.== J (4GO<: K -$.'
ans."ext A "(

"he following visual basic codes were used in the computation of the design discharge+

<rivate 4ub (ommand6F(lick(
5im (u -s 4ingle
5im ( -s 4ingle
5im I -s 4ingle
5im - -s 4ingle
5im L -s Dariant
( A Dal("ext/."ext
I A Dal("ext&."ext
- A Dal("ext'."ext
(u A Dal("extB."ext
L A (u J ( J I J -
"ext=."ext A L

"he various peak flows, time of concentration obtained for each of the roads were obtained using the
rational method. "able &.$ shows the discharge flow for the various internal roads in the estate. "he
rainfall intensity-duration graph for Ilorin was used in obtaining the computed rainfall intensity.



Fig 6.$. !ainfall Intensity 5uaration (urve for Ilorin 7etropolis




"able &.$+ <eak flow L(m/@s computation table( based on !ational method.
Ho !oads G(ft slope -rea(9a "c(min I(mm@hr L
#
(m
/
@s L
add
(m
/
@s L(m
/
@s
% Olusola
4araki
#=%& $.$6.$ /.%' %#./$ &$ $.6/ $.6/
' :mir of #/#6 $.$$6' 6.% /. B$ $./$ $.$B# $./B#
Ilorin
3 :tsu <atigi &'. $.$&6 $./ ' #'$ $.$/= $./B# $./.%
, 4.- -bdulahi &'$ $.$$$' $.%& ' #'$ $.6# $.6#
5 ;oseph
Olawoyin
=66 $.$6& #.=B % #$% $./' $./'
D -bdullasak &&$ $.$#& $.6% #$ #$$ $.$=& $.&6 $.&.&
8 4hehu
4hegah
.%& $.$/ #.% ..B #$$ $.$/6 $.$/6
E 8ashim
Ibrahim
=6# $.$#/ #.'& . #$$ $.6= $.== #.$&
%& :mir of
8aima
/$$ $.$& $.#6 ' #'$ $.$'' $./.% $.&'/
%% !aimi
Oladime2i
&&' $.$$' $.=& ' #'$ $.6$ $.6$
%' "unde
Idiagbon
B%% $.$# $.%& ## .. $.#' $.B/% $.=%%
%3 :lese B'% $.$$B $.% #6 .. $.## $.#/
%, Ieorge
Innih
&'. $.$## $.'B %.% #$' $.$%# $.$%#
%5 *maru 4aro '6& $.$&% $.B& ' #'$ $.#= $.$%# $.6'#
%D 4halhudeen
Olatinwe
=6# $.$#/ #.&$ #$.%' #&' $./B $./B
%7 5avid
Mamigboye
###' $.$$%% 6.$& #%.B$ =' $.6= $.=#. $..%.
%8 4haba lafiagi '$. $.$#& #.6$ =.% ##' $.6& $.6&
%E 4amuel
-dedoyin
/6% $.$$'# $.B ..&' #$6 $.## $.##
'& O2o
Fadumila
#.B $.$$$& $.6& 66.=$ =$ $.$/$ $.$/$
'% (anor
Onaayekun
#$$ $.$$$' #.6& #6.$. ./ $.6& $.6&
'' 4imeon
4ayomi
/./.B $.$6' $.&% ' #'$ $.#/ $.#/
'3 7ustapha
-kanbi
''= $.$## $.#= #$ #$$ $.$/ $.$/
',

-budulkarim
-disa
/B$ $.$#% $.&& '.& #'$ $.## $.#/ $.6&
'5 7ohammed
Gawal
6B%. $.$6. '.=& 6$.%. %$ $.=$ $.#/ $.%/
'D Ollota #&&/ $.$6' 6.B& #' %& $.6' #.#6 #./=
'7 Ibrahim
Iambari
=%= $.$6' $.&% %./ #$. $.## $.66 $.//
'8 7ohammed
8amaldeen
#$&. $.$$&B #..6 6&./B =% $.6B $.#B
'E -hmed
4holagberu
#$&. $.$'/ #..$ =.#= #6$ $.&$ $.#$ $.'$
3& (hief
-deribigbe
/$$ $.$& $.#6 ' #'$ $.$'' $.$''
3% 7ohamadu
Muhari
##66 $.$6% 6.=% &$ '$ $.6' $.#B' $.&#'
3' :.-
-dewumi
#B&$ $.$$& / ##B 6' $.#& /.&&' /.'%

