CONTENTS

Unit 1.................................................................................................................................................................... 3 Pre-Reading Tasks.................................................................................................................................... 3 Reading.................................................................................................................................................... 3 Everyday English...................................................................................................................................... 3 Ways with Words...................................................................................................................................... 3 Grammar Reference................................................................................................................................. 3 The er! To "e................................................................................................................................... 3 The #emonstrative Prono$n and %d&ective.......................................................................................... 3 'ontrolled Practice(............................................................................................................................. 3 )$estion *orms................................................................................................................................... 3 'ontrolled Practice(............................................................................................................................. 3 Unit +.................................................................................................................................................................... 3 Pre-Reading Tasks.................................................................................................................................... 3 Reading.................................................................................................................................................... 3 Ways with Words...................................................................................................................................... 3 Grammar Reference................................................................................................................................. 3 The Personal Prono$n........................................................................................................................ 3 'ontrolled ,ractice(............................................................................................................................. 3 -ood. Tense and %s,ect..................................................................................................................... 3 Present /im,le.................................................................................................................................... 3 Present 'ontin$o$s............................................................................................................................. 3 'ontrolled Practice(............................................................................................................................. 3 Unit 3.................................................................................................................................................................... 3 Pre-Reading Tasks.................................................................................................................................... 3 Reading.................................................................................................................................................... 3 Ways with words(...................................................................................................................................... 3 Grammar Reference................................................................................................................................. 3 er!s which do not take a contin$o$s as,ect in English...................................................................... 3 'ontrolled Practice(............................................................................................................................. 3 The 0m,erative.................................................................................................................................... 3 'ontrolled Practice(............................................................................................................................. 3 The Possessive Prono$n and the Posessive %d&ective........................................................................ 3 'ontrolled Practice.............................................................................................................................. 3 Unit 1.................................................................................................................................................................... 3 Pre-Reading Tasks(................................................................................................................................... 3 Reading 1................................................................................................................................................. 3 Ways with words(...................................................................................................................................... 3 Reading +................................................................................................................................................. 3 Ways with words(...................................................................................................................................... 3 Grammar Reference................................................................................................................................. 3

'lassification of 2o$ns........................................................................................................................ 3 2$m!er of 2o$ns(............................................................................................................................... 3 The Genitive........................................................................................................................................ 3 'ontrolled Practice(............................................................................................................................. 3 Test...................................................................................................................................................................... 3 Unit 3.................................................................................................................................................................... 3 Pre-Reading Tasks.................................................................................................................................... 3 Reading.................................................................................................................................................... 3 Ways with words....................................................................................................................................... 3 Grammar Reference................................................................................................................................. 3 Past /im,le......................................................................................................................................... 3 Past 'ontin$o$s.................................................................................................................................. 3 Past /im,le and Past 'ontin$o$s....................................................................................................... 3 'ontrolled Practice(............................................................................................................................. 3 E4,ressions of )$antity....................................................................................................................... 3 'ontrolled Practice.............................................................................................................................. 3 The %d&ective....................................................................................................................................... 3 The 5rder of ad&ectives in a series...................................................................................................... 3 'ontrolled Practice(............................................................................................................................. 3 Unit 6.................................................................................................................................................................... 3 Pre-Reading Tasks.................................................................................................................................... 3 Reading.................................................................................................................................................... 3 Ways with words....................................................................................................................................... 3 Grammar Reference................................................................................................................................. 3 Present Perfect /im,le........................................................................................................................ 3 Present Perfect /im,le and Past /im,le............................................................................................. 3 'ontrolled Practice(............................................................................................................................. 3 The Pre,osition................................................................................................................................... 3 Pre,ositions of Time............................................................................................................................ 3 'ontrolled Practice(............................................................................................................................. 3 Unit 7.................................................................................................................................................................... 3 Pre-Reading Tasks.................................................................................................................................... 3 Reading.................................................................................................................................................... 3 Ways with words(...................................................................................................................................... 3 Grammar Reference................................................................................................................................. 3 Present Perfect 'ontin$o$s................................................................................................................. 3 'ontrolled Practice(............................................................................................................................. 3 -odal er!s........................................................................................................................................ 3 'ontrolled Practice(............................................................................................................................. 3 Pro!lematic Pre,ositions of -ovement and Place............................................................................... 3 'ontrolled Practice(............................................................................................................................. 3 Unit 8.................................................................................................................................................................... 3

Pre-Reading Task...................................................................................................................................... 3 Reading.................................................................................................................................................... 3 Ways with words....................................................................................................................................... 3 Grammar Reference................................................................................................................................. 3 The 'ardinal 2$meral......................................................................................................................... 3 'ontrolled Practice(............................................................................................................................. 3 Past Perfect /im,le............................................................................................................................. 3 Past Perfect 'ontin$o$s...................................................................................................................... 3 'ontrolled Practice(............................................................................................................................. 3 Unit 9.............................................................................................................................................................. 3 Pre-Reading Task...................................................................................................................................... 3 Reading.................................................................................................................................................... 3 Ways with words....................................................................................................................................... 3 Grammar Reference................................................................................................................................. 3 *$t$re /im,le...................................................................................................................................... 3 'ontrolled Practice(............................................................................................................................. 3 'om,arative and /$,erlative %d&ectives.............................................................................................. 3 'om,arative /entences...................................................................................................................... 3 'ontrolled Practice(............................................................................................................................. 3 Test...................................................................................................................................................................... 3 Unit 1:.................................................................................................................................................................. 3 Pre-reading task........................................................................................................................................ 3 Reading.................................................................................................................................................... 3 Ways with words....................................................................................................................................... 3 Grammar Reference................................................................................................................................. 3 "e going to *$t$re............................................................................................................................... 3 *$t$re /im,le or "e Going To;........................................................................................................... 3 'ontrolled Practice(............................................................................................................................. 3 *irst 'onditional.................................................................................................................................. 3 'ontrolled Practice.............................................................................................................................. 3 Unit 11.................................................................................................................................................................. 3 Pre-Reading Task...................................................................................................................................... 3 Reading.................................................................................................................................................... 3 Ways with words....................................................................................................................................... 3 Grammar Reference................................................................................................................................. 3 The 5rdinal 2$meral........................................................................................................................... 3 The *ractional 2$meral....................................................................................................................... 3 The -$lti,licative 2$meral.................................................................................................................. 3 /econd 'onditional............................................................................................................................. 3 'ontrolled Practice(............................................................................................................................. 3 Unit 1+.................................................................................................................................................................. 3 Pre-Reading Tasks.................................................................................................................................... 3

Reading.................................................................................................................................................... 3 Ways with words....................................................................................................................................... 3 Grammar Reference................................................................................................................................. 3 The %rticle........................................................................................................................................... 3 'ontrolled Practice(............................................................................................................................. 3 Third 'onditional................................................................................................................................. 3 'ontrolled Practice(............................................................................................................................. 3 Unit 13.................................................................................................................................................................. 3 Pre-Reading Tasks.................................................................................................................................... 3 Reading.................................................................................................................................................... 3 Ways with words....................................................................................................................................... 3 Grammar Reference................................................................................................................................. 3 The %dver!.......................................................................................................................................... 3 'ontrolled Practice.............................................................................................................................. 3 The Passive oice............................................................................................................................... 3 'ontrolled Practice(............................................................................................................................. 3 Unit 11.................................................................................................................................................................. 3 Reading.................................................................................................................................................... 3 Grammar Reference................................................................................................................................. 3 P$nct$ation......................................................................................................................................... 3 The 0nfinitive........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Partici,le...................................................................................................................................... 3 The Ger$nd......................................................................................................................................... 3 'ontrolled Practice(............................................................................................................................. 3 Unit 13.................................................................................................................................................................. 3 Reading and Practice..................................................................................................................................... 3 Ways with words............................................................................................................................................. 3 Grammar Reference....................................................................................................................................... 3 The 'on&$nction........................................................................................................................................ 3 'oordinating 'on&$nctions........................................................................................................................ 3 /$!ordinating 'on&$nctions...................................................................................................................... 3 'ontrolled Practice.................................................................................................................................... 3 Test...................................................................................................................................................................... 3 Eval$ation............................................................................................................................................................ 3 %,,endi4 1........................................................................................................................................................... 3 %,,endi4 +........................................................................................................................................................... 3 %,,endi4 3........................................................................................................................................................... 3 "i!liogra,hy......................................................................................................................................................... 3

Unit 1
In this unit you will learn: Social English The English Alphabet The Verb to be The Demonstrative Pronoun and the Demonstrative Adjective uestion !orms

Pre-Reading Tasks
Whats your name? How old are you? Where do you live? What do you specialize in?

Reading

Read the following text about George Ionescu a student in Romania! "y name is George Ionescu and I am a student in the #aculty of $rilling%&roduction at '&etroleum%Gas( )niversity of &loieti. I come from Oradea, a town in the North-West of Romania. I came here to study because this is the most important petroleum university in the country and even if I am very far away from home I want to learn many things here*

Im studying #rench and +nglish and I can spea, #rench well and a little +nglish* I intend to improve my +nglish as on the one hand it is very useful to spea, foreign languages and on the other hand I might need it for my future -ob* In Romania there are lots of Romanian%.merican Romanian%/anadian or Romanian%0ritish companies* Im en-oying my course a lot but its very hard wor,1 I live in the university%hostel with three other students* 2hey are older than me! 3teve is in the third year 0rian is in the second year and 4ohn is the oldest one! he is in the fourth year* 2he courses started two wee,s ago so Im what the other hostel%mates call me % a !reshman" .fter the course I want to wor, for a big petroleum company but I dont ,now which yet*

Everyday English
&ractise saying the letters of the alphabet according to the vowel sounds! 5ei5 a h l , 5i!5 b c d e g p t v 5e5 f l m n s x z 5ai5 i y 5u5 o 5u!5 6 u w 5a!5 r

Ways with Words

1. /an you ,eep a conversation going with someone for two or three minutes? /hoose a partner who you dont ,now well or imagine your partner is a stranger* Wor, in small groups and find out things about your partner* 2. 3pell the name of George Ionescu* 2hen wor, in pairs* 3pell your name in +nglish to your des,mate* 2hen find out how to spell his5her name* 3. #ind synonyms in the text for the following words! to study# to arrive# class* 4. What do you thin, a good language learner can do? /hoose beginnings from . and suitable endings from 0* 2here are many possible answers! . good language learner!

. 0 borrows boo,s without a teacher* writes things down in every way possible* guesses words without being told to* tries to study in real situations* tries to learn every day possible* practises spea,ing from films 27 and records* 5. What do you say to someone who does the things in column .* /hoose from the phrases in column 0! . 0 answers the phone? 'Get well soon1( ,noc,s on the door? '/heers1( says you are late? (+xcuse me1( is in danger? '$ont mention it1( gets married? 'Well done1( passes an exam? '/ongratulations1 drin,s with you? '3orry1( is in your way? '0less you1( says 'Good morning1 '2han,s*( says 'How do you do1( '8oo, out1( than,s you? 'How do you do1( is ill? 'Hello?( sneezes? '3leep well1( says 'Good night*( 'Good morning*( says '"a,e yourself at home*( '/ome in1( says 'Have a good wee,end*( '2han,s* 3ame to you*( 6. In the text about George Ionescu you learned the expression on the one hand """" on the other hand which means pe de o parte """ pe de alt$ parte* 8ets learn more expressions containing the preposition on! to be on duty 9 a fi de serviciu: on account of 9 pe baza din cauz; c; lu<nd =n consideraie c;: on and on 9 f;r; =ntrerupere la nesf<rit and so on 9 i aa mai departe on this ground 9 din acest motiv: to turn on5 to switch on >the light the radio etc*? 9 a deschide5 a aprinde >lumina radioul etc*?: on this assumption 9 pe baza acestei presupuneri: on the basis of 9 pe baza: on behalf of sb* 9 =n numele cuiva din partea cuiva:

on the contrary 9 din contr;: on a large5small scale 9 pe scar; mare5mic;: on record 9 cunoscut: on the score of 9 ca rezultat: on the verge of 9 pe punctul de pe cale =n pragul: on the whole 9 =n general =n =ntregime: on demand 9 la cerere: on condition that 9 cu condiia on purpose 9 dinadins intenionat on principle 9 din principiu: on the first attempt 9 la prima =ncercare: on a sudden 9 brusc deodat; pe neateptate on trial 9 de prob;* 7. 8oo, at the last simple sentence in the text about George Ionescu* 2he sentence is! I don%t &now yet" $epending on the context in which it appears yet may be translated in different ways! 'nc$# mai# 'n a!ar$ de aceasta# p(n$ 'n pre)ent# acum# totui, etc* 8ets learn some expressions containing the word yet* not yet 9 nu =nc;: nor yet 9 nici m;car: as yet 9 p<n; acum: it is strange and yet true 9 e ciudat i totui e adev;rat* @ow practise these expressions in sentences of your own*

Grammar Reference
The Verb To Be #orm .ffirmative and negative I Bou We am >Am? am >Am? not are >Are? are not >arent? a student*

2hey He 3he Interrogative Where

is >s? is not >isnt?

am are

I? you? we? they? he? she? it?

is

3hort answer Are you a student in Drilling* +es# I am" ,o# I%m not" Is she an engineer* +es# she is" ,o# she isn%t"

The Demonstrative Pronoun and Adjective #orm Reference 'near( reference 'distant( reference 3ingular this that &lural these those

Controlled Practice: 1. 2ranslate into +nglish! a. +u sunt inginer* +l este englez* b. .celea sunt colegele tale? @u acestea sunt colegele mele "onica i !ndra. c. .cesta este un televizor* d. .cela este un aparat de radio*

e. @oi suntem tehnicieni* f. 3unt ei specialiti france"i# Nu, nu sunt. g. 3untei voi in$ineri mecanici# Nu, noi nu suntem noi suntem fizicieni* h. /ine este aici? 4ohn este aici* +l este cel mai bun student din grupa noastr %. &l are note foarte mari. i. /ine nu este aici? "aria nu este aici i nici 'eor$e nu este. j. +le sunt chimiste* /ursurile acestea sunt ale lor* .cestea sunt cursurile mele* 2. Read the following article on mobile rigs* )se your dictionary* 2hen fill in the blan,s with the correct forms of the verb to be! Why mobile rigs can ma,e reliable production units /onversion of early generation "C$)s into production unitsDD** a bold step for operators of @orth 3ea and other marginal field developments* 3ea and other severe environments where maximum utilizationDD** the primary concern of the designer can e6ual the performance of conventional platforms* We*DD* able today to ,now more about effects of wind waves and currents on vessel motion and mooring systems: people DD** ready to use new risers and subsea e6uipment designs* 4. /omplete the following text using the appropriate pronouns! a. D**** is .dams pencil* It must be his because its got his name on it* b. .re D*** tools yours 4ohn? Bes they are* 2han,s* 2hey havent got my name on them but they belong to me* c. DD* is a mill* Its over here* DD* is a generator* Its over there* d. Is *DD an electric heater?( '@o that is an electric generator* DD* is an electric heater*( e. D*** are metals* 2hose are substances*

Question Forms 8oo, at the following 6uestion words! -hat do you do !or a living* . I%m a chemist" -ho is your teacher o! English* . Sandra /rown is"

-here is Paris* . In 0rance" -hen do you start the con!erence* . 1n -ednesday# April# 2rd" -hy are you learning English* . /ecause I need it !or my job" 3ow do you come to Ploieti? - By train. -hose are these tools* . They are Peter%s" -hat and which can be followed by a noun* -hat time is it* -hat &ind o! chemistry do you study* -hich pen do you want# the blue one or the green one* 3ow can be followed by an ad-ective or an adverb* 3ow old are you* 3ow o!ten do you play !ootball*

Controlled Practice: 1. 2ranslate the following text into +nglish! a. $e unde eti# (unt din )imioara. b. /<nd ai venit prima oar; =n &loieti# !nul trecut. c. /<i ani ai# $ou;zeci i ase. d. /e mai faci? 3unt bine mulumesc. e. $e ce te gr;beti# 2. /hoose the appropriate 6uestion form in the following sentences! a. What5Which time is the train due to arrive? b. What5 How are you today? c. Where5 When are you going now? d. Who5How are you? I am 4ohn 3mith* e. What5 Which of these paintings do you li,e best? 3. .s, short 6uestions on these statements using who# what# where:

e"g" I%ve just received a letter"4 -ho !rom* a. I want to ta,e this boo, with me* >for? b. Will you please open this box? >with? c. Im going to +ngland next wee,* >by? d. &lease get me a screwdriver* >from? e. 4ohn is very angry* >with?*

Unit 2
In this unit you will learn: English as a world language The Personal Pronoun Present Simple Present 5ontinuous

Pre-Reading Tasks
2ry to thin, of the +nglish%spea,ing countries in the world* How many are they? $o you ,now any countries in which +nglish is used as the second language? What about countries in which +nglish is spo,en by many people?

Reading

Read the following text on +nglish as a world language* 2ry to find the personal pronouns in the text! 2oday when +nglish is one of the ma-or languages in the world it doesnt re6uire too

much effort of our imagination to realize that this is a relatively recent thing % that in 3ha,espeares time for example only a few million people spo,e +nglish and this was not thought to be very important by the other nations of +urope and it was un,nown to the rest of the world* +nglish has become a world language because of its establishment as a mother tongue outside +ngland in all the continents of the world* &eople started to import +nglish in the seventeenth century with the first settlements in @orth .merica* .bove all it is the great growth of population in the )nited 3tates assisted by massive immigration in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries that has given the +nglish language its present status in the world* .s I could read in an article one person in seven of the worlds entire population spea, +nglish nowadays and most of them are 6uite fluent in it* Incredibly enough due to the extension of computerized systems and softs which are mostly in +nglish EFG of the worlds mail and HIG of the worlds telephone calls are in +nglish* .gain incredibly yet true is the fact that JII million people spea, +nglish and every year there are twenty million beginners* International literary or scientific publications are generally printed in +nglish and other languages such as German 3panish or #rench yet again +nglish is the predominant language* 3o the 6uic,er you learn it the more opportunities you may have to read interesting materials connected to your field*

Ways with Words

1. We often say what we have done so far as a way of explaining our achievements and successes* Wor, in pairs and as, your partner 6uestions about +nglish! "odel! 3ave you improved your accent* +es# I thin& I have" Have you! a. been to an +nglish%spea,ing country? b. passed any exams in +nglish? c. managed to translate anything into +nglish? d. had any conversations with +nglish native spea,ers? e. written any e%mails in +nglish which you have sent to people? f. used +nglish in your studies or wor,?

g. read a scientific article in +nglish? h. managed to understand any +nglish%spea,ing tourists? i. learned any songs in +nglish? j. discovered any differences between +nglish and your own language? 2. /omment on the personal 6ualities you need to succeed in learning a foreign language* +xample! +ou don%t have to be serious to learn English# you have to be co.operative" confident determined independent courageous serious handsome ambitious energetic well%organised patient enthusiastic charming steady intelligent

-KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 3. /hoose the word which best completes each sentence! a. If you want to become *** when you spea, you should forget about ma,ing mista,es and try to spea, as much as possible* A. practical: B. fluent: C. handy: D. s,illful* b. If you dont understand everything you hear then listening to a tape is a *** of time* A. matter: B. problem: C. waste: D. loss* c. If youre not *** certain what someone has said you should pretend that you have understood* A. very: B. fairly: C. surely: D. 6uite* d. If you want to practise spea,ing a good idea is to tell a story or a *** to someone*

A. -o,e: B. tale: C. laughter: D. fool* e. When you *** an oral exam it is best to spea, loudly and not to stop after each word* A. ma,e: B. ta,e: C. spea,: D. go* 4. In this unit you learned about +nglish as a world language* 8ets learn some expressions containing the word as! as compared with 9 =n comparaie cu as a conse6uence of 9 ca o consecin; a: as if5 as though 9 ca i cum as far as 9 =ntruc<t pe c<t =n m;sura =n care: as far as it goes 9 =n ceea ce privete as follows 9 precum5 dup; cum urmeaz;: as long as 9 at<t timp c<t: as regards 9 =n ceea ce privete as a rule 9 de regul; =n principiu: as seen 9 dup; cum se vede: as shown in #ig* J 9 cum s%a ar;tat =n #ig* J: as such 9 ca atare: as well 9 deopotriv; de asemenea: as well as 9 c<t i, tot aa ca as when 9 ca atunci c<nd ca =n cazul =n care: as yet5 so far5 up to now* up to the present 9 p<n; =n prezent: such as 9 astfel ca ca de exemplu* 5. Read the following sentence ta,en from the same text! English has become a world language because o! its establishment as a mother tongue outside England# in all the continents o! the world* How do you translate in all the continents o! the world? @ow learn some expressions with the ad-ective all* beyond all doubt 9 =n afar; de orice =ndoial;: all at once 9 dintr%o dat;: all the better 9 cu at<t mai bine: all in all 9 =n =ntregime cu totul:

all in good time 9 toate la timpul lor: all the more as 9 cu at<t mai mult cu c<t: all over 9 peste tot: all worn out 9 complet uzat: first of all 9 =nainte de toate: of all ,inds 9 de toate felurile: that is about all 9 ca asta%i tot: it is all one to them 9 le este tot una: once for all 9 o dat; pentru totdeauna* @ow practise these expressions in sentences of your own*

Grammar Reference
The Personal Pronoun 2he nominative* #orm &erson #irst person 3econd person 2hird person 3ingular I you he she it 2he accusative52he dative* #orm &erson #irst person 3econd person 2hird person 3ingular >to? me >to? you >to? him >to? her >to? it Controlled practice: 1. 2ranslate the folowing sentences into +nglish! a. +l este inginer la o fabric; de ciment* &lural >to? us >to? you >to? them &lural we you they

b. +i nu vorbesc engleza dar noi =i putem a-uta* c. 8%am v;zut pe el la curs dar pe ea n%am v;zut%o* d. "i%a d;ruit o carte de geologie pentru c; el avea dou; exemplare* e. Ll strig pe 4ohn dar nu m% aude.

-KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 2. /hoose the appropriate forms of the personal pronoun! a. He is studying +nglish as he5we intends to -oin an .merican petroleum company* b. I gave her5him that boo, as he needed it* c. 3he told me5 to me that she needed a day off* d. I thin, I saw him5 he in the street yesterday* e. Have you told they5 them the news?

Mood, Tense and Aspect 8oo, at the first complex sentence in the text* 2ry to find the form of the verb to re6uire* Doesn%t re6uire is a verb in the indicative mood* Its tense is present and its aspect is simple* "ood tense and aspect are grammatical categories of the verb* Roughly spea,ing mood presents the attitude of the spea,er towards an action or a state expressed by the verb tense gives an indication of when the action happens and aspect reflects the status of action referring to duration result etc*

Present imple &resent 3imple is used to express! a repeated action or habit >it is often used with adverbs of fre6uency such as! always# constantly# continually# ever# !re6uently# !orever# hardly# never# normally# occasionally# o!ten# rarely# regularly# seldom# sometimes# usually etc*?! I usually get up at 7"28" 9omanian people li&e to travel" :ost evenings we go out" a fact which is always true >general truths and states?!

