Rheology

1
An Introduction to Rheology
Basi c c onc ept s and def i ni t i ons
Rheology: defined as the science of deformation and flow
Rheometry: concerned with measurements of stress and strain of materials in
simple or complex deformation/flow geometry
Simple deformation geometries commonly studied in rheometry:
- Shear of a solid body
x
y
f
f
1
y
1
x
1
y
A
= /A f
Stress
1 1
= x /y A
Strain
Initial state
Shear deformation
1
x A
Simple flow geometries commonly studied in rheometry:
- Simple shear flow
Sh fl
u
x
1
y
f
x
y
u
x
0
1
1 1
1
x x
u du d x d
dt y dt y dy

A
= = =
Strain rate
Shear flow
2
Stress-strain rate relationships in a fluid
Fluid at rest: static pressure
f
p
p
n
f
p =
A
Pressure
p
p
p
p
Pressure at a given point in a fluid is the
same in any direction
z
x
y
Pressure is a scalar quantity (i.e. not
characterized by a vector)
d | |
Fluid in motion: Newtons law of viscosity
x
yx
du
dy
t
| |
= =
|
\ .

is understood as a shear stress in the x
direction acting on a plane perpendicular
to the y direction (called y-plane). It is
yx
t
t =0
Small t
u
Stationary plate
Set in motion
also called an x-component of shear
stress.
or as the flux of molecular x-momentum
transferred across a plane perpendicular to
the y direction in the direction of decrease
in velocity.
Large t
x
u
x
u
y
x
yx
t
3
Qui z
Interpret the physical meaning of:
y
z
u
For only 0

z
z
yz
u
du
dy
d
t
=
| |
=
|
\ .
| |
y
z
P (x,y,z)
z
z
xz
du
dx
t
| |
=
|
\ .
x
Important notes for simple shear flow:
Stationaryplate
For only 0 =
| |
=
=
|
\ .
yx xy
x
x
yx
u
du
dy
t t
t
t =0
Small t
x
u
Stationary plate
Set in motion
| |
=
|
\ .
y
xy
du
dx
t
Large t
x
x
u
y
x
4
Generalized Newtons law of viscosity
2
.
3
j
i
ij ij
u
u
i j
t k o
c
| | c
| |
= + + V
| |
c c
\ .
\ .
u
, ,
with
3
. , ,
y
x i z
i x y z
i j
u
u u u
i x y z
x y z i
=
c c
\ .
\ .
c
c c c
V = + + =
c c c c
u
Kronecker delta
0 for i j
i j x y z o
=
= =
is called dilatational viscosity, to be zero for gases

Kronecker delta
, , ,
1 for i=j
ij
i j x y z o = =
At flow boundaries for incompressible fluids and steady-state flow of

compresible fluids
0
ii
t =
Simplification of generalized Newtons law of viscosity for simple shear
flow of an incompressible fluid between two parallel plates
For incompressible fluids: . 0 V =
| |
u
Stationary plate
, , ,
Since only

0

j
i
i
x
x
yx
j
i j x y z
u
du
dy
u
u
i j
t
t
=
=
| |
=
|
\ .
c
| | c
= +
|
c c
\ .
t =0
Small t
x
u
yp
Set in motion
, , 0

yx xy
i
x
i
y
y
i x y z
y
du
dx
t t
t
t
=
\ .
=
|
=
|
=
|
\ .
Large t
x
x
u
y
x
5
Pressure
Normal viscous stress
A general summary of stresses acting on a plane for three-dimensional flow
y
xy
t
t
Shear stresses
An example: stresses acting on x-plane
Pressure: p
Normal viscous stress (x-component):
xx
z
P (x,y,z)

