36.

This problem is much like Problem 34 except we

dont have one side that is completely flat. In
this problem, it will be necessary, in some
regions, to find the value of g(x) instead of just
f(x) g(x). We will use the 19 regions in the
figure to approximate the centroid. Again we
choose the height of a region to be approximately
the value at the right end of that region. Each
region has a width of 20 miles. We will place the
north-east corner of the state at the origin.
The centroid is approximately
19

xi ( f ( xi ) g ( xi ))
x

2.

a.

b.

i =1

+ 3(0.05) + 4(0.5)
= 0.6

3.

a.

P ( X 2) = P (2) = 0.2

b.

E ( X ) = 2(0.2) + (1)(0.2) + 0(0.2)

+ 1(0.2) + 2(0.2)
=0

a.

P ( X 2) = P (2) = 0.1

b.

E ( X ) = 2(0.1) + (1)(0.2) + 0(0.4)

+1(0.2) + 2(0.1)

( f ( xi ) g ( xi ))
i =1

4.

1 19
[( f ( xi ))2 ( g ( xi ))2 ]
2 i =1
19

( f ( xi ) g ( xi ))

=0

5.

a.

i =1

1
(1452 132 ) + (1492 102 ) + " + (852 852 )

2
=
(145 13) + (149 19) + " + (85 85)
230,805
=
83.02
2780
This would put the geographic center of Illinois
just south-east of Lincoln, IL.

b.

2.

sum, integral

3.

0 f ( x) dx

4.

cumulative distribution function

E ( X ) = 1(0.4) + 2(0.2) + 3(0.2) + 4(0.2)

= 2.2

6.

a.

P ( X 2) = P (100) + P(1000)
= 0.018 + 0.002 = 0.02
E ( X ) = 0.1(0.98) + 100(0.018)
+ 1000(0.002)
= 3.702

5.7 Concepts Review

discrete, continuous

P ( X 2) = P (2) + P(3) + P (4)

= 0.2 + 0.2 + 0.2
= 0.6

b.

1.

E ( X ) = xi pi
= 0(0.7) + 1(0.15) + 2(0.05)

i =1
19

(20)(145 13) + (40)(149 10) + " (380)(85 85)

=
(145 13) + (149 19) + " (85 85)
482,860
=
173.69
2780

P ( X 2) = P (2) + P(3) + P(4)

= 0.05 + 0.05 + 0.05 = 0.15

7.

a.

P ( X 2) = P (2) + P (3) + P(4)

=

3 2 1
6
+ + =
= 0.6
10 10 10 10

b.

E ( X ) = 1(0.4) + 2(0.3) + 3(0.2) + 4(0.1) = 2

Problem Set 5.7

1.

a.

P ( X 2) = P (2) + P(3) = 0.05 + 0.05 = 0.1

b.

E ( X ) = xi pi

i =1

= 0(0.8) + 1(0.1) + 2(0.05) + 3(0.05)

= 0.35

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may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

8.

a.

P ( X 2) = P (2) + P(3) + P (4)

=

b.

0
(1)
(2)
5
+
+
=
= 0.5
10
10
10
10
2

b. E ( X ) = 0(0.4) + 1(0.1) + 2(0) + 3(0.1) + 4(0.4)

=2
9.

20

P( X 2) =

b.

x2
1
E ( X ) = x dx =
0
20
40

c.

c.

20

20

20

3
x(20 x) dx
4000

3 20
20 x 2 x3 dx
4000 0

3 20 x3 x 4
= 10

4000 3
4
0

20

1
1
dx =
18 = 0.9
20
20

a.

E( X ) =

= 10

For 0 x 20
x 3
F ( x) =
t (20 t ) dt
0 4000
x

3 2 t3
3 2
1 3
=
x
x
10t =
4000
3
400
4000

For x between 0 and 20,

x 1
1
x
F ( x) =
dt =
x =
0 20
20
20

13.

a.

P ( X 2) =

3 2
x (4 x) dx
64
4

10.

a.

1
1
P ( X 2) =
dx =
18 = 0.45
2 40
40

b.

E( X ) =

c.

