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DEDICATION
To
His Highiit^s
Sri
the

Maharajah Aiirja

Ananda Gajapati Raj, Alanea Sultan

Bahadur of Vizi anagram
t

0. C. I, E.

May

it

please
It
Is

Tour High?iess.

fabled that
*^

when
*

the ancient demi-ffod

**-,}

of

vour
*

noble

race was

making a causeway across the sea

at

to rescue his consort

from
a few

brought hoping to advance the high enterprise, in any appreciable degree, but to show an inclination to serve. Ten years ago, when the question was engaging Vour f Tig] mess's attention
its

captivity, the faithful squirrel

die

end of

tail

grains of sand, not indeed

of saving a very helpless section of our woman-kind from a galling' type of slavery fraught with the germs of social demoralisation, an
feeble effort to arouse public opinion on the the evil in a popular drama. The success that subject by exposing attended its production on the boards, and demand for copies from

humble servant made a

various quarters, emboldened him to publish it. No one is better aware than the writer himself how great are the imperfections of the piece, and how unworthy it is of presentation to such an exalted personage and ripe scholar as Your Highness, but he has ventured
to seek

Your HIghness's indulgence,

his greatest

as

he

deems

it

the

highest

honour and
fruits

of his intellect

dedicate the permitted poor though In merit, to a Prince with whom

to

ambition

to

be

knowledge Is an absorbing passion and whose appreciative encouragement of letters, has attracted to his coiirt, stnrs of die first
literary

magnitude and Inaugurated

Literature.

a brilliant

epoch

in the history

of Tcliigu

/ have

the
it

h moiir

lo

subscribe myself

May

please Tour Highness

to

One Ever Loyal

The Ever loyal

PREFACE TO THE FUST EDITION

Under
the orders of His Highness the

Maharajah of Vizia-

h-n years a^o, of Bra!imin \nlku warring^, n,i<?;rnrn, a list was pr; pared of ih.e Viza^aparam District during iracis celebrated in the ordinary

three years.

Hie

lisi is

bv

no

means
to

exhaustive

as

the

parries

concerned were naturally averse

admitting acceptance of bridea document of great value and forms it as it is, money; but surh reached one thousand records:! of 'The numbei' interest. marriages

and

an average of three hundred and forty four at the age of five nine Ninety girls uv.re married at two and three at six at six at four three, four, thirty years, forty the babies in the last instance carrying a price of the age of one from three hundred and fifty to four hundred rupees a head.
thirtv four, giving

for the year.

Strange, as
in Ihe

sound, bargains are sometimes struck for children is a disgrace to a scandalous state of things to show n higher function than have, cannot rind Ihernture society, of moral a standard to and such high give currency up practices Until reading habits prevail among the masses, one must ideas. These look only to the stage to exert such healthy influence.
it

may

womb.

Such

considerations prompted
I

rornpos^ LnriyaMflkarn. clothed the pla\ in the spoken, dialect, not only that if is better intelligible to the public than die literary dialect, but also from a conviction that it is die proper comic diction for Telugu, Dramatic style Is, no doubt, determined to some extent by usage,
V
*

me

to

but the absence of rmv real dramatic

lltera Sure in

writer free to adopt that outward form anm'onriate for ihe prcsentat ion of his ideas.

Teingu, leaves a which he drcms most

ill

The

rnelres

in us-? in

Tclugu, with their allitCTfuive re.siririions, are incapable of imparting to language conversational ease which Is indispensable in a comedy, One or contimtily in which, as Mr. Ward remarks, lies real life. but it world be a, superfluous miffht invent new dramatic measures o
*

task, so far at least as

comedy

is

concerned,

as

prose

is

gaining

ground

all

over the world for dramatic purposes.

It has been remarked that the use of what is wrongly termed the vulgar tongue mars the dignity of a literary production, but tha, t is a peace of criticism which one need not heed at the prrneru day
VvVuU'i

the progress of

tli6

Science of Language has

c?

11

standards for judging the quality and usefulness of tongues than th<

whims of Grammarians of old

dialect contains

linguistic strata.

