Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Table of Contents, Acknowledgments, Biographical Information, Map, Introduction and Abbreviations and Symbols
Sample Citation Format Ma. Lourdes S. Bautista. 1977. The noun phrase in TagalogEnglish code switching. Studies in Philippine Linguistics 1:1, 116. Online. URL: http://www.sil.org/asia/philippines/ [etc.] + access date.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction Abbreviations and Symbols Texts with Ethnographic and Linguistic Notes
iv v vi vii ix
4 Who Is Guilty?
5 The Agtas' Fire
7 Mandaripan
8 A Story about Hunting
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS W e wish t o e x p r e s s o u r a p p r e c i a t i o n t o t h e Agta p e o p l e of Cagayan, e s p e c i a l l y i n t h e m u n i c i p a l i t i e s of G a t t a r a n and P e n a b l a n c a , f o r t h e welcome and h o s p i t a l i t y e x t e n d e d t o u s t o s t u d y t h e i r l a n g u a g e and c u l t u r e and f o r t h e i r e a g e r n e s s t o s h a r e t h e i r f o l k l o r e , e x p e r i e n c e s , and o t h e r i n t e r e s t i n g c u l t u r a l t r a i t s , some of which c o n s t i t u t e t h e b a s i s of t h i s volume. W e a r e i n d e b t e d t o Mr. Donato S a l b i n o , M r . Buldo Tagayun, M r . Andas S i m p l i c i o , M r . Pedro Cababag, and M r . Edwardo M o n d i j a r f o r t h e i r valuable a s s i s t a n c e i n providing the o r a l d i s c o u r s e s f o r recording and/or t h e i r e x p l a n a t i o n of v a r i o u s l i n g u i s t i c o r e t h n o g r a p h i c f e a t u r e s n o t W e a l s o owe a g r e a t d e b t t o D r . and Mrs. obvious i n t h e w r i t t e n t e x t s . Alan Healey o f t h e Summer I n s t i t u t e o f L i n g u i s t i c s , who p r o v i d e d u s w i t h t h e i r own i n v a l u a b l e r e s e a r c h m a t e r i a l s from t h e same l a n g u a g e and c u l t u r e : t e x t s , a d i c t i o n a r y , a p u b l i s h e d grammar, and u n p u b l i s h e d e t h n o g r a p h i c n o t e s a l l of which we have o n l y been a b l e t o supplement. The r e s p o n s i b i l i t y , however, f o r a n y e r r o r s o r o m i s s i o n s i n t h e t e x t s , a n a l y s i s , n o t e s , o r a p p e n d i x e s is o u r own.
BIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION The f o l l o w i n g p e o p l e have c o n t r i b u t e d t e x t s t o t h i s volume: Andas S i m p l i c i o i s a man i n h i s e a r l y fifties w i t h no f o r m a l p u b l i c e d u c a t i o n . He i s f l u e n t i n I l o c a n o a s w e l l a s h i s own l a n g u a g e . Donato S a l b i n o i s a man i n h i s e a r l y s e v e n t i e s , who, w i t h no f o r m a l p u b l i c e d u c a t i o n , h a s s e r v e d a s t h e c o m p i l e r s ' main l a n g u a g e a s s i s t a n t f o r a number of y e a r s . He i s f l u e n t i n I l o c a n o a s w e l l a s h i s own l a n g u a g e . P e d r o Cababag i s a man i n h i s l a t e f i f t i e s o r e a r l y s i x t i e s . L i k e S a l b i n o he h a s had no f o r m a l p u b l i c e d u c a t i o n and i s f l u e n t i n I l o c a n o a s w e l l a s h i s own l a n g u a g e . Manggo Sapeda, now d e c e a s e d , was a man a b o u t s e v e n t y - f i v e y e a r s o l d a t t h e t i m e h i s t e x t , "A S t o r y a b o u t H u n t i n g , " was r e c o r d e d . F l u e n t i n I l o c a n o a s w e l l a s h i s own l a n g u a g e , he was known t o f u n c t i o n a s a p r i e s t and shaman among h i s p e o p l e . He was t h e r e c o g n i z e d r e l i g i o u s a u t h o r i t y , n o t e d f o r a b i l i t y t o h e a l p e o p l e , and most v e r s a t i l e i n s i n g i n g p r a y e r s t o t h e departed ancestors. T e x t s 3 , 4 , and 7 were r e c o r d e d by t h e H e a l e y s a b o u t 1955 and t h e n a r r a t o r s a r e n o t known. The r e c o r d i n g d a t e of e a c h o f t h e o t h e r t e x t s , where is i n d i c a t e d beneath t h e r e s p e c t i v e t i t l e s f o l l o w i n g t h e n a r r a t o r ' s known, name.