3 4 x3 x 4
=
= 0.6875

64 3
4
2

20

20

20

x2
1
dx =
40
80

20

b.

= 55 = 0
20

E( X ) = x
0

3 2
x (4 x) dx
64
4

3 4
3 4 x5
3
4
=
4
x

x
dx
=
x = 2.4
64 0
64
5
0

For 20 x 20 ,
x 1
1
1
1
( x + 20) =
F ( x) =
dt =
x+
20 40
40
40
2

c.

For 0 x 4
x

11.

a.

P ( X 2) =

3 2
3 4t 3 t 4
t (4 t ) dt =

0 64
64 3
4
0
1 3
3 4
= x
x
16
256

3
x(8 x) dx
256

F ( x) =

b.

3 2 x3
3
27
72 =
4 x =
256
3
256
32
2
8

E( X ) = x
0

3
x(8 x) dx
256

14.

a.

3 8 2
8 x x3 dx
256 0

3 8 x3 x 4
=4

256 3
4
0

b.

a.

336

20

3
x(20 x) dx
4000
3 20

3 2 x
10 x = 0.972
4000
3
2

Section 5.7

1
(8 x) dx
32

E( X ) = x
0

1
(8 x) dx
32
8

P ( X 2) =
=

1 2 x3
8
=
4 x =
32
3
3

3 x

3
3 2 t
t (8 t ) dt =
4t
0 256
256
3
0
3 2
1 3
=
x
x
64
256

12.

For 0 x 8
F ( x) =

P ( X 2) =

1
x2
9
=
8 x =
32
2
16
2

c.

c.

For 0 x 8
x

F ( x) =

1
1
t2
(8 t ) dt =
8t
32
32
2
0

1
1
x x2
4
64

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portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

15.

a.

P ( X 2) =

x
sin
dx
8
4

E( X ) = x

c.

For 1 x 9

4
x
1
1
cos = (1 0) =

8
4 2
2
2

c.

x
sin
dx
8
4
Using integration by parts or a CAS,
E(X ) = 2 .
4

E( X ) = x
0

19.

For 0 x 4

16.

a.

c.

Proof of F ( x) = f ( x) :

Fundamental Theorem of Calculus,

F ( x) = f ( x).
Proof of F ( A) = 0 and F ( B ) = 1:
A

F ( A) = f ( x) dx = 0;

F ( B ) = f ( x) dx = 1

A
B
A

Proof of P (a X b) = F (b) F (a ) :
b

P (a X b) = f ( x) dx = F (b) F (a) due to

a

x
cos
dx
8
8
Using a CAS, E ( X ) 1.4535
4

E( X ) = x

the Second Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.

20.

a.

For 0 x 4
t
t
cos dt = sin
8
8
8 0

b.

E( X ) =

c.

a +b

1
1 a+b

dx =
a

a
ba
ba 2

1 ba 1
=

=
ba 2
2

1
4
dx = =
2
3x 2 3
3x
4

c.

a.

P ( X 2) =

1
1 x2
dx =

ba
b a 2

b a
a+b
=
2(b a )
2
2

F ( x) =

1
1
xa
dt =
( x a) =
ba
ba
ba

4 4
4
+
dt = =
t
3

1 3x 3
3t
4x 4
=
3x
x

For 1 x 4
1

E( X ) = x

4
ln 4 1.85
3

F ( x) =

18.

b.

x
dx = ln x
2
3
1
3x
4

a+b
.
2

= 2

x
= sin

8
P ( X 2) =

The midpoint of the interval [a,b] is

a+b
a+b

P X <
= P X

2
2

a.

81 81x 2 81
=
80
80 x 2

x
P ( X 2) =
cos
dx
2 8
8

F ( x) =

17.

80 x 2

1
= sin
= sin sin = 1
2
4
2
8 2

b.

81

By definition, F ( x) = f (t ) dt. By the First

4
t
t
sin dt = cos
0 8

4
8
4 0

1
x
1
x 1
= cos
1 = cos
+
2
4
2
4 2

F ( x) =

81
F ( x) =
dt =

1 40t 3
80t 2 1
81

b.