The Telugu literary

an inconvenient!)

many

obsolete grammatical forms,

large mass of obsolete words and arbitrary verbal contractions anc expansions which were necessitated by a system of versificatior based both on alliteration and on quantity. A license, which, nc doubt, has its own advantages of introducing Sanskrit words to ai unlimited extent has been but too eagerly availed of by poets wh<

brought glossaries into requisition, revelled in fantastic compound This i formation, and made the Telugu o literary dialect doubh dead. not the place to dilate on the question of linguistic reform; but thin
j
j
*/ *

much might
dialect a

make the Telugu literar be divested of it must great civilizing medium, and obsolete Sanskrit aud elements, superfluous brought closer to the dialect from which it be must spoken thoroughly replenished. Then
be said.
If
it is

intended to
it

is not much dialectical difference in the Telugu generally spoken ii the various parts of the Telugu country ; so a new common literar dialect can be established with comparative ease if only able writer

set

about

it

in right earnest.

Recently, I happened to read

Bmkmamuaham by Rai Bahadu

Viresalingam Pantulu Garti and found that there were some paralle passages in our plays, a thing perfectly natural considering that hi piece traversed the whole field of Brahmin marriages. But it wil be seen that these plays have little else in common, our treatmen
being essentially different. Brahmaviua/iam was meant to ,be a pun comedy of manners, while in Kanyaiulkam humour," characterization and the construction of an original and complex plot have beei

attempted

with what success,

it is

for the public to judge.

VIZIANAGRAM )
G. V. A.
1st

January 1897

PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION

my original intention to reprint the play with slight at the suggestion of my friend Mr. S. Sripivasa but alterations, for whose lyengar, literary judgments I have great respect, I recast it. In the process, it has gained considerably in size. In its present shape it is almost a new work. The first edition was marked success. The press gave it a cordial reception and hailed it as an event in the History of Telugu Literature, and men, women and children read it with interest.
It

was

The

only

exception was Maharaahopadhyaya K. Venkataratnam

Pantulu Gam who cannot stand two things in this otherwise perfect world Social Reform and Spoken Telugu. The first edition was exhausted in a few weeks, and there lias since been a constant demand for copies. I long postponed the worry of a second edition and I

be his own and There no book-seller. is publisher book-selling enterprise, and what book-reading enterprise there is, is due entirely to the exertions of that venerable body, the Board of Studies. The Christian Gospels do not speak of an eleventh Commandment "Thou shalt read ", but it is given to the Telugu Board of Studies to Command "Thou shalt read!", and straight, thousands of unfortunate young men read books that no mortal can read with profit or with
!

undertake it now only at the importunity of friends. In the Telugu country an author has generally to

pleasure.

When I wrote the play, I had no idea of publication. wrote -it to advance the cause of Social Reform and to combat
Itinerant

popular prejudice that the Telugu language was unsuited to the stage.
districts

Maharata troupes staged Hindi plays in the Telugu and made money. Local companies copied their example and audiences listened with delight to what they did not understand. The bliss of ignorance could not have been more forcibly illustrated.

little scope to vulgar stage attractions such as bad and music sham fights ; yet it sensuous flaring costumes, dances, drew crowded houses and vindicated the claims of the Vernacular.

Kanyasulkam gave

I am glad to find that Hindi plays are But on the decline the condition of the Telugu stage can, by no means, be considered to be satisfactory. There are no theatres worth the name, and no

professional actors

who

practise acting as

an

art.

There

are

not

which presents complex social many good plays either. conditions is neglected by play-wrights except for purposes of the broadest farce, and poverty of invention is manifested by the Few writers constant handling of threadbare romantic topics. of literary a level low Such display any knowledge of technique. of after wonder a for fifty years University workmanship is matter Education and domination of Western Culture, and it can be
life

Modern

attributed only to the defective teaching of English Literature in better state of things cannot, perhaps, be expected our Colleges.

until a strong sense of duty impels English tional Officers to cultivate the vernaculars.