-ood !loats on water" The Earth moves round the Sun" The Danube !lows into the /lac& Sea" a fact which is true for a long time

I live in Ploiesti" She wor&s in a petroleum company" &resent 3imple is used in explanations demonstrations and stage directions! 3er drawing shows two parts o! a hypebolic curve" I add !lour to the egg yol&s and place the basin into the oven" The door bell rings" She listens 6uietly" A window opens and a mas&ed man enters the room" #orm .ffirmative and negative I Bou We 2hey He 3he wor, do not >dont? wor, wor, do not >dont? wor, wor,s does not >doesnt? wor, in a university*

Interrogative Where do do I you we does they he she it 3hort answer Do you li&e summer* +es# I do" Does she spea& Italian* ,o# she doesn%t" wor,?

Present Continuous &resent /ontinuous is used to express! an activity happening now or around now

They are playing in their bedroom now" I am designing a heli; this wee&" a planned future arrangement!

I%m meeting you at <8 o%cloc& tomorrow" #orm &resent /ontinuous is formed with the present tense of the auxiliary verb be followed by the indefinite participle of the main verb >verb=.ing?* .ffirmative and negative I am >Am? am not >Am? not wor,ing*

Bou We 2hey He 3he It Interrogative What am are

are >Are? are >arenAt? is >As? is not >isnt? not

I you we they he she it

doing?

is

3hort answer Are you coming* +es# I am" ,o# I%m not" Is she watching TV* +es# she is" ,o# she isn%t"

Controlled Practice: 1. &ut the verbs in brac,ets into the &resent 3imple or &resent /ontinuous! a. He usually >drin,? coffee but today he >drin,? tea* b. It >rain? now* It often >rain? in summer* c. He >come? to see me tonight: we >go? on a trip to 3inaia next wee, and we >want? to ma,e plans for it* d. I >live? in &loiesti but this wee, as I >attend? a course in 0ucharest I >stay? with my uncle in /alea #loreasca* e. &ardon me sir but I >thin,? you >stand? on my feet* f. "aria >come? from 3pain this wee,* g. 3he >spea,? #rench +nglish and Italian*

h. I >cut? a cone now and she >draw? an asymptote* i. What you >do? here? I >loo,? for my glasses* j. Where you >live?? I >live? in 3cotland*

-KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 2. /omplete this postcard using the correct form of the verbs on the right! Greetings from 3cotland1 4ohn and I D***** something different this year* Were at the +dinburgh .ctivity /entre where we DD** a good time and at the same time we DD** different things* &eopleDD** here every summer to learn more about their hobbies and interests* I DD** photography and tennis this wee, and 4ohn DD** about computers* We DD** up at half past eight every morning and DD** lessons from ten to half past twelve* We DD** lunch at one and then there are more lessons* 3o its hard wor,* 0ut I DD** it here* We D***** a post%office in front of the /entre* 2he weather is good* 3ee you soon* 8ove Mate 3. What d ! " d in the#e #it"ati n#$ a. When you miss a bus or a train do you! A. wait happily for the next one?: B. shout angrily?: li,e have do have do learn get have learn come do

C. blame someone else? b. When you thin, about the future do you! A. dream of impossible success or wealth?: B. plan your future career carefully?: C. worry about what will go wrong? c. When someone as,s you a 6uestions and youre not sure of the answer do you! A. admit you dont ,now?: B. give an answer you thin, may be right?: C. try to change the sub-ect? d. When you forget to do something important for a friend or a member of your family do you! A. hope they wont notice?: B. try to do something else for them?: C. feel guilty? e. When your boss or teacher is away do you! A. start laughing and -o,ing?: B. wor, hard as usual?: C. do not wor, at all? If most of your answers are . it means you are a very optimistic person* If you chose mostly 0 it means you are an ambitious person and if you chose mostly / it means you are a pessimistic person*

Unit 3
In this unit you will learn: >etting a job Verbs which do not ta&e a 5ontinuous Aspect in English The Imperative The possessive pronoun and adjective

Pre-Reading Tasks
What do you need in order to get a -ob? Have you ever applied for a -ob? Has a friend of yours ever applied for a -ob? 2al, about the way you should introduce yourself or any other problems you thin, may occur*

Reading
Read the following text on getting a -ob* /an you notice the imperatives in the text? . -ob starts with an application but so many of the application letters end up in the wastepaper bas,et as for example you may feel frustrated if you use cheap lined notepaper* Bou should ,now that you are supposed to use . N and preferably to type your /7 and the accompanying letter* 2he /7 needs to be clear and not too long! one page is enough* $ont include all your personal details >such as for example whether you are married or not your hobbies etc*?* In the letter that you send with the /7 show some enthusiasm for the -ob and demonstrate that you have read the -ob advertisement

thoroughly* 3tress how suitable you consider you are for that -ob but dont write something which contradicts the data you offered them in your /71 2hen good luc, with the interview itself1

Ways with words:

1. In the sentences below use one suitable word from the list that follows* @ot all the words are possible! a. I sent in my ****** to the the address given in the advertisement* b. 2hey told me I lac,ed ****** as I had never had that ,ind of -ob before* c. 2he manager told me he couldnt wait as he had ****** to do* d. @ot many people en-oy sitting at a5an ****** all day long* e. 0efore I left that oil company I handed in my ****** f. When I applied for this position I as,ed my previous boss for a ****** g. Bou have to be well%dressed and punctual to succeed in a5an ****** h. "y first ****** was helping in a shop at wee,ends* i. In our company every ****** receives a months salary* j. Bou could ****** over J III a month as a sales representative in this company* 6uali!ications? re!erence? e;periences? application? wor&? employer? interview? gain? resignation? job? diploma? department? applicant? earn? wages? o!!ice? gain? des&? salary? employee"

-KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 2. Read the sentence A job starts with an application again* @ow learn some expressions containing the preposition with! with due regard for5 with all due deference to 9 cu tot respectul cuvenit: with an eye to 9 urm;rind f;r; a pierde din vedere:

with the exception of 9 cu excepOia c;: with full steam on 9 cu toat; viteza =nainte: with reason 9 pe drept pe bun; dreptate: with reference5 respect to 9 =n privina, referitor, cu privire la with a view of 9 =n scopul de a: as with 9 la fel ca i together with 9 =mpreun; cu: to do away with 9 a =nl;tura a termina cu* 3. 8oo, at the following sentences belonging to this unit : +ou should &now that you are supposed to """? In the letter that you send with the 5V# show some enthusiasm !or *** .s you can see these are two meaning of the word that* In the first sentence it introduces a direct ob-ect clause and in the other it introduces a relative clause* Here are some expressions containing the word that! that far 9 at<t de departe: that is the point 9 aceasta%i problema: that much 9 cam at<t: thats how it happened 9 aa s-a *nt+mplat that is why >thats why? 9 de aceea din aceast; cauz;: that is to say 9 adic;: but for that 9 dac; nu ar fi fost asta: for all that 9 cu toate acestea: in order that 9 pentru ca s;: li,e that >-ust li,e that? 9 aa @ow practise these expressions in sentences of your own*

Grammar Reference
Verbs !hich do not ta"e a continuous aspect in #n$lish 2here are verbs in +nglish which generally are not used in the continuous aspect! verbs of the senses >verbs of perception?! see# hear# smell# taste# notice# recogni)e# etc*

I smell gas" verbs of thin,ing! thin&# reali)e# &now# understand# suppose# e;pect# remember# !orget# mind# etc* I don%t remember your name" verbs of having and being! have# own# owe# belong to# possess# be# contain# matter# hold# etc* The house belongs to my mother" I have a very good lathe" verbs of emotion! love# hate# li&e# disli&e# re!use# want# wish# !orgive etc*

I hate people calling me late at night" 3e wants to buy a new tool"

Controlled Practice: 1. 2ranslate into +nglish! a. .ceast; sticl; conine acid boric. b. /reionul Rotring este al "ariei* c. )r;sc s; mi se cear; s; fac o lucrare de azi pe m<ine* d. +a are doar un curs de chimie i dou% de fi"ic%. e. .cest curs conine ,- capitole*

-KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 2. $ecide which is the most appropriate form of the verb in the following sentences! a. Im thin,ing5 I thin, of you* b. 3he smells5 is smelling gas* c. "other is tasting5 tastes the soup to see if it needs more salt*

d. We have5 are having dinner now* e. /ould you call him bac, in twenty minutes as he has5 is having a bath right now*

-KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

The %mperative 2he imperative is a mood which expresses an order a command a wish a greeting a piece of advice a threat! 5ome here@ Aeave me alone@ -atch your step@ Aet%s go@ #orm 2he imperative has forms only for the second person singular and plural* .ffirmative Get ready1 3tart wor,ing1 @egative $ont get ready1 $ont start wor,ing1

Controlled Practice: 1. 2ranslate the following into +nglish! a. 3ervete-te i servete-i i pe ceilali. b. 7ino te rog la noi s; ne a-ui s; rezolv;m o problem; de chimie organic;* c. Li dai un deget i *i ia toat; m<na1 d. 3crie tu proiectul la calculator pentru c; dup; aceea trebuie s;%l folosesc i eu. e. 8uai loc, v; rog doamn;1

f. @u pleca pentru cP nu am terminat proiectul1 g. @u te apropia de firele acelea pentru c% sunt sub tensiune. h. @u =ncerca s% m% faci s% m% r%"$+ndesc pentru c% o faci de$eaba. i. $u%te i ve"i dac% au terminat cursul* j. Gr%bete-te, mai ai doar cinci minute.

-KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKK 2. "a,e the following sentences negative! a. /ome here1 b. Get ready as we are in a hurry1 c. 0e on time because +nglish people are never late* d. Go home and well finish this tomorrow* e. Wor, faster as we need to finish this uuntil two ocloc,*

-KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

The Possessive Pronoun and the Posessive Adjective 2he possessive pronoun* #orm

&erson #irst person 3econd person 2hird person

3ingular mine yours his hers its

&lural ours yours theirs

2he possesive ad-ective* #orm &erson #irst person 3econd person 2hird person 3ingular my your his her its Controlled Practice 1. /hoose the appropriate possessive pronouns or ad-ectives! a. "y5 mine fathers car is new* "ine5my is very old and ugly* b. We have been loo,ing for these magazines* 3omeone too, them from your5our room* 2hey belong to us Were using the pictures for a pro-ect of ours5yours* c. 2here are five billion people in our5his world and they live in all different corners ot it* d. 2his is her5hers car* 3he bought it two months ago* e. "y results are better than yours5your* f. Is that boo, yours5your as I thin, I saw you when you lent it to your5yours friend 2om* g. I dont thin, this is one of +mmas pens* I ,now she has lost her5hers calculator but I havent heard her say she has lost a pen * What do you thin,? h. "y5mine speciality is paleontology* I have specialized in the study of prehistoric life through the evidence of fossils* i. .fter we have ac6uired some ,nowledge about the oil industry and the ,ind of wor, that is involved we will prove ours5our ,nowledge later* &lural our your their

j. Bour5yours article on drilling wells in blazing deserts is a good one*

-KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

Unit 4
In this unit you will learn: -riting a 5V -riting a letter o! application 5lassi!ication o! ,ouns ,umber o! ,ouns The >enitive

Pre-Reading Tasks:
What information should your /7 contain? What information should your letter of application contain?

Reading 1

Read the following /7* /an you find any improvements? Wor, with your mates and report your findings to the rest of the class!

CU%%&CU'U( )&TAE &+R3C@.8 $+2.I83 @ame! %ad" &ONESCU .ddress! JQ 0vd* 0ucureti &loieti /000 1rahova 2elephone! INNRHFQNJ

$ate of birth! R 4anuary RSEN @ationality! Romanian 8anguages! #luent +nglish: /onversational #rench /omputer literacy! Wordperfect 8otus R%J%Q Windows JIII "ath%/ad: "ath%8ab* +$)/.2IC@ JIIR%JIII! "aster of 3cience % $rilling % (&etroleum%Gas( )niversity of &loieti RSSF%JIII! '&etroleum%Gas( )niversity of &loie ti- 2aculty of Well 3rillin$ and 1roduction '.( levels! "athematics $rilling Recovery /hemistry 2echnical $rawing WCRM HI32CRB 3ept* JIII%3ept* JIIR! drilling engineer at G&3 .rad 3ummer RSSS%3ummer JIII! college position! re6uired to prepare accounts 3ummer RSST! 0ucharest /hemical 3ervices % assistant 3ummer RSSE! 7idele Well $rilling % technician I@2+R+323! aerobics cinema theatre reading R+#+R+@/+3! available on re6uest*

Ways with words:

1. Here are some pieces of advice for you when you write your /7! a. 0old is used selectively* Bour name is obviously important so you should ma,e sure it stands out* b. When you state the languages you can spea, conversational and !luent are the only words to use about them* $ont use 6ualifications such as well very well etc* If they really want to find out about your language s,ills they will surely test you* c. +ducation and 6ualifications should be listed together* 2he '.( levels are important as they may show that you are suitable for that -ob as you had the best degrees in those ob-ects which are of ma-or importance for your future -ob* d. #or the -or& 3istory section it is vital to highlight your student activities*

e. $ont ma,e up a list of names and addresses in your reference section* Bou should mention references only if they are very impressive*

Reading 2
Here is the letter of application Radu Ionescu has written* 3,im through the letter and see what information the applicant is conveying about himself!
JQ 0vd 0ucureUti &loieti /00 1rahova "r .* $* 7lad &ersonnel "anager &etrom 0ucureti $ear "r* .* $* 7lad

%ef.* d+i,,ing enginee+ -acanc! I am writing to apply for the position of drilling enginner that you advertised in /ursa on F Cctober JIIR as I believe it offers the carrer challenge which I am see,ing* .s you will see from my enclosed /urriculum 7itae I graduated from '&etroleum%Gas( )niversity of &loieti last year, then I have had a successful year wor4in$ in a scientific environment with '1( !rad. I would li,e to highlight the following s,ills which I believe would add value to your organization! O+gani.ati na, #/i,,# % developed in my current -ob with G&3 .rad* Acc "nting #/i,,# % developed in my role as university officer where I prepared annual reports and accounts and I was responsible for a budget of R III III III lei per annum* &nte+0e+# na, #/i,,# % developed through wor,ing in a team environment in my current role and through a number of holiday positionswhen I was a student* I have a ,een interest in drilling engineering and would appreciate the opportunity of an interview to discuss why I believe I am good match for your re6uirements* I loo, forward to hearing from you* Bours sincerely Radu Ionescu

Ways with words:

1. Here are some lines from different letters of application of several candidates for this -ob* /hoose the most appropriate and convincing sentence in each group* What do you thin, is wrong with some of the sentences listed below? a. I am familiar with this type of wor,*5 I am totally ,nowledgeable about this type of wor,*5 I ,now this type of wor,* b. I am well%li,ed by everybody and I am very convincing*5 I can maintain friendly relationships with people*5 I am a friendly and tactful person* c. I can ma,e decisions when it is really necessary and I am very responsive*5 I always ma,e the best decisions in my office as I am a reliable person*5 I am not afraid to ma,e decisions if necessary* d. I feel sure my studies recommend me for this -ob*5 I hope I am right for this sort of wor,*5 I am sure I am the most suitable person for this -ob* e. I am 6uite interested in this ,ind of wor,*5 I have a genuine interest in this ,ind of wor,*5 I am extremely interested in this type of wor,* 2. Here is an advertisement which was published in /ursa on N .pril JIIR* 8oo, at it and write your /7* 2hen write the letter to cover your /7 applying for the vacancy!

/C@32R)/2 8td* Romanian%/anadian company providing expertise human resources and e6uipment for the construction industry re6uires Human Resource Cfficers

.pplications are accepted from recent graduates of 3ociology or 0ussiness 3tudies with some bac,ground in income tax laws and computer literacy or company management* .pplicants should be willing to wor, in teams and should be able to meet deadlines* .pplicants should be fluent in +nglish and #rench* 1,ea#e enc, #e a c"++ent C) and ,ette+ f a00,icati n add+e##ed t (+ & n 1 02 3"4an %e# "+ce# (anage+2 C n#t+"ct 5% 4ania6 'td.2 132 1ia7a % 4an82

B"cha+e#t. . Read the following presentation of 0eicip%#ranlab* .pply for a -ob within the company* Write your letter of application*
0+I/I&%#ranalb Rueil%"almaison Head Cffice JQJ .venue @apolVon 0onaparte 0& JRQ%SJFIJ Rueil%"almaison%/edex%#rance &hone ! QQ >R? NE IT TI II #ax ! QQ >R? NE IT NR TF

The ind"#t+ia, 0+ ject# di-i#i n i# ne f Beici09:+an,ab;# f "+ 0e+ating di-i#i n# 2he independent consulting services provided by the division cover all industrial associated with the Cil W Gas and derived industries as well as the global energy sector* 2he fields of activities are! R J Q N F H E +nergy system organization Cil and gas production &etroleum refining5distribution @atural gas processing Hydrocarbon transport pipeline &etrochemicals fertilizers +nvironment centres

2he consulting services provided by the division are related to each individual filed of expertize and can be combined according to the clients re6uirements depending on the pro-ect status ! T S 3ectoral and corporate planning #easibility studies

RI &ro-ect management RR "anagement services RJ 3pecialized services 2he industrial &ro-ects $ivision resources are! a highly 6ualified and experienced staff with an international experience of consultancy and advisory services in fields of

expertise! RQ +conomics financial analysis RN "ar,et mar,eting RF &rocess and engineering RH /ontracting RE /ost estimation5control RT 3chedule control RS +nvironment JI Ris, and safety JR 2raining JJ .udits JQ 7aluation of assets JN Restructuring .nd with efficient and 6uality softwares and models servicing! JF $ata ban,s JH "ar,et evaluation JE +nergy planning and pricing JT &ro-ects optimization >8*&* models? JS +conomic and financial analysis QI &rocess and basic engineering QR +nvironmental5safety evaluation QJ +ngineering design5drawings >/.$? QQ &ro-ect management 2he company wor,ed for governments national and private companies multilateral or bilateral development organizations ban,ers and is spread out in over RII countries* 3ome of these clients have repeatedly called upon our expertise for more than two decades* .mong the services that 0eicip%#ranlab offers we may include QN sectoral and corporate planning >energy planning energy conservation resource appraisal mar,et5end%use analysis resource allocation optimization pro-ects identification5ran,ing costs5benefit evaluation economic5financial appraisal

pro-ects strategical screening multiclient studies? and

pricing policy mar,eting

financing issues

QF feasibility studies >mar,et survey feedstoc, availability scheme5technology evaluation technical definition environmental5safety assessment investment cost estimate operating cost estimate economic5financial analysis pro-ect arrangement5schedule financing opportunities?* QH management services >technical audit management policy income valuation financial valuation insurance? QE pro-ect management including! pro-ect preparation! site or route selection pro-ect definition >basis of design pro-ect base line plan technical definition >process units: basic design utilities and offsites conceptual design infrastructure re6uirements? tender documents >technical documents pac,aging pro-ect arrangement plan contract drafting? pro-ect contracting evaluation of licensors bids contractors bids assistance with negotiation pro-ect implementation >supervision of engineering studies supervision of construction wor, 6uality control budget and schedule control assistance in commissioning and start%up? QT petroleum RW$ centres pro-ects! definition of ob-ectives architectural conept lay out5infrastructure study safety security environment e6uipment specifications budget estimation assistance in procurement supervision of construction commissioning and start%up personnel training long%term co%operation QS environmental studies! environmental impact assessment environmental audit plan for reducing emissions soil remediation pro-ect life cycle analysis industrial environmental planning? NI safety >safety audit safety study damage survey? 0eicip%#ranlab does not ignore the importance of the traditional domains of process and of pro-ect engineering but emphasizes the role of mar,et experts and economists involved in a study* 2he methodologies developed over more than two decades along with the technical and

economic computer models are an assurance of optimized long%term strategies or specific industrial pro-ects* #easibility studies and even more so sectoral and corporate planning re6uire the contribution of numerous and diverse expertise both in the upstream and in the downstream sectors of the Cil W Gas industries* 2his integrated competence found in one single company is a guarantee of the coherence and reliability of 0eicip%#ranlabs services* .uditing industrial operations does not only re6uire concentration on the structural and financial aspects but also focuses on the mar,et the practical operation the maintenance the process the organization and economic issues of the company or the organization under consideration* 0eicip%#ranlab has through its long international experience of planning studies and of pro-ect management developed a comprehensive and independent approach in providing management services to the directors of Cil and Gas organizations and companies* 2he #rench &etroleum Institute RW$ experience over the last five decades has been transferred to over ten &etroleum Research /entres pro-ects world%wide* 2hese pro-ects were implemented under the entire responsibility of 0eicip%#ranlab which has thus been disseminating this ,now%how in the Cil W Gas sector around the world* 2he environment and safety activities of 0eicip%#ranlab have developed since the late seventies by ta,ing advantage of the various categories of in%house experts as well as of 2he #rench &etroleum Institutes wor,s* 2he inter%disciplinary competence of our division including environment generalists covers the field of prevention diagnosis technological advice expert reporting on damage as well as the setting%up of environment and safety management programmes*

Grammar Reference
Classi&ication o& 'ouns /ountable nouns a girl a man a tool )ncountable nouns water sugar mil,

a cup an apple a guitar a pound a car

music weather money oil5 petroleum coal

a well gas We can say two cups# !our girls# ten pounds# twenty cars * We can count them* We cannot count sugar# water or oil" /ountable nouns can be singular or plural! This cup is empty" These cups are !ull" )ncountable nouns can only be singular! The water is cold" The weather is !ine" The coal has a good 6uality"

'umber o& 'ouns: #orm 7ariable nouns form the plural in the following way! .s is added to the singular!

boo,s%boo,s tool%tools .es is added to the singular nouns ending in .s# .)# .;# .ch# .sh# nouns ending in .y preceded by a consonant >.y changes to i? nouns ending in .o! bus%buses box%boxes match%matches brush%brushes city%cities: potato% potatoes >0ut! photo%photos? .BeCs is added to nouns ending in .!BeC >which changes to .v?!

,nife%,nives leaf%leaves shelf%shelves >0ut! roof%roofs? Irregular plural nouns! man%men woman%women foot%feet tooth%teeth goose%geese louse%lice mouse%mice child%children ox%oxen

#oreign plurals stimulus%stimuli larva%larvae stratum%strata basis%bases criterion%criteria phenomenon%phenomena datum%data etc*

The (enitive 2he analytical genitive is used with the preposition o! used with neuter nouns! the tower o! Aondon# the colour o! oil# the cover o! the boo&# etc" 2he synthetical genitive >As genitive? is used after! nouns denoting persons or other beings!

Dohn%s lecture# my parents% advice nouns denoting measurement time space 6uantity value!

a two months% practice# yesterday%s newspaper# a pound%s worth o! pears collective nouns!

the governement%s decisions# the Parliament%s laws geographical names vehicles natural phenomena etc*!