81
dx =
= 1.8
3
40 x 1
40 x
81

b.

81
dx =

3
40 x
80 x 2 2
81

77
0.24
320

Instructors Resource Manual

21.

The median will be the solution to the

x
1
dx = 0.5 .
equation 0
a ba
1
( x0 a ) = 0.5
ba
ba
x0 a =
2
a+b
x0 =
2

Section 5.7

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portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

22.

23.

15 2
x (4 x) 2 is
512
symmetric about the line x = 2. Consequently,
P ( X 2) = 0.5 and 2 must be the median of X.

The graph of f ( x) =

c.

Since the PDF must integrate to one, solve

5

0 kx(5 x) dx = 1.

5kx 2 kx3

=1
3
2
0
125k 125k

=1
2
3
375k 250k = 6
k=

24.

Solve

d.

x2
=
8

kx 2 (5 x) 2 dx = 1

e.

0 k ( 2 x 2 ) dx = 1
4

Due to the symmetry about the line x = 2, the

solution can be found by solving
2

2 kx dx = 1
2
0

=1

P (3 X 4) =
3

( 2 x 2 ) dx

(2 ( x 2)) dx =
4

338

41

41

1
1
x2
4 x =
4
2
8
3

Section 5.7

x dx +

x1

(4 t ) dt

t2
x2 3
1
1
+ 4t = + x

4
2
2
8 2
2

if x < 0
if 0 x 2
if 2 < x 4
if x > 4

Using a similar procedure as shown in part

(a), the PDF for Y is
1
f ( y) =
(120 y 120 )
14, 400
y
1
t dt
If 0 y < 120, F ( y ) =
0 14, 400

If 120 < y 240,

y
1
1
F ( y) = +
(240 t ) dt
2 120 14, 400

1
k=
4

0
2

4k = 1

b.

21

t2
y2
=
=
28,800 0 28,800

k x2

x
+ x 1
8
0

x2

8
F ( x) =
2
x
8 + x 1

( 25x2 10x3 + x4 ) dx = 1

Solve

6
125

t2
x2
t dt = =
4
8
8 0

x1

If 0 x 2, F ( x) =

If 2 < x 4, F ( x) =

a.

1 3 2 1 2 x3
2 4
x + 2 x = + = 2
12 0 4
3
3 3
2

25 x3 5 x 4 x5
k

+ =1
2
5
3
0
625
k =1
6
6
k=
625

25.

4
1
E ( X ) = x (2 x 2 ) dx
0
4
2
4
1
1
= x (2 + ( x 2)) dx + x (2 ( x 2)) dx
0
2
4
4
1 2 2
1 4
= x dx + (4 x x 2 ) dx
4 0
4 2

1 4
(4 x) dx
4 3

1
1
t2
= +
240t
2 14, 400
2

120

1 y
y
3
y2
y
+
=
+ 1
2 60 28,800 2
28,800 60

if y < 0

y2

if 0 y 120

28,800
F ( x) =
y2
y

28,800 + 60 1 if 120 < y 240

if y > 240
1

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2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No
portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

26.

a.

Solve

180

Alternatively, we can proceed as follows:

kx 2 (180 x) dx = 1.

Solve

180

b.

x4
=1
k 60 x3
4

0
1
k=
87, 480, 000
P (100 X 150)
=

150

100

k 1.132096857 1029
8

y
3

t dt
FY ( y ) = k t 6
0
127
Using a CAS,

1
x 2 (180 x) dx
87, 480, 000

FY ( y ) (7.54731 1027 ) y 7 ( y8 0.202475 y 7

150

E( X ) =

180

k y6
y dy = 1 using a
127

CAS.

+0.01802 y 6 0.000923 y 5

1
3 x
=
0.468
60 x
87, 480, 000
4
100

c.

3 127

+0.00003 y 4 (6.17827 107 ) y 3

+(8.108 109 ) y 2 (6.156 1011 ) y

1
x 2 (180 x ) dx
87, 480, 000

+2.07746 1013 )

180

27.

a.

1
4 x
45 x
87, 480, 000
5

Solve

0.6

= 108
0

28.

a.

