Code No: NR210402 NR

II B.Tech I Semester Supplementary Examinations, February 2007

PROBABILITY & RANDOM VARIABLES
( Common to Electronics & Communication Engineering and Electronics &
Telematics)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
?????

1. (a) Distinguish between mutually exclusive events and independent events.

(b) A letter is known to have come either from LONDON or CLIFTON. On the
postmark only the two consecutive letters ‘ON’ are legible. What is the Chance
that it came from London? Give step-by-step answer.
(c) Show that the chances of throwing six with 4,3 or 2 dice respectively are as
1:6:18.
[4+6+6]
2. The Rayleigh density function is given by

x2
f(x) = x e− /2 x≥0
= 0x < 0
(a) Prove that f (x) satisfies the properties of the p.d.f.
i. f(x)≥ 0 for all x and
R∞
ii. ∞ f (x) dx = 1
(b) Find the distribution function F (x)
(c) Find P(0.5 < x ≤ 2)
(d) Find P(0.5 ≤ x < 2).
[2+2+4+4+4]
3. (a) Prove that Rxy(τ )| <= sqrt[Rxx(0)Ryy(0)]
(b) Find the mean and characteristic function of Binomial distribution
[8+8]
4. A class of modulation signal is modulated by
Xc (t) = AX(t)Cos($c t+θ)
Where x(t) is the message signal and A Cos ($c t + θ) is the carrier. The message
Signal x(t) is modeled as a zero mean stationary random process with the autocorre-
lation function Rxx (τ ) and the PSD Gx (f ). The carrier amplitude A and frequency
$c are assumed to be constants and the initial carrier phase θ is assumed to be a
random variable uniformly distributed in the interval (−Π, Π). Further more x(t)
and θ are assumed to be independent.

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Code No: NR210402 NR
(a) Show that Xc (t) is stationary
(b) Find the PSD of Xc (t).

[8+8]

5. A Random process n(t) has a power spectral density g(f) = η/2 for α ≤ f ≤ α
Random process is passed through a low pass filter which has transfer function
H(f)=2 for −f m ≤ f ≤ fm and H(f)= 0 otherwise. Find the PSD of the waveform
at the o/p of the filter. [16]

6. (a) Explain the external noise sources of random noise.

(b) Calculate the rms noise voltage generated in a bandwidth if 15 kHz by a
resistor of 2kΩ operating at 200 c. Find the noise power over this bandwidth.
Find the noise PSD.
[8+8]

7. (a) Derive the mathematical description of noise figure.

(b) An amplifier with ga = 40dB and BN = 20KHz is found to have Nao = 10K T0
when Ti = T0 . Find Te and noise figure.
[10+6]

8. (a) Find the channel capacity of BSC as shown in figure1.

Figure 1:

P
n
(b) Show that in general H (x 1 , x 2 , ..............., x n ) ≤ H(xi )
i=1
When does the equality hold?
[8+8]

?????

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