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INTRODUCTION The e l e v e n t e x t s p r e s e n t e d h e r e were compiled and a n a l y z e d f o r t h e purpose of p r e s e r v i n g e v i d e n c e s o f t h e C e n t r a l Cagayan Agca c u l t u r e and l a n g u a g e . The t e x t s were c o l l e c t e d o v e r a t h i r t y - y e a r p e r i o d , by D r . and Mrs. Alan H e a l e y d u r i n g 1955-57, and t h e p r e s e n t c o m p i l e r s d u r i n g 1958-85, under t h e a u s p i c e s of t h e Summer I n s t i t u t e of L i n g u i s t i c s . I n t h e f i r s t t e n t e x t s t h e morpheme b r e a k s a r e i n d i c a t e d . ( I n t e x t 1 1 not a l l morpheme b r e a k s a r e i n d i c a t e d . ) The numbers o f t h e e t h n o g r a p h i c and l i n g u i s t i c n o t e s c o r r e l a t e w i t h t h e numbers of t h e s e n t e n c e s i n t h e i m m e d i a t e l y p r e c e d i n g t e x t i n which t h e words d i s c u s s e d a r e t o be found. Four g e n r e s of t e x t s a r e i n c l u d e d : f o u r n a r r a t i v e , two h o r t a t o r y , two f o l k l o r e , and t h r e e p r o c e d u r a l . It w i l l be o b s e r v e d t h a t t h e p r o c e d u r a l t e x t s a r e n o t s t r i c t l y p r o c e d u r a l i n t h e u s u a l s e n s e . R a t h e r , t h e r e is a f a i r amount o f n a r r a t i v e o r h i s t o r y mixed i n . W e perceive t h e reason f o r t h i s t o be t h a t A g t a s , who a r e a n o r a l s o c i e t y , a r e n o t accustomed t o a b s t r a c t i n g p r o c e d u r e from r e a l - l i f e c o n t e x t s . R a t h e r , t h e i r devices for memory a r e i n o r a l f e a t u r e s , s u c h a s rhythm and d i a l o g ( s e e Ong 1 9 8 2 ) . The Agta l a n g u a g e i s a member of t h e Malayo-Polynesian ( A u s t r o n e s i a n ) g r o u p i t is of l a n g u a g e s spoken t h r o u g h o u t t h e P h i l i p p i n e s . More s p e c i f i c a l l y , r e l a t e d t o t h e I b a n a g l a n g u a g e s found i n t h e Cagayan V a l l e y . I t i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y f i f t y p e r c e n t c o g n a t e w i t h t h e main I b a n a g l a n g u a g e a s w e l l a s w i t h I l o c a n o (Healey 1960:l). phonemes o f Agta are: a , X , b , d , e , f , g , h , i , k, 1, m , n , n g , o , p , r , s , t , u , v , w, y , z , and - ( g l o t t a l s t o p ) . The vowels a and 3 a r e mid c e n t r a l and low c e n t r a l r e s p e c t i v e l y i n t h e phoneme chart, l'her; is a l s o a The c o n s i d e r a b l e d e g r e e o f f r e e f l u c t u a t i o n between h and W e have found t h a t a l l forms o c c u r r i n g w i t h r may a l s o be pronounced i n s t e a d w i t h h; however, t h e r e v e r s e i s more r e s t r i c t e d . G l o t t a l s t o p i s w r i t t e n o n l y i n consonant c l u s t e r s . T h e r e a r e no vowel c l u s t e r s i n t h e l a n g u a g e ; hence c o n t i g u o u s v o w e l s i n t e x t must be pronounced w i t h an intervocalic glottal. (Morphophonemic changes o c c u r between c o n t i g u o u s v o w e l s , between vowel and c o n s o n a n t , and between c o n n e c t i n g c o n s o n a n t s ; t h e p a t t e r n s of morphophonemic change a r e d e s c r i b e d i n Appendix C.) The Agta a r e a P h i l i p p i n e N e g r i t o m i n o r i t y p e o p l e l i v i n g i n t h e c e n t r a l r e g i o n o f Cagayan P r o v i n c e i n t h e n o r t h e a s t e r n p a r t of t h e i s l a n d of Luzon, from t h e Cagayan R i v e r on t h e west t o t h e f o o t h i l l s o