Code No: R050210104 Set No.

1
II B.Tech I Semester Supplementary Examinations, February 2007
FLUID MECHANICS
(Civil Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
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1. (a) Explain the phenomenon of Capillarity. Obtain an expression for capillary

rise of a liquid.
(b) A pressure gauge is fitted at the bottom of a closed vessel to which a simple
manometer is also fitted as shown in figure Determine the reading indicated
by the pressurge gauge if manometric liquid is mercury. (figure1) [8+8]

Figure 1:

2. (a) What do you mean by Hydrostatic pressure.

(b) Define Total pressure and centre of pressure
(c) A circular plate 2.5m in diameter is submerged in water as shown in figure
2. Its greatest and least depths below free surface of water are 3m and 2m
respectively. Find
i. Total pressure on front face of the plate and
ii. the position of centre of pressure [3+4+9]

3. (a) Describe briefly different methods of drawing flow nets.

(b) The velocity vector in an incompressible flow is given by V = (6xt + yz 2 )i +
(3t + xy 2 )j + (xy − 2xyz − 6tz)K
i. Verify whether the continuity equation is satisfied

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Code No: R050210104 Set No. 1

Figure 2:

ii. Determine the acceleration vector at point A (1,1,1) at t = 1.0 [8+8]

4. (a) Define potential head, velocity head and datum head.

(b) List out the assumptions and limitations of Bernoullis equation.
(c) 360 liters per second of water is flowing in a pipe. The pipe is bent by 1200
The diameters at the inlet and outlet of the bend being 360 mm 240 mm
respectively and volume of the bend is 0.14m3 . The pressure at the entrance
is 72KN/m2 and the exit is 2.4m above the entrance section. [3+3+10]

5. (a) What are the boundary conditions that must be satisfied by a given velocity
profile in laminar boundary layer flows.
(b) Describe von-karman momentum integral equation.
(c) A smooth flat plate of length 5m and width 2m is moving with a velocity
of 4m/sec in stationary air of density as 1.25KG/m3 and kinematic viscosity
1.5 × 10−5 m2 / sec Determine thickness of the boundary layer at the trailing
edge of the smooth plate. Find the total drag on one side of the plate assuming
that the boundary layer is turbulent from the very beginning. [8+8]

6. (a) Derive the expressions for discharge per unit width and shear stress for flow of
viscous fluid between two parallel plates when one plate is moving and other
at rest.
(b) Two parallel plates kept 75 mm apart have laminar flow of glycerin between
them with a maximum velocity of 1 m/sec. Calculate the difference in pressure
between two points 25 m apart and the velocity gradients at the plates and
velocity at 15 mm from the plate. Take viscosity of glycerine as 8.35 poise.
[8+8]

7. (a) Derive the Darcy - Weisbach equation for friction head loss in a pipe .
(b) Water is flowing through a horizantal pipe line 1500m long and 200 mm in
diameter. Pressures at the two ends of the pipe line are respectively 12 kpa
and 2 kpa. If f = 0.015, determine the discharge through the pipe in litres per
minute. Consider only frictional loss. [8+8]

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Code No: R050210104 Set No. 1
8. (a) Define coefficient of discharge, coefficient of contraction and coefficient of ve-
locity. What is the relation among them.
(b) Derive the formula for velocity of flow through an orifice.
(c) A 4cm diameter orifice in the vertical side of a tank discharges water. The
water surface in the tank is at a constant level of 2m above the center of the
orifice. If the head loss in the orifice is 0.2 m and the coefficient of contraction
can be assumed to be 0.63 estimate
i. the values of the coefficient of velocity and coefficient of discharge
ii. the discharge through orifice and
iii. location of point of impact of the jet on a horizontal plane located 0.5 m
below the center of orifice. [6+4+6]

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Code No: R050210104 Set No. 2
II B.Tech I Semester Supplementary Examinations, February 2007
FLUID MECHANICS
(Civil Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆

1. (a) Distinguish between

i. Specific weight and specific volume
ii. Density and Relative Density
iii. Adhesion and cohesion
iv. Dynamic and Kinematic viscosities
(b) An object having an area of 1.2m2 is sliding down an inclined plane at 400 to
the horizontal with a velocity of 0.42m/sec. There is a thin film of fluid 2.2
mm thick between the sliding object and the plane. If the weight of the object
is given by 320 N, find the viscosity of the fluid. [8+8]
2. (a) Explain how you would find the resultant pressure on a curved surface im-
mersed in a liquid.
(b) A plane area in the form of a right angle triangle of height ‘h’ is immersed
vertically in water with its vertex at the water surface. Calculate the total
force on one side of the triangular plane and the location of centre of pressure.
[8+8]
3. (a) Describe briefly different methods of drawing flow nets.
(b) The velocity vector in an incompressible flow is given by V = (6xt + yz 2 )i +
(3t + xy 2 )j + (xy − 2xyz − 6tz)K
i. Verify whether the continuity equation is satisfied
ii. Determine the acceleration vector at point A (1,1,1) at t = 1.0 [8+8]

