Trigeminal nerve

Largest cranial nerve Contains both sensory and motor fibers Exteroceptive impulses of touch, pain and thermal senses are transmitted from skin of the face and forehead, mucous membranes of the nasal cavities, oral cavities, nasal sinuses and floor of the mouth, the teeth and the anterior two thirds of the tongue Proprioceptive impulses (deep pressure and kinesthesis) are converyed from the teeth, periodontium, hard palate and temporomandibular joint receptors. The trigeminal nerve is attached to the lateral part of the pons by its two roots, motor and sensory The two roots enter the middle and cranial fossa. MAXILLARY DIVISION Transmits sensory (afferent impulses from the lower eyelid, the side of the nose, the upper lip It is sensory to all maxillary teeth and their gingivae, the mucous membrane of most of the nasal cavity, the hard and soft palate regions, part of the tonsillar region, and from the region of the pharynx near the opening of the auditory (Eustachian tube).

DIVISIONS OF THE TRIGEMINAL NERVE 1. Opthalmic nerve 2. Maxillary nerve 3. Mandibular nerve

1) In the cranial cavity the maxillary division sends a sensory branch to the dura 2) In the pterygopalatine fossa, the maxillary division gives off to two branches A. Zygomatic Nerve Branches A.1. Zygomaticofacial- sensory from the skin over the zygomatic bone A.2. Zygomaticotemporal- Sensory from the skin of the side of the forehead and the anterior part of the temporal region. B.4 Posterior Lateral nasal branches sensory over the nasal conchae B.5 Nasopalatine Branches Sensory from the mucous membrane of the lower and posterior part of the nasal septum and from the premaxillary part of the hard palate B.5 Pharyngeal branch - sensory from the mucous membrane of the nasopharynx and the area behind the auditory tube.

OPTHALMIC DIVISION The smallest of the three branches of the semilunar ganglion Its nerve fibers are sensory, or afferent, from the scalp, the skin of the forehead, the upper eyelid lining the frontal sinus, the conjunctiva of the eyeball, the lacrimal gland and the lateral angle of the eye. Transmits sensory impulses from the sclera of the eyeball and the lining of the ethmoid cells.

 Posterior Superior Alveolar Nerve * Gingival branches sensory from the buccal gingival of the upper molar region and from the mucous membrane of the cheek * Alveolar branches sensory from the maxillary molars except the mesiobuccal root of the upper first molar and their gingivae, and from the mucous membrane of the maxillary sinus. In the infraorbital canal region A. Middle superior alveolar nerve (MSAN) sensory from the maxillary bicuspids and the mesiobuccal root of the first molar; sensory from the lining of the maxillary sinus B. Anterior superior alveolar nerve (ASAN) sensory from the maxillary incisors and cuspid and from the lining of the maxillary sinus.

1. Zygomaticofacial br sensory from the skin over the zygomatic bone 2. Zygomaticotemporal br.- sensory from the skin of the side of the forehead and of the anterior part of the temporal region.

MANDIBULAR NERVE Long buccal nerve- sensory from the mucous membrane and the skin of the cheek region, sensory from the buccal gingiva of the mandibular molar region Auriculotemporal nerve- sensory from the skin and scalp over the upper part of the external ear and the side of the head up to the vertex of the skull. PHYSILOGY OF THE PERIPHERAL NERVE:
In the physiologic rest condition, concentration of sodium ion is higher extracellular which cause negative intracellular rest potential . Upon stimulation or excitation, the permeability of cell membrane increase and the extracellular sodium ion go inside the cell quickly, lead to positive intracellular potential, which is action potential or depolarization.

* Terminal branches of the face (infraorbital branches) A. Inferior palpebral branches sensory from the skin of the lower eyelid B. Lateral nasal branches sensory from the skin of the side of the nose C. Superior labial branches sensory from the skin of the upper lip

In the pterygopalatine fossa the Maxillary Division gives off two branches Zygomatic n. branches

Inferior Alveolar Nerve A. Dental branches sensory from all of the lower molar and bicuspids (mandibular) teeth and their periodontal membranes B. Mental Nerve- Sensory from the skin of the lower lip and chin regions and from the mucous membrane lining the lower lip region C. Incisive nerve sensory from incisors, cuspid teeth and their periodontal membranes