England%s mountains# the spaceship%s crew# the a!ternoon%s heat" Controlled Practice: 1. /omplete this newspaper article* /hoose the correct singular or plural form in the bra,ets! /layton #actory for "ilchester 2he /layton /lothing /ompany is going to build a new factory in "ilchester* >2his52hese? news >was5were? announced by company chairman "r $avid /layton yesterday* "r /layton spent the morning in "ilchester before returning to the /layton head6uarters at Granby* 2he /layton company >has5have? been in existence for RQI years and >is5are? famous for its '&olymode( >good5s? 2he slogans 'Boure never alone with a pair of &olymode >trouser5s?( and '&lymode >-ean5-eans? >is5are? the >one5ones? for you( are well ,nown* 2he companys profit last year of two million pounds >was5were? the highest in the

clothing business* "r /layton will not say how >much5many? new >-ob5s? there will be but >information5s? that there will be >wor,5s? >is5are? hard to find at the moment and J III unemployed people >is5are? a high figure for a small town* 2. "a,e the nouns in these sentences plural* "a,e all other changes which are necessary! a. 2his child is a naughty one* b. 2hat phenomenon was interpreted by the geologists* c. I need to buy some ,erosene for my stove* d. When I entered the room he was arranging this boo,s on the shelf* e. Where have you put that box? 3. 2ranslate into +nglish! a. &;rintele acestor doi copii se numete 'ilbert (tones. b. 3%au f;cut progrese semnificative =n acest domeniu al cunoaterii. c. +l folosete multe maini-unelte. d. 8a =nceputul secolului XX nu erau foarte erau multe studente =n colegii* e. 2at;l studentului a venit la universitate s; vorbeasc; cu profesorul de chimie* 4. )se the correct form of the verb! a. 2he audience >i#2 a+e? as,ed to pay attention to the speech* b. "y family >ha#2 ha-e? been living in that chalet for years* c. 2he ma-ority ><a#2 <e+e? against the war* d. 2hat team >i#2 a+e? all children* e. "athematics ><a#2 <e+e? my favourite sub-ect* f. &olitics >i#2 a+e? a matter of no interest to me* g. 2he police >ha#2 ha-e? been chasing the thieves for wee,s* h. 2he audience >ha#2 ha-e? -ust come bac, and >is are? ta,ing >its their? seats*

Te#t
1. /hoose the best variant! 1. It DDDD** a lot this winter even if in Romania it generally DDDD so much in this region* A. is snowing5 snows: B. snows5 is snowing: C. is snowing5 doesnt snow: D. snows5 isnt snowing* 2. 2his boo, DDD** to me and it DDD** five chapters* A. belongs5 contains: B. is belonging5 is containing: C. belongs5 is containing: D. is belonging5 contains* 3. I DDD** 3pea, +nglish very well but I DDD**my best to ma,e myself understood by the others* A. spea,5 do: B. dont spea,5 do: C. am not spea,ing5 am doing: D. dont spea,5 am doing* 4. Where DDDD? D*DD* you should help us finish this? A. are you going?5 dont you thin,: B. do you go?5 arent you thin,ing: C. do you go5 do you thin,: D. are you going5 arent you thin,ing? 5. DDDD for DDD tools? A. $o you loo,5 these: B. $ont you loo,5 these: C. .re you loo,ing5 those: D. .re you loo,ing5 these* =. DDD** office is the big one? Its 4ohns* It has been DDDDD for two years* A. Whose5 his: B. Which5 hers: C. Whose5 her: D. Which5 his* 7. 2here DDDD** far too DDDD** mista,es in your paper* A. are5 much: B. arent5 many: C. are5 many: D. arent5 much* >. I dont understand who DDDD** about* A. you are tal,ing: B. are you tal,ing: C. you tal,: D. do you tal,* ?. If you DDDD to practise +nglish more it is a good idea for you to spea, to DDDD* people* 2hey came from +ngland two days ago* A. want5 these: B. want5 those: C. dont want5 these: D. dont want5 those* 2. 2ranslate into +nglish! George este student la #ora-* Ln acela i timp lucrea"% pentru o companie de

petrol la 5ucureti. &l nu are mult timp liber, pentru c% la sf+ritul s%pt%m+nii are cursuri la universitate. 3uminica, atunci c+nd nu are multe cursuri, *ncearc% s% se $+ndeasc% la ceea ce a *nv%at *n timpul s%pt%m+nii. !st%"i este s+mb%t% sear% i 'eor$e este acas% cu familia lui. &i iau cina i discut% despre planurile lor de vacan%. An#<e+ /e!* 1. /: 2. .: 3. 0: 4. .*: 5. $: =. .*: 7. /*: >. .*: ?. .* 2. George is a student in $rilling* .t the same time he wor,s for a petroleum company in 0ucharest* He doesnt have much free time for at the wee,end he has courses at the university* Cn 3unday when he doesnt have so many courses he tries to thin, of what he has learnt during the wee,* 2oday its 3aturday evening and George is at home with his family* 2hey are having dinner and tal,ing about their holiday plans* 1. R point Y R point per ech good answer 2. R point Y S points per translation*

Unit 5
In this unit you will learn: Drilling methods Past Simple Past 5ontinuous E;pressions o! 6uantity The Adjective

Pre-Reading Tasks
What system is used for water wells? Which was the first oil well in Romania?

Reading

Read this text about cable%tool drilling* 8oo, at the tenses of the verbs* 2ranslate the text into Romanian! When the first real oil well was drilled in &ennsylvania the )nited 3tates in RTFS engineers used a system which was being used for digging wells for water* 2hey

punched a hole into the ground* 2hey used a cutting tool a bit on the end of a drilling stem which they were raising and then let it fall: the bit cut and crushed the dirt or roc, at the bottom of the well* 2he moment the debris at the bottom of the well was removed the stem and bit were pulled up * 2hen the bit was dropped again to crush more roc, and the process was repeated over and over again* 2his techni6ue is used nowadays only when the wells are shallow and when there is hard roc, to cut through* "ost modern wells are drilled by the rotary drilling method*

Ways with words

1. S0ecia, te+4#* We,,! hole sun, into the earth to reach water oil or gas* Bit! a cutting tool* 2here are different bits used in drilling for oil >diamond drill bits fishtails roller bits etc*? +ach type is suitable for use in penetrating different subsurface layers* Cab,e9t , d+i,,ing! a system for drilling oil wells* . hole is punched into the ground by dropping a cutting tool into dirt or roc,* % ta+! d+i,,ing! another system for drilling oil wells* . cutting bit drills the hole with a rotary or circular motion* 2. In the sentence! -hen the !irst real oil well was drilled in Pennsylvania the Enited States# in <7FG# the preposition in introduces both an .dverbial of place >in Pennsylvania? and an .dverbial of time >in <7FG?* @ow lets learn some expressions containing the preposition in! in all probability 9 dup; toate probabilit;ile in all together 9 =n total: in the beginning 9 la =nceput: in contrast to5with 9 =n contrast cu: in common with 9 =n comun cu: in itself 9 =n sine: in order to5 that 9 ca s; pentru ca: in particular 9 =n special:

in the place of5 in lieu of 9 =n loc de: in practice 9 =n principiu: in progress 9 =n curs de: in print 9 tip;rit: in return for 9 =n schimbul a: in 6uantity 9 =n cantitate: in search of 9 =n c;utare de: in spite of 9 =n ciuda faptului c;: in such a manner 9 =n aa mod in sum 9 pe scurt =n dou; vorbe: in that 9 =n aceea c;: in to,en of 9 =n semn de ca dovad;: in turn 9 cu r<ndul: to be interested in 9 a fi interesat de: to result in 9 a avea ca rezultat: to succeed in >Ydoing sth*? 9 a avea succes =n: a reu i *n.6e.$. (he succeeded in passing the exam?* 3. How do you translate the debris at the bottom o! the well? @ow learn some expressions containing the preposition at! at best 9 =n cel mai bun caz: at a disadvantage 9 =n dezavanta-: at ease 9 linitit, pe *ndelete at full load 9 cu sarcin; plin;5 total;: at intervals 9 la intervale intermitent: at liberty 9 f;r; restricii, liber at most 9 cel mult: at once 9 imediat: at re6uest 9 la cerere: at right angle 9 la unghi drept: at sta,e 9 =n -oc: @ow practise these expressions in sentences of your own*

Grammar Reference
Past imple &ast 3imple is used to express a finished action in the past >it is often used with past time expressions! last year4 month4 wee&4# !ive years4 two days4 !our wee&s ago# yesterday# yesterday morning4 evening# in <G7F etc?! They discovered this machine in the late eighteenth century" The chemists reported the results obtained yesterday" The discovery o! di!!raction o! H.rays by von Aaue B<G<IC led to the discovery o! the /ragg 5rystal spectometer" habitual repeated actions in the past >with verbs denoting a permanent characteristic?:

She always wore red" I met him every d<ay on my way to the o!!ice" &ast 3imple is used to describe a series of actions which follow one another in a story Tom came into the room" 3e too& o!! his shirt# put on a T.shirt and sat down in the armchair" Suddenly he remembered something" 3e stood up and went out o! the room" >narrative past?

2he form of the &ast 2ense 3imple is the same for all persons* .ffirmative 2he positive of regular verbs ends in %ed* 2here are many common irregular verbs* In order to create this tense you need the second form of the verb >see the list on page RHS Z .ppendix R? I Bou We arrived went to 3inaia yesterday*

2hey He53he @egative %the negative of the &ast 2ense 3imple is formed with the auxiliary did=not Bdidn%tC" I Bou We 2hey He53h e Interrogative %the 6uestion in the &ast 2ense 3imple is formed with the auxiliary did* When did Where did I you we they he she 3hort answer Did you go to wor& yesterday* +es# I did" ,o# I didn%t" Did she report the results obtained* +es# she did" ,o# she didn%t" arrive? go? did not >didnt? arrive did not >didnt? go to 3inaia yesterday*

Past Continuous &ast /ontinuous is used to express! an action in progress at some time in the past

-hat were you doing at <8 o%cloc& yesterday* I was calculating the length o! the diagonal o! a s6uare"

-hen she arrived# he was sleeping" * past activity happening over a period of time

I was reading !rom J to K"28 yesterday" #orm was5 were >past tense of to be?Y verbY%ing >present participle? .ffirmative and negative I He 3he Bou We 2hey were were >werent? not was was not >wasnt? wor,ing*

Interrogative What was I he were she you we they 3hort answer -ere you wor&ing at this time yesterday* +es# I was" ,o# I wasn%t" -as she studying when you entered the room* +es# she was" ,o# she wasn%t" doing?

Past imple and Past Continuous I was doing my homewor, at E ocloc, last night* >I was in the middle of the activity*?

I did my homewor, yesterday* >I started and finished*? 2hey were producing drilling bits when those people started to buy shares in their company* 3he was loo,ing at the pictures when her husband came into the room* >producing and loo&ing are long activities* 3omething happened in the middle to interrupt them?*

Controlled Practice: 1. $ecide which is the correct verb form! a. I saw5was seeing a very good programme on 27 last night* b. While I was learning5 learnt for my /hemistry exam somebody was ,noc,ing5 ,noc,ed at the door* c. How did you cut5 were you cutting your finger? While I was fixing5 fixed the wire I was dropping5 dropped the ,nife* d. I was listening5 listened to the news on the radio when the phone was starting5 started to ring* e. .n .merican -et pilot was ta,ing off5 too, off from Washington but the -ets engines went5 were going wrong* f. We produced5 were producing RI III drilling bits last year* g. /hemistry played5 was playing an essential part in the development of the refining process JI years ago* h. Cur crew included5 was including a seismic shooter and the man who set off5 was setting off the blast* i. When the exploration was completed the drilling crew moved5 was moving in* j. 2he first important commercial product from crude petroleum was ,erosene which 6uic,ly was replacing5 replaced whale oil in the ,erosene stoves in the FIs* 2. #ind the correct action for each person and ma,e a sentence! +xample!

5opernicus. studying the planets 5opernicus studied the planets" &eople +lvis &resley 3ha,espeare &icasso @eil .rmostrong .merico 7espucci .rtur .ish "artin 8uther Ming 2homas Hardy +dison .ctions going to the moon inventing the electric light writing 'Romeo and 4uliet( singing roc, music playing tennis discovering .merica painting 'Guernica( wor,ing for 0lac, peoples rights creating novels

-KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKK 3. 3upply the simple past tense or the continuous past tense of the verbs in brac,ets! 2he accident >happen? at RR*NH pm on 3eptember JRst at the corner 3t and 0roo,s 0d "ilchester* "r and "rs 3mith >be? on their way home* "r 3mith >drive?* It >not rain? at the time but the roads >be? wet as it had rained before* .t RR*NH pm "r "ichael 4ohnson >cycle? north along 0roo,s 0d* He >have? his lights on* "r 3mith >not stop? at the traffic lights* .s he >turn? into 0roo,s 0d he >hit? "r 4ohnson and >,noc,? him off his bi,e* "r 4ohnson >be? not badly hurt but his bi,e >be? damaged* "r 3mith >stop? and >report? the accident* 2his >be? his first accident and now he is more careful when he drives at night*

-KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

#)pressions o& Quantit* some4any? much4many# a lot o!4 lots o!# !ew Ba !ewC4 little Ba littleC 1. /ountable nouns are used with some= a plural noun in affirmative sentences and any= a plural noun in negative and interrogative sentences! I%ve got some tools" Are there any boo&s o! Physics in the house* -e don%t need any apples !or this pie" )ncountable nouns are used with some in affirmative sentences and any in interrogative and negative sentences but only with a singular noun! There is some coal in this mine" Is there any gas in this well* -e haven%t got any butter in the house" 2. /ountable nouns are used with many in interrogative and negative sentences! 3ow many geologists wor& !or this petroleum company* -e haven%t discovered many new oil !ields" )ncountable nouns are used with much in interrogative and negative sentences! 3ow much money have you got* There wasn%t much disappointment that awaited the drillers at the bottom o! that dry hole" 3. 0oth countable and uncountable nouns are used with a lot o! and lots o!! -e%ve got a lot o! uni!orms" There are lots o! drilling bits" There%s a lot o! gasoline in this pipeline"

3e%s got a lot o! money" 4. /ountable nouns are used with !ew4 a !ew while uncountable nouns are used with little4 a little! I%ve got a !ew problems at the moment" -e only need a little money to buy this"

Controlled Practice 1. /omplete the following sentences with some or any! a. Would you li,e *DD* more ,erosene? b. /ould you give me *DD* information about the train times? c. If you have DD** trouble -ust give me a ring* d. Have you attended DD** good conferences recently? e. I tried to buy DD** tools but I couldnt find D****** 2. &ut much many or a lot o! into each gap! a. Have you got DD*** homewor,? b. We dont need DD* oil* c. 2here are DD** drilling boo,s in our library* d. I want DD** pencils because Im going to draw a helix* e. Is there DD** petrol in the car? The Adjective .d-ectives are words that describe or modify another person or thing in the sentence* &osition of ad-ectives* .d-ectives appear before the noun or noun phrase that they modify >e*g* an interesting course a di!!icult exercise a strange coincidence?* 3ometimes they appear in a string of ad-ectives and when they do they appear in a set order according to category* .s after you finish this course you may write scientific articles in +nglish it is of ma-or importance for you to ,now the correct order of ad-ectives in a sentence*

The +rder o& adjectives in a series It would ta,e a linguistic philosopher to explain why we say little yellow house and not yellow little house or why we say blue Italian sports car and not Italian blue sports car* 2he order in which ad-ectives in a series sort themselves out is perplexing for people learning +nglish as a second language* It ta,es a lot of practice with a language before this order becomes instinctive because the order seems 6uite arbitrary* 2here is however a pattern* 2he categories in the following table can be described as follows! Wor d orde r I* $eterminers articles and other limiters four people the sixth >numerals possessive chapter her story ad-ectives demonstrative this tool II* Cbservation ad-ectives etc*? postdeterminers limiter ad-ectives ad-ectives III* I7* 7* 3ize and shape .ge /olour sub-ect to interesting beautiful gorgeous to large small round s6uare young old short new yellow sub-ective measure ad-ectives sub-ect ob-ective measure ad-ectives denoting age ad-ectives colour 7I* Crigin denominal and real perfect 2ypes of ad-ectives +xamples

ancient denoting red blac,

blue green brown orange violet ad-ectives #rench +nglish .merican 3panish &olish Romanian ad-ectives wooden metallic

denoting source of noun 7II* "aterial denominal is made of final limiter

denoting what something woolen 7III* [ualifier often hunting cabin

regarded as part of the passenger car boo, noun Controlled Practice: 1. Which words in column . can combine with words from column 0? . tall hig h mountai n wall building price smo,e r wind 0irthday1 loud traffic 0 person tree . heavy strong 0 music noise . Happy "erry 0 @ew Bear1 .nniversary 1 /hristmas1 cover

2. 2ranslate into +nglish! a. +a avea o main; sport albastr%. b. @oi am citit un articol interesant de F pagini =n '&etroleum 2imes(* c. +l colecionea"% vase vechi frumoase din porelan. d. .i =ncercat s% descifre"i acel text din engleza veche? e. +l confecionea"% dou% bare din aluminiu*

-KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 3. Read this text on digital integrated circuits* &ay attention to the ad-ective order in this

text* 2ranslate it into Romanian! . digital integrated circuit is designed to handle digital information* "ost digital integrated circuits operate on the binary system such that one of only two possible voltage levels can exist at the output* Input signals can be either of these voltage levels* $igital logic circuits are switched from one state to the other by a combination of several input signals and logic decisions are made according to which voltage level exists at the output for a given combination of input signals* Cther types of digital circuit operate on the memory principle* in these ones if the output is triggered to one level by an input signal it will then remain at that level when the input signal is removed: that is it will 'remember( that the last input signal was such as to trigger it to its output state*

-KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

Unit =
In this unit you will learn: Advertising your petroleum product Present Per!ect Simple Present Per!ect Simple and Past Simple Prepositions

Pre-Reading Tasks
If you create a new product do you ,now how to advertise it in order to get as many buyers as you expect? How would you advertise the product your factory created?

Reading

Read this advertisement on Dirt :agnet Plus* Identify the &resent &erfect 3imple of the verbs! )ni6ue &roducts to maximize your wells production .s /lear #luids International we have been leaders in the industry supplying technologically innovative fluids to improve the flow rates in your well* 3o we have

decided to give ourselves a new moni,er one that is more reflective of our speciality* We are now ,nown as 'Well%#low 2echnologies Inc*( We have made substantial improvements to our field proven displacement fluid $irt "agnet* 2he result? We have designed and produced Dirt :agnet Plus" 2he non%flammable fluid wor,s effectively to eliminate all contaminating solids from the casing and tubing* 2he use of $irt "agnet &lus helps prevent damage to the formation during completion and leads to higher production rates* Is is insoluble in brines and with low specific gravity floats solids to the surface in such a way as to have a better oil%drive* It is also available in a low odour formulation*

Ways with words

1.S0ecia, te+4# :, <! continuous stream or discharge* Ca#ing! pipe that is put inside the well as it is being drilled in order to prevent contamination of fresh water >by salt water oil and gas? washout of the hole by drilling fluids collapse of the hole and so forth* D+i-e! natural pressure which forces the oil to move* 2. In the sentence! Is is insoluble in brines and# with low speci!ic gravity# !loats solids to the sur!ace in such a way as to have a better oil %drive the expression in such a way as is translated by 'n aa fel nct/ ast!el 'nc(t" @ow learn more expressions containing the word way! by way of 9 prin mi-locirea =n calitate de cu a-utorul: by the way 9 apropo: in this way9 =n acest mod: in every way 9 =n toate privinele in a general way 9 =n genere5 =n general: in one way 9 =ntr%un fel: one way or another 9 =ntr%un fel sau altul: out of the way 9 afar; din cale5 drum: under way 9 =n curs de:

way above 9 mult deasupra: way ahead 9 mult =nainte: way below 9 mai -os: way off 9 la o bun; distan;: to give way to 9 a ceda la: to ma,e ones way 9 a%i croi drum, a face carier;* 3. Read the sentence! So# we have decided to give ourselves a new moni&er# one that is more re!lective o! our speciality" So is a word which is generally used in conversations instead of there!ore which is used in written +nglish* @ow lets learn some expressions containing the word so! so as5 that 9 aa *nc+t, astfel *nc+t so far 9 p<n; acum p<n; =n prezent: so far as 9 =ntruc<t =n m;sura =n care: so it seems 9 aa se pare so much 9 at<t de mult: so to say5 so to spea, 9 aa "ic+nd, ca s; zicem aa in a wee, or so 9 cam =ntr%o s;pt;m<n;: so on and so forth 9 i aa mai departe in so doing 9 proced<nd astfel5 aa in so far as** is concerned 9 =ntruc<t privete. @ow practise these expressions in sentences of your own*

Grammar Reference
Present Per&ect imple &resent &erfect 3imple relates past actions and states to the present* &resent &erfect 3imple is used to express! a past action when its result can be seen at the present time and is still having an effect >&resent &erfect of Result?! I have already seen that movie" Bi"e" I can tell you the storyC"

3e has !i;ed his car" Bi"e" 3e can drive it nowC" activities completed in the immediate past!

3he has -ust met him in the laboratory* >0ut! 3he met him there a few minutes ago*? 3as oil only been used by man&ind in the last hundred years* B/ut: -hy was oil used on such a large scale in <GGG*C activities at any time in a period up to now >&resent &erfect of +xperience?!

I have been to Scotland once" 3e has never used such a big screwdriver" an action or state which began in the past and continues to the present

I%ve &nown you !or !ive years4 since <GGK" >Since means !rom a de!inite point in the past till now and !or expresses a duration?* 3ow long have you wor&ed as a driller* 3ow long has it ta&en the oil industry to grow to its present si)e* #orm have5hasYverbY>past participle? 2he past participle of regular verbs ends in % ed* 2here are many common irregular verbs >see the list on page RHS Z .ppendix R?* .ffirmative and negative I We Bou 2hey He 3he has >As? has not >hasnt? have >Ave? have not >havent? wor,ed in a petroleum factory*

Interrogative Have I we you been to the )nited Mingdom?

Has

they he

she 3hort answer 3ave you ever been to 0rance* +es# I have" ,o# I haven%t" 3as she ever wor&ed as a petroleum engineer* +es# she has" ,o# she hasn%t"

Present Per&ect imple and Past imple

8oo, at the use of the &resent &erfect and the &ast 3imple in the following sentences! Ive lived in this flat for six months >I still do*? I lived in this flat for two years* >@ow I live somewhere else*? #* @eagu has written very good short stories* >He is still alive*? 3ha,espeare wrote very good plays* >He is dead*? He has wor,ed in this refinery for four years* >0ut! He started wor,ing in this refinery in RSSE*? Have you found your boo,s? >uncertainty? Bes I have* Where did you find them? >certainty?* I found them behind a couple of other boo,s on the top shelf*

Controlled Practice: 1. "a,e sentences and 6uestions about the following people +xample!
Alice is a drilling engineer" .supervise4 a drilling well in 1radea" She has supervised a drilling well in 1radea" .write a report on that* 3as she written a report on that*

a. 4ohn is a -ournalist* %meet5 lots of famous people* %interview the &resident? b. 8aura is a safety inspector* %chec,5 for dangerous levels of gas %prevent a well from exploding? c. "i,e is a derric,man* %control5 the top of the drill pipe* d. /hris is a petroleum engineer %deal with engineering problems special to the oil industry* %wor, in a big petroleum company? e. Her brother is a welder* % be in charge of5 a team of ten members* %ma,e mista,es in -oining together two pieces of metal?