4. (a) Starting with Eulers equation of motion along stream line, obtain Bernoullis
equation by its integration. List all the assumptions made.
(b) A pipe line carrying oil ( specific gravity 0.8) changes in diameter from 300
mm at section 1 to 600 mm diameter at section 2 which is 5 m at higher level.
If the pressures at section 1 and 2 are 100kN/m2 and 60KN/m2 respectively
and the discharge is 300 lit/sec, determine
i. loss of head and
ii. Direction of flow. [7+9]
5. (a) Explain why the boundary shear stress in a turbulent boundary layer is more
than in a laminar boundary layer for the same Reynolds number.
(b) Explain clearly the concepts of displacement and momentum thickness of a
boundary layer.

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Code No: R050210104 Set No. 2
(c) A thin plate is moving in still atmospheric air at a velocity of 4 m/ sec. The
length of plate is 0.5 m and width 0.4m calculate
i. thickness of boundary layer at the end of the plate and
ii. drag force on one side of the plate. Take density of air as 12.5kg/m3 and
kinematics viscosity as 0.15 stokes. [4+3+9]

6. (a) Derive Hagen poiseuille equation and state the assumptions made.
(b) A fluid of viscosity 0.5 poise and specific gravity 1.2 is flowing through a
circular pipe of diameter 10 cm. The maximum shear stress at the pipe wall is
given as 147.15 N/m2 Find pressure gradient, average velocity and Reynolds
number of the flow. [8+8]

7. (a) Drive an expression for head loss due to sudden enlargement of a pipe.
(b) An oil of specific gravity 0.85 and viscosity 5CP flows through a pipe of di-
ameter 400 mm at the rate of 50 lit/sec. Find the head lost in friction in this
pipe of length 1000 km. Assume that f = 0.079/RN where RN is Reynolds
Number.
[8+8]

8. (a) What is meant by an orifice. Give the complete classification of orifices.

(b) What is vena contract. Explain.
(c) Water issues from an orifice 80 mm diameter under a head of 10m. Determine
the velocity of the jet of water and discharge through the orifice. Also calculate
coefficient of contraction. Take Cd = 0.6 and CV = 0.9. [6+2+8]

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Code No: R050210104 Set No. 3
II B.Tech I Semester Supplementary Examinations, February 2007
FLUID MECHANICS
(Civil Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆

1. (a) Explain the phenomena surface Tension and capillarity. [4+4]

(b) Two coaxial cylinders 12cm and 11.80cm in diameter and 3.5cm high have
both their ends open and have a viscous liquid filled in between. A torque
of 1.3N.m is produced on the inner cylinder when the outer one rotates at
80RPM. Determine the coefficient of viscosity of the liquid. [8]

2. (a) Prove that the total pressure exerted by a static liquid on an inclined plane
submerged surface is same as the force exerted on a vertical plane surface as
long as the depth of centre of gravity of the surface is unaltered.
(b) Determine the horizontal and vertical components of total pressure due to
water on a tainter gate shown in figure 1. Width of gate is 4m. [8+8]

Figure 1:

3. (a) Explain one, two and three dimensional flows.

(b) What is a stream tube, what are its characteristics?
(c) Given the following two dimensional velocity field U = 3 by + 4 ax and V =
3bx 4ay Evaluate the stream and velocity potential functions. [3+4+9]

4. (a) What is a flow net. Draw a typical flow net and explain its applications. What
are the limitations of flow nets.

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Code No: R050210104 Set No. 3
(b) A pipe 50 cm in diameter branches into two pipes of diameters 25 cm and 20
cm respectively as shown in figure 2. It the average velocity in 50 cm diameter
pipe is 4m/sec find
i. Discharge through 50 cm diameter pipe and
ii. velocity in 20 cm diameter pipe if the average velocity in 25 cm pipe is 3
m/sec [8+8]

Figure 2:

5. (a) Explain how laminar and turbulent boundary layers are formed and distinguish
between their characteristics.
(b) A thin flat plate measuring 75 cm × 25 cm is exposed parallel to a stream of
water of uniform velocity 1.2 m/sec. The flow takes place parallel to 25 cm side
of the plate. If the kinematic viscosity of water is 1.1 centistokes, determine
the maximum boundary layer thickness, shearing stress at the trailing edge
and the drag an both sides of the plate. [8+8]

6. (a) Draw a neat sketch of Reynolds apparatus and explain how the laminar flow
can be demonstrated with the help of the apparatus.
(b) Two parallel plates kept 100 mm apart have laminar flow of oil between them
with a maximum velocity of 1.5 m/sec. Calculate discharge per metre width,
shear stress at the plates and the difference in pressure between two points
20m apart. Assume viscosity of oil to be 24.5 poise. [8+8]

7. (a) Define major energy loss and minor energy loss.