0.6 6
x (0.6 x)8 dx
0

=1

= 1 k

P ( X 100) = k

c.

0.6

E( X ) = k

200

x x 2 (200 x)8 dx

= 50 using a CAS

x (0.6 x)8 dx

d.
E( X ) =

x (200 x)8 dx

0.0327 using a CAS.

0.884 using a CAS

c.

200 2

100

0.45 6

0.35

kx 2 (200 x)8 dx = 1.

b. The probability that a batch is not accepted is

Using a CAS, k 95,802,719

b. The probability that a unit is scrapped is

1 P (0.35 X 0.45)

200

Using a CAS, k 2.417 1023

kx (0.6 x) dx = 1.
6

Solve

x kx6 (0.6 x)8 dx

F ( x ) = (2.417 1023 )t 2 (200 t )8 dx

x

Using a CAS, F(x) (2.19727 1024 ) x3

( x8 1760 x 7 + 136889 x 6 (6.16 108 ) x5

0.6 7
x (0.6 x)8 dx
0

= k

+(1.76 1011 ) x 4 (3.2853 1013 ) x3

0.2625

+(3.942 1015 ) x 2 (2.816 1017 ) x

d.

F ( x ) = 95,802, 719t 6 (0.6 t )8 dt

+9.39 1018 )

Using a CAS,
F ( x ) 6,386,850 x 7 ( x8 5.14286 x 7

Solve

100

kx 2 (100 x)8 dx. Using a CAS,

+ 11.6308 x 6 15.12 x5 + 12.3709 x 4

k = 4.95 1020

6.53184 x3 + 2.17728 x 2

F ( x) =

0.419904 x + 0.36)

e.

e.

If X = measurement in mm, and Y =

measurement in inches, then Y = X / 25.4 .
Thus,
FY ( y ) = P (Y y ) = P ( X / 25.4 y )
= P ( X 25.4 y ) = F ( 25.4 y )

where F ( x ) is given in part (d).

Instructors Resource Manual

( 4.95 1020 ) t 2 (100 t )8 dt

Using a CAS,
F ( x ) (4.5 1021 ) x3
( x8 880 x 7 + 342, 222 x 6 (7.7 107 ) x5
+ (1.1 1010 ) x 4 (1.027 1012 ) x3
+ (6.16 1013 ) x 2 (2.2 1015 ) x
+ 3.667 1016 )

Section 5.7

339

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portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

29.

The PDF for the random variable X is

1 if 0 x 1
f ( x) =
0 otherwise

From Problem 20, the CDF for X is F ( x ) = x

33.

Y is the distance from (1, X ) to the origin, so

Y=

(1 0 )2 + ( X 0 )2 = 1 + X 2

if x < 0
0
0.8 if 0 x < 1

F ( x) = 0.9 if 1 x < 2
0.95 if 2 x < 3

if x > 3
1
F(x)
1.0

Here we have a one-to-one transformation from

0.8

the set { x : 0 x 1} to y :1 y 2 . For

0.6

every 1 < a < b < 2 , the event a < Y < b will

occur when, and only when,

0.4

a2 1 < X < b2 1 .
If we let a = 1 and b = y , we can obtain the
CDF for Y.

( 1 1 X y 1)
= P (0 X y 1)
= F ( y 1) = y 1

P (1 Y y ) = P

0.2

34.

To find the PDF, we differentiate the CDF with

respect to y.
d
1
1
y
PDF =
y2 1 =
2y =
dy
2 y2 1
y2 1

if 2 x < 3
if 3 x < 4
if x 4

0.6
0.4
0.2

35.

P (Y < 2) = P(Y 2) = F (2) = 1

b.

P (0.5 < Y < 0.6) = F (0.6) F (0.5)

=

1.2 1
1

=
1.6 1.5 12

By the defintion of a complement of a set,

A Ac = S , where S denotes the sample space.

c.

f ( y ) = F ( y ) =

d.

E (Y ) = y

Since P ( S ) = 1, P ( A A ) = 1.
c

Since P ( A Ac ) = P( A) + P( Ac ),
P ( A) + P( A ) = 1 and P( A ) = 1 P ( A).
c

32.

a.

equivalent.