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KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKK 2. /omplete this conversation by putting the verbs in brac,ets into the present perfect or simple past! "aria! Hello $an* $an! Hello* I >not hear? from you for a long time*

"aria! I >see? you in town two or three wee,s months but you >not see? me* I >be? on a tram* $an! Well how are you? I remember that you were learning for your chemistry test* D* you >pass? it yet? "aria! Bes I have* I >pass? in $ecember* I >not pass? my &hysics exam yet* 0ut what about you $an? .nything exciting >happen? to you lately? $an! @o not really* "y brother is still out of wor,* "aria! He >graduate? from school in autumn? $an! Bes* He >not do? very well in his exams and he >not find? a -ob yet* "aria! .re you still wor,ing at 3cotts? $an! Bes* 2hey -ust >give? me a pay rise* "aria! Well thats one piece of good news*

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KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKK 3. Imagine that you are tal,ing on the phone to an old friend who you havent seen for about two or three wee,s* Write down three of four items of news about yourself that you can tell your friend*

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KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 4. &ut the verbs in brac,ets into the &resent &erfect 3imple or the 3imple &ast! a. 'I >fly? over &aris last wee,(* 'Bou >see? the +ifel 2ower?( b. I >spend? four years in this company* c. 4ohn >stri,e? a match >light? his cigarette and >approach? his colleagues 6uic,ly* d. "i,e is a famous singer* He >sell? over three million records* e. How long you >wor,? as a drilling engineer? #or eight years*

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KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK5. #ill the blan,s with since or !or! a. I havent seen you DD** wee,s* b. Henry has been in hospital DD** a wee, now* c. Ive been in this university DD** RSST* d. We havent had a test D***** Cctober RSSS* e. I have wor,ed in this field DD** five years*

The Preposition &repositions are connecting words that show relationships between words in a sentence* . preposition followed by a complement >ob-ect? forms a prepositional phrase* @ouns pronouns noun phrases gerunds or noun clauses can be complements >ob-ects? of prepositions* @ote that in +nglish prepositions usually precede their ob-ects! Put it on the chair and leave@ Aoo& at him"

/ecause o! you# I canLt get any wor& done" A!ter telling the whole story# he disappeared*.s the preposition in +nglish may be different from the preposition in Romanian here is a text in which you may learn about the use of the preposition in +nglish! >.lso see the list with prepositions which are usually mista,en by Romanian students on page RES Z .ppendix J? @ow read the following text and pay attention to the use of the preposition in +nglish! It seems generally accepted that "athematics is indeed fundamental !or all engineering education and !or most schools all engineering students ta,e the same mathematics se6uence* 2wo areas of mathematics seem broadly basic to engineering! namely the calculus as used in the linear constant coefficient differential e6uation and statistical theory* 2he linear differential e6uation is a general form useful to engineering because we can obtain answers !rom it* 2herefore where this form applies to the physical world the use o! mathematical prediction is increasing over the experimental approach* @ext is the area o! the partial differential e6uation rigorously solvable in only a few special cases although approximation methods exist* Here the laboratory still depends on many solutions where analytic methods are not yet fully available

Prepositions o& Time In the morning5 afternoon5 evening: 4anuary #ebruary etc*: summer winter etc*: RSTT: the RSQIs: two wee,s: two wee,s time: your free >spare? time: good5 bad weather At six o Acloc, etc*: midnight: +aster5 /hristmas: the wee,end: the moment 1n 3aturday "onday etc*: 2uesday morning etc*: RR%th 4anuary etc* 0or seven minutes etc*: a long time: ages Since 4une JF%th etc*: my last birthday: I came here During\ the film: the class: the war: my holidays: summer KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK \ In a sentence containing a sub-ect and a verb during is replaced by while! While I was

coming to you***

Controlled Practice: 1* 3upply the right preposition! a. 3he is very fond *** children* b. 2he new teacher is very patient*** us* c. We are leaving to 3inaia *** 4uly Q%rd* d. I was interested *** nuclear &hysics* e. What are you afraid ***? f. Im proud *** your success* g. 3he has never been successful *** anything she has done so far* h. We are going there early *** the morning yet dont expect us until late *** night* i. 2he results depended *** the stratigraphic trap* j. . paleontologist is a person who has specialized *** paleontology* 2. &ut one of these prepositions in each empty space! 2hese ambulance men are ma,ing preparations D* ta,ing a man to hospital on account D* his having been ,noc,ed down by a car* 2hese young doctors are having a discussion D* operating on the wounded man* 2hey ta,e a lot od prode D* doing their -ob as perfectly as possible* 2his nurse is giving trhe man an in-ection as a protection D getting tetanus* 2he man is well again now* 2he doctor says he has no ob-ection D his going home tomorrow* 3. Write this story* &ut !or# on# to or nothing in each empty space! .! I have arranged D someone to loo, after the shop while I am away* 0! Ch? Who? .! 4ames* I can always countD him to help* 0! 2hats wonderful* Have you remindedD him that he can callD me to come if he needs me? .! Bes than,s but he cant bearD anyone to feel that he owes him anything* 0! How sad1 I always long D someone to owe something to1

.! What do you mean? 0! I was only -o,ing* 0ut it seemsD me to be a sign of something strange if one wantsD anyone to help one* .! Well I loo,D you to help 4ames if he needs it Z without forcingD him to refuse* 0! Cf course* 4. &ut in the missing prepositions! DD** a "onday evening D***** 3eptember RSQR DD** about eight ocloc, the ship '7oyager( san,* 2he ship had been sailing DD** the end of 3eptember when she left 8ondon and was on her way DD** +ngland *DD* .ustralia* 2he only survivor was an +nglishman called William 0atty who saved himself DD** swimming two miles* He spent three years DD** an island DD* the middle of the Indian Ccean* 2he island was 6uite small and he could wal, D***** the whole of it DD** an hour* He climbed DD** the one hill and put a flag D**** it DD** a signal* DD* night 0atty slept * DD* a cave where he felt 6uite DD** home DD** the day he often fished D***** a home%made net* He coo,ed the fish DD** a wood fire* 0atty stayed DD** the island DD*** almost three years* DD** .ugust RSQN a ship was sailing DD* the island and the captain saw 0attys signal* 2he sailors found a man * DD* a long blue coat DD** dar, hair and a beard loo,ing rather D***** a gorilla* 0atty was soon home and a few years later he finally arrived in .ustralia DD** air * 5. /hoose the nouns in column 0 which re6uire the prepositions in column . and then translate into Romanian!
A in on under at with above out of by without off B wor, suspicion 6uestion -oy love fire ones breath fail heart duty

A interest lac, ambition delight advantage influence witness arrangement agreement declaration protection difference damage impatience

B for in in for between at over of of upon against to on to

A busy inferior satisfied advantageous superior mad new afraid excited interested

B to of at to at with to to in about

A run deal tal, ta,e divide thin, climb pass rely believe

B in with after about on about: of by up into for

Unit 7
In this unit you will learn: Solar Energy Present Per!ect 5ontinuous :odal verbs Prepositions o! place

Pre-Reading Tasks
How can people use solar energy? /an you convert solar energy into chemical energy?

Reading

Read the following text on the relation between chemistry and energy research* 8oo, at the tenses of the verbs! /hemistry is an integral part of any ma-or energy research programme* /hemists have

played a ,ey role and will continue to do so in the development of the energy technologies needed to assure future growth* In the last few years success has been established in coverting the solar energy into chemical energy even if several problems remained* 3olar energy technology can have a significant impact on the energy supply over a NI%FI year time interval and it could contribute about JFG of the pro-ected )*3* energy demands in JIJI* 2wo possible ways of using solar energy are the use of sun heat and the solar cell* Heat from the sun is focussed onto a boiler using many small flat mirrors arranged to form a dish shape* .t Cdello in the #rench &yrenees a solar furnace produces temperatures over QIIIo/ enough to melt special steels* When sunlight shines onto layers of silicon it is directly converted into electricity* +ach cell generates only a very tiny voltage* Hundreds of cells are needed in solar arrays to give enough power for satellites or remote telecommunications e6uipment*

Ways with words:

1. S0ecia, te+4#* Che4i#t+!! the science of the composition properties and reactions of substances* %e#ea+ch! systematic investigation to discover facts or collect information* A##"+e! promise or guarantee: convince ma,e >something? certain* :"+nace! enclosed chamber containing a very hot fire* Si,ic n! brittle nonmetalic element widely used in chemistry and industry* 'a!e+! single thic,ness of some substance as a cover or coating on a surface* 2. Have you ever encountered the word programme spelled as program? 2his is not a mista,e* Its -ust the difference between 0ritish +nglish >programme? and .merican +nglish >program?* 2here are several differences in spelling words between 0ritish +nglish and .merican +nglish* Here are some of them! 0ritish +nglish theatre centre neighbour .merican +nglish theater center neighbor

colour color travelling traveling organise organize analyse analyze 3. Read again the following sentence! 3undreds o! cells are needed in solar arrays to give enough power !or satelillites or remote telecommunications e6uipment* How do you translate !or? Is this a preposition or an adverb? @ow lets learn a few expressions containing this word! for about 9 circa aproximativ =n -urul a: for all that 9 totui, cu toate acestea for certain 9 sigur cu siguran;: for example5 for instance 9 de exemplu: for reasons given 9 pentru motivele date: for the time being5 the present 9 pentru moment5 =n prezent: as for 9 c<t despre: not for the world5 not for the life of me 9 pentru nimic =n lume: to compete for 9 a concura pentru: to mista,e sth* for sth* else 9 a lua un lucru drept altul: to provide for 9 a se =ngri-i de* a avea gri-; de: to ta,e for granted 9 a lua de bun; a lua drept sigur: @ow practise these expressions in sentences of your own*

Grammar Reference
Present Per&ect Continuous &resent &erfect /ontinuous is used to express! an activity begun in the past and still in progress at the moment of spea,ing!

They have been creating new petroleum products !or several years" I%ve been waiting !or an hour and he still hasn%t turned up" an activity begun in the past which has only -ust finished and is relevant to the current situation! Sorry I%m late" 3ave you been waiting long*

@ote! In both these uses a present perfect simple can be also used especially with those verbs which are not normally in the continuous aspect in negative sentences and when reference is made to the number of things that have been done! 2hey have created5 have been creating new petroleum products for several years* a repeated activity in which case a nuance of reproach irritation etc* can be present*

I%ve been calling you !or the past twenty minutes" -hy don%t you answer the phone* Its form consists of the present perfect of the auxiliary be and the indefinite participle of the main verb >verbY%ing?* .ffirmative and negative I Bou We 2hey He 3he has been has not been >hasnt been? have been have not been >havent been? wor,ing*

Interrogative What have I have you have we have they has he has she been doing?

Controlled Practice: 1. 2ranslate the following sentences into +nglish* )se &resent &erfect 3imple or &resent &erfect /ontinuous! a. 2e caut de o or;* &e unde ai umblat? b. $e atunci n%am mai primit nici o veste de la el*

c. /<te sape de fora- ai folosit p<n; acum? d. 8ocuim =n Rom<nia de trei ani* e. @%am mai v;zut%o de c<nd a terminat facultatea*

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KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 2. 3upply the simple present perfect or the continuous present perfect of the verbs in brac,ets! a. Im tired* I >dig? all day* b. )p to now I >visit? twenty countries* c. I saw her in .ugust but >not see? her ever since* d. How long you >learn? /hinese? e. Boure out of breath* Bou >run?? f. 3he still >not write? the report*: g. What she >do? all afternoon? h. 2hey already >spea,? to me about that experiment* i. Bour eyes are red* Bou >cry?*

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KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKK 3. 2ranslate the following text into Romanian! .n important factor in the growth of the oil industry has been the development of petrochemicals* "any products have been created by chemists from petroleum* 2hese include most of our modern plastics and fertilers* Indeed the increase in agricultural productivity % also ,nown as the green revolution % could not have ta,en place without petroleum%based chemicals including not only those that enrich the soil li,e fertilers but also those that ,ill weeds insects and other pests such as herbicides insecticides and pesticides*

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KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKK 4. /hoose the correct verb form! a. How long have you been living5 have you lived in this house? b. .ngela wor,ed5 has been wor,ing in this petroleum company for ten years and a half* c. .lan has been5 has gone to 3outh .merica* d. Hes tired because he has wor,ed5 has been wor,ing on the oil field all day* e. How long have you been learning5 have you learned +nglish? Modal Verbs 2he modal verbs are a special ,ind of auxiliary verbs which express the modality of the action and have some specific features* 2he following are modal verbs! can4 must4 4 may4 need4 shall4 will4 would4 should 2hey have the following in common!

1. 2hey 'help( another verb* 2he verb form is the infinitive >without to? She can drive" 3e can spea& English# 0rench and Italian" I must go" M:ay I open the window*N M+es# you may"N 2. [uestions are formed by putting the modal verb in front of the sub-ect* 2here are no auxiliaries such as do4does4did etc* 5an you type 6uic&ly* 5ould you give me an e;ample* Should I go home now* ,eed I invite them too* 3. 2he form is the same for all persons* "odals do not inflect >2here is no .s in the third person singular and there are no %ing or .ed forms*? She should learn more" 3e can spea& three !oreign language well" 3e insisted that Dac& must go and see it himsel!" 4. @egatives are formed by putting a negative word such as not4 n%t immediately after the modal verb* 2here are no auxiliaries such as don%t4 doesn%t5 didn%t etc* I can%t spell your name" She wouldn%t li&e to become a teacher li&e me"

Controlled Practice: 1. 2ranslate the following into +nglish! a. +a trebuie s; plece* b. +l nu poate s; scrie =n englez;* c. &ot s; =nchid geamul? d. +a ar trebui s; se str;duiasc; mai mult la examene* e. @u tiu s; =not dar tiu s; schiez i s; patinez* f. +i nu tiu en$le"a, dar au =nceput un curs anul acesta*

g. 7rei s; te c;s;toreti cu mine# h. '/hiar trebuie s; ne ducem la curs la ora patru?( '$a chiar trebuie*( i. @u vrem s; venim cu tine pentru c; nu ne place la mare* j. 2u vei sta unde =i spun, dac; nu o s; te pedepsesc*

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KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKK 2. /hoose the best variant which completes these sentences! a. 3he can5may5 must go otherwise she will miss the train* b. I cant5 couldnt5may not help you at that time as I was extremely busy* c. 3hould5 /ould5 Will I attend this optional course? d. He cannot5 mustnt5 may not come to this wedding as he is in &ortugal* e. Im afraid she may not5 cant5 mustnt help you at the moment but I am free now so could5 should5 may you tell me your problem? 3. 2ranslate into +nglish! a. +l trebuie cP a plecat* b. "% *ndoiesc c% el a putut face aa ceva. c. +u tiu s% vorbesc france"a de c+nd aveam patru ani. d. @oi trebuie s% ne $r%bim, altfel *nt+r"iem la cursul de fi"ic% i nu mai putem intra *n sala de curs. e. +l poate s% vin% ma t+r"iu, spunea c% nu i-a terminat lucrarea la chimie.

f. @oi vom vota s% se schimbe constituia. g. +i nu vor s% mear$% *n e7cursie, li se pare prea scump. h. + necesar s% *mi las ba$a8ele aici# i. . putea s% *l a8ut, dar atept s%-mi cear% el a8utorul. j. @u ai voie s% dai drumul la curent de aici. Instalaia este defect% i se poate *nt+mpla vreun accident.

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK =. Rewrite the following sentences using a modal* In some sentences more than one modal is possible* a. I promise to phone you next wee,* I will4%ll phone you ne;t wee&" b. .t the age of nine he still didnt ,now how to read* c. Its essential that we leave on time tomorrow morning* d. .re you able to come with me tonight? e. Its not a good idea for you to wor, so hard* f. Its possible that theyll be here soon* g. Why dont we go and see a film tonight? h. He said that he intended to write to me soon* i. Is it possible for me to sit here? j. He refuses to give me an answer* /. Its not necessary for you to apologize* ,. .m I allowed to smo,e in here? 4. He ,new how to spea, four languages by the time he was twelve*

n. I want to help you but I am not able to* . I thin, its a good idea for me to stay in tonight! Ive got a lot of wor, to do* 0. I dont ,now who she is but its possible that she is Ric,s sister* +. $o not tell him any of this! its vital that it remains a secret* #. I intend to finish this essay before I go to sleep* t. Its E ocloc,* I assume that /lare will be here soon* ". I ,now hes in but hes not answering the phone* Im sure that he is asleep*

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKK Problematic Prepositions o& Movement and Place "ovement &lace to at used wih verbs of movement! not used meaning is different! She goes to house"

with

verbs

of

go come etc* even when the movement! I arrived at the university" into5out of in >9contained by5 inside? used with changes of place! She used with towns! I arrived in

wal&ed out o! the shop"

Aondon" 0ut! I arrived at

Aondon Airport" >9place? across >9from one side to the by >9at the side of? other! She went across the promenade*? towards >9in the direction of! Im going towards /lu-*? Controlled Practice: 1. /omplete each sentence with the appropriate preposition! a. I shut the door but left my ,ey D***** it* b. He strolled carelessly *DD* the road* c. 2hey arrived late *DD* the station* d. 3he ran all the way DD** the shop* e. I went DD** &aris last year* f. I met her DD** the roc, concert* g. 2he baby crawled DD** the ,itchen* h. 2heres a stri,e DD** our factory* i. 3he has left* 3he must be DD** wor,* j. 2he money fell *** my poc,et* 2. &ut in the missing prepositions! DD** a "onday evening D***** 3eptember RSQR DD** about eight ocloc, the ship '7oyager( san,* 2he ship had been sailing DD** the end of 3eptember when she left 8ondon and was on her way DD** +ngland *DD* .ustralia* 2he only survivor was an +nglishman called Wilfred 0atty who saved himself DD** swimming two miles* He spent three years DD** an island DD* the middle of the Indian Ccean* 2he island was 6uite small and he could wal, D***** the whole of it DD** an hour* He climbed DD** the one hill and put a flag D**** it DD** a signal* DD* night 0atty slept *DD* a cave where he felt 6uite DD** home DD** the day he often fished D***** a home%made net* He coo,ed the fish DD** a wood fire*

0atty stayed DD** the island DD*** almost three years* DD** .ugust RSQN a ship was sailing DD* the island and the captain saw 0attys signal* 2he sailors found a man * DD* a long blue coat DD** dar, hair and a beard loo,ing rather D***** a gorilla* 0atty was soon home and a few years later he finally arrived in .ustralia DD** air*

Unit >
In this unit you will learn: +our catalogue at home The 5ardinal ,umeral Past Per!ect Simple Past Per!ect 5ontinuous

Pre-Reading Task
If you produce a certain petroleum product which is the best way to promote your product?

Reading

Bour catalogue at home Here is a presentation of '/omposite /atalogue of Cil #ield +6uipment and 3ervices(* 2ranslate the following text into Romanian* /an you identify the cardinal numerals in this text? 2he ,ey to a successful catalogue is a successful distribution* 2hats why your catalogue should be in the '/omposite /atalogue of Cil #ield +6uipment and 3ervices(* Its where your prospects turn when theyre ready to buy* When you are in '/omposite /atalogue( youll be assured that virtually all your customers and prospects have your product information at their fingertips when they need it*

Well print your catalogue and distribute it worldwide to JI III locations where it will be available to specifiers and buyers JN hours a day every day of the year* .ll for a fee thats probably less than it would cost you to print and mail half that many* When you individually mail your own catalogue consider this* Research indicates that out of every R III catalogues distributed by mail QQI never reach the prospect* .nother QH are either lost tossed or mistified after delivery* 3o when it comes time to purchase only RQG of your prospects can find your product information* Bou can avoid this costly problem if you employ us to do this for you*

Ways with words

1. In this text you have encountered the pair of words! buy4by" 2hey are called homophones* Homophones are words with two spellings and two meanings but only one pronunciation >scent4 sent4 cent# !lower4!lour# pair4 pearC" .t the same time there are homographs in +nglish* Homographs are those words which have one spelling but two pronunciations and two distinct meanings or usages* #or example the homograph of the verb to tear B a rupeC is the noun tear Blacrim). /an you find homophones for the words listed below? due hair hire mail parish rain whales war wax* Answer &ey: dew hare male perish reign Wales were whac,s* 2. Read the following sentence! -e%ll print your catalogue and distribute it worldwide to I8#8888 locations" -orldwide is a compound word* . great many new words are made by putting two little words together* 2he new word may loo, hard at first but you can get its meaning if you see the two words from which it is made up* We ma,e many words from any some and every* 8ets loo, at the words made with any! any one anyone any time anytime any place anyplace any body anybody any way anyway any how anyhow any where anywhere any thing anything @ow practise and form new words from every some and no*

-KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK /an you find the two words which formed the compound words listed below? 2ranslate the compound words* 2ranslate the words they are made up of! airplane# busman# another# bac&stop# courtroom# countryside# gentleman# gatepost# hammerhead# headache# horse.race# mailman# snowmen# ourselves# daylight# summertime# doorman# bedtime# birthday# playtime# holiday"

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KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 3ometimes compound words are written as one word sometimes two and sometimes they are written with a hyphen >%?* 2he stress is usually on the first word such as in the case of post o!!ice headache# horse.race* "atch a line in . with a line in 0* /hec, the spelling in your dictionary* A poc,et alarm traffic traffic safety rush word B cloc, hour time belt lights money processor A car tooth tin departure earth screw tape B paste opener par, time 6ua,e recorder driver

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Grammar Reference
The Cardinal 'umeral 2he form of the cardinal numeral R one J two RR eleven RJ twelve JR twenty%one JJ twenty%two RII a >one? R III a >one? hundred\ thousand\ RIQ a >one? R IIQ a >one? hundred and two hundred Q three RQ thirteen JQ twenty%three QIH three three Q NEH thousand hundred N four RN fourteen QI thirty ENN hundred fourty%four F five RF fifteen NI fourty SSS hundred ninety nine H six E seven T eight S nine RI ten RH sixteen RE seveteen RT eighteen RS nineteen JI twenty FI fifty HI sixty EI seventy TI eighty SI ninety and three four and

hundred and six

seventy%six seven N FET four and thousand hundred five and

seventy%eight nine R III III one and million

2he numerals hundred and thousand do not ta,e the plural form! FII sheets of

paper % five hundred sheets of paper* @otes! 1. When you read phone numbers you should read them figure by figure* #or example! :y phone number is <JI2FO. :y phone number is one !our two three !ive seven" 2. When you read years you should read them in pairs of two figures* #or example! He died in RSTE* % He died in nineteen eighty%seven* Controlled Practice: 1. Read the following numbers! N FQH: THE: HJS TNH EHT: QJ NHE: JQ FQF: EFH NHN HFN* 2. Read the following years! RFNQ: RSTE: JIIJ: RHFN: RTEH*

Past Per&ect imple &ast &erfect 3imple is used to express! an action completed before another action or moment in the past!

