Sinhgad Technical Education Societys SINHGAD ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING, KONDHWA (BK)-PUNE-48 UNITWISE QUESTION BANK TE(E & TC)(C)

SEM I 2013-14

DIGITAL COMMUNICATION Sub In charge: C.G.PATIL

UNIT I
Q1 (a) (b) Explain formatting and transmission of different baseband signals with the help of block diagram of digital communication system. A signal having bandwidth of 3 KHz is to be encoded using i) 8 bit PCM system ii) DM system if 10 cycles of the signal are digitized, state how many bits will be there in digitized output in each case if sampling frequency is 10 Khz. Also find bandwidth requirement in each case. What is Delta sigma modulation ? Explain the transmitter and receiver scheme of DSM. Explain the following terms with the help of neat diagrams 1. Noise performance in PCM system 2. Comparison of PCM with analog modulation Derive the expression for quantization noise and S/N ratio of PCM for uniform quantization. A binary channel with bit-rate of 56 Kbps is available for uniform PCM voice transmission having signal bandwidth of 3.4 Khz, calculate a) Sampling frequency b) No. of Bits per sample c) Quantization levels with step size d) Transmission bandwidth for 2 channels e) Signal to noise ratio What is Predictive coding? Explain LPC transmitter and receiver for speech synthesis in detail. If a sinusoidal signal m (t) =A cos m t is applied to delta modulator with step size , show that slope overload distortion will occur if A>/m Ts, where f s: 1 /T s is the sampling frequency. Derive the expression for quantization noise and S/N ratio of PCM for non sinusoidal signal. Consider a DM system designed to accommodate analog message signals limited to band-width W = 5 kHz, A sinusoidal test signal of amplitude A = 1 volt and frequency f = 1 kHz is applied to the system. The sampling rate of the system is 50 kHz. i) calculate the step size A required to minimize slope overload. [8] [8]

Q2

(a) (b)

[8] [8]

(c) Q3 (a)

[4] [8]

(b) Q4 (a)

[8] [8]

(b) Q5 (a)

[8] [8]

(b) Q6 (a)

(b) Q.7 a)

b)

Q.8

a)

b)

ii) Calculate the signal-to-(quantization) noise ratio of the system for the specified sinusoidal test signal With suitable spectral diagram prove the sampling theorem and explain aliasing effect. The signal x(t) = cos(200)t +0.25cos (700)t is sampled at a rate of 400 samples per second, waveform is then passed through an ideal low pass filter with 200 Hz bandwidth . write an expression for filter output and sketch the frequency spectrum for sampled waveform What is aperture effect? What is the effect of pulse duration on aperture effect? Justify your answer with suitable mathematical analysis. A narrowband signal has a bandwidth of 10 KHz centered on a carrier frequency of 100KHz.It is proposed to represent this signal in discrete time form by sampling its components .What is the minimum sampling rate that can be used for this representation? Justify your answer. How would you reconstruct the original narrowband signal from the sampled versions of the signal. Specify the Nyquist rate and the Nyquist interval for each of the following signals 1.g(t)=sinc (200t), 2) g(t)=sinc2 (200t), 3) g(t)=sinc (200t)+ sinc2 (200t), In natural sampling, an analog signal g(t) is multiplied by a periodic train of rectangular pulses c(t). Given that the pulse reception frequency of this periodic train is fs and the duration of each rectangular pulse is T (with fsT<<1), do the following, a) Find the spectrum of the signal s(t) that results from the use of natural sampling. You may assume that time t=0 corresponds to the midpoint of a rectangular pulse in c(t). b) Show that the original signal m(t) may be recovered exactly from its naturally sampled version, provided that the condition of Sampling Theorem is satisfied. Plot the spectrum of a PAM wave produced by the modulating signal m(t)=Am cos(2fmt) assuming a modulation frequency fm=0.25 Hz and sampling period Ts=1 sec. and pulse duration T=0.45 sec. Using an ideal reconstruction filter, plot the spectrum of the filter output. Compare this result with the output that would be obtained if there were no aperture effect.

