Overview of Schizophrenia - Group G - Powerpoint

Group Disorder Project
Overview of Schizophrenia
Group G Jason Allen, Breanna Burke, Patricia Hall, and Angela Rodriguez Salt Lake Community College
Definition of Schizophrenia
The term schizophrenia was coined in 1910 by the Swiss psychiatrist Paul Eugen Bleuler, and is derived from the Greek words schizo (split) and phren (mind). Schizophrenia is a brain disorder that affects the way a person acts, thinks, and sees the world. Many people mistakenly think of schizophrenia as a split personality. Although some schizophrenia sufferers may hear voices that they attribute to various people, this is not the same as having a split personality.
Schizophrenia.com Staff Writers, No date, Schizophrenia Website, History of Schizophrenia, Retrieved October 23, 2013 from http://www.schizophrenia.com/history.htm
There are several types of schizophrenia. Some may possibly have a number of the same symptoms. Based on the indications there are several subtypes of schizophrenia: Paranoid schizophrenia: Delusions about being penalized or victimized. In spite of this they still remain reasonably normal with their emotions, thinking, and speech. Disorganized schizophrenia: They frequently have muddled speech and are incoherent and bewildered. Normal daily activities like cooking and bathing could be interrupted frequently because they have disorganized behavior. Catatonic schizophrenia: Physical symptoms are the main characteristic of this type. They are usually unresponsive and immobile. Theyre frequently unwilling to move and extremely rigid and stiff. Some other characteristics are occasionally assuming peculiar postures, abnormal movements like grimacing, and repeating phrases or words that they just heard. There are occasions where this type of schizophrenia has the reverse effect. The person for no particular reason or outcome participates in continuous activities. Some instances could be jumping up and down continually and walking repeatedly in a straight line. In general individuals with catatonic schizophrenia alternates between inactive actions and the meaningless behaviors. Cycles such as this can cause the possibility of undernourishment, self-imposed harm, and fatigue.
WebMD. (2013). Schizophrenia Health Center. Schizophrenia: An Overview, Retrieved 10/25/2013 at http://www.webmd.com/schizophrenia/guide/mentalhealth-schizophrenia WebMD. (2013). Schizophrenia Health Center. Schizophrenia. Causes of Schizophrenia. Retrieved 10/25/2013 at http://www.webmd.com/schizophrenia/guide/schizophrenia-causes

Undifferentiated schizophrenia: If the individuals symptoms are obviously not classified by the other three subtypes then this subtype is diagnosed. Residual Schizophrenia: This is when the symptoms have reduced. Since Schizophrenia was established delusions, hallucinations, or other symptoms have decreased significantly. The existence of various negative symptoms indicates that there must still be indications of the disorder. Some of these indications could be lack of the ability to feel happiness, monotone speech, emotionless faces, vacant looks, and the apparent shortage of interest in other individuals and the world.
WebMD. (2013). Schizophrenia Health Center. Schizophrenia: An Overview, Retrieved 10/25/2013 at http://www.webmd.com/schizophrenia/guide/mental-health-schizophrenia WebMD. (2013). Schizophrenia Health Center. Schizophrenia. Causes of Schizophrenia. Retrieved 10/25/2013 at http://www.webmd.com/schizophrenia/guide/schizophrenia-causes
Causes of Schizophrenia
Genes Scientists have long known that schizophrenia runs in families. Those who have a third degree relative with schizophrenia, such as a first cousin, are twice as likely to develop schizophrenia as those in the general population. Those with a second degree relative, such as uncles or half siblings, have an incidence rate of schizophrenia two - six times than the general population. First degree relatives, parents, siblings and children, are six seventeen times more likely than of the general populace to have schizophrenia.
(Source: Gottesman, 1991)
Schizophrenia.com Staff Writers, No date, Schizophrenia Website, Heredity and the Genetics of Schizophrenia, Retrieved October 23, 2013 from http://www.schizophrenia.com/research/hereditygen.htm
Causes of Schizophrenia
Different Brain Chemistry and Structure Scientists have learned a lot about schizophrenia, but more research is needed to learn to exact causes. Listed below are some of the brain abnormalities they have found. Inside the brain, levels of dopamine and glutamate may be out of balance. The brain structures may be abnormal. The picture on the right are the brain scans of identical twins that show the fluid-filled "ventricles" can be larger in a twin with schizophrenia, compared with a twin who does not have the disorder. Activity levels can also be higher or lower than normal in some areas of the schizophrenic brain.
Louise Chang, MD , Cotober 11, 2011, A Visual Guide to Schizophrenia, Retrieved October 23, 2013 from http://www.webmd.com/schizophrenia/ss/slideshow-schizophrenia-overview
Symptoms of Schizophrenia
The
symptoms are grouped into three categorized; positive symptoms, negative symptoms and cognitive symptoms.
American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. (4th ed.). Retrieved from http://www.schizophrenia.com/diag.php Megginson Hollister, J. Schizophrenia symptoms, http://www.schizophrenia.com/diag.php
Positive Symptoms Positive symptoms are those that appear to reflect an excess or distortion of normal functions. Positive symptoms include: Delusions - firmly held erroneous beliefs due to distortions or exaggerations of reasoning and/or misinterpretations of perceptions or experiences Hallucinations -where you see, feel, taste, hear, or smell something that is not real Disorganized Speech - talking and moving from one subject to another in a way that does not make sense and include making up your own words or sounds.
Negative Symptoms Negative symptoms are difficult to evaluate because they are not as grossly abnormal as positives ones and may be caused by a variety of other factors as well. Negative symptoms include: Alogia - the lessening of speech fluency and productivity, thought to reflect slowing or blocked thoughts, and often manifested as short, empty replies to questions. Affective Flattening - the reduction in expressions such as eye contact, voice tone, and facial expressions, and includes lack of emotions. Avolition symptoms of avolition include no longer wanting to hang out with friends and family and not showing enthusiasm for something that the person was previously interested in.
Cognitive symptoms Cognitive symptoms affect concentration and memory. Unable to understand information and use it to make decisions Trouble focusing or paying attention Problems with "working memory" (the ability to use information immediately after learning it). Cognitive symptoms often make it hard to lead a normal life and earn a living. They can cause great emotional distress.
Population Affected by Schizophrenia

Statistics From Around the World According to schizophrenia.com as many as 50 million people worldwide are suffering from this disease, including; 2.2 million in the U.S. 280, 000 in Canada 250, 000 in the U.K. In countries with less reliable reporting like India and China it is estimated that 4.3-8.9 million people and 6-12 million people there are suffering from schizophrenia, respectively.
Schizophrenia facts and statistics. (2010). The Internet mental heath initiative. Retrived from: http://www.schizophrenia.com/szfacts.htm# What is schizophrenia? National Institute of Mental Health. Retrieved from: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/schizophrenia/index.shtml

Socio-economic Groups We may picture a person with Schizophrenia being homeless and poor, but it actually occurs equally across the board in any socio-economic groups Approximately 25% of people with Schizophrenia live independently 25% live with a family member 20% in supervised housing like a group home 10% in nursing homes 6% in jail or prison 5 to 6% in hospitals 6% are homeless.

Age Most people who are diagnosed with Schizophrenia start to have symptoms between ages 16 and 30 years old. It is uncommon to be diagnosed after age 45 or in children, but some childhood Schizophrenia is possible.
A typological model of schizophrenia based on age at onset. Acta Psych8atr. Scand. 89, 135-141 (1994).
History of Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia has no doubt been around for most of history-known as madness or being possessed by a demon. In the Renaissance period, in the fourteenth and fifteens century, people were burned for being evil heretics, or possessed by demons. A radical thinker, Johann Weyer, argued that maybe madness wasnt punishment from God or the Devil, but from natural causes. His theory was not accepted and the burnings continued. Emil Krapelin was the first to isolate the disorder from other psychotic disorders and classify them in a book, Compendium der Psychiatrie. Although, he thought it only occurred in young people and called it dementia praecox or dementia of early life.
Burton, N. (2012). A brief history of schizophrenia. Psychology Today. Retreived from http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/hide-and-seek/201209/brief-history-schizophrenia. History of schizophrenia. (2010). Schizophrenia.com. Retrieved from http://www.schizophrenia.com/history.htm#.
History of Schizophrenia
In
the twentieth century, Sigmund Freud influenced many psychiatrists to believe that schizophrenia was caused by childhood emotional conflicts, but in more recent years antipsychotic medications, brain imaging and genetic studies have confirmed that Schizophrenia is a disease of the brain that is treatable.
Burton, N. (2012). A brief history of schizophrenia. Psychology Today. Retreived from http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/hide-and-seek/201209/brief-history-schizophrenia. History of schizophrenia. (2010). Schizophrenia.com. Retrieved from http://www.schizophrenia.com/history.htm#.
Treatment of Schizophrenia
Antipsychotic Medications Antipsychotic medications are the most commonly prescribed medication to treat schizophrenia. These drugs can reduce symptoms such as abnormal thinking, hallucinations, and delusions in people with schizophrenia. They work by blocking certain brain chemicals. Most Common Antipsychotic Medications Aripiprazole (Abilify) Clozapine (Clozaril, Fazaclo ODT) Olanzapine (Zyprexa)
Paliperidone (Invega) Quetiapine (Seroquel) Risperidone (Risperdal) Ziprasidone (Geodon)
Mayo Clinic Staff, Jan. 27, 2012, Mayo Clinic Website, Treatment and Drugs for Schizophrenia, Retrieved October 23, 2013 from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/schizophrenia/DS00196/DSECTION=treatments-and-drugs
Medications
According the Mayo clinic website medications are the cornerstone of schizophrenia treatment. But because medications for schizophrenia can cause serious but rare side effects, people with schizophrenia may be reluctant to take them. Some side effects include drowsiness, restlessness, muscle spasms, tremor, dry mouth, or blurring of vision.
Psychosocial Treatments - These strategies are not meant
to replace medication, but can help people already stable on medication manage everyday challenges.

Social Skills Training - This focuses on improving communication and social interactions. Family Therapy - Family therapy provides support and education to families dealing with schizophrenia and so they can better understand what their loved one is going through. Vocational Rehabilitation and Supported Employment - One of the challenges that face those with this disorder is keeping a job. Vocational rehab focuses on helping people with schizophrenia find and keep jobs. Individual Therapy - Individual therapy can help people with schizophrenia learn to cope with stress and identify early warning signs of relapse to better manage their illness.
Recourses

A typological model of schizophrenia based on age at onset. Acta Psych8atr. Scand. 89, 135-141 (1994). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8178665?dopt=Abstract American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders . (4th ed.). Retrieved from http://www.schizophrenia.com/diag.php Burton, N. (2012). A brief history of schizophrenia. Psychology Today. Retreived from http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/hide-and-seek/201209/brief-history-schizophrenia. Gottesman, 1991, Schizophrenia Website, Heredity and the Genetics of Schizophrenia, Retrieved October 23, 2013 from History of schizophrenia. (2010). Schizophrenia.com. Retrieved from http://www.schizophrenia.com/history.htm#. Louise Chang, MD , Cotober 11, 2011, A Visual Guide to Schizophrenia, Retrieved October 23, 2013 from http://www.webmd.com/schizophrenia/ss/slideshow-schizophrenia-overview Megginson Hollister, J. Schizophrenia symptoms, http://www.schizophrenia.com/diag.php Mayo Clinic Staff, Jan. 27, 2012, Mayo Clinic Website, Treatment and Drugs for Schizophrenia, Retrieved October 23, 2013 from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/schizophrenia/DS00196/DSECTION=treatments-and-drugs Schizophrenia facts and statistics. (2010). The Internet mental heath initiative. Retrived from: http://www.schizophrenia.com/szfacts.htm# Schizophrenia.com Staff Writers, No date, Schizophrenia Website, Heredity and the Genetics of Schizophrenia, Retrieved October 23, 2013 from http://www.schizophrenia.com/research/hereditygen.htm Schizophrenia.com Staff Writers, No date, Schizophrenia Website, History of Schizophrenia, Retrieved October 23, 2013 from http://www.schizophrenia.com/history.htm What is schizophrenia? National Institute of Mental Health. Retrieved from: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/schizophrenia/index.shtml

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(Source: Gottesman, 1991)

Population Affected by Schizophrenia

Population Affected by Schizophrenia

Population Affected by Schizophrenia

Paliperidone (Invega) Quetiapine (Seroquel) Risperidone (Risperdal) Ziprasidone (Geodon)

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