-hat happened to the mud that had burried the new deposits o! oil* 3e had read his lecture be!ore he went to university" an action which began before another moment in the past and continued up to that time or into it! In <GGG we had drilled FJ wells !or !ive years" 3e had lived in this !lat since he was born" Its form consists of had followed by the past participle of the main verb* .ffirmative and negative I Bou He5 3he We had had not >hadnt? left*

2hey Interrogative What had I you he5she we they 3hort answer 3ad you read the novel be!ore we saw the !ilm* +es# I had" ,o# I hadn%t" 3ad he spo&en English be!ore he started the Engineering English course* +es# he had" ,o# he hadn%t" done?

Past Per&ect Continuous &ast &erfect /ontinuous is used to express! an action in the past begun before the time of spea,ing in the past and still going on that time or possibly after! Some men had been hauling the oil up to that time" /y that time we had been wor&ing on the project !or two years" They had been living !or generations in that house" Its form consists of the past perfect of the auxiliary be and the present participle of the main perfect* .ffirmative and negative 0y that time I you he5she we they had been had been not >hadnt? wor,ing for a year*

Interrogative Wha t had I you he5she we they 3hort answer 3ad you been wor&ing on that project by that time !or a year* +es# I had" ,o# I hadn%t" been wor,ing on by that time last year?

Controlled Practice: 1. $ecide the order in which these things happened* 2hen write two sentences using after and the past perfect* +xample! The ban& cler& gave it to me"4 She loo&ed at my che6ue"4 She counted out the money" A!ter the ban& cler& had loo&ed at my che6ue# she counted the money" A!ter she had counted the money# she gave it to me"

a. 2he tourists got out of the coach*5 2hey got bac, in the coach*5 2hey too, photos* b. 2he prisoner ran across the yard*5 He -umped out of the window*5 He climbed over the wall* c. 2he reporter wrote a report on the accident*5 3he interviewed the people there*5 3he went to the scene of the accident* d. 2he mechanic put a new tyre on*5 He put the wheel bac, on*5 He too, the wheel off the car* e. 2he shop%assistant as,ed me which my size was*5 3he wrapped it*5 3he showed it to me*

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KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKK 2. 2ranslate into +nglish! a. 3e cunoteau de trei ani. b. &<n; atunci lucrasem la proiectul acela de dou; luni* c. /e s%a =nt<mplat dup; ce am plecat? d. Ll ateptam de o or; c<nd am aflat c; avusese un accident la sond;* e. $espre ce vorbeai c+nd ne-am *nt+lnit# f. @oi cunoteam adev%rul *n momentul *n care te-ai decis tu s% ni-l spui. g. .bia se terminase ploaia c% a i *nceput un v+nt *n$ro"itor. h. $e =ndat% ce a terminat tema a sunat telefonul* i. +i se cunoscuser% cu "ece ani *n urm%, la o conferin% de petrol. j. @u crezuse c% o s% i se *nt+mple tocmai lui s% nu-i aminteasc% aa nite noiuni elementare de fi"ic%.

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KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 3* )se the simple past or the simple5 continuous past perfect form of the verbs in brac,ets to complete the sentences below! a. Besterday afternoon 4oan >go? to school and >hand in? the paper she >write?* b. .s soon as they >have? lunch they >leave? the restaurant* c. It was getting late so we >decide? to go to bed* d. 3he >say? that she >study? for two hours* e. 2he man >sell? fifty newspapers for five minutes as everybody >be? interested in the story of the prime minister* f. 3he >change? from /hannel R to /hannel Q as she >already see? the movie on /hannel R* g. How long "onica >watch? 27 by RJ o cloc,? 3he >watch? 27 for an hour* h* We >sit down? to dinner when the doorbell >start? to ring* i. How long you >wor,? outside when it >start? to rain? j. It >be midnight?* I >write? for five hours* @o wonder I >be? so tired*

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,nit In this unit you will learn: Transporting oil 0uture Simple 5omparative and Superlative Adjectives 5omparative Sentences

Pre-Reading Task
0y what means do you transport oil? Which is the cheapest means of transport for oil?

Reading

In this unit 4ohn 3mith presents his pro-ect on transporting oil to some -ournalists* He presents possible problems that may occur when creating the pipelines* Read the text thouroughly and be attentive at the tenses of the verbs!

3ome pipelines will run above the surface especially in rugged or uninhibited areas but many others will run beneath the ground* In farming country with open fields there may be no surface indication at all of the blac, stream of oil under the growing crops* However the pipelines will be mar,ed by pumping stations at an average distance of about seventy%five miles % closer together in the mountainous areas farther apart in flat countryside* 2hats is why I thin, we shall need special e6uipment for some pipelines* We shall clean the pipes by a device called a pig* 2his mechanism as you probably

,now has metal blades that scrape the inside of the pipe to ,eep it clear of the tar%li,e substance that forms in it* 3o thats about it* I thin, we still have some time for 6uestions* 3o Im all ears*

Ways with words

1. S0ecia, te+4#* St+ea4! steady flow of li6uid* 1i0e,ine! a system designed to transport a li6uid or a gas through pipes* 1ig! a device to clean a pipeline connecting the oil field with a refinery or shipping point* Sc+a0e! rub with something rough or sharp* 2. Read the following sentence again! 3owever# the pipelines will be mar&ed by pumping stations* @ow learn some expressions containing the word by! by and by 9 treptat: by all means 9 cu orice pre by chance 9 din =nt<mplare: by the end of wee,5 month5 year 9 spre sf<ritul s;pt;m<nii5 lunii5 anului: by force 9 cu fora by hearsay 9 din auzite: by no less than 9 cu nu mai puin de by no means 9 nicidecum =n nici un caz cu nici un pre by%pass 9 unt, derivaie, condesator le$at *n dervaie by%pass system 9 sistem inelar5 cu c;i de ocolire: by reason of 9 pe motiv c; din cauz; c;: by sight 9 din vedere: by stages5 steps 9 discontinuu =n trepte: by so much more 9 cu at<t mai mult: by then 9 p<n; atunci p<n; la acea dat;: by this time 9 =ntre timp p<n; la acea vreme: by turns 9 cu schimbul pe r<nd: by virtue of5 dint of 9 =n virtutea cu a-utorul prin mi-locirea: better by far 9 cu mult mai bine*

3. Read the following sentence again! I thin& we still have some time !or 6uestions * @ow learn some expressions containing the word time! at the same time 9 =n acelaUi timp: for the first time 9 pentru prima dat;: at times 9 din timp =n timp la r;stimpuri: by that time 9 p<n; atunci la vremea aceea: some time or other 9 c<ndva: the time is up 9 timpul a trecut intervalul de timp s%a scurs: time after time 9 =n repetate r<nduri: time will tell 9 timpul va dovedi timpul va hot<r=: for a long time 9 de mult timp: all in good time 9 oric<nd: from that time forth 9 de atunci =nainte: within the time 9 =n decursul: time%lag error 9 eroare de temporizare: time release 9 declanUare temporizat;* @ow practise these expressions in sentences of your own*

Grammar Reference
Future imple #uture 3imple is used to express! actions to be performed in the future*

I shall be thirty ne;t year" -hen will you graduate !rom university* She will wor& !or our company i! we give her a good salary" @otes! 1. We use will and shall in many other ways apart from predicting the future! e*g*! %intentions5 promises >I%ll buy you a bi&e !or your birthday"C %re6uest5 invitations >-ill you hold the door open !or me# please*C

%offers >Shall I help you solve this problem*C %suggestions >Shall we go to see that movie tomorrow*C %threats BDust wait and see@ +ou%ll regret this@C %decisions BI%ll stop and as& the way"C 2. #uture is not allowed in conditional and temporal clause! I! you help me# I%ll be grate!ul to you" -hen it rains# we stay inside* #orm .ffirmative and negative I We Bou shall >All? shall not >shant? will >All? come*

He5 3he will not >wont? 2hey Interrogative When shall will I we you he5she they 3hort answer -ill you help me !inish my drilling project* +es# I shall* @ote! ,o# I won%t is not common because it is impolite it may mean I don%t want to help you* 2hat is why a polite answer would be! I%m a!raid I can%t" help him?

Controlled Practice: 1. 2ranslate into +nglish! a. 2e voi chema c<nd voi a-unge acas;* b. Ll voi vedea s;pt;m<na viitoare* c. .zi avem repetiie la ora dou;*

d. 7a deveni necesar s; g;sim noi resurse de energie* e. /rezi c; vei $;si petrol aici?

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KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 2. "atch the sentences on the left with the functions on the right! A 1. Well have a thunderstorm B a. stating a planned

tonight Im sure* % b* 2. Will there be a general stri,e? 3. Ill send you a card from &aris 4. Will you send me an e%mail? 5. 3hall I go to the library for you? =. 3hall we ta,e a drive into the country later? 7. Ill report you to the police next time* >. 2he wedding will ta,e place next #riday* ?. I hope youll come and see us on 3aturday* 1@. +xplain it to them again* &erhaps theyll understand* 11. Will you have dinner with us on 3unday?

arrangement b. ma,ing a prediction c. ma,ing a re6uest d. expressing future hope e. expressing future uncertainty f. offering g. promising5 stating an

intention h. ma,ing an invitation i. as,ing for a prediction j. threatening i. ma,ing a suggestion

Comparative and uperlative Adjectives #orm .d-ectives 3hort ad-ectives &ositive cheap small /omparative cheaper smaller 3uperlative the cheapest the smallest

big] fat] old]] .d-ectives that funny end in .y .d-ectives with two more syllables early heavy careful or expensive difficult interesting Irregular ad-ectives rapid good bad little far\ fore\\ late\\\ near\\\\

bigger fatter older5 elder funnier earlier heavier more careful more expensive more difficult more interesting more rapid better worse less farther5 further former later5latter nearer

the biggest the fattest the oldest5 the eldest the funniest the earliest the heaviest the most careful the most expensive the most difficult the most interesting the most rapid the best the worst the most the least the the first the latest5 the last farthest5 foremost5 the the furthest

many5 much more

the nearest5 the next ] 3hort ad-ectives with one vowel and one consonant double the consonant! fat5 fatter5 the fattest hot5 hotter5 the hottest etc* ]] Elder and the eldest are used only attributively in family relationships >"y elder brother is twenty four?* \ 0arther5 the !arthest are used to relate to distance >I live farther than you*?: !urther4 the !urthest are used in relation to time 6uantity* 2he latter has also an abstract meaning* >Give me further details in order to understand it better*? \\ 0ormer means of an earlier period or the first of two >In former times people used whale oil for lamps*?: the !oremost means chie! >2he foremost welder in this factory is 4ohn*?: the !irst means initial >.mericans claim that the first underground oil well was drilled in the )nited 3tates*?*

\\\ Aater means the second o! two >Ive met 4ohn and /indy! the former is a student in $rilling the latter is student in #oreign 8anguages?: the latest means the most recent >He bought the latest novel by 4* #owles*?: the last means !inal! > 3ha,espeares last play*?* \\\\The nearest is used for distance >/ould you tell me the way to the nearest oil pump??: the ne;t refers to order* >2he next bus comes in an hour*? +xamples! There are two !orces 0< and 0I# the !ormer is the greater"4 This welder is the !oremost wor&er in our wor&shop"4 this is ,ewton%s !irst law o! motion" This is a good conductor o! electricity"4 -e need a better conductor"4 This is the best machine in the e;hibition by !ar" There is little advantage in using rotary drilling on this !ield"4 There is less oil in this tan& than in the other one"4 0orces are not o! least importance !or an engineer"

Comparative entences In relation with the degrees of comparison there are idiomatic expressions with two comparatives which are very common in technical +nglish texts! #orm! theY comparative ****** theY comparative *** The bigger the !orce# the greater the acceleration" The more mass in the body# the less acceleration"

Controlled Practice: 1. 2ranslate into +nglish! a. /u c<t mai repede =nv;O;m engleza cu at<t mai bine* b. +i fac =n continuare investigaii. c. &resiunea este mai mare =n al doilea caz dec<t =n primul* d. /u c<t diametrul conductorului este mai mare cu at<t intensitatea este mai mic;* e. .vem nevoie de mai multe maini-unelte*

f. 3ondorul acesta este cel mai t<n;r dintre toi. g. &roblema aceasta este cea mai dificil; cu care m%am confruntat vreodat;* h. Ideea ta e mai bun; dar soluia mea este mai ieftin; dec<t a ta* i. .ceast; main; devine din ce =n ce mai important;* j. $intre cele dou; unghiuri primul este mai mic iar al doilea este mai mare*

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KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKK 2* 3upply the comparative or superlative form of the ad-ective in brac,ets! a. He is >lazy? student in the class* b. 3he is loo,ing for a >big? company than the one she is wor,ing in now* c. He was unable to get >far? information* d. 2he underground pressure was >big? than expected* e. 2oday >great? care is ta,en to prevent accidents* f. >"any? heating devices are re6uired to ,eep the oil from freezing in the intense cold* g. He needed >little? gasoline than he thought* h. >$ifficult? problem was solved by means of computerised technology* i. 3he found >little? errors in 4ohns programme than in "arys one* j. $arwin was one of >6uarrelsome? scientists*

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KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 3. Here are some of the things 4ohn said about the cities he visited* 3ome are facts and some are his opinions* /omplete his sentences! a. 8ondon is of course much older D***** 8os .ngeles but it isnt DD** than .thens* .thens is DD** oldest city I have ever seen* b. 8ondon doesnt have DD** buildings than .thens but is has older ones DD** the ones in 8os .ngeles and 2o,yo* c. 2o,yos exciting but for an architect 8ondon is DD** exciting DD** 2o,yo an of course 8os .ngeles is *DD* **DD* exciting of all* d. 8os .ngeles has DD** par,s than 2o,yo but 8ondon has *DD* DD** par,s* 2here are five in the city centre* e. In comparison to our cities these are DD** interesting from the point of view of the buildings people built there* 4. #ill in the gaps with one of the phrases below! :issing phrases! environmentally friendly: the most expensive: too expensive: the largest: more environmentally sound If one of your criteria in choosing a car is its design the "ercedes is far more attractive than any others* Bet at the same time you should thin, that even if their cars are very ellegant and DD** they are DD** for common people* 2he +lectrolite is **DD** than the others as it is e6uipped with a filter fitted to remove toxins from the waste water that escapes from it* 2he latest "ercedes model is of course DD** and DD* yet if you want to have a car for a life save your money and buy it*

Te#t
/hoose the best variant! 1. He DD** when I DD** the room* A. read5 entered: B. was reading5 entered: C. was reading5 was entering*: D. read5 entered* 2. 3he DD** since she DDD a child* A. hasnt been5 was: B. wasnt5 was: C. wasnt5 has been: D. hasnt been* 3. He DD** to school by bus but last wee, his car was bro,en and he DD** the bus* A. doesnt go5 has ta,en: B. doesnt go5 ta,es: C. isnt going5 too,: D. doesnt go5 too,* 4. Where DD** ? I DD** for you everywhere* A. have you been5 have loo,ed: B. have you been5 have been loo,ing: C. were you5 loo,ed: D. were you5 was loo,ing* 5. I DD* be DD* time* 2he weather was very bad and I was stuc, in a traffic -am* A. couldnt5 on: B. wouldnt5 in: C. couldnt: in: D. shouldnt5 on =. What exactly are you interestedDD**? A. in: B. about: C. on: D. for 7. I DD** what to do so I DD** as, my superviser* A. didnt ,now5 have to: B. havent ,nown5 must: C. dont ,now5 had to: D. didnt ,now5 had to >. If this solution is DD** than mine I dont mind* 2he DD** one will be appreciated by everybody* .* good5 good: B. better5 better: C. better5 best: D. better5 good* ?. I DD** possibly accept his offer as it was DD* than the other one* A. couldnt5 worse: B. can5 the worst: C. wouldnt5 bad: D. wont5 worst: 1@. 2he DD** I arrive home the DD* I am* A. soon5 happy: B. better5 happier: C. sooner5 happier: D. better5 happy* 11. What are you loo,ing DD**? I DD** my ,eys and I cant find them anywhere* A. for5 have lost: B. at5 lost: C. in5 have lost: D. of5 lost* 12. Where DD* last summer? I DD** to the seaside* A. did you go5 went: B. have you gone5 went: C. did you go5 have gone: D. have gone5 have gone*

13. He was preoccupied DD solving that problem so he DD* what I was saying* A. for5 hasnt heard: B. with5 didnt hear: C. in5 hasnt heard: D. for5 didnt hear* 14. 2he train is DD** than the bus but the plane is DD** of all* A. faster5 the fastest: B. faster5 faster: C. faster5 the fastest: D. the faster5 the fastest* 15. When DD** to 4ohn? Ch I DDD to him for ages* A. did you last write5 havent written: B. have you last written5 havent written: C. did you last write5 wrote: D. have you last written5 wrote* 1=. How much did you sell your car DD**? A. at: B. with: C. of: D. for* 17. DDD the novel before we DD** the film? A. Had you read5 saw: B. Have you read5 saw: C. $id you read5 saw: D. Had you read5 had seen* 1>. 2he translation of 5u c(t mai repede 'nv$$m engle)a# cu at(t mai bine* is ! A. 2he 6uic,lier we teach +nglish the better it is: B. 2he 6uic,lier we learn +nglish the better it is*: C. 2he sooner we learn +nglish the better it is*: D. 2he 6uic, we learn +nglish the better it is* An#<e+ /e!* 1. 0: 2. .: 3. $: 4. 0: 5. .: =. .: 7. $: >. /*: ?. .: 1@. /: 11. .*: 12. .*: 13. 0*: 14. /*: 15. .*: 1=. $: 17* .*: 1>. 0* R point Y I FI points per each good answer

Unit 1@
In this unit you will learn: E;ploring !or petroleum /e going to 0uture 0uture Simple or be going to* 0irst 5onditional

Pre-reading task
What do you ,now about geology? What is a geologist in charge of? Who helps geologists in their search for oil fields?

Reading

Read the following text about "i,e Howard who is a geologist* Identify the future of the verbs! "i,e Howard wor,s for an oil company* His -ob involves exploring the terrain where oil may occur* &laces such as canyons where different layers of roc, are exposed often

give him clues to the possible presence of oil* He is aware of the fact that as most petroleum is underground this will ma,e oil exploration a ris,y business and his -ob is to ma,e sure that the company he wor,s for doesnt waste its money* Right now he is going to test some cores that have been brought up from below the surface of the earth* His team includes four other members! another geologist two paleontologists and a geophysicist who are also involved in the search for oil* 2he paleontologists are going to ma,e a special study of some fossils now while the geophysicist is dealing with the effects of gravity* He is as,ing "i,e Howard to come and see the results of his test*

Ways with words

1. S0ecia, te+4#* 'a!e+* single thic,ness of some substance as a cover or coating on a surface* Ae , g!! the study of the physical features of the earth such as roc,s mountains and so on* . geologist is a specialist in the field of geology* 1a,e nt , g!! the study of prehistoric life through the evidence of fossils* Ae 0h!#ic#! the study of some disciplines of geology combined with those of physics* C +e! a sample of roc,s obtained by a drill* 2he core can be studied for the types of roc,s and for evidence of fossils* 2. Read this sentence again! The paleontologists are going to ma&e a special study o! some !ossils now" 8ets learn some expressions in which the verb to ma&e occurs* to ma,e an attempt 9 a face o =ncercare: to ma,e the best of 9 a trage c<t mai mult profit de pe urma a profita la maximum de: to ma,e believe 9 a face s; cread;: to ma,e it clear 9 a clarifica: to ma,e it possible 9 a face posibil: to ma,e for 9 a contribui: to ma,e out 9 a =nele$e, a demonstra, a redacta to ma,e over 9 a transfera a ceda: to ma,e ready 9 a fi gata a >se? preg;ti:

to ma,e a stand 9 a se opune: to ma,e sure of 9 a se asigura de: to ma,e short wor, of5 sth 9 a scurta a face ceva repede a termina a finaliza: to ma,e tight 9 a ermetiza a etanei"a, a *nchide etan to ma,e up ones mind 9 a se hot;r=: to ma,e up for ones losses 9 a%i recupera pierderile to ma,e up for lorst time 9 a rec<ti$a timpul pierdut to ma,e as if5 though 9 a p;rea ca i cum, a pretinde ca i cum, a face ca i cum to ma,e use of 9 a =ntrebuina to ma,e way for5 to ma,e room for 9 a face loc pentru* 3. +ven if to do and to ma&e are generally translated in the same way there are several expressions in which you cannot use the verb to ma&e! e*g* to do ones best 9 a face tot ce%i posibil: to do the don,ey wor, 9 a munci din greu: to do sbd* a good turn5 a favour 9 a face cuiva o favoare: to do sth* with your eyes closed 9 a ti ceva foarte bine, a face ceva cu ochii *nchii to do harm 9 a face r;u: to do wonders 9 a face minuni: to have sth* to do with 9 a avea de%a face cu* @ow practise these expressions in sentences of your own* &ut ma&e or do before the following nouns! DD** a phone call: *DD* a mess: DD** my homewor,: DD** a mista,e: ***D**a noise: *DD* the shopping: DD** your best: DD** a cup of tea: *DD* your bed: *DD* someone a favour: D***** an excuse: D***** sense: D*****up your mind: *DD* an appointment: *DD*sure*

Grammar Reference
Be $oin$ to Future 0e going to #uture is used to express a future decision intention or plan made before the moment of spea,ing

-e%re going to move to /ucharest" 3ow long are they going to drill that well in Videle* She isn%t going to attend this Physics course" @ote! 2he &resent /ontinuous can be used in a similar way for a plan or arrangement particularly with the verbs go and come* She%s coming on :onday" I%m going home" when we can see or feel now that something is certain to happen in the future

Aoo& at those grey clouds@ It%s going to rain" -atch out@ The bo; is going to !all" Its form consists of the verb to be in &resentYtoYinfinitive .ffirmative and negative I He 3he It We Bou am >Am? am >Am? not is >s? is not >isnt? are >Are? are not >arent? going to wor,*

2hey Interrogative When am I is he5 she5 it are we5you5 they going to arrive?

3hort answer

Are you going to attend his lecture* +es# I am" ,o# I%m not"

Future imple or Be (oin$ To. 8oo, at the use of #uture 3imple and to be going to in the following sentences! Im going to improve my +nglish* > I decided that and I may have bought boo,s to improve my ,nowledge?* What language shall I learn? +r*** I ,now* Ill learn some +nglish1 2hats a good idea* > Idecided to learn +nglish at the moment of spea,ing*?