[6] [8]

[6] [8]

[6]

[8]

[06]

UNIT II
Q1 (a) (b) (a) What is synchronizer? Explain any one type of bit synchronizer. State different functions of multiplexers. Give comparative statement for hierarchies used by AT & T & CCIT. State properties of line codes and draw waveforms for the bit sequence 1101010011 to the following and compare these line codes. 1. RZ unipolar 2.NRZ Polar 3.AMI 4. Manchester 5. RZ Polar 6.polar Quantization What is Inter Symbol Interference, explain the Ideal solution to control the ISI Prove that the performance of the Correlator and the Matched Filter are identical with the help of the suitable output expressions. State various properties of matched filter. Explain the impulse response in detail Write the functions performed by multiplexers. What are the three main categouries of multiplexers? Evaluate power spectral density of unipolar NRZ and Polar RZ. Plot the spectrum. Explain the operation of costas loop synchronization to recover the carrier Explain operation of optimum receiver What is T1 multiplexing standard for 1.Rate 2. No. of voice channels 3. Medium 4. Line code 5. Repeater spacing 6. Max. system length. 7. System BER rate. Write a note on 1. Integrate and dump filter 2. Signal to noise ratio of same Explain the need of synchronizer in digital multiplexing. Draw and explain frame synchronization. What is equalization? Explain any one type of equalization in detail. Define scrambling and explain its importance in digital communication. For the given signal S(t) S(t) a/2 -a/2 i) Determine the Impulse Response of the Matched Filter. ii) Sketch it as a function of time iii) Plot the Output of the Matched Filter as a function of Time. (b) Show that for the Matched Filter, the maximum signal component [8] occurs at t=T and has magnitude E (Signal Energy). Explain in detail the operation of the Optimum Filter [8] [8] [8]

Q2

(b) (c) Q3 (a) (b) (c) Q4 (a) (b) (a)

[8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8]

Q5

(b)

[8]

(c) Q6 (a) (b) (a)

[8] [8] [8] [8]

Q7

(c) Q8 (a)

State the various properties of the Matched Filter and explain the [8] Impulse Response in detail. Derive the expression for S/N ratio of Integrator and Dump Filter and [8] explain its operation in detail. Show that the Impulse Response of the Matched Filter is a Time [8] reversed and Delayed version of the Input Signal The Polar NRZ signal is applied to the input of the Matched Filter. The [8] Binary 1 is represented by the rectangular pulse of the amplitude A and duration T seconds and binary 0 represented by a rectangular pulse of Amplitude A and duration T. Obtain the impulse response of the Matched Filter. A scrambler is shown in figure, design the corresponding unscrambler, if a sequence is 1010110 applied to the scrambler input determine the output, also verify the unscrambler output.

(b) Q9 (a)

(b)

Mk-4 Mk-3 + +

Mk-2 Mk-1

+ x

UNIT III
Q.1 (a) Find power spectral density of Random process X (t) = A cos (2ft+) where is a random variable uniformly distributed over the range (-2 +2) State the properties of in phase and quadrature phase components of narrow band noise and explain the process of generation with PSD. [8]

(b)

[8]

Q.2

(a) (b)

Show that the autocorrelation function of a Random binary signal is a [8] triangular wave , also find the power spectral density of the same. State properties of auto-correlation function. Show that when wide [8] sense stationary process passed through a LII filter with impulse response h (t) produces constant mean-square value. Consider a pair of quadrature-modulated process X1(t) and X2(t) that are related to a wide sense stationary process X(t) as follows X1(t)=X(t)cos(2fct+ ) X2(t)=X(t)cos(2fct+ ) where f c is a carrier frequency and is a random variable uniformly distributed over the range (0.2), and is independent of X(t), find cross correlation function of X1(t) and X2(t). [8]

Q. 3

(a)

(b)

If a random process Y(t)=X(t)cos(2fct+ ), where X(t) is a WSS and [8] is a random variable uniformly distributed over the range (0, 2), then show that ( ) Sy(f) = ( )] A random process X(t) = A cos (2ft+), where A and f are constants while ' ' is a random variable with uniform pdF. i) Find mean, auto correlation function and psd of X(t). (Show that X(t) is WSS before finding psd.) ii) Find auto-correlation function by time averaging and show that time average is equal to ensemble average. [8]

Q. 4

(a)

(b)

Explain stationary random processes, non-stationary random processes, [8] and wide sense stationary processes and Ergodic processes, with help of mathematical expression. A wide sense stationary random processes X(t) is applied to input of an [8] LTI system with impulse response h(t) 3t.-2tu1t). Find the mean value of output Y(t) of system if E[X(t)]=2. Define the terms related to random processes: [8] a) Mean b) Autocorrelation c) Power spectral density