f t h e S i e r r a Madre m o u n t a i n s on t h e e a s t , and from t h e n o r t h e r n boundary of L a l l o m u n i c i p a l i t y t o c e n t r a l P e n a b l a n c a m u n i c i p a l i t y i n t h e s o u t h . M i g r a t i o n i n t o Penablanca h a s been o n l y v e r y r e c e n t , s i n c e e a r l y 1984. Another s m a l l g r o u p h a s been l i v i n g i n t h e e x t r e m e n o r t h e a s t c o a s t a l a r e a n e a r t h e towns of S a n t a Ana and San V i c e n t e , a l t h o u g h N e g r i t o s i n t h i s a r e a p r i o r t o 1981 belong t o a d i f f e r e n t l a n g u a g e g r o u p r e f e r r e d t o i n t h e l i t e r a t u r e a s E a s t e r n Cagayan Agta. T h e r e h a s n e v e r been a completed o f f i c i a l c e n s u s of t h e C e n t r a l Cagayan Agta. However, t e n t a t i v e s u r v e y s made i n 1957 by Alan Healey and Dick Roe o f t h e Summer I n s t i t u t e of L i n g u i s t i c s ( u n p u b l i s h e d d a t a i n SIL s u r v e y f i l e s ) r e s u l t e d i n a n e s t i m a t e of a b o u t s i x hundred Agtas ( s e e a l s o Healey
r.
viii
Introduction
1 9 6 0 : l ) . D u r i n g 1979-80 t h e p r e s e n t c o m p i l e r s had r e g u l a r c o n t a c t w i t h a b o u t two hundred Agtas l i v i n g i n t h e m u n i c i p a l i t y of G a t t a r a n on a t h r e e hundred-hectare c i v i l r e s e r v a t i o n f o r m i n o r i t y groups, p a r t i c u l a r l y Agtas. It seems r e a s o n a b l e t o assume t h a t i n t h e o t h e r m u n i c i p a l i t i e s where Agtas t r a d i t i o n a l l y l i v e d t h e r e were more t h a n a n o t h e r f o u r hundred. A g t a s h a v e t r a d i t i o n a l l y l i v e d a seminomadic l i f e s t y l e . M a r r i a g e a l l i a n c e s g i v e them r e a s o n t o t r a v e l e x t e n s i v e l y t h r o u g h o u t t h e i r l a n g u a g e t e r r i t o r y and sometimes even beyond i t . They may remain f o r d a y s o r even months a t a time. Every f a m i l y , however, h a s a t e r r i t o r y which i t c o n s i d e r s -lugar m i ' o u r p l a c e ' where t h e y know e v e r y d e t a i l of t h e f o r e s t , i t s s t r e a m s , specific t r e e s , h i l l s , etc., and where t h e y have i n t i m a t e t r a d i n g r e l a t i o n s h i p s w i t h lowland f a r m e r s l i v i n g around t h e f r i n g e s o f t h e f o r e s t s . A f a m i l i a r a r e a may be a b o u t one hundred s q u a r e k i l o m e t e r s , and v i r t u a l l y a n y s p o t n o t b e i n g l i v e d on o r used f o r f a r m i n g may be s e l e c t e d a s a b u i l d i n g s i t e f o r a s m a l l community of one t o s i x h o u s e s . Community s i t e s may c h a n g e two o r t h r e e t i m e s a y e a r and even be r e v i s i t e d d e p e n d i n g upon t h e form o f a c t i v i t y t h a t i s i n s e a s o n f o r making a l i v i n g . P l a n t i n g and h a r v e s t s e a s o n s f o r t h e lowland f a r m e r s w i l l f i n d t h e A g t a s l i v i n g n e a r b y i n o r d e r t o t a k e a d v a n t a g e of work i n t h e s e a c t i v i t i e s . S l a c k t i m e s f o r lowland f a r m e r s w i l l f i n d t h e Agtas l i v i n g c l o s e r t o o r i n t h e F o r e s t s , h u n t i n g o r g a t h e r i n g r a t t a n and o t h e r s a l a b l e p r o d u c t s which t h e y t r a d e f o r rice o r s e l l i n t h e m a r k e t s . P r i o r t o 1978 we knew of no l i t e r a t e Agtas ( s e e a l s o H e a l e y 1 9 6 0 : l ) . Three s e p a r a t e l i t e r a c y c o u r s e s c o n d u c t e d d u r