31.

if 1 x < 2

0.8

P (a < X b) and P (a X < b), are

if 0 x < 1

1.0

expressions, P( a < X < b), P( a X b),

if x < 0

0
0.7

0.85
F ( x) =
0.9
0.95

P ( X = x) = f (t ) dt = 0. Consequently,
P ( X < c) = P ( X c). As a result, all four

F (x )

Therefore, for 0 y 2 the PDF and CDF are

respectively
y
and G ( y ) = y 2 1 .
g ( y) =
2
y 1
30.

2
( y + 1)2

( y + 1) 2

, 0 y 1

dy 0.38629

P ( X 1) = 1 P ( X < 1)
For Problem 1, 1 P ( X < 1) = 1 P ( X = 0)
= 1 0.8 = 0.2
For Problem 2, 1 P ( X < 1) = 1 P ( X = 0)
= 1 0.7 = 0.3
For Problem 5, 1 P ( X < 1) = 1 0 = 1

340

Section 5.7

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portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

36.

a.

P ( Z > 1) = 1 P ( Z 1) = 1 F (1)
= 1

b.

1 8
=
9 9

Concepts Test

P (1 < Z < 2) = P (1 Z 2) = F (2) F (1)

4 1 1
=
9 9 3

f ( z ) = F ( z ) =

d.

E (Z ) = z

2z
,0 z3
9
3

2 z3
2z
dz =
=2
9
27
0

37.

38.

39.

1. False:

0 cos x dx = 0

because half of the area

lies above the x-axis and half below the xaxis.

c.

5.8 Chapter Review

15 2
x (4 x)2 dx = 2
512
4
15 2
x (4 x)2 dx
and E(X 2 ) = x 2
0
512
32
4.57 using a CAS
=
7

2. True: The integral represents the area of the

region in the first quadrant if the center of
the circle is at the origin.
3. False: The statement would be true if either
f(x) g(x) or g(x) f(x) for
a x b. Consider Problem 1 with f(x)
= cos x and g(x) = 0.

E( X ) = x
0

3
x(8 x) dx = 19.2 and
256
8
3
E ( X 3 ) = x3
x (8 x) dx = 102.4
0
256
using a CAS
8

E ( X 2 ) = x2
0

V ( X ) = E ( X ) 2 , where = E ( X ) = 2

4
15 2
4
V ( X ) = ( x 2) 2
x (4 x) 2 dx =
0
512
7

4. True: The area of a cross section of a cylinder

will be the same in any plane parallel to
the base.
5. True: Since the cross sections in all planes
parallel to the bases have the same area,
the integrals used to compute the volumes
will be equal.
6. False: The volume of a right circular cone of
1
radius r and height h is r 2 h . If the
3
radius is doubled and the height halved
2
the volume is r 2 h.
3
7. False: Using the method of shells,
1

V = 2 x( x 2 + x)dx . To use the

0

40.

41.

3
x ( 8 x ) dx = 4
256
8
3
16
V ( X ) = ( x 4) 2
x(8 x) dx =
0
256
5

= E(X ) = x
8

2
E ( X ) = E ( X 2 2 X + 2 )

= E ( X 2 ) E ( 2 X ) + E ( 2 )
= E ( X 2 ) 2 E ( X ) + 2
= E ( X ) 2 + since E ( X ) =
2

= E( X 2 ) 2
For Problem 37, V ( X ) = E ( X 2 ) 2 and
32 2 4
using previous results, V ( X ) =
2 =
7
7

method of washers we need to solve

y = x 2 + x for x in terms of y.

8. True: The bounded region is symmetric about

1
the line x = . Thus the solids obtained
2
by revolving about the lines
x = 0 and x = 1 have the same volume.
9. False: Consider the curve given by x =

y=

cos t
,
t

sin t
,2t <.
t

10. False: The work required to stretch a spring 2

inches beyond its natural length is
2

0 kx dx = 2k ,

while the work required to

stretch it 1 inch beyond its natural length

1
1
is kx dx = k .
0
2
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Section 5.8

341

2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No
portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.