Q. 5

(a)

(b)

UNIT IV
Q1 (a) Describe the scheme to recover the baseband signals in BPSK with the help of Block diagram and Signals at the Output of each block. Also write the functional names inside the block. Describe with the help of Block diagram 16 point QAM system transmitter and receiver. Explain the working with the help of mathematical expressions. Also express the Bandwidth requirement of this system. Express mathematically and plot the Power Spectral Density of NRZ data b(t) and BPSK. Plot on the graph paper one below other with common scale. Derive the expression for the Frequency Spectrum of Binary FSK signal and plot it. Compare MSK and QPSK systems. What is Differential PSK? Draw & explain the block diagrams of DPSK Transmitter and Receiver. Give the mathematical representation of QPSK signal. Draw the Signal Space diagram of QPSK signals. Write the expression of all the message points in the diagram. What is GMSK? Explain this system in detail. With the mathematical expression and block diagram, explain the operation of Offset QPSK. Also express the band width requirement for this system. Explain with the neat Block diagram, necessary Waveforms, Constellation diagram and Band width requirement the operation of GMSK. Where it is used? Explain with the help of the block diagram, constellation diagram and the mathematical expression the Orthogonal and Non-orthogonal BFSK system. Compare in all respects QPSK and ASK. Explain the concept of the Phase Continuity in MSK. Write the mathematical expressions for M-ary PSK. Draw the PSD and Constellation diagrams, and comment on the Band width requirement for M-ary PSK. For rectangular data pulse, calculate the Second null to null Band width for i) BPSK, ii)QPSK ,iii)MSK, iv) 16 PSK and v) 16 point QAM. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using each of these methods. Compare MSK and GMSK in all respects. Explain the significance of Euclidean distance in digital communication systems. Write the expression for it in case of i) QPSK, ii) Non-orthogonal QPSK, iii) M-ary PSK, iv) M-ary FSK and v) QASK In a digital CW modulation system, the bit rate of NRZ data stream is 1 Mbps and Carrier frequency of transmitter is 100 MHz. Find the [8]

(b)

[8]

Q2

(a)

[8]

(b)

[8]

Q3

a) (b) (a)

[8] [8] [8]

Q4

Q5

(b) (a)

[8] [8]

(b)

[8]

Q6

(a)

[6]

(b) (a) Q7 (b)

[8] [6] [8]

Q8

(a)

[8]

Q9

(b) (a)

[8] [8]

(b)

[8]

symbol rate and the band width requirement for i) BPSK, ii) QPSK, iii) 16 PSK . Q10 (a) (b) For a bit stream of 1011010101, show that the MSK has the phase [8] continuity. A 4-ary PSK has the transmitted wave forms expressed as: [8] S 1(t) =A cos (2fc t+ I /2).. i=0, 1,2,3 and 0t Ts or 0t 2T b Draw its signal space diagram and find the Euclidean distance. What is the bandwidth requirement for this system?

UNIT V
Q1 (a) (b) (a) Derive the expression for error probability if BPSK signal is detected using Optimum receiver. Derive the Expression for Probability of error for i) ASK and ii) BFSK. The Binary data is transmitted using PSK at the rate of 10Mbps over the channel whose Bandwidth is 8MHz.Find the Signal Energy per bit at the receiver input for coherent BPSK and DPSK to achieve the Probability error P e 10 -4 ;Assume N o /2=10 -10 watts/Hz It is required to transmit 2.08 * 108 binary digits per seconds with P b 10 -6. Three possible schemes are considered 1) Binary, 2)16-ary ASK and 3) 16-ary PSK. The Channel Noise PSD is Sn () 10 -8 .Determine the Transmission bandwidth and the Signal Power required at receiver input in each case. [8] [8] [8]

Q2

(b)

[8]

Q3

(a)

(b) Q4 (a)

(b)