xx
p
t
xz
t
Shear stresses (y- and z-components):
xy
,
xz
with all viscous stresses are described by the generalized
Newtons law of viscosity
Why does pressure p not have a subscript?
x
A general summary of viscous stress components
x-components of
- normal viscous stress:
xx
y
- shear stress:
yx
,
zx
y-components of
yy
- shear stress:
xy
,
zy
z-components of
z
P (x,y,z)
zz
- shear stress:
xz
,
yz
What planes do x-components act on?
x
6
xx xy xz
p t t t | | +
|
A general summary of stress components: total stress tensor
xx xy xz
yx yy yz
zx zy zz
p
p
p
t t t
t t t
|
+
|
|
+
\ .
x-component stresses acting on

x-, y-, and z-planes
x-, y-, z-component stresses
acting on x-plane
xx xy xz
p t t t | | +
|
y
z
yx yy yz
zx zy zz
p
p
t t t
t t t
|
+
|
|
+
\ .
z
P (x,y,z)
x
Qui z
Let sum up a row in the above stress tensor. What is the physical meaning (in
the sense of stress or momentum flux) of this sum? The same question if the
sum is performed on a column of the tensor.
7
xx xy xz
p t t t | | +
|
t =0
Stationary plate
Set in motion
yx yy yz
zx zy zz
p
p
t t t
t t t
|
+
|
|
+
\ .
Small t
Large t
x
u
y
x
u
x
The only stress generated in the simple shear flow is the shear
stress, the normal stresses being pressure.
Def i ni t i on of New t oni an behavi or
The shear viscosity does not vary with shear rate.
The viscosity is constant with respect to the time of shearing
and the stress in the liquid falls to zero immediately as the
shearing is stopped.
A fluid showing any deviation from the above
behaviors is considered as a non-Newtonian fluid
8
Non-New t oni an behavi or of i nc ompr essi bl e f l ui ds
Power-law fluids in simple shear flow
Power-law model:
( ) ( )
1
with
n
K t q q

= =

K is the consistency index; n is the power-law index. This model thus has
two parameters.
( ) ( )
with K t q q
( ) ( )
1
with
n
K t q q

= =

Important note:
For n > 1: called shear thickening;
For n < 1: called shear thinning (or also called pseudoplastic);
For n =1, Newtonian ( )
K
9
Power-law fluids in the simple shear flow
Examples of power-law fluids: aqueous suspensions of solid particles
Beazley (1980)
10
Determination of model parameters
Bingham plastic fluids in simple shear flow
Bingham plastic model:
y p
t t q = +

y p
q
where
y
is the yield stress, and
p
is the plastic viscosity
11
Example of Bingham plastic fluid: cement
Determination of model parameters
Curve fitting may give different yield points depending the chosen
f g y g ff y p p g
range of shear rates
Barnes and Walters (1985)
12
Power-law fluids with a yield stress in simple shear flow
Herschel-Bulkley model:
n
y
K t t = +

y
Note that this model has three parameters, and that cannot be linearized as the
power-law or Bingham plastic model. The latter implies that curve fitting to
evaluate the model parameters is not ease.
Power-law fluids with Newtonian behavior at high shear rate
Sisko model
1 n
K q q

= +

q q
From the figure, what is the upper bound for n? How many parameters are
there in this model? Can it be easily linearized?
13
Power-law fluids with Newtonian behavior in some ranges of shear rates
Cross model:
1

1 ( )
m
q q
as
0
q q
is the time constant and m is the dimensionless exponent. Having four
parameters, Cross model can be fitted to many common non-Newtonian fluids
0
1 ( )
m
q q
+ 0
as 0 q q
Shear thinning behavior: fitting of Cross model to experimental data: (a) from Boger
(1977), (b) Mills et al. (1980), (c) Quemada (1978), (d) Whitcomb and Macosko (1978)
14
Comparison of models for shear thinning (Barnes (1989))
Be aware:
There are more models in rheological literature

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1

is called dilatational viscosity, to be zero for gases

At flow boundaries for incompressible fluids and steady-state flow of

x-component stresses acting on

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