$.2 Design of a rectangular o#en drain for te estate using te #ea% flow from &llota road 'i.e
internal road wit te igest #ea% flow(.
*sing manning e)uation+ = A -
1
n
- (R)
2
3
- (S)
1
2

wheie, Q = 1.S7 (flow fiom ollofa ioau).
rom toblc 2.u A = 2y
2
, anu R = u.Sy. anu n = u.u1S
- u.u1S = 2y
2
- (u.Sy)
2
3
- (u.u2S)
1
2

rom obo:c cqn, low Jcptb (y) = u.S, onJ tbc corrcsponJing wiJtb(b) will bc 2y = 1.u
"herefore, the flow dimension is '$$mm by #$$$mm, adding a freeboard of /$$mm, the actual
dimension will now be %$$mm N #$$$mm as shown in fig /.$.
Fig /.$. - cross sectional view of the proposed open channel drain for the internal roads in the estate.


- drain of )**mm de#t and 1***mm widt should be provided for all internal roads within the :state.
"he wetted area of the drain A 2y
2
= u.S m
2
, the hydraulic radius A u.Sy = u.2Sm and the wetted
perimeter A 4y = 2m.
5.3 Culvert Design: "he result of the analysis of rectangular culverts within the :state using Hy8_7_3
sof!"#$ is presented is in table below. "he culvert diameter is #6$$mm.




"able '.$. Hy8_7_3 sof!"#$ 4ummary sheet for the critical culvert across :.- -dewumi !oad
C8>B$#
D)s/;"#*$
3/fs4
H$"=!"$#
E>$B")o.
3f4
I.>$
/o.#o>
=$7;
3f4
O8>$
/o.#o>
D$7;
3f4
C#))/">
D$7;
3f4
O8>$
+$>o/)y
3f/s4
I.>$
E>$B")o.
3f4
O8>$
E>$B")o.
3f4
C8>B$#
L$.*;
3f4
&.&& %=.%/ $.$$ $.$$ $.$$ $.$$ =B.#B %=.$ /$
,.38 %%./6 $.&. #.6= $./$ &.B&
E.D7 %%.'% $.=' #..' $.&% =.66
%,.5& %%.%# $..% 6.'# $.B& #$.$%
%E.33 %..$6 #.#. /.$$ $.=% #$...
',.%D %..6# #./% /.&' $..$ ##.=$
'E.&& %../. #.'B /.%% #.$6 #6.6/
33.83 %..'% #.=' &./$ #.#/ #6.B#
38.DD %..=% #..' &.=' #.6& #6.=/
,3.5& %...% 6.#& '.6% #./& #/.66
,8.33 .$.#= 6./& B.B% #.&/ #/.'$

Fig&.$ !ating (urve for the (ulvert through :.- -dewumi.


$.4 Design of storm water drain in te area.
"he external road network which includes roads like :.- -dewumi, 7ohammadu Muhari and
7ohammed Gawal roads were designed using the storm water drainage. "he manning e)uation was
used in the determination of the best hydraulic section for the storm water drains.
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Performance Curve
Culvert: Culvert 2
H
e
a
d
w
a
te
r E
le
v
a
tio
n
(ft)
Total Discharge (cfs)
Inlet Control Elev Outlet Control Elev
For a full flow pipe+
A =
D
2
4
, anu R =
D
4
. Substituting A anu P into manning
i
s equation B is [u.u4171 - S
-
1
2

3
8
. eqn iii.
Imputing the obtained flow discharges for :.- -dewumi road into Hy8_7_3 sof!"#$@ the stage
discharge graph and the flow velocities were obtained.
"able B.$. Hy8_7_3 sof!"#$ 4ummary sheet for the underground storm water drain along :.- -dewumi
!oad.

S$!$#
D)s/;"#*$
3/fs4
H$"=!"$#
E>$B")o.
3f4
I.>$
/o.#o>
=$7;
3f4
O8>$
/o.#o>
D$7;
3f4
No#?">
D$7;
3f4
O8>$
+$>o/)y
3f/s4
I.>$
E>$B")o.
3f4
O8>$
E>$B")o.
3f4
S$!$#
L$.*;
3f4
&.&& =..=/ $.$$ $.$$ $.$$ $.$$ =..=/ ='.// #%$$
%3.& %#.$ $.%6 #.6= $.== &.'&
'D.& %#.B #./$ #..' #.#% '.6B
3E.& %6.6& #.=$ 6.'# #.'/ B./$
5'.& %6.=/ 6.$' /.$$ #.%' B..#
5D.& %/.#. 6./B /.&' 6.#= =.&=
78.& %/.B6 6.B& /.%% 6.&% =...
E8.& %&.$& 6.%. &./$ 6.%6 %.&.
%&,.& %&.&% /.#& &.=' /.66 %..&
%%7.& %'.$6 /./% '.6% &.#= ..&$
%3&.& %B./% /.B6 B.B% &.#= ..%&


Fig'.$ !ating (urve for the underground storm water drain along :.- -dewumi !oad.





