IEE 2nd International Conference on Advances in Power System Control, Operation and Management, December 1993, Hong Kong

Effects of the Excitation System Parameters on Power System Transient Stability Studies
Zhu Shouzhen, Shen Shande, Chen Houlian Department of Electrical Engineering Tsinghua University Beijing 100084, China Jiang Jianmin Northeast Electric Power Bureau Shenyang, China

Abstract
The excitation system parameters of large synchronous generators have great effects on power system stability studies. I t is pointed out in this paper that by using the excitation system parameters identified from the field data by means of modern identification technology can represent the actual responses of the excitation system more accurately. Therefore, it is necessary to adopt the parameters identified from the field data in real power system stability studies. The comparison results of three kinds of excitation system models, i.e. the electromagnetic force E', constant model, typical parameter model, and real model identified from field data, are also presented. The results demonstrate that the adjusting effects may be exaggerated by using the E', constant model in power system stability studies to represent the conventional excitation system with time constant t = 0.5", conceal the stability risk, while for fast response excitation system, the transient stability limits may be reduced by using E', constant model, and thus conceal the potential of stability limits. The optimization of the excitation system parameters and their effects on power system transient stability studies are also given in this paper.
1. Introduction

By using the excitation system model and its parameters identified from the field data by means of system identification technology in power system transient stability studies, the effects of excitation system on the transient process can be more accurately represented. It will contribute to improve the accuracy of power system analysis, to optimize the type selection and adjustment of