Controlled Practice: $ecide which is the correct verb form! a. '"y suitcase is so heavy1( 'Give it to me* Ill5Im going to carry it for you*( b. I bought some warm boots because Ill go5Im going on an off%shore drilling rig* c. Well go5 Were going to a conference next wee,* d. I hear you and "i,e will get5 are going to get married1 /ongratulations1 e. Where will you go5 are you going on holiday this year?( '#rance* What about you?( 'We dont ,now yet* "aybe we will go5 we are going to 3pain*(

First Conditional 2he first conditional is used to express a possible condition and a probable result in the future! I! my che6ue comes# I%ll buy this car" -e%ll destroy the environment i! you don%t loo& a!ter it" I! he passes the baccalaureate# he%ll go to university*

#orm @o future tense occurs in the conditional clause* 2his is replaced by the present* "ain /lause &resent5 #uture If /lause &resent

.ffirmative and negative If I wor, hard I ll she has enough money she we dont hurry up we you are late we wont you are not polite she she doesnt learn she pass my exams* buy that new boo, on "ath/ad* be late wait for you* tal, to you anymore* pass her exams in "athematics*

Interrogative Wha t Wher e Controlled Practice 1. .nswer the following 6uestions with conditional sentences of the real type! a. What happens if you dont pass this exam? b. What presents will you buy if you go to that party? c. What grade do you expect to get if you write a good paper? d. What do you need to learn if you want to get that -ob? e. What will you tell him if he as,s you about your accident? will will you do she go if you dont go to any university? she cant find a -ob in the petroleum field?

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KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKK 2. 2ranslate the folowing sentences into +nglish! a. $ac; voi putea te voi a-uta la proiectul de an* b. $ac; voi ti r;spunsul o s; i-l spun. c. $ac; vrei s; ne =nsoeti, eti binevenit. d. 7oi pleca =n vacan; dac; voi avea bani* e. 7ei =nv;a mai bine dac; accepi s; te a-ut*

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KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKK 3. &ut i! when or as soon as into each gap and put the verbs in brac,ets in the correct tense! 4ohn! 0ye darling* Have a good trip* "aria! 2han,s* I >ring? you *** I >arrive? at the hotel* 4ohn! Good but remember Im going out* "aria! Well *** you >be? out *** I >ring? I >leave? a message on the answer phone so you ,now Ive arrived safely* 4ohn! Great* What time do you expect youll be there? "ary! *** the plane >arrive? on time I >be? at the hotel at about RI*II* 2hats T*II your time* 4ohn! .ll right* .nd remember* Give me a ring ** you ,now the time of your flight bac, and I >pic,? you up*

"aria! 2han,s darling* 0ye1

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Unit 11
In this unit you will learn: Ta&ing trouble out o! circulation The 1rdinal ,umeral The 0ractional ,umeral The :ultiplicative ,umeral Second 5onditional

Pre-Reading Task
How do you solve the problem of water circulation for condensers of power stations?

Reading
Read the folowing text about the $elta Group a company which is very famous in /anada* /an you identify the ordinal and the fractional numerals in the text?

2a,ing trouble out of circulation*** 2wo thirds of the problems associated with water circulation for condensers of power stations and oil refineries from /anada are being solved by the use of non%ferrous tubes manufactured by the tube division of the $elta Group* 2he large range of trouble%free alloys available today is the result of over a centurys experience in tube manufacture by 4ames 0ooth < /ompany and 4ohn Wil,es 3ons W "applebec, members of the $elta Group* "ore than three fourths of the power stations and oil refineries at home and abroad owe much of their efficiency to being fitted with tubes from one of these old established companies*

2he $elta Group was founded in RSHF 4une Qrd and since then it has been specially developed to suit the varying conditions which have to be met in service*

Ways with words

1. S0ecia, te+4#* C nden#e+! electricity capacitor* A,, !! mixture of two or more metals* T"be! hollow cylinder*

2. Read this sentence again! Two thirds o! the problems associated with water circulation
!or condensers o! power stations and oil re!ineries !rom 5anada are being solved by the use o! non.!errous tubes manu!actured by the tube division o! the Delta >roup * How do you translate !rom? @ow learn some expressions containing this preposition! from first to last 9 de la . la ^ de la =nceput p<n; la sf<rUit: from this point of view 9 din acest punct de vedere: from*** to 9 de la*** p<n; la: from experience 9 din experien;: apart from 9 =n afar; de separat de: far from it 9 departe de acest lucru: far be it from me 9 departe de mine* 3. How do you translate the phrase more than three !ourths? @ow learn some expressions containing the word than! other than 9 cu excepia little more than 9 cu puin mai mult dec+t rather than 9 mai degrab; dec<t: no sooner*** than 9 de =ndat; ce*** c;* @ow practisee these expressions in sentences of your own*

Grammar Reference
The +rdinal 'umeral 2he form of the ordinal numeral

Rst the first Jnd the second Qrd the third Nth the fourth Fth the fifth Hth the sixth Eth the seventh Tth the eighth Sth the ninth RIth the tenth

RRth the eleventh RJth the twelfth RQth the thirteenth RNth the fourteenth RFth the fifteenth RHth the sixteenth REth the seveteenth RTth the eighteenth RSth the nineteenth JIth the twentieth

JRst the twenty%first JJnd the twenty%second JQrd the twenty%third QIth the thirtieth NIth the fourtieth FIth the fiftieth HIth the sixtieth EIth the seventieh TIth the eightieth SIth the ninetieth

RIIth the >one? hundredth R IIIth the >one? thousandth HJJnd the >six? hundredth R III III the >one? millionth and twenty%second

The Fractional 'umeral 2he forms of the fractional numeral /ommon fractions R5J a >one? half Q5H three sixths J5Q two thirds T H5F eight six fifths $ecimal fractions QN*EE thirty%four point seventy%seven FH*ST fifty%six point ninety%eight I*IN >nought? point nought four R*IH one point nought six

The Multiplicative 'umeral 2he forms of the multiplicative numeral Rx single once J double5 twice5 twofold Qx triple5 threefold three times Nx fourfold four times RIx tenfold ten times RIIx a hundredfold a hundred times /ontrolled &ractice! R* Read the following numerals! Q J5N: F*TES: J S5E: RRx: NQ5NJ* J* Read the following dates!

4uly RJ RSTE: 4anuary J JIIR: .ugust T JIIJ: "ay N RSTI: .pril JE RSEN: "arch RR RSFT*

econd Conditional 2he second conditional is used to express an unreal or improbable condition >hypothetical condition? and its probable result in the present or future* 2he condition is unreal because it is different from the facts that we ,now* We can always say /ut""" I! I were Prime :inister# I%d increase ta;es on properties such as castles# palaces# ranches# etc" B/ut I%m not Prime :inister"C I! I lived in a big house# I%d have a party" B/ut my house is very small"C #orm 2he verb in the main clause is in the present conditional >wouldYinfinitive?: the verb in the conditional clause is in the past sub-unctive which is similar to the past simple with the exception of the verb to be which becomes were for all the persons* "ain /lause If /lause &resent /onditional &ast 3ub-unctive .ffirmative and negative If I had more money I she ,new the answer she I didnt have debts I Interrogative What Which countries Controlled Practice: 1. 2ranslate the following sentences into Romanian! a. If I ,new it I would have told you the truth* b. If she helped me I wouldnt be late to wor,* c. If it rained we would go inside* would you do would you visit would >d? wouldnt if buy a new computer* tell it to us immediately* have to wor, so hard*

you were me? you travelled round the world?

d. Id li,e to hear her news if she were here* e. If you could do it you wouldnt as, me to tell you how to do it*

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KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 2. 2ranslate the following sentences into +nglish! a. $ac; aU Uti mai multe am;nunte despre acest anticlinal i le-a spune. b. $ac; ai vrea m%ai putea a-uta s; termin proiectul acesta? c. $ac; ar fi aici am termina treaba mai repede i am putea iei la o cafea. d. 8%ar asculta dac; ar avea urechi de auzit* e. @e%ar face pl;cere s; venim la petrecerea ta de terminare a facult; ii dac; nu am avea altceva de f;cut*

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KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 3. &ut the verbs in brac,ets into the correct tenses! a. If I had a typewriter I >type? it myself* b. If he wor,ed more slowly he >not ma,e? so many mista,es* c. I >buy? shares in this company if I had some money* d. I could tell you what this means if I >spea,? .rab* e. I >offer? to help if I thought Id be of any use*

f. If you >change? your -ob would it affect your pension? g. If you >spea,? more slowly he would understand you* h. If you >loo,? at the engine for a moment you would see what is missing* i. Bou >save? me a lot of trouble if you told me where you are going*

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KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK K

Unit 12
In this unit you will learn: -or&ing on an oil rig The Inde!inite Article The De!inite Article Pero Article

Pre-Reading Tasks
/an you describe the ,ind of -ob a drilling engineer has? Which are his duties? $o you thin, this is an interesting or a boring -ob?

Reading

@ow read a text about Graham "acdonald a 3cottish drilling engineer* /onfrunt your opinions with the opinions given in this text by his boss! Graham "acdonald is an engineer* He wor,s on an oil rig in the @orth 3ea* He wor,s on the rig for two wee,s and then he has two free wee,s to spend with his family at home in Glasgow* 2he rig is RII miles off the coast of 3cotland* 2he oil companys helicopter

flies him to and from the .berdeen .irport* He does an important -ob and hes paid over _FII a wee,* Graham wor,s twelve hours a day during his two wee,s on the rig* His shift finishes at midnight when he goes to bed* .lthough the wor, is important its rather a boring -ob* He shares a cabin with three other men* Cne of them is a friend of his an .merican called 8ee $river who comes from @ew "exico* 2he weather on the rig can be pretty bad* 3ometimes there are storms* +veryones always glad to get bac, to the mainland*

Ways with words

1. S0ecia, te+4#* %ig! apparatus for drilling for oil and gas Shift! group of wor,ers who wor, during a specified period Cabin! small hut on the drilling rig where wor,ers sleep at night* 2. How do you translate the sentence The oil company%s helicopter !lies him to and !rom the Aberdeen Airport? Bou have already learned some expressions containing the preposition !rom* 8ets learn some more containing the preposition to* to advantage 9 cu profit5 folos: to the best of ones power5 ability 9 dup; puterea5 capacitatea cuiva: to cut the matter short 9 pe scurt: to date 9 la zi: to the dot >of an i? 9 p<n; =n cele mai mici am;nunte: to this effect 9 =n acest scop: to a fraction 9 p<n; la milimetru: to and fro 9 =nainte Ui =napoi ici Ui colo: to hand 9 la =ndem<n;: to little purpose 9 cu puin efect, mai de$eaba to my ,nowledge 9 dup; c<te tiu to ones mind 9 dup; p;rerea cuiva: to the letter 9 =ntocmai ad litteram:

to the utmost 9 >p<n;? la maximum =n cea mai mare m;sur;: to the very moment 9 chiar p<n; =n clipa: short and to the point 9 scurt i la obiect. 3. Read the following sentence again! The rig is <88 miles o!! the coast o! Scotland* How do you translate it? @ow learn some expressions containing the word o!!! off hand 9 f;r; preg;tire anterioar; =nt<mpl;tor: off the point 9 =n afara subiectului: all thats off the point 9 toate acestea nu au leg;tur; cu problema: far off 9 =ndep;rtat: on and off 9 la intervale neregulate: to be off duty 9 a fi liber5 =n afara serviciului: to turn off5 switch off >the radio the light? 9 a =nchide >radioul lumina? @ow practise these expressions in sentences of your own*

Grammar Reference
The Article 2he use of articles in +nglish is complex and there are a lot of exceptions that need to be ,nown* Here are the basic rules* The %nde&inite Article! a >before a word beginning with a consonant or semi%vowel?4 an >before a word beginning with a vowel? is used to refer to a singular countable noun which is indefinite >either we dont ,now which one or it doesnt matter which one?! They live in a !lat" I%m reading a course !or my e;am now" to describe what something or someone is >a profession religion class?!

That%s an instrument !or measuring distance" She is an engineer"

3e is a 5hristian" in phrases!

to be in a hurry# to have a headache# as a matter o! !act# to develop a disease# to have a good time# to ta&e a seat# etc" The De&inite Article! the is used! before a singular or plural noun when both the spea,er and the listener ,now which specific ob-ect is being referred to! They live in the blue house on top o! the hill" The course I%m reading is very interesting" :ind the baby@ before nouns expressing certain public places especially when referring to them in a general way! I went to the cinema last night" I have to go to the ban& to pay my bills" before proper nouns denoting a family >in the plural? countries >if they are in the plural or if they represent a union? denoting groups of islands chains of mountains deserts oceans seas rivers channels hotels shops institutions means of transport newspapers and magazines! The Dohnsons# the ,etherlands# the Enited States# the /ahamas# the Alps# the Sahara# the Paci!ic# the Sue) 5anal# the 3ilton# the 1rient E;press# the Time# etc before nouns converted from ad-ectives denoting a class nationality or an abstraction! The rich should help the poor" The English are very polite" in phrases!

to tell the time# by the way# at the moment# on the whole# on the one hand""" on the other hand# etc* /ero Article! % is used with! plural and uncountable nouns when tal,ing about things in general*

:oney is the root o! all evil"

>as is cheaper than electricity" proper nouns denoting persons continents countries regions towns mountains la,es streets magazines and periodicals months festivals days of the wee, etc*! :ary4 :ount Everest# Europe# 1;!ord Street# Paris# Danuary# Sunday# ,ewswee& nouns li,e school# church# prison when we imply the use made of the building!

3e goes to school Bto learnC" in phrases!

at night# at dawn# day by day# by sea# to be in trouble# by mista&e# to ma&e !riends# to sha&e hands# to ta&e place# etc*

Controlled Practice: 1. $ecide which answer . 0 or / best fits each space! a. He is spea,ing to **** authority* A. an: B. % : C. the b. In order to survive plants need *** water* A. % : B. a: C. the c. In order to fix the armchair he needs *** hammer and *** nails* A. the5 the: B. a5 the: C. a5 some d. I too, *** seat and waited for *** director to come* A. % 5the: B. a5the: C. the5 a e. I thought you had passed *** exam but it seems that it was *** hardest of all* A. % 5the: B. an5the: C. the5the f. 2hey had *** excellent dinner and had *** very good time at *** Hilton* A. % 5a5the: B. an5the5 % : C. an5a5the g. He had *** degree in *** &hysics and one in *** "athematics so he was one of *** best teachers in our highschool* A. % 5 % 5 % 5the: B. a5 % 5 % 5the: C. a5the5the5the h. I did my homewor, and then went directly to *** bed as I was very tired*

A. % : B. a: C. the i. +veryone was impressed by *** sincerity with which he spo,e yet not everyone admires **** sincerity in such *** way* A. % 5 % 5 % : B. a5 % 5 % : C. the5 % 5a j. *** 3miths are at *** home now yet they are busy at the moment* A. % 5 % : B. the5 % : C. % 5the: 2. Wor, in pairs to find one mista,e in each of the following sentences! a. Hes geologist so he studies the physical features of the earth* b. I want a government to do something about the problem of unemployment* c. 0ig cities are usually exciting when you see them for the first time! for example in 8ondon you can have tea at the Ritz and then go to the theatre in evening* d. I must go to a ban, to see my ban, manager* I want to borrow one hundred pounds* e. 3he goes to the wor, in the /ity by train every day* Her office is in the 0a,er 3treet*

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KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKK Third Conditional 2he third conditional is used to express impossible condition referring to the past: it contradicts reality which can no longer be changed* 2he condition is highly hypothetical* #orm 2he verb in the main clause is in the past5perfect conditional >wouldY haveY the third

form of the verb? while the verb in the conditional clause is in the past perfect sub-unctive >a form similar to past perfect?* "ain clause &ast5&erfect conditional .ffirmative and negative I I had had more money I f she had ,nown the answer she I hadnt made so many mista,es I would >Ad? this ellegant car** have bought would have the exam* passed wouldnt have failed the driving test* Interrogative What Which countries would done would visited you you have if have you had seen such a wonderful movie? you had travelled round the world? licence If clause &ast perfect sub-unctive

Controlled Practice: 1. &ut the verbs in brac,ets into the correct tense! a. If I >,now? this from the beginning I wouldnt have as,ed you to do it for me* b. If it had rained it >be? a disaster* c. If she >go? to university so late she wouldnt have had these problems in her career* d. If you >stay? on that drilling rig and >be confrunted with? such storms I dont thin, you would argue against my leaving that place* e. If I had ,nown how to solve the problems in chemistry I >pass? the exam in the winter session*

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KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKK 2. 2ranslate into +nglish! a. $ac; aU fi putut s; te a-ut aU fi f;cut%o =nc; de atunci* b. $ac; ar fi tiut r;spunsurile la toate =ntreb;rile nu ar fi luat o not; aa de mic;* c. $ac; a fi *nv;at mai bine nu a fi picat acest e7amen. d. $ac; nu ar fi nins nu am fi plecat la munte de /r;ciun* e. 7%ai fi distrat mai bine, dac; nu ai fi avut aceast; problem; de rezolvat =n acelai timp.

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KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 3. &ut the verbs in brac,ets into the corect tenses! a. If I had ,nown that you were in danger I >help? you* b. If you >arrive? fifteen minutes earlier you would have got a seat* c. I shouldnt have believed you when telling me about that drillers accident if I >not see? it with my own eyes* d. If he had as,ed you to do that -ob you >accept?? e. 0ut for the fog we >reach? our destination ages ago* f. If I >be? ready when he called he would have ta,en me with him*

g. If she listened to my directions she >not turn? the lights off* h. If you had told me that he never paid his debts I >not lend? him the money* i. Bou wouldnt have had so much trouble with your car if you >have? it serviced regularly* j. I >ta,e? a taxi to the university if I had realized that it was such a long way*

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KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKK 4. #inish these sentences ta,ing care to use the correct tense* 2hese are mixed conditional sentences* a. If he had ta,en my advice*** b. 2he substance would loo, better if*** c. Id have brought my compass if*** d. If you had as,ed his permission*** e. If I buy this machine *** f. If she practised more*** g. If the river rises any higher*** h. I would lend it to you if*** i. If the fire had been noticed earlier*** j. If she rings while Im in the tunnel***

Unit 13
In this unit you will learn: 9e!ining oil The Adverb The Passive Voice

Pre-Reading Tasks
2hin, of the most important refineries in Romania* Where are they? 2hin, of the petroleum products these refineries produce* How many types of petroleum products are produced in Romania?

Reading
@ow read a general text on refining oil* 2ranslate the text into Romanian! Cne of the most distinctive and at the same time most characteristic sights of the industrial age is the oil refinery* /rude oil is a mixture of a number of different chemicals that are called hydrocarbons because they are composed of atoms of hydrogen and carbon* 2he mixture of crude oil contains fractions of the different hydrocarbon molecules* In the refining process the different fractions of molecules in the crude oil mixture are separated in such a way as to obtain usable products* 2he impurities from the oil are also removed in the refining process* 2he first step is called distillation* 2he oil is heated to a high temperature in coil of pipe that pass over a furnace* 2hen the oil is piped into a tall cylinder called a fractionating tower* .s the vapors rise they condense % that is they turn into li6uids again %at a particular temperature at a particular level in the tower* .nother process is called crac,ing which means brea,ing down the heavy molecules of such petroleum products

as ,erosene or lubricating oil into the lighter molecules of gasoline* .fter the basic fractionating or crac,ing process further refining ta,es place particularly of gasoline products* 2here are several gasolines such as regular high%test special etc* their names indicating that one ,ind of gasoline will vaporize more 6uic,ly and efficiently than another ,ind* 3o when we spea, about refining oil we may say that in -ust a little over a hundred years oil products have asumed a central place in our industrialized society and they will continue to do so until another fuel is discovered*

Ways with words

1. S0ecia, te+4#* %efine+!! the industrial plant in which oil is refined % processed and purified % into commercially usable products* ( ,ec",e#! the smallest units in combinations of atoms* C 40 "ndB(iCt"+e! a compound of atoms which are chemically -oined together into molecules li,e water >two atoms of hydrogen and one of oxygen? or salt* . mixture combines several different molecules which are not chemically -oined together* 3!d+ ca+b n#! substances made up of molecules formed from hydrogen nd carbon* :+acti nating t <e+! a cylindrical tower at a refinery which is used to separate the different fractions of crude petroleum* Di#ti,,ati n! the process of separating ligthter molecules from heavier molecules in a mixture by heating the mixture* C+ac/ing! the process of brea,ing down the heavy molecules of some hydrocarbons into lighter molecules* 2. In this text there are several occurences of the preposition a!ter* .t the same time you may find the phrase to ta&e place* @ow learn more phrases containing the preposition a!ter and the verb to ta&e! after all 9 la urma urmelor: after a while 9 dup; c<t;va vreme:

day after day 9 zile =n ir to loo, after 9 a avea gri-; de: soon after 9 cur<nd dup;* to ta,e advantage of 9 a utiliza a valorifica a se prevala de a se folosi de ocazia: to ta,e an active part in 9 a lua parte activ; la: to ta,e account of 9 a ine seama de to ta,e care of5 to ta,e charge of 9 a%i asuma r;spunderea a avea gri-; de: to ta,e control of 9 a%i asuma controlul to ta,e its course 9 a%i urma cursul to ta,e for granted 9 a lua drept sigur a considera indiscutabil: to ta,e an interest in*** 9 a manifesta interes fa; de***: to ta,e the liberty of >Y%ing form? 9 a% i lua libertatea de a9 6e.$. (he too4 the liberty of doin$ it in her own way.: to ta,e into account5 consideration 9 a lua =n consideraie to ta,e note5 notice of 9 a ine seama de to ta,e ones own way 9 a%i urma calea proprie to ta,e on 9 a lua asupra sa a se =ns;rcina: to ta,e over 9 a prelua: to ta,e a stand 9 a adopta un punct de vedere a lua o poziie to ta,e warning 9 a fi prevenit: to ta,e a view of 9 a considera a privi: to ta,e a weight off somebodys mind 9 a elucida o problem;* @ow practise these expressions in sentences of your own* 3. In this text you learned several chemical elements such! hydrogen oxygen carbon etc* 8ets learn all the chemical elements in +nglish! R hydrogen H J helium He Q lithium 8i N beryllium 0e F boron 0 H carbon / E nitrogen @ QT strotium 3r QS yttrium B NI zirconium ^r NR niobium @b NJ molybdenum "o NQ technetium 2c NN ruthenium Ru EF rhenium Re EH osmium Cs EE iridium Ir ET platinum &t ES gold .u TI mercury Hg TR thallium 2l

T oxygen C S fluorine # RI neon @e RR sodium @a RJ magnesium "g RQ aluminium .l RN silicon 3i RF phosphorus RH sulphur 3 RE chlorine /l RT argon .r RS potassium M JI calcium /a JR scandium 3c JJ titanium 2i JQ vanadium 7 JN chromium /r JF manganese "n JH iron #e JE cobalt /o JT nic,el @i JS copper /u QI zinc ^n QR gallium Ga QJ germanium Ge QQ arsenic .s QN selenium 3e QF bromine 0r QH ,rypton Mr QE rubidium Rb