(b) Briefly explain Hydraulic Gradient Line and total energy Line.
(c) The rate of flow of water through a horizontal pipe is 0.3 m3 /sec. The di-
ameter of the pipe is suddenly enlarged from 25 cm to 50 cm. The pressure
intensity in the smaller pipe is 1.4 kgf/cm2 . Determine loss of head due to
sudden enlargement, pressure intensity in the large pipe and power lost due
to enlargement. [4+4+8]

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Code No: R050210104 Set No. 3
8. (a) Describe the principle and working of orifice meter with the help of a neat
sketch.
(b) In a calibration test of an orifice meter of with orifice diameter 4 cm is inserted
in a pipe of 10 cm diameter. The mercury differential U-gauge connected to
the meter gives a reading of 38 cm when 7.5 lit/sec of water flows through the
meter. Compute the coefficient of discharge. [8+8]

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Code No: R050210104 Set No. 4
II B.Tech I Semester Supplementary Examinations, February 2007
FLUID MECHANICS
(Civil Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆

1. (a) Explain the phenomena surface Tension and capillarity. [4+4]

(b) Two coaxial cylinders 12cm and 11.80cm in diameter and 3.5cm high have
both their ends open and have a viscous liquid filled in between. A torque
of 1.3N.m is produced on the inner cylinder when the outer one rotates at
80RPM. Determine the coefficient of viscosity of the liquid. [8]
2. (a) What do you mean by Hydrostatic pressure.
(b) Define Total pressure and centre of pressure
(c) A circular plate 2.5m in diameter is submerged in water as shown in figure
1. Its greatest and least depths below free surface of water are 3m and 2m
respectively. Find
i. Total pressure on front face of the plate and
ii. the position of centre of pressure [3+4+9]

Figure 1:

3. (a) Explain one, two and three dimensional flows.

(b) What is a stream tube, what are its characteristics?
(c) Given the following two dimensional velocity field U = 3 by + 4 ax and V =
3bx 4ay Evaluate the stream and velocity potential functions. [3+4+9]
4. (a) State and derive Bernoullis theorem, mentioning clearly the assumptions un-
derlying it.
(b) A 450 reducing bend is connected in a pipe line, the diameters at the inlet
and outlet of the bend being 40 cm and 20 cm respectively. Find the force
exerted by water on the bend if the intensity of pressure at inlet of bend is
21.58N/cm2 . The rate of flow of water is 500 lit/ sec. [8+8]

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Code No: R050210104 Set No. 4
5. (a) Distinguish between
i. Bluff bodies and stream lined bodies
ii. Skin friction Drag and form Drag
iii. Profile Drag and deformation Drag
iv. Circulation and lift.
(b) Calculate Reynolds number and the over turning moment ( assuming the drag
to be acting at mid height) at the base of a smoke chimney of height 25m and
diameter 1.5m in a gale of speed of 200 kmph. CD = 0.34 specific weight of
air =11.8N/m3 and viscosity of air is 0.00018 poise. [8+8]

6. (a) What are the differences between laminar and turbulent flows
(b) What factors account for the loss of energy in laminar flow. How does the
energy loss vary with velocity of flow.
(c) Oil of relative density 0.92 and dynamic viscosity 1.05 poise flows between
two fixed parallel plates kept 1.2 cm apart. If the mean velocity is 1.4 m/sec,
calculate the maximum velocity, boundary shear stress and head loss in a
distance of 25m. [4+4+8]

7. (a) Drive an expression for head loss due to sudden enlargement of a pipe.
(b) An oil of specific gravity 0.85 and viscosity 5CP flows through a pipe of di-
ameter 400 mm at the rate of 50 lit/sec. Find the head lost in friction in this
pipe of length 1000 km. Assume that f = 0.079/RN where RN is Reynolds
Number.
[8+8]

8. (a) Describe the principle and working of orifice meter with the help of a neat
sketch.
(b) In a calibration test of an orifice meter of with orifice diameter 4 cm is inserted
in a pipe of 10 cm diameter. The mercury differential U-gauge connected to
the meter gives a reading of 38 cm when 7.5 lit/sec of water flows through the
meter. Compute the coefficient of discharge. [8+8]

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