i n g 1978-84 r e s u l t e d i n t h i r t y - f i v e p e r s o n s a c q u i r i n g v a r y i n g d e g r e e s o f l i t e r a t e a b i l i t y i n t h e i r own l a n g u a g e and some a b i l i t y t o b r i d g e i n t o t h e I l o c a n o l a n g u a g e . Of t h i s number t w e l v e became t u t o r s f o r b e g i n n e r s i n t h e l a t e s t c o u r s e ( 1 9 8 4 ) . At p r e s e n t two of t h e s e t u t o r s o r " l a y t e a c h e r s " a r e employed by t h e Department of E d u c a t i o n . C u l t u r e and S p o r t s t o a s s i s t i n a p i l o t program of m o b i l e s c h o o l s f o r Agtas i n b a r r i o Aguggudan, P e n a b l a n c a . T r a d i t i o n a l l y , Agtas have been c o n s i d e r e d n o n - C h r i s t i a n s a s a c u l t u r a l m i n o r i t y . However, s i n c e 1967 a number have embraced a P r o t e s t a n t Form of C h r i s t i a n b e l i e f i n r e s p o n s e t o p o r t i o n s of t h e C h r i s t i a n S c r i p t u r e s t r a n s l a t e d i n t o t h e i r l a n g u a g e . A v i a b l e C h r i s t i a n community now e x i s t s which i s c o m p l e t e l y i n d i g e n o u s i n n a t u r e , m a i n l y i n t h e m u n i c i p a l i t i e s of P e n a b l a n c a and G a t t a r a n . O v e r a l l , a p p r o x i m a t e l y one hundred p e o p l e have i n d i c a t e d i n one way o r a n o t h e r t h a t t h e y no l o n g e r a d h e r e t o a n i m i s t i c r e l i g i o u s p r a c t i c e s o r r i t u a l s due t o t h e i r c o n v e r s i o n t o f a i t h i n God and t h e t e a c h i n g s of t h e C h r i s t i a n S c r i p t u r e s .
CERT
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abstract accessory focus active voice augmentative aspect agent aptative mode associate associative mode authentic benefactive causative voice certainty conjunction completed tense/completive particle continuative aspect confirmatory concessive demonstrative dative diminutive distributive emphatic experiencer existential fortuitous aspect genitive general mode identifier Ilocano borrowing incomplete tense interjection instrument intensifier irrealis quotation locative focus limitative particles locativizer manner measurement nominative case negative nonpersonal neutral tense oblique case object focus optative origin personal personal-associate passive voice
A b b r e v i a t i o n s and Symbols
PAT PL PLE PLEX PLG PLIN PLN PLO PO PR PRY PRB PRS PS PUNC
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QT RCM REC RECIP RN RP RQ RS RSL RSM RSP SE SG SIM SIN SN
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patient plural p l u r a l emphatic plural exclusive plural genitive plural inclusive p l u r a l nominative plural oblique possessive p r i o r time priority probability persistence positional aspect punctiliar quest ion quotation r e l a t i v e c l a u s e marker reciprocal voice recipient r h e t o r i c a l negative repetitive aspect request r e p o r t e d speech resultant resemblance response s i n g u l a r emphatic singular genitive simultaneity single s i n g u l a r nominative singular oblique s p e c i a l mode stative surprise f i r s t personlnear speaker second p e r s o n l n e a r h e a r e r t h i r d person/semiremote remote d i s c o n t i n u o u s morpheme i n d e t e r m i n a t e morpheme boundary ( i n g l o s s l i n e s ) s e m a n t i c , g r a m m a t i c a l components ( i n g l o s s l i n e s ) d i s c o n t i n u o u s morpheme a l t e r n a t i v e r e l a t e d meaning see note compound g l o s s undetermined meaning word o r words o m i t t e d