Professors

and Educathe

The Telugu

intellect

is

also

seriously

handicapped

by

tyranny of authority of a highly artificial literary dialect, a rigid system of alliterative versifications and literary types which have long played out. I shall say a word here about the Literary Dialect.

spoken Dialect has, Srinivasa lyengar gained ground. My friend, Principal a Reform started Society among the aims recently Telugu Teaching and objects of which the cultivation of Vernacular Telugu holds a prominent place, and Mr. Yates, whose name will always be
first

Since I wrote the preface to the

edition, the

P,

T.

remembered in the Telugu districts for the introduction of rational methods of teaching into our schools, has lent weight to the movement by accepting the Presidentship of the Society.
I

cannot understand
its

how modern

writers fail to see the merits?

which elicited the admiration of foreiand its of At this moment, the best prose gners, range expression. in the language is in the Spoken Dialect. Strange as it may sound, its and owes Telugu prose origin development not to the patronage of
of Spoken, Telugu,
softness

kings or to the influence of foreign literatures, but to the of a curious Englishman who stimulated compilation
histories in the vernacular

exertions

of

local

during the early years of the last century. The Mackenzie Collections, no doubt, comprise tracts of unequal merit but for rythm, flow and directness some of them beat the best

work in the Literary Dialect; and, what is rare in Telugu literature, they reflect the mind of the people and bear impress of the times, Unconsciously possibly, Rai Bahadur K. Viresalingam Pantulu Garu rendered great service to. Telugu by issuing as the first volume of Collected voils adaptations of English acting plays and farces of

Indian

life

written in vernacular of various degrees

the choice does credit to his shrewd

common

his very best work, in fact, the public by storm. The credit of deliberately introducing the vernacular into Telugu drama in keeping with Sanskrit tradition,

volume contains

of purity and because that first his only work that took
;

sense,

belongs to

my

friend

rudriyam owes not a

I believe my play is and, certainly, it has not failed; but success or failure of individual authors is no test of the capacity of a language.

Yejoiataraya Sastri Garu whose Pratapaof its charm to dialogue in the dialects. the first ambitious work in the Spoken Dialect
V.,,

little

While the vernacular

Dialect
itself is

is

thus gaining recognition,

the

Literary

approximating to the Spoken Dialect in the best modern prose which manifests great freedom of usage. Rai Bahadur K. Viresalingam Pantulu Garu, the most prominent figure in the Telugu World of letters at the present day, has set the example of laxity in the observance of the Law of interchange of soft and hard consonants after a drita nasal. Hardly a modern writer would

and

escape censure if judged by rules of grammar and established usage, in the school room, Pandits have relaxed insistence on rigid

observance of rules of Sandhi. The moral of this tendency to break through traditional restrictions is clear. The old Literary Dialect is felt to be an inconvenient instrument, and there is an unconscious effort to form a new Literary Dialect. My complaint is that this

movement
I

is

illogically slow.

view the Telugu

tradition

imposed by
venerate
it.

upon

Literary Dialect as a the Telugus. Let those

who

great disability love fetters

My own vernacular for me,

the

Living

Telugu, the

which none of us is ashamed to express our and but which some of us are ashamed to write well. sorrows, joys Literature in the Vernacular will knock at the door of the peasant and it will Knock at the door of the Englishman in India. Its possibilities are immense.
Italian of the East in
;
,

No argument
with persons
Dialects

in favour of a Vernacular Literature

is

needed
English

who

are conversant with the

history

of

the

and the

Prakrits,

and

know

it is

not arguments

that will

evolve a

Literary Dialect for Telugu. great writer write and make it. Let us prepare the ground for him.

New

must

Vll

The cause of Social Reform has received strong support from a recent decision of the Madras High Court in which a full bench consisting of Chief Justice Sir Arnold White, and Justices Miller and Munro ruled "That a contract to make payment to a father in consideration of his giving his daughter in marriage is immoral and
:

opposed to public policy within the meaning of Section Indian Contract Act".