NF rhodium Rh NH palladium &d NE silver .g NT cadmium /d NS indium In FI tin 3n FR antimony 3b FJ tellurium 2e FQ iodine I FN xenon Xe FF caesium /s FH barium 0a FE lanthanum 8a FT cerium /e FS praseodymium &r HI neodymium @d HR promethium &m HJ samarium 3m HQ europium +u HN gadolinium Gd HF terbium 2b HH dysprosium $y HE holmium Ho HT erbium +r HS thulium 2m EI ytterbium Bb ER lutetium 8u EJ hafnium Hf EQ tantalum 2a EN tungsten W

TJ lead &b TQ bismuth 0i TN polonium &o TF astatine .t TH radon Rn TE francium #r TT radium Ra TS actinium .c SI thorium 2h SR protactinium &a SJ uranium ) SQ neptunium @p SN plutonium &u SF americium .m SH curium /m SE ber,elium 0, ST californium /f SS eisteinium +s RII fernium #m RIR mendelevium "d RIJ nobelium @o RIQ lawrencium 8r RIN rutherfordium Rf RIF dubnium $b RIH seaborgium 3g RIE bohrium 0h RIT hassium Hs RIS meitnerium "t

Grammar Reference
The Adverb 2he adverb shows a characteristic of an event or state a 6uality thereof* It can modify! a verb! We are tal,ing about your report today* an ad-ective! He was bitterly dissapointed* a noun! 1nly 4ohn ,nows the whole truth*

a pronoun! "e too* another adverb! 3he spo,e e;tremely loud* a clause! :aybe I will come to your party*

#orm 3imple adverbs far fast here late near now then today well $erived adverbs li,ewise afloat homeward>s? repeatedly hardly monthly bitterly happily excellently /ompound adverbs everywhere outdoors outside thereby therefore today tomorrow wherein wherefore .dverbial phrases at least at once by the way by all means in full in general in all probability now and then of old

.dverbs of manner! badly: carefully: excellently: fast .dverbs of place! away: aboard: above: anywhere .dverbs of time! already: after: afterwards: early .dverbs of 6uantity measure degree and approximation! awfully: extremely: enough: little .dverbs of fre6uency! always: ever: every time: again: forever .dverbs of cause reason result and concession! conse6uently: fore: for this reason: hence: so that Interrogative adverbs! how: where: when: wherefore: why*

Controlled Practice 1. "aria is writing to her friend "ary in +ngland* 3hes rather tired and shes left some of the words out by mista,e* Rewrite "arias letter to "ary putting in the adverbs and adverb phrases on the right! $ear "ary

2han, you for your letter* Is it five months since I last wrote? Im sorry but Ive been very busy* Im wor,ing for my exams* Ive planned my revision* I wor, until about ten ocloc, in the evening* Ive finished for today* I dont ,eep my plan* I saw a marvellous film* It was called '2he +nglish &atient(* Have you seen it? I dont go out* 3uzanne comes about once a wee,* We tal,* I hope to visit +ngland again* I had a lovely time last year* It would be great to see you* Im trying to save some money* How are you? Is your apartment all right? &lease reply* 8ove yours

really lately already carefully usually -ust of course yesterday yet actually often here a lot next year there again hard soon

"aria 2. /omplete the following conversation between 4ohn and Helen by choosing the correct ad-ective or adverb in the brac,ets! 4ohn! Well the party is going very nice5nicely isnt it? Have one of these sausages* 2hey taste good5well* Helen! @o than,s* 4ohn! Bou dont sound very happy5happily* .nd you loo, pale5paley* .re you all right? Helen! I feel rather tired5tiredly* .nd Im hot5hotly* 4ohn! It is getting a bit warm5warmly in here isnt it? Well I can easy5 easily open this window here* Helen! 2han, you* .ctually my head aches 6uite bad5badly too* I thin, its slow5slowly getting worse* 4ohn! Im sure5surely the music isnt helping too much* It seems rather loud5loudly doesnt it? 8oo, would you li,e me to ta,e you home? Helen! @o thats all right than,s* 0ut if I could sit 6uiet56uietly somewhere for a few minutes I might be CM*

4ohn! Ill as, 3usan if theres somewhere you can go*

The Passive Voice What voice is the verb in the sentence! The !irst step is called distillation? 2his is the passive voice* 2ranslate it into Romanian* @ow learn about the passive voice in +nglish* 2he verbs which can accept the passive voice are transitive verbs and some prepositional verbs such as! to account for to attend to to loo, at to loo, after to send for to spea, to etc* 2here are some transitive verbs which cannot accept the pasive voice such as! to have to hold to possess to resemble etc* Its form consists of the respective tense of the auxiliary verb to be Y the past participle of the lexical verb* 2he indicative mood 3imple &resent &resent /ontinuous &resent &erfect 3imple &ast &ast /ontinuous &ast &erfect 3imple #uture 2he imperative mood 8et me be as,ed I am called I am being called I have been called I was called I was being called I had been called I shall be called

Controlled Practice: 1. 2ranslate the following sentences into +nglish! a. 2u vei fi chemat; de director m<ine s; explici decizia ta* b. +l este =ntrebat dac; este vegetarian* c. 3oluia a fost g;sit; de fratele meu* d. "i s%au furat banii*

e. &roblema a fost rezolvat; recent prin introducerea pompei elicoidale* f. $octorul a fost chemat* g. +l a fost ales preedintele companiei *n ,;;<. h. /opiii sunt =ntrebai dac; tiu *n ce const; compoziia acestei substane. i. 3e construiesc foarte multe case zilele acestea*

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KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKK 2. &ut the following sentences into the &assive! a. Who drew this asymptote? b. &eople in my town built this hospital last year* c. 4ohn cant have done this* d. 2he soldiers shall hand in all their weapons* e. /hildren had cast stones*

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KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 3. 2ransfer these passive sentences into active ones* When no agent is given supply one! a. "y drawings were shown at the art exhibition in JIII*

b. When was your car stolen? c. .I$3 is thought to be curable* d. 2he girl has been made to recite the poem and everybody has given her a big hand* e. 2he prisoners were forbidden to smo,e when they were transferred into the new building*

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KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

Unit 14
In this unit you will learn: Aa&e Erie >as The In!initive The Participle The >erund

Reading
@ow that you learned so many things about the +nglish grammar and you also ,now a certain amount of words belonging to the petroleum vocabulary test yourself in the following way* )se your dictionary and try to read and translate this article on the discovery of gas in 8a,e +rie /anada* 'a/e E+ie ga# att+acti-e t Canadian d+i,,e+#

8a,e +rie &roduction on the /anadian side has become more important during the past JF years as smaller onshore gas fields in Cntario have become depleted* $uring RSTN 8a,e +rie production accounted for more than ENG of the provinces total RS*N bcf of gas % and four companies have been active in 8a,e +rie this year* 2hese operators are! /onsumers Gas /o* of 2oronto: $iamond 3hamroc, +xploration of /algary: &embina Resources of /algary: and &lace Gas < Cil of 2oronto* &embina was the most active company in the la,e in RSTF drilling about NI wells* 2he company operates about RTF producing wells in the producing wells in the la,e most of these located in the eastern portion between 8ong &oint and the @iagara River* /onsumers Gas which drilled about JI wells in the la,e this year and operates more than EII there has been drilling in 8a,e +rie for JI years* $iamond 3hamroc, drilled six deep exploratory wells in the la,e in RSTF on a farm%in basis with .nschutz Resources of /algary in order to earn FIG interest in the

EII III%acre holding* 2he wells will be drilled about RI miles offshore and are scheduled for N FII%F III ft to penetrate the &recambrian basement* Canadian 0e+ati n#. Cne of the worlds first offshore wells was drilled on the

/anadian side of 8a,e +rie in RSRQ % and in the ensuing EJ years more than R EIII wells have been drilled there with total production of RSI bcf* .t the close of RSTN some FTF wells were producing or capped awaiting pipeline hoo,ups* 8a,e +rie development continues as the most important natural gas province in 3outhern Cntario* D+i,,ing acti-it!* 8a,e +rie is the shallowest of the Great 8a,es* It reaches its maximum depth of JRI ft -ust east of 8ong &oint in the eastern basin of the la,e* "ost wells drilled in the la,e have been close to shore% extending existing onshore production* "ost wells have been drilled using what is designated as 8a,e +rie -ac,%ups in water depths of less than TI ft* .lthough these -ac,%ups which are elevated by employing either hydraulic power in waters down to QFI ft % water depth normally is restricted to about TI ft because of unconsolidated bottom sediments* . pre%load test of the -ac,%ups is re6uired to ma,e certain they will remain stable during drilling operations* $rilling in deeper waters is performed using drillbarges or 'floaters( weighing J III tons or more and moored onstation by an anchoring system* #or example )nderwater Gas $evelopers operates three rigs in 8a,e +rie including the drillbarge Telesis a JFS%ft%long vessel with a rated F III%ft drillling depth capacity* 2he vessel is held on%station using five F III lb 0ruce anchors attached to R R5T%in%dia* R JII%ft%long cables controlled by RII%hp hydraulic winches* $uring drilling excess cement and roc, cuttings can be discharged into the la,e* .n inspector from the "inistry of @atural Resources is re6uired to be on location during periods of cementing casings plugging and completions* .n average J III%J FIII ft 8a,e +rie well%including completion% costs from _ RJF III to _ JII III* 2he drilling season in 8a,e +rie extends from "ay to Cctober when the la,e freezes over* >.ndy "aslows,i /onsulting &etroleum Geologist /olumbus Chio published in

1cean Industry# The :aga)ine !or 1!!shore /usiness $ecember RSTF p* HN?

Grammar Reference
Punctuation

2here is a considerable amount of variation in punctuation practices* .t one extreme are writers who use as little punctuation as possible* .t the other extreme there are writers who use to much punctuation in an effort to o ma,e their meaning clear* Here are some punctuation rules* 1. 3entence % 8evel &unctuation &unctuation "ar,s Guidelines ordinaly +xamples and 3ome of us thin, we should in this company*

independent clause is invest beginning it with a capital letter and ending it with a 0e+i d* Independent clauses 2he

made into a sentence by Cthers thin, it is useless*

forecast

promised

may be combined into beautiful weather on the coast one sentence by using of the @orth 3ea but it rained the words and but yet clause is every day* or# nor# and so* 2he first $raw the figure and solve the usually problem* followed by a c 44a* 2he writer can indicate 3ome of us thin, we should that clauses independent invest in this company: others are closely thin, it is useless

connected by -oining

them with a #e4ic , n* When one independent 2heres only one solution! we clause is followed by must reduce next years

another that explains or budget* exemplifies it they can 2he conference addresses a be separated by a c , n* basic 6uestion! How can we 2he second clause may ta,e steps needed to protect or may not begin with a the environment? capital letter* 3entences that as, a .re they still drilling in that 6uestion should be region? followed by a E"e#ti n What percentage of oil have

4a+/* you recovered here? 3entences that express Watch out1 strong feeling may be 2hats a rude thing to say1 followed by an

eCc,a4ati n 4a+/* 2. 3eparating +lements in /lauses When one of the elements in a clause is compounded that is when there are two or more sub-ects predicates ob-ects and so forth punctuation is necessary* &unctuation "ar,s When two elements 2uition may be paid by chec, or are they -oined as and compounded are charged to a ma-or credit card* ta,ing /hemistry and usually Im Guidelines +xamples

together &hysics and "aths this semester* or or any

with a words such without punctuation* Cccasionally more than two elements are -oined in this way* /ompounds

that +ngland 3cotland and Wales the island of Great

contain more than share

two elements are 0rittain* called series* +nvironmentally conscious C 44a# are used businesses use recycled paper to separate items in photocopy on both sides of a a series with words sheet and use ceramic cups* such as and or or usually between occuring the last

two items* When the items in 3tudents were selected on the a series are very basis long internal punctuation separation commas confusing can by be and or reading: of grades: and test of and teacher have vocabulary memory

recommendations*

#e4ic , n# may be used instead* 3. Word % 8evel &unctuation 2he punctuation covered so far is used to clarify the structure of sentences 2here are also punctuation mar,s that are used with words* &unctuation "ar,s Guidelines 2he a0 #t+ 0he +xamples is 2he companys management

used with nouns to resisted the unions demands* show possession* .n apostrophe is used Hes: didnt: let: "aam: four in constructions to ocloc,* show where letters or NFs: .0/s* numbers have been omitted* . 0e+i d is used to &rof* 4* M* 8awrence: JN ft* N!II

mar, shortened forms p*m* li,e abbreviations and initials* . h!0hen is used to end a line of text when bility part of a word must be carried over the next line Hyphens sometimes used are twenty%four self%confidence to

*** insta %

form compound words When two modifiers 2he study included first% and containing hyphens second%year students* are -oined together common elements are often not repeated* Cther uses of &unctuation "ar,s &unctuation "ar,s Guidelines +xamples Ralph Waldo

When writers use the exact In RTNR

words of someone else they +merson wrote 'I hate must use E" tati n 4a+/# to 6uotations* 2ell me what set them off from the rest of the you ,now*( text* If part of a 6uotation is 3he

... ....

told

him

the

omitted the omission must be following! 'If you want mar,ed with 0 int# f e,,i0#i#* to settle down to get a When the omission comes in proper -ob to find the the middle of a sentence three proper wife*** you should points are used* When the give omission includes the end of ideas*( one or more sentences four 'Wor, of the tyre that points are used* 0*W*R*.* is doing is of up your selfish

greatest carried sufficiently

value out

when in a

comprehensive

pattern

and it is much to be hoped that the framers of codes will give it full weight many the **** 2here factors types are which

affect a pressure vessel of commonly used*( When writers insert something 'In a fault it `the crust of within a 6uoted passage the the eartha has crac,ed insertion should be set off with and caused different b+ac/et#* layers of roc, to slip*( 2he da#h can be used to 'Well uh Id li,e to indicate hesitations in speech* try again if you let me( he offered*

IJ

The %n&initive 2he infinitive is considered to be the base form of the verb* #orm It appears as long in!initive >preceded by the particle to?! I didnt want to tell you that* ot as short in!initive >not preceded by the particle to?! 3he made me do it eventually* . special use of the infinitive is the split in!initive where the adverb which modifies the verb is inserted between the particle to and the verb proper! He was too disappointed to really care about the circumstances of the accident*

The Participle 2here are two participle forms in +nglish! the %ing participle which denotes a continuous action or state!

I saw smo,e coming through the door of the chemistry laboratory* the past participle >the third form of the verb? which denotes the action as a result!

2he police wanted the law respected* #orm Indefinite &articiple &erfect &articiple .ctive 7oice as,ing having as,ed &assive 7oice being as,ed having been as,ed

The (erund denotes an action simultaneous with the present past or future expressed by the finite verb! I than,ed him for letting me ,now* expresses anteriority after verbs as e;cuse# !orgive# remember# than& etc*

2han, you for letting me ,now* has a passive meaning after verbs as desire# need# re6uire# want# etc*

Bour hair needs cutting* #orm 2he Gerund is formed ith the help of the %ing suffix added to the verb* &assive 7oice Indefinite Gerund being helped being read &erfect Gerund having helped having been helped having read having been read In order to improve your ,nowledge about Gerund5 Infinitive you may loo, at .ppendix Q >page RTS?* .ctive 7oice helping: reading

Controlled Practice: 1. 2ranslate into +nglish! a. 3per s; termin de =nv;at ultimul curs. b. +l vrea s; plece mai repede pentru c; are o treab; important; de rezolvat* c. 2e%a rugat s; scrii un raport motiv<nd de ce g<ndeti aa. d. Iat; c<teva formule pe care s; le =nv;ai. e. 3tudentul a dovedit c; este foarte bun la matematic;* f. $ac; nu faci maina s; porneasc; ne stric;m buna dispoziie. g. &loaia oprindu%se putem pleca la universitate* h. 2e deran-eaz; dac; =nchizi fereastra? i. Li mulumesc pentru c; m%ai a-utat s; rezolv acest exerciiu la $eometrie*

-KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 2. &ut the verbs between brac,ets in gerund or past participle! a. 2han, you for >to tell? me the truth* b. .fter >to wait? for you for half an hour I left the hotel c. We need to have our roof tiles >to replace? d. 2hey stopped >to cut? the pipes when they discovered that they had some short ones too* e. I dont mind your >to stay? here and >to wait? for my daughter* f. Bou are always late: you certainly must have your watch >to reapair?* g. I should li,e the World /hampionship >to win? by the Romanian team*: h. Why are you lo,ing at me? Go on >to wor,?1 i. Ill ma,e them >to answer? all my 6uestions about /anadian drilling*

Unit 15
0eadin$ and Practice
Imagine you wor, in a drilling company* .dvertise your companys products* Read two presentations of two refining companies and then ma,e your own presentation! 1. A"t 4atic :i,te+ S!#te4# .ll our automatic filter systems include filter media support materials pressure vessel steel structure piping valves instrumentation and a &8/%controlled se6uencing program* .dditional e6uipment necessary for effective automatic operation can also be added to the scope of delivery* In situations where the best solution is not easily determined $ahlmans extensive experience can always find the definitive technical and economic solution* Dah,4an a"t 4atic fi,te+ #!#te4# are mostly used when! NR Relatively high dirt loads are present in the feed NJ /ontinuous filtration is re6uired NQ 2he system operates at high temperature NN 2he product is hazardous toxic or carcinogenic NF +nvironmental or ergonomic regulations apply .utomatic systems can be provided with various filter elements* $irect filtration at a I*J micron absolute rating is possible using porous sintered stainless steel filters* $ahlman +tched $isc #ilters can handle special applications* 2he systems are regenerated using high pressures* 2his technology has been specifically developed and proven by $ahlman in amine filtration applications at many refineries* 2he range of filtering media in automatic filter systems can include! NH &orous sintered stainless steel NE #ilter fabric seamless woven NT +tched discs NS Wedge wire tubes FI $ual media e*g* sand anthracite graphite

FR &olypropylene candles #or every application $ahlman can assist you by this selection process and supply you with the very best and most economical filter internals* C nt+ , 2he controllability of automatic filter systems is always tailored to the plants specific re6uirements* /ontrol via local control cabinet with a &8/ or by the $/3 systems can be incorporated* .ll our systems are supplied with se6uence charts narratives and software* 2he advantage of automatic filter systems is that we will perform a thorough chec, on the operation before delivery or start%up* 2his can be done by means of a functional test or a factory acceptance test* 2hat way the systems are delivered according to the re6uirements and performance guarantees can be given* Benefit# .dvantages of $ahlman automatic filter systems! FJ #ully closed filter systems: no operator contact with the product FQ #ully automatic control and operation: no operator involvement FN @o moving parts: almost maintenance%free FF &rocess guarantee: laboratory%or field test%proven FH 3hop%fabricated and delivered as a pac,age: reduction of field installation costs FE Regeneration by gas steam or li6uid: flexibility FT 3everal automatic systems for different applications FS $ual media filters HI 3ystems designed with sand anthracite and graphite filter media which are fluidised during bac,washing* 2hese systems are generally used in water applications* +fficiencies of up to STG at J microns can be achieved* HR Gas%assisted bac,flush filters >)sed with various filter media such as sintered metal etched discs and several fabric types* $ahlamn has considerable experience of these filter systems both in polishing filtration applications and in ca,e filtration* 3ome systems are designed to provide dry%ca,e discharge while others are executed with decanting vessels*? HJ High%pressure bag filters >2o clean gases from dust $ahlman designs and manufactures reverse -et bag filters used in several >petro%?chemical processes*

#abrics and sintered metal are used as the filter medium depending on your specific process* $ahlman specialises in high%pressure gas filters and has been very successful in supplying these for olefin plants and catalyst filtration* ? S 4e a00,icati n# Cil refining .mine #// slurry oil Heavy co,er gas oils Gas processing plants >&etro?chemicals Cleochemicals &olymers #ibres 3peciality chemicals Cil and gas 3eawater #uel gas Reverse osmosis $e%aeration

$ahlman Industrial Group 0*7* &*C* 0ox NQT @8 QRNI .M "aassluis @oordzee T @8 QRNN $0 "aassluis &hone! YQR%>I?RI FSS RR RR #ax! YQR%>I?RI FSS RR II +%mail! dahlmanbdahlman*nl Internet ! www*dahlamn*nl

2. What i# K h!d+ c+ac/ing $ L Hydrocrac,ing is a type of chemical plant designed to remove sulphur >c desulphurize? and process vacuum oils produced in 2ubular 2ower $istillation >22$? installations* Hydrocrac,ing provides for increase in the extent of crude oil treatment at &M@ CR8+@ 3*.* Zto a level exceeding TI per cent of clear product yield* . hydrocrac,ing &lant comprises the following technological sections ! HQ Reactive 3ection Z where two basic reactions occur! hydrodesulphurisation and hydrocrac,ing both are strongly exothermic reactions ta,ing place in the presence of the catalyst agent in a hydrogen atmosphere under pressure of approximately RF "&a and temperature of some NII o/* Intensifying the output and modernizing the Hydrocrac,ing &lant was possible through delivery and application by )niversal Cil &roducts )3. of the most modern catalyst agents available in the mar,et! the nic,el%tungsten hydrocrac,ing catalyst and the nic,el% molybdenum desulphurising catalyst: HN $efractionalisation 3ection Zwhere extraction of dry gase li6uid gases m petroleum fractions gas and heating oil fractions and hydrocrac,ing residuals

ta,e place: HF .mine Wash section Z where li6uid gases and hydrogen gases are desulphurised* 2he following are Hydrocrac,ing &roducts used as sulphur%free fuel components or stoc, for further processing! HH Hydrogen gases Z hydrogen and light hydrocarbons >mostly methane? HE 8i6uid gases Z hydrocarbons such as propane%butane with applications including compounding of commercial li6uid gases: HT 8ight petrol Z hydrocarbons with boiling range up to TFo/ used as a stoc, for isomerisation or compounding of petrols: HS @aphta Z hydrocarbons with boiling range between EFo / and RTIo/ used as a stoc, for catalytic reforming or compounding petrols: EI Merosene fractions Z hydrocarbons with boiling range between RFIo/ and QIIo used as component of gas oil or aviation fuel: ER 8ight gas oil Z hydrocarbons with boiling range between REIo/ and QQIo/ used as a component of high%6uality diesel oil: EJ Heavy gas oil Z Hydrocarbons with boiling range between JFIo/ and QEIo/ used as a valuable component of diesel oil: EQ Hydrocrac,ing residuals Z hydrocarbons with boiling range above QHFo/ used as high%6uality stoc, for catalytic crac,ing or pyrolysis 3ummary of the hydrocrac,ing plant modernization and intensification &rocessing results capacity from J H million to Q N million tons per year to R JQI III tons per year

rising 2wo%fold increase in from HNI III tons production of sulphur%

free diesel >gas? oil Increase in production 0y more than JIII III tons per year of desulphurised stoc, for #MM installations Reduction of national 0y approximately JR III tons yearly sulphur dioxide

atmospheric emissions Hydrocrac,ing plant after modernization 2otal capacity 8i6uid gas 8ight petrol @aphta Merosene fractions 8ight gas oil Heavy gas oil Hydrocrac,ing residuals Q NII III tons per year FI III tons per year HF III tons per year FJI III tons per year JFI III tons per year SNI III tons per year JTI III tons per year R JFI III tons per year