Q5

A FSK system transmits binary data at the rate of 2.5*10 -6 bits per second. During the course of the transmission, Gaussian noise with 0 mean and PSD of 10 -20 Watts/Hz is added to the signal. In the absence of the noise, the amplitude of the received sinusoidal wave for digit 1 or 0 is 1 Microvolt. Determine the average Probability of error, assuming coherent detection. Show that the probability of error of QPSK is same as that of BPSK for 1 bit duration. Binary data is transmitted using M-ary PSK at arate 2-Mbps over RF link having bandwidth 2 MHz. Find signal power required at receiver input so that bit error probability is less than or equal to 10^-5. The channel noise PSD is 10^-8 Watt/Hz. Calculate for M=16 and M=32 Given erfc(0.99996)=3.1 erfc(0.99995)=3.2 A QPSK signal is received at the input of a coherent optimal receiver with amplitude 10mV and frequency 2 MHz. the signal is corrupted with white noise PSD 10^-11 W/Hz. If data rate is 10^4 bits/sec find the probability of error for BPSK system if the local oscillator has a phase shift of /6 rad with input signal(Ref. Table 1) A system transmits binary data at a rate of 2.5*10^6 bits/sec. During the course of transmission, white Guassian noise of zero mean and power spectral density 10^-20 W/Hz is added to the signal. In the absence of noise, the amplitude of received sinusoidal wave for digit 1 or 0 is 1 mV. Detemine the average probability of symbol error for following system configuration. 1) Coherent binary FSK 2) Non coherent binary FSK 3) 16 MPSK (Ref Table 1)

[8]

[8]

[8]

[10]

Table 1 Z 2.5 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.68 3.8 4.0 4.3 4.7 5.2 Q(Z) 0.0062100 0.0025600 0.0013500 0.0006900 0.0003400 0.0001690 0.0001660 0.0000700 0.0000300 0.0000100 0.0000010 0.0000001

UNIT VI
Q1 (a) Draw the Block diagrams of the DSSS system transmitter and receiver. [8] Write the functional names inside the blocks and input output signals for each block. Draw the Block diagrams of the FHSS system transmitter and receiver. [8] Write the functional names inside the blocks and input output signals for each block. State and explain the properties of the PN sequence. What is the spread spectrum technique? How are they classified? [8] [8]

(b)

Q2

(a) (b)

Q3

(a)

Explain in detail with the relevant Block diagrams 1.Slow Frequency [8] Hopping and 2.Fast Frequency Hopping techniques for Spread Spectrum. Draw a suitable PN sequence generator and prove the properties of it and [8] sketch the Autocorrelation Function for it. Explain with the neat block diagram the transmitter and receiver of DSSS [8] using coherent BPSK. A PN sequence is generated using feedback shift registers of length [8] m=4.The Chip rate is 107chips per second. Find the following parameters 1. The Processing Gain, 2. The Chip duration of the PN sequence, 3. PN sequence period. Draw the neat circuit diagram to generate maximum length sequence using [8] linear feedback shift registers of length m=5 with the feedback taps [5, 2]. Find generated output sequence if initial contents of SR are [10000]. If the Chip rate is 107 chips/sec, calculate chip and PN sequence duration and period of output sequence. ) A fast FH/MFSK has the following parameters No. of bits/MFSK symbol=4; No. of MFSK symbols/hop=4; Calculate the processing gain of the system. Compare in all respects i) CDMA , ii) TDMA. & iii) FDMA [8]

(b)

Q4

(a)

(b)

Q5

(a)

(b)

Q6

(a)

[8]

(b) Q7 (a) (b) Q8 (a)

What do you mean by Propagation effect of the Channel? Discuss it in [8] detail with respect to the Wireless Communication. What is meant by Multiple Access? Explain in depth the Wireless CDMA. [8]

Derive the Free Space Propagation model (Friss Equation) for the Radio [8] Link. What is the Diversity Concept? Draw and explain the block diagram of the [8] Space diversity technique. Also state the other types of Diversity

Q9

(a)

Techniques. Explain in detail the following terms in relation with the Mobile [8] Communications 1. Cells; 2.Cluster; 3.Frequency reuse; 4. Cell splitting. Compare in all respects the Two widely used Wireless Communication [8] systems i.e.1.GSM and 2.IS-95. Explain in detail the Satellite System Power budget analysis. [8] A digital satellite communication link with the uplink frequency 30 GHz, [8] transmits the data of 1.0 Mbps. Down link Eb/No =20dB.The net uplink losses =211.5 dB. Determine the antenna diameter for transmitting earth station to get overall Eb/No = 17 dB in optimal configuration. Assume the following parameters 1. Transmitting amplifier O/P=200mW 2. Antenna efficiency=60% 3. Satellite receiver antenna gain=45dB 4. Satellite receiver noise power density=-169dBm/Hz. Write a short note on Adaptive Antenna arrays for Wireless [8] Communication.

Q10

(a)

Q11

(b) (a)

(b)