23

of the

I had to contend with one difficulty in printing this book. There are many sounds in the Spoken Dialect which are not In the present state of Telugu represented in the Telugu Alphabet. had I to content with phonetics, myself indicating such sounds by a

Ardhanusvara after a nasal.

recognition of the

horizontal line placed over the nearest symbols; The creation of

and

new

their adoption into type canjbe effected only after

employed the symbols and a more widespread

My
Co.,

best thanks are

Spoken Dialect. due to Messrs.

G.

cheerfully undertook to adopt my innovations, their part of the work to entire satisfaction.

who

Ramaswami Chetty

&

and did

my
^

"ELK HILL HOUSE

'

OOTACAMUND
1st

G.

V A

May

1909

Some
.... Mr.

Press Opinions on the First Edition

a man of original ideas in literary is, apparently, has wisely and happily discarded for the purposes of his comedy the unnatural, stilted, pedantic, literary dialect so much beloved of Telugu Pandits, and so unduly prized by them, and employed, instead, the simple,

Appa Row

matters

He

ordinary language of

common

life

now

in use

in the Northern districts of the

presidency.

among all The book,

classes of the

population

therefore,

marks a new

Telugu dramatic composition, or for the matter of that, in .The literary tendencies of the present time general running, as they do, in such a narrow groove, and being of so stereotyped a character, it speaks very highly, we think, for our author's literary courage, a courage bordering on audacity, that he has been able to set at naught the absurd literary canons of this degenerate age and risen above the prevalent grammatical and literary superstitions in regard to Telugu composition. But, not only has he

and bold departure

in

Telugu composition in

new literary diction which, though unsanctified by existing usage among authors, bears the stamp and seal of popular approval and universal use but he has likewise shown unmistakable merit in constructing a singularly
thus boldly used a
;

original and interesting plot and creating a variety of characters true to life, which, we are sure, if represented on the stage, will greatly please any Telugu audience, let alone the reading public who nay peruse the drama in the retirement of the

study or the

We have, therefore, much pleasure in recommending library. Kanyasulkam" to all our Telugu readers. .The characters are all boldly drawn and the whole piece is very happily put together and aristically constructed, evincing no little originality and dramatic skill on the part of the author. Jhe
"
.

9 People * Friend, January 21, 1807.

have read
plot of

It is very agreeable reading and we Kanyasulkam ought to be widely read. But the naturalness of expression and the skill it almost at one sitting. of plot are the least of its merits. It holds the mirror up to nature. . . .Such is the

Kanyasulkam.
its

character in

Appa Row
The

And what scope it affords for the representation of Indian various aspects, needs scarcely to be pointed out. Nor has Mr. wasted his opportunities .... Jhe Weekly Review, March 27, I8Q7*
piece, besides displaying

much

incident

and humour,

possesses the
its

necessary element of characterization, a our old plays Jhe Jelugu Harp.

trait often

conspicuous by

very absence in
.

The play has been acted

several times,

and judging, from the large audience

which crowded the theatre on each occasion, the author must be congratulated upon the success which the exhibition of his work produced .... Jhe East
Coast News.

The

plot

is

well conceived

and

skilfully

worked

out.

The

characters are

all

aptly chosen.

Jhe Indian Journal Education.

11

Mr. Appa

Row

deserves to be congratulated

The

Indian

Soda! Reformer.

It is full of

wit and

humour and

falls in

with the

spirit

of the times.
praise

The

dialogue is lively and very interesting, and ion for the author DhimanL
Its story
Balika.

we have nothing but

inculates

and admira-

which

is

very humourous

wholesome moral

lessons.-

>

The predominating
of the book
reform.
is

Rasa (emotion) in the play is humour. careful study sure to bring home to the mind of the reader the need for social

As the author mentions in his preface, this work has been written on lines different from Brahma Vivaha and other social .reform dramas. .May this work which has been composed for the good of the people, put an end to some of the evils in the country. .. .May this work which is intelligible to the masses, spread all over the country and help the cause of Social Reform. Chintamanh
.

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Hyderabad City Grandhalaya Samstha HYDERABAD

Ace No.
Call No.

last

This back must be returned before the date stamped below, failing which a fine of 5 Ps.

per day from the date the booK was due will be charged