1a*s !ith !ords

1. .n antonym is a word that means the opposite of another* #or example the opposite of short is long the opposite of old is young* /omplete the following sentences with one suitable word meaning the opposite of the word in capital letters! a. 4ac, much prefers being +"&8CB+$ to being *DD**D* b. .lex did a number of 2+"&CR.RB -obs before he managed to find a DD**D** position* c. 2he first shop he opened was a big success but the second was a total DD**D** d. "any people would rather wor, DDDD*than #)88%2I"+* e. 2he management said salaries had I@/R+.3+$ but official reports showed that as a matter of fact they had *DDDD* 2. W +d #et#. 2ry to thin, of the word time* @ow thin, of words connected to time* In this way you may create a word set which may include among other words! day# month# year# century# year# etc* @ow complete the following sentences with one appropriate word connected with the sub-ect of money! a. 2hey refused to accept a che6ue so I had to pay in DDD**** b. When she started with the company her DDDD* was only _III a year* @ow its at least four times that* c. When "r "ichael retired he received a *DDDD of _II a month*

d. &ierre is very worried because he is in DDD**** nobody will lend him any money* e. If you want a new car why not go and see your ban, manager about a DDD**** Here is a list of words and expressions to do with money* )se your dictionary and divide them into the following categories! %borrowing money: saving and investing money: having a personal ban, account* 3ometimes the same word will fit different categories! %to withdraw money: a building society: a current account: a che6ue card: a mortgage: to cash a che6ue: to buy shares in a company: the 3toc, "ar,et: to put money in: a monthly statement: a deposit account: to earn RFG interest*

(rammar 0e&erence
The !on"#nction
/on-unctions -oin words phrases and clauses! 3e slipped and !ell on the !loor" Please watch my baggage while I buy my train tic&et*

!oordinating !on"#nctions
EN /oordinating con-unctions -oin units that are e6ual grammatically > have the same function in the sentence?! 3e slipped and !ell on the !loor* >And -oins two verbs? 3e moved 6uic&ly but 6uietly" >/ut -oins two adverbs? EF /on-unctions both"""and# not only""" Bbut alsoC# either"""or# neither"""nor ma,e the connection more intense* 2hey are also called correlative con-unctions! /oth Aisa and I will go to the party" ,either money nor power can ma&e him happy"

$#%ordinating !on"#nctions
EH 3ubordinating con-unctions -oin elements of une6ual ran,* Here are some common subordinating con-unctions! a!ter# although# as# as much as# because# be!ore# how# i!# since# that# unless# what# when# where# who# whom She never saw him a!ter he le!t town"

She has been very ill since her operation"

!ontrolled Practice
/omplete each sentence with an appropriate coordinate or subordinate con-unction! . -ourney to the @ational &ar,s of the )nited 3tates is a rare and unforgettable wal, on the wild side* It is to feel once more the power of the old myths to once again ,now that the land is the cradle of life a. DDD* nature is the hand setting b. DDD craddle endlessly roc,ing* 2o the west on the Clympic &eninsula is the brooding primordial coastline of Clympic @ational &ar,* 2he great roc,s rising from the sea were once a part of the landmass* c* DD** the relentless sea chiseled away the softer stone creating the haunting monoliths rising from the tides* .long this coast and beyond into the Clympic "ountains is one of the most diverse wilderness areas in @orth .merica* Within the par, are alpine meadows ma-estic white%robed pea,s d. DD** some sixty active glaciers slow%sliding their relentless way down from the heights* Cn the western slopes of the mountains there is a remar,able rainforest* In Wyoming are the rugged ma-estic battlements and spires of the 2eton "ountains* e. DD** most mountain ranges the 2etons have no foothills* 2hey rise dramatically to a height of almost RN III feet* .lthough relatively small the /olorado River must surely be the most powerful river of them all* #or the /olorado River carved the Grand /anyon* 2o travel from one end of the canyon to the other would be a -ourney of JEE serpentine miles* 3ometimes the walls of the canyon are less than a half mile wide* #ar to the south and the east of the /olorado are the gentle waters of f. DD** may be the most unusual river in the world* 2he 3eminoles called it d&a%hay%o,ee d g. DD** dGrassy Water*d Here is the central feature of +verglades @ational &ar,* . river that is RII miles long FI miles wide and averages only H inches deep* 3lowly flowing through the entire southern reaches of the #lorida &eninsula the +verglades teems with an extraordinary variety of life* Within its labyrinth of cypress swamps hammoc,s islands and hyacinth pools live more than QFI species of birds* 3ea* "ountain* River* +ach has had a powerful impact on human experience* h. DD** perhaps the most ancient influence has been the forest* Within the @ational &ar,s of

@orth .merica there are vast reaches of forest* Cn the slopes of the 3ierra @evada the giant se6uoias are the survivors of a forest realm that has endured for millennia* 3ome of these patriarchs have stood for more than JIII years* 2hey are the largest living things on earth* #ar to the east there is a more gentle forest* In the ancient mountains of southern .ppalachia in 3henandoah @ational &ar, i. DD** in Great 3mo,y "ountains @ational &ar, are seemingly endless groves of oa, hic,ory maple and other hardwoods* 2o wal, these cool serene vaulted byways is to feel an intimacy with nature rarely found in this modern world where man and nature are too often strangers* 2hese are softer mountains laying comfortably on the earth as if sleeping within their counterpanes of mist* 2he /hero,ee called these woodlands d2he &lace of 0lue 3mo,e*d 0ryce /anyon seems li,e an enchanted city built by mythical giants long departed* 2here are castles and whimsical s,ylines arches minarets towers all cut from stone by the delicate j. DD** powerful hand of water time and wind* 3ome of the walls are HII feet long and JII feet high* Within the avenues of the city are magnificent silent shapes /. DDD seem to have once been alive* +ighty miles west of 0ryce /anyon are the massive walls and towers of ^ion @ational &ar,* ,. DD** the formations of 0ryce are delicately carved the temples of ^ion seem to have been hac,ed from the earth with bold powerful stro,es* 7ertical canyon walls rise thousands of feet from the valley floor* 4. DD*RESN n. DD**/aptain George 7ancouver first explored these shores the glacier has receded more than EF miles* @o longer shrouded in ice the bay is a theater where one of naturees most spectacular dramas is performed* Here is where glaciers come to die* 2he lands and landscapes of Bosemite are a ban6uet for the eye . DD**for the soul* Here within the valley and in the high country are stone cliffs towering taller than anything man has made* Waterfalls dance in the heights li,e angels in lace and then fall thundering through the sunlight into the lap of the valley* Here are glacial la,es and alpine meadows and streams of li6uid crystal* .mong the marvels of Bosemite are two so powerful they will dwell in the eye of the mind forever*

Te#t
/hoose the best variant! 1. I went to DD** cinema last night* A. %: B. the: C. a: D. an* 2. He would have helped you if he DDD A. had been able to: B. could: C. has been able to: D. wanted* 3. If it DDD tomorrow well postpone our businees trip* A. rained: B. rains: C. will rain: D. had rained* 4. If I DDD* in your place I would gladly acept his invitation* A. was: B. had been: C. were: D. has been* 5. Cn DD** one hand I would li,e to start such a pro-ect on DDD other I thin, I shant have the time to finish it* A. the5 a: B. the5 the: C. %: %: D. a5 the* =. I saw smo,e DDD through the door of DD** chemistry laboratory* A. come5 the: B. come5 %: C. coming5 %: D. coming5 the* 7. Have you DD** finished your homewor, DDD? A. %5 yet: B. -ust5 %: C. already5 %: D. %5 already* >. DDD the truth I would have told it to you* A. Have I ,nown: B. $id I ,now: C. Had I ,nown: D. 3hould I ,now* ?. I couldnt ma,e DDD a story so I had to tell them the truth* A. up: B. in: C. out: D. of* 1@. DD** had I entered the door DD** the phone started to ring* A. Hardly5 when: B. scarcely5 then: C. hardly5 than: D. hard5 when* 11. @o sooner DD** on that drilling rig when he DDD* promoted* A. had he moved5 has been: B. had he moved5 was: C. was he moved5 was: D. he had moved5 was* 12. 2he doctor DD** several hours ago* A. has been sent for: B. had been sent for: C. was sent for: D. was being sent for* 13. In case you DDD my advice call me at this number* A. will need: B. need: C. has needed: D. needed*

14. $o you thin, we DDD call him so late? A. should: B. need: C. had to: D. must* 15. 2he paper addresses a basic 6uestionDD** How can we ta,e steps needed to protect the environment? A.

* D B. .D C. 2D D. 9 .

1=. 3he too, the liberty DDD it in her own way* A. of doing: B. to do: C. of to do: D. to doing* 17. 3he spo,eDDD A. extreme loud: B. extremely loud: C. extremely loudly: D. extreme loudly* 1>. He was loo,ing at me as if he DDD that easy e6uation* A. didnt understand: B. hasnt understood: C. hadnt understood: D. understood* An#<e+ /e!* 1. 0: 2. .: 3. 0: 4. /: 5. 0: =. $*: 7. .: >. /: ?. .*: 1@. .: 11. 0: 12. /: 13. 0*: 14. .*: 15. .: 1=. .: 17. 0: 1>. /* R point Y I FI points per each good answer

E-a,"ati n
1. What have you learnt from this boo,?

-KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 2. What did you en-oy about it?

-KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 3. What didnt you en-oy about it?

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KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 4. Write down two or three recommendations or suggestions for doing it differently*

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KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

A00endiC 1
&++eg",a+ -e+b# 0ase form to be to beat &ast 3imple was5were beat &ast &articiple been beaten 2ranslation a fi a bate a lovi to become to bend to begin to bid became bent began bid bade to bind bound become bent begun bid bidden bound a =nvinge a deveni a >se? =ndoi a =ncepe a ordona a porunci a oferi a uni a lega to blow blew blown a obliga a sufla a to brea, bro,e bro,en arde >fuzibilul unei sigurane: a sparge a rupe a sf;r<ma a concasa to bring to build to burn brought built burnt brought built burnt a degrada a aduce a produce a cl;di a construi a arde a calcina to burst burst burst a ataca a izbucni a exploda

to buy to cast to catch

bought cast caught

bought cast caught

a cr;pa a cump;ra a arunca a turna a prinde a capta a bloca a colecta a selecta a alege a >se? despica a >se? scinda a separa a veni a a-unge a costa a >se? t<r= a aluneca a se alungi a t;ia a fasona a seciona a opri >un motor? a se ocupa >cu? a contracta a distribui a repartiza a s;pa a excava a explora a face a desena a schia a atrage a visa a bea

to choose to cleave

chose cleft clove

chosen cleft cloven come cost crept

to come cost to creep

came cost crept

to cut

cut

cut

to deal

dealt

dealt

to dig

dug

dug

to do to draw

did drew

done drawn

to dream to drin,

dreamt dran,

dreamt drun,

to drive to eat to fall to feed

drove ate fell fed

driven eaten fallen fed

a aciona a conduce a m<nca a c;dea a da la rebut a alimenta a hr;ni a aproviziona a >se? simi a combate a >se? lupta a g;si a descoperi a constata a lansa a arunca a izbucni a zbura a lansa a prevedea a interzice a uita a =nghea a refrigera a obine a primi a deveni >a a-unge? a da a acorda a transmite a aviza a preda a merge a funciona a circula a se m;ri

to feel to fight to find

felt fought found

felt fought found

to fling

flung

flung

to fly to forecast to forbid to forget to freeze to get

flew forecast forbade forgot froze got

flown forecast forbidden forgotten frozen got

to give

gave

given

to go

went

gone

to grow

grew

grown

to hang

hung

hung

a dezvolta a suspenda a ag;a a pune receptorul =n furc; a avea a auzi a ciopli a degroa a t;ia a ascunde a lovi a ciocni a izbi a ine a bloca a opri a fixa a cuprinde a r;ni a lovi a avaria a ine a reine a menine a =ntreine a =nnoda a tricota a =mbina a ti a cunoate a pune a ae"a a =ntinde a conduce a avansa

to have to hear to hew

had heard hewed

had heard hewed hewn

to hide to hit

hid hit

hidden hit

to hold

held

held

to hurt

hurt

hurt

to ,eep

,ept

,ept

to ,nit

,nit

,nit

to ,now to lay

,new laid

,nown laid

to lead

led

led

to lean

leant

leant

a comanda a =nclina a >se? apleca a se spri-ini a =nv;a a pleca a p;r;si a =mprumuta a l;sa a permite a se afla a consta =n a aprinde a pierde a fabrica a face a =nsemna a vrea sP spun; a >se? =nt<lni a intersecta a =ncrucia a pl;ti a achita a pune a ae"a a citi a c;l;ri a suna a chema >la telefon? a >se? ridica a >se? urca a r;s;ri a alerga a funciona a administra a spune a t;ia cu fer;str;ul a vedea

to learn to leave to lend to let to lie light to lose to ma,e to mean to meet

learnt left lent let lay lit lost made meant met

learnt left lent let lain lit lost made meant met

to pay to put to read to ride to ring to rise

paid put read rode rang rose

paid put read ridden rung risen

to run

ran

run

to say to saw to see

said sawed saw

said sawn seen

to see, to sell to send to set

sought sold sent set

sought sold sent set

a c;uta a cerceta a vinde a trimite a regla a a-usta a stabili a bate a scutura a vibra a t;ia a m;rgini a forfeca a arunca a difuza a v;rsa a str;luci a polisa a ar;ta a manifesta a =mpuca a filma a se contracta a freta a =nchide a c<nta a >se? scufunda a =ngropa a sta -os a dormi a aluneca a glisa a arunca a lansa a mirosi a izbi a vorbi a accelera

to sha,e

shoo,

sha,en

to shear

sheared

shorn

to shed

shed

shed

to shine to show to shoot to shrin, to shut to sing to sin, to sit to sleep to slide to sling to smell to smite to spea, to speed

shone showed shot shran, shut sang san, sat slept slid slung smelt smote spo,e sped

shone shown shot shrun, shut sung sun, sat slept slid slung smelt smitten spo,en sped

to spell to spend

spelt spent

spelt spent

a scrie liter; cu liter; a silabisi a petrece a cheltui a =ntrebuina a v;rsa a risipi a turna a cliva a scinda a despica a disocia a centrifuga a roti a presa a r;sp<ndi a acoperi a extinde a s;ri a izvor= a se arcui a sta >vertical? a rezista a suporta a fura a >se? lipi a se fixa a lovi a izbi a =nira a lega a =ncorda a se str;dui a se lupta a -ura a >se? umfla

to spill

spilt

spilt

to split

split

split

to spin

spun

spun

to spread

spread

spread

to spring

sprang

sprung

to stand

stood

stood

to steal to stic, to stri,e to string

stole stuc, struc, strung

stolen stuc, struc, strung

to strive to swear to swell

strove swore swelled

striven sworn swollen

to swim to swing

swam swung

swum swung

a crete a =nota a oscila a >se? balansa a pendula a lua a capta a necesita a preda a rupe a spune a reflecta a g<ndi a socoti c; a arunca a =mpinge a =nfige a ap;sa a =nelege a >se? trezi a purta a uza a toci a pl<nge a picura a se prelinge a c<ti$a a r;ni a stoarce a r;suci a smulge a scrie

to ta,e

too,

ta,en

to teach to tear to tell to thin,

taught tore told thought

taught torn told thought

to throw to thrust

threw thrust

thrown thrust

to understand to wa,e to wear

understood wo,e wore

understood wo,en worn

to weep

wept

wept

to win to wind to wring

won wound wrung

won wound wrung

to write

wrote

written

A00endiC 2
WO%DM1%E1OS&T&ON >sb*9 somebody: sth*9 somenthing? >brea, sth*? by accident according to >the weather forecast? to account for sth* an advertisement for sth afraid of >storms? at the age of >twenty? to agree with sb* on sth* to apply for >a -ob? appropriate for sth* to argue with sb* about sth* to arrive at >the railway station? to arrive in >+urope? as a result to as, for sth* to assist in sth* attentive at sth*5 sb* at the beginning of sth* in the beginning to be afraid of* sb*5 sth* to be at home to be aware of sth* to be bored with sth*5sb* to be careful about sth* to be fed up with sth* to be full of >energy? to be fond of sb* to be good at sth* to be in charge of sth*

to be in love with sb* to be in a mess to be interested in sth* to be impressed by sth* to be married to sb* to be on stri,e to be out of order to be patient with sb*5 sth* to be proud of sth*5 sb* to be similar to sth* to be tired of sth* to believe in sth* to belong to sb* to benefit from sth* to go by bus5 train5plane etc* in the >JI%th? century certain of sth* change for >a dollar? to come from +ngland5 Romania to compare sth* with sth* else to complain about sth* in >good5bad? condition in5 under these conditions in contrast with sth*5 sb* to cooperate with sb* to cope with sth* to deal with sth* to debate on sth* deficiency in sth*5 deficient in sth* to depend on sb*5 sth* to develop into sth*

to die of sth* to be different from sb*5sth* in the distance to distinguish sth* from sth* else to dream about sb*5sth* in the end at the end of sth* to a >certain5great? extent to fight against sb*5 sth* to fight against sb*5 sth* on a flight to >&aris? to fight against sb*5sth* to find put about sv*5 sth* to forget about sb*5sth* to get in touch with sb* to get on >well? with sb* to go out with sb* to go home to have a degree in sth* to have an interview for a -ob to invite sb* to >a party? or for >dinner? in the @orth5 3outh etc* to laugh at sb*5 sth* to listen to sth*5 sb* to live on the third5fourth floor to loo, after sb* to loo, at sth* to loo, for sth* to loo, forward to doing sth* to merge with sth* by mista,e

at the5that moment to operate on sb* to originate in sth* owing to sth* to participate in sth* to pay >_FIII? for sth* to point at sb*5 sth* to point sth* >a gun? at sb* preoccupation with sth* to rely on sb*5 sth representative of sb*5 sth* resistance to sth*5 sb* to search for sth*5 sb* to sell sth* for >_QII? to share sth* with sb* similar to sb*5 sth* to spea, to sb* about sth* to specialize in sth* to spend money on sth* a story about sth* to suffer from sth* to tal, to sb* about sth* than,s to sb*5 sth* on television to thin, about >What are you thin,ing about?? to thin, of >What do you thinf of von 8aue?? to throw sth* at sb* a tic,et for sth* in view of sth* to wait for sb*5 sth* on the way >to school?

to wor, as >a teacher? to wor, for >an organization? to worry about sth*5 sb* to write >an e%mail a letter? to sb*

)e+b# <ith Ob,igat +! 1+e0 #iti n* ABOUT! argue complain doubt fret grieve ,now say see set spea, tal, tell thin, worry write* A:TE%! aspire crave han,er hunger hunt loo, ta,e yearn* AAA&NST! clamour defend exclaim fight guard indemnify insure murmur mutter protect revolt thunder warn* AT! aim assess buy5sell >sth? at a price call drive fire a shot gaze glance ,noc, laugh moc, point puff rage re-oice repine rush shoot smile sneer stay stri,e throw wor,* BN! begin buy 5 sell >sth? by the pound etc divide finish pass profit pull swear wal,* :O%! account answer as, atone bargain call care cry die do fall fish hope lament languish leave long loo, last pay pine prepare reach sail search send sigh stand start strive ta,e wait wish* :%O(! absolve banish borrow cry derive descent differ differentiate distinguish ensue exact excerpt expect extricate flee learn manufacture obtain purchase purge receive recover refrain select spring suffer withdraw* &N! abound believe confide consist deal employ >sb? entangle hammer insert interfere paint succeed write*

&NTO! alter brea, change divide loo, merge pitch put thrust turn* O:! accuse ac6uit allow approve avail >oneself? become beware complain consist cure deprive die disapprove dispose doubt dream hear learn relieve remind spea, suspect tal, thin,* ON! act agree bet comment concentrate congratulate count depend embar, gloat inculcate insist -ar operate rely stumble tattle tell* O)E%! brood cry exult muse 6uarrel rule ruminate* TO! adapt adhere ad-ust agree allude amount announce apologise appeal aspire attach attend attest belong cling come compare complain consent correspond drin, entitle explain give go help >oneself? lead listen nod ob-ect oppose point prove refer reply resort respond return seem set >to wor,? spea, stic, subscribe succeed ta,e tend* W&T3! agree combine compare comply connect contend contrast correspond deal differ disagree do fight interfere intermeddle -oin meet >fhardships? mingle 6uarrel 6uiver reconcile rhyme shiver side sympathize tal, tremble trifle vie* U1ON! act bear call chance depend enter fall fix force frown impose insist loo, play >fones feelings? rest smile >about fate? trample*

Adjecti-e# <ith Ob,igat +! 1+e0 #iti n* .ddicted to ade6uate for >smth*? ade6uate to >smb*? adverse to affected by amazed at ambitious after annoyed at anxious about >smth*? anxious for >smb*? appalled by apprehensive of >i*e* worried about? apt for ashamed of averse to bad at beneficial to bent on busy with capabale of certain of charmed at >smth*? charmed with >smb*? clever at >mathematics? compatible with concerned about 5with concerned for >smb? connected with consistent with contended with

convenient for >smth*? convenient to >smb*? crazy about cruel to deficient in >smth*? delighted at derogatory to devoid of dexterous at diffident in disappointed at disgusted by >smth*? disgusted with >smb*? displeased at dissatisfied with doubtful of >smb*? dying for eager for5about earnest about enraged by essential for excited at5over fit for frightened at full of good at greedy of hostile to >smb*? hungry for identical to5with ignorant of

immersed in >debts? immune against immune from impolite to inade6uate for smth5to smb incensed at5with inclined to 5for inconceivable to independent of smb indignant at5with infatuate with intent on irritated at offended at opposite from parallel to paralyzed with partial to particular about pleased at smth prepared for proficient in prone to resolved on rude to secure of s,illful at5in slow at solicitous about sorry about smth sorry for smb sub-ect to

suffering from sufficient for suited to sure about smth sure of smb sympathetic to tired with true to unfit for un-ust to vexed at smth vexed with smb

A00endiC 3
7erbs which are always followed by a G+R)@$! 2he drilling engineer denied e;periencing a gusher* admit appreciat e avoid celebrate consider defer delay deny detest disli,e dispute enoy escape excuse explain find finish forgive mention mind miss pardon postpone practice prevent recall ris, suggest understand

7erbs wich are always followed by an I@#I@I2I7+! 2he regional +lectricity companies expect to earn an additional JQG profit this year* afford agree appear decide expect hope intend need offer plan pretend promise refuse seem want

7erbs which are followed by either an I@#I@I2I7+ or a G+R)@$ @owadays many countries prefer to generate4generating electricty from renewable sources of energy* begin continue prefer start

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SQ http!55ccc*commnet*edu5grammar5ad-ectives*htm SN http!55www*randomhouse*com