EXCRETORY SYSTEM MARY ANNE P.

. ISIP, MD, MT(ASCPi) Functions: Filtration of cellular waste from blood Regulation of salt and water balance* Excretion of the waste and excess water as urine Endocrine function Erythropoietin and Renin* In Male, the urethra also serves the reproductive system* kidney Renal medulla Renal cortex Renal cortex Pars Convoluta Renal corpuscles or Malphigian corpuscles Glomerulus and Bowmans capsule Proximal convoluted tubule Distal Convoluted tubule Arch Collecting tubule Pars Recta Straight tubules Descending loop of Henle Ascending loop of Henle Straight Collecting tubules NEPHRONS 1-1.4Millions* Parts: Renal or Malphigian corpuscle Bowmans capsule Glomerulus PCT Descending and Ascending loop of Henle DCT Collecting tubule

glomerulus A tuft of capillaries enclosed in the Bowmans capsule Bowmans capsule 2 layers: Outer parietal layer Lined by single layer of squamous cells Inner visceral layer Formed of modified epithelial cells called PODOCYTES* Filtration barrier Filtration slits

Basal lamina Fusion of capillary and podocyte-produced basal lamina Endothelium of a glomerular capillary Mesangial cells Stellate-shaped Phagocytic*

Functions: Provide structural support and contraction* Phagocytosis* Secretion * Urinary or capsular space Between 2 capsular layers Receives the fluid filtered through the capillary wall and the visceral layer

Each renal corpuscle has a: Vascular pole* Tubular pole * Proximal convoluted tubule Longest and the most convoluted part

Lined by Simple cuboidal epithelium with brush border reabsorption Cells have granular cytoplasm, acidophilic* Reabsorb 60-65% water All glucose and amino acid 85% Sodium, Chloride Loop of henle U-shaped structure with a: Descending limb Thick:lined by Simple cuboidal epithelium Thin:line by Simple squamous epithelium

Ascending limb lined by Simple cuboidal epithelium without brush border Wider lumen Juxtamedullary nephrons Located near the corticomedullary junction It allows the kidney to produce concentrated hypertonic urine With short thick descending limb, long thin descending and ascending limbs and long thick ascending limbs Distal convoluted tubule Lined by Simple cuboidal cells without brush border Wider lumen Pale staining cytoplasm Sodium reabsorption and Potassium secretion by Sodium pump regulated by Aldosterone Secrete H+ and NH4 maintain acid-base Juxta glomerular apparatus Juxtaglomerular cells/ jg cells Rounded nuclei, basophilic cytoplasm* Secretes RENIN Angiotensinogen Angiotensin I Angiotensin II

 Aldosterone Na & H2O reabsorption o Increase blood pressure Lacis cells Aka Extraglomerular Mesangial cells Produce Erythropoietin Collecting tubules Last part of each nephron Join each other to form straight COLLECTING DUCTS Runs to the tips of the medullary pyramids Empty into the minor calyces Tubules: Simple cuboidal epithelium Ducts: Simple columnar epithelium Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Arginine vasopressin Makes the collecting duct more permeable to water Blood supply Excretory passages Structures that convey urine from the kidney parenchyma to the outside Renal pelvis main excretory duct of the Ureter kidney LE: Transitional epithelium/ Urothelium 3 walls Inner mucous layer Middle muscular layer Outer circular layer muscle layer Inner longitudinal muscle layer Outer adventitia layer loose collagenous t. Blood & lymph vessels, nerves 3 layers of urothelium

 Single layer of small basal cells* Intermediate region containing 1-several layers of columnar cells Superficial layer of very large polyhedral or bulbous cells called UMBRELLA CELLS* RENAL PELVIS Flattened funnel-shaped end of the ureter in the hilum of the kidney, that branches into major and minor calyces Lined by transitional epithelium Lamina propia: scanty areolar c.t. Small blood vessels, lymphocytes NO GLANDS URETER Muscular tube that connects each kidney to the bladder Walls are much thicker than renal pelvis

Mucosa: lined by Transitional epithelium Forms longitudinal mucosal folds when empty giving the lumen stellate shaped appearance Collapsed state Columnar Distended - Cuboidal Lamina propia: dense supeficial part Loose superficial part NO glands Diffuse lymphatic tissue Muscular: Upper 2/3 thinner, 2 layers of muscle: Inner longitudinal Outer circular Lower 1/3 thicker, 3 layers: Inner longitudinal

 Middle circular Outer longitudinal Terminal portion: NO circular muscle Inner longitudinal Outer longitudinal Tunica adventitia: loose collagenous t. Urinary bladder Hollow organ for the storage of urine Mucosa: lined by Transitional epithelium Lamina propia: highly vascularized Submucosa: Muscularis: 3 layers: Detrussor muscle Inner longitudinal Middle circular Outer longitudinal

Tunica adventitia: fibroelastic connective tissue Peritoneum covers the upper part of the urinary bladder The ureter pass through the wall of the bladder obliquely forming a sphincter of the bladder Male urethra Long, consist of 3 portions: Prostatic urethra 3-4cm long, extends through the prostate gland Lined by urothelium In the midline is the opening of the prostate utricle On the R & L are the slit like openings of the ejaculatory ducts Membranous urethra Short segment 1-1.5cm Lined by Stratified Columnar or Pseudostratified epithelium

 Extending from the lower pole of the prostate to the bulb of the corpus spongiosum Spongy urethra Longest part 15cm Traversing the whole length of the corpus spongiosum* Lined by Pseudostratified or Stratified Columnar epithelium Terminal portion: Fossa Navicularis lined Stratified Squamous non-cornified epithelium

Mucosa: recesses or deep irregular outpocketings into the tunica propia which are called Lacunae of Morgagni Lamina propia: loose collagenous tissue with abundant elastic fibers and smooth muscle Few diffuse lymphocytes Several small mucus secreting glands called LITTERS GLAND Muscular: inner longitudinal Outer circular Tunica adventitia Areolar connective tissue Bigger blood vessels Nerve plexuses Female urethra Shorter 4-5cm Mucosa: lined by First part - Transitional epithelium Middle part Pseudostratified epithelium Terminal part SSNCE Lamina propia: loose c.t Elastic fibers & lymphocytes Litters gland Lacunae of Morgagni

Muscular: Inner longitudinal Outer circular Skeletal muscle urethral sphincter Tunica adventitia Areolar tissue Blood vessels, nerves

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