80
85
90
95
100
105
0 50 100 150 200 250
Performance Curve
Culvert: Culvert 2
H
e
a
d
w
a
te
r E
le
v
a
tio
n
(ft)
Total Discharge (cfs)
Inlet Control Elev Outlet Control Elev
Fig &.$ *nderground 4torm 3ater 5rain 4i?es for :.- -dewumi, 7ohammed Muhari, 7ohammed Gawal.


"he table below shows the computed discharge and ring diameter for the external roads.
"able =.$+ Flow summary sheet of storm water drains for :.- -dewumi, 7 Muhari, and 7 Gawal !oads.
Ro"=s S>o7$3?/?4 D)s/;"#*$3?3/s4 F>o! +$>o/)y
3?/s4
D$s)*.$=
S$/)o.
(#oB)=$=
S$/)o.
E.A A=$!8?) $.$$& /.'% 6.'& #/B$ #'$$
Mo;"??$=
B8;"#)
$.$6% $.&#' 6.% &/% &'$
Mo;"??$=
L"!">
$.$6. $.% /.B% '&/ B$$
(omparing the flow values obtained shown in table =.$ with those in table %.$ and table ..$ confirms
the ade)uacy of the estimated flow velocity.
"able %.$ -cceptable flow velocities for pipes and box culverts
F>o! Co.=))o. A<so>8$
M).)?8? 3?/s4
D$s)#"<>$
M).)?8?3?/s4
D$s)#"<>$
M"F)?8? 3?/s4
A<so>8$
M"F)?8? 3?/s4
("#)">>y f8>> $.= #.6 &.= =.$
F8>> $.B #.$ &.$ B.$
4ource+ GOI-H (ity council 6$$&

"able ..$+ -cceptable pipe grades for pipes flowing full.
()7$ D)"?$$# M"F)?8? G#"=$ M).)?8? G#"=$
3&& 6$ $.'
375 #' $.&
,5& ## $./
5'5 ..$ $.6'
D&& =.' $.6$
D75 B.' $.#$
75& '.' $.#'
E&& &.' $.#6
%&5& /.' $.#$
%'5& /.$ $.#$
%3&& 6.' $.#$
%5&& 6.6 $.#$
4ource+ GOI-H (ity (ouncil.

CONCLUSION
"he hydrological and hydraulic analysis of the estate shows a #$$$mm x %$$mm section for the open
surface drain and varying pipe diameters ranging from &'$mm to #'$$mm for the underground storm
water drains. (omparing the values obtained with tables % and . authenticates the ade)uacy of
provided sections. "his design also shows the importance of rational formula in the design and analysis
of overland and channel flow. Flow velocities and discharge obtained from the stage-discharge curves
indicates that there will not be overflow which can lead to flooding.

REFERENCES
345O" (6$#$- 345O" 9ydraulics 7anual 7 6/-$/.$/. (hapter '.$
;ohn <oullain, <: (6$#$ :stimating 4torm 3ater !unoff. <59online (ourse 9##. (6 <59. <59 Online O
<59 (enter publication.
8uichling, :. (#%%.. "he !elation Metween the !ainfall and the 5ischarge of 4ewers in <opulous 5istricts.
"ransactions, -merican 4ociety of (ivil :ngineers 6$, #P'B.
5avid M. "hompson,(6$$=. "he !ational 7ethod. !.O. -nderson :ngineering 7inden, Hevada. 5raft.
(ity of 4pringfeild (6$$=. 5rainage (riteria 7anual. (alculation of !unoff. 5raft.
Men (hie ,en and -. Osmand -kan (#.%/.9ydraulic 5esign of *rban 5rainage 4ystem-(hapter #&.
(ity of (anterbury (#..'. (ity of (anterbury 4torm 3ater 7anagement 7anual C 4pecification .,
:dition #$.
F93- (6$$#. *rban 5rainage 5esign 7anual. 9ydraulic :ngineering (ircular Ho 66, 4econd :dition.
<ublication Ho. F93--H9I-$#-$6#
GOI-H (6$#$. Interim 4tandards For 4torm3ater, Overland Flow, and Flood <lan 7anagement.