Environmental Engineering-I

Prof. Dr. Muhammad Zulfiqar Ali Khan Engr. Muhammad Aboubakar Farooq

Department of Civil Engineering The University of Lahore

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Water Supply Pipes Valves Fire Hydrants

Water Supply Pipes

Various types of pipes are available for the purpose. Following points should be considered for selection:
I. Strength II. Carrying Capacity (size/diameter) III. Durability (life) IV. First Cost V. Jointing & Maintenance Cost VI. Type of Water to be conveyed (nature) VII. Transportation Cost

Types of Pipes
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Cast Iron Pipes Steel Pipes Ductile Pipes Galvanized Iron Pipes Concrete Pipes Asbestos Cement Pipes Polyvinyl Chlorine (PVC) Pipes
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Types of Pipes
1. Cast Iron Pipes: Most widely used for city water supplies. Average life = 100 Years Corrosion may reduce its capacity by 70%. Must be lined with cement or bitumen. C = 130 for New Pipes C = 100 for Old Pipes (for designing). Where C = Coefficient of Roughness in Hazen-William Formula.
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Types of Pipes
2. Steel Pipes: Contains Less Carbon than Cast Iron Pipes. Frequently used for TRUNK MAINS. Much Stronger and Lighter than C.I. Pipes. Cheaper than C.I. Pipes. Can not withstand Vacuum, hence collapse. Highly Susceptible to Corrosion, hence high Maintenance charges required. Average Life = 25 50 Years.
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Types of Pipes
3. Ductile Pipes: Similar to C.I. pipes except Increased Ductility (Property of a metal, of being capable to be drawn out into a wire). Ductile iron is produced by adding a controlled amount of Mg into molten iron of low Sulphur and phosphorus content. Stronger, Tougher & more Elastic than C.I. More Expensive than C.I. Pipes.
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Types of Pipes
4. Galvanized Iron (G.I.) Pipes: Produced by dipping Cast Iron pipes in Molten Zinc. In this pipe, zinc erodes and Cast iron remains same. Resistant to Corrosion. Mainly used for plumbing (Small diameter pipes).
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Types of Pipes
5. Concrete Pipes: Usual size of RCC Pipes is 400mm and above. Not subjected to corrosion. Manufactured at or near site as transportation and handling cost is high. Average Life = 75 Years. C = 138 to 152
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Types of Pipes
6. Asbestos Cement (A.C.) Pipes: Sizes = 100mm to 600mm. Average life = 30 Years Immune to actions of Acids, Salts, Soils, Corrosions. Less Cost for laying and jointing. Less pumping cost due to less friction. Lung Cancer can happen by inhaling A.C. C = 140.
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Types of Pipes
7. Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)Pipes: Mainly used for Domestic Plumbing. Easy to install and easy to handle. Cheaper in Material Cost. Weak to sustain load. Only available upto 350mm diameter size. Expected Life = 25 Years
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Valves
A device for controlling the passage of fluid through a pipe or duct, especially an automatic device which allows movement in one direction only. Valves are used to: Regulate flow Regulate pressure Cut off supply for repair purposes
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Location of Valves
Two valves at each intersection. One valve at fire hydrant. One valve for each 400m length of pipe. On average 8-valves per kilometer of main.
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Types of Valves
1. Gate Valve (Sluice Valve): It is used to shut off water supply mains for repair and generally placed at street corners where lines intersect. 2. Butterfly Valve: These are used in filter Plants and high pressure distribution system in order to shut off supply very slowly to avoid water hammer.
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Types of Valves
3. Air Relief Valve: It allows the accumulated air in the pipe to escape. It also allows the external air to enter the pipe to break the vacuum. 4. Globe Valve: (S-Shaped) They are used in the plumbing system on smaller pipes. They create a lot of head loss.
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Types of Valves
5. Check Valve: Check valve Permits water to flow in one direction only and it is used in pumping station and at apex points in pipe line. 6. Blow-off Valve: It is used to drain a line or to remove the accumulated sediments located at low points.
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Types of Valves
7. Pressure Regulating Valve: They reduce pressure automatically on down stream side to any desired magnitude. They function by using the u/s pressure to throttle the flow through an opening like in globe valve.

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Types of Valves
8. Altitude Valve: It is used to close automatically a supply line to an elevated tank when full.

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Overview of Functioning of Valves

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Fire Hydrants
Used to deliver water from the main for Fire Fighting. Should have at least two 2 hose outlets and a larger pumper outlet. A single hose stream should give 1m3/min flow. Located at street intersections 1-2m from the edge of road.
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Fire Hydrants
Outlet of the hydrant should be at least 0.5m above road surface.

Generally painted in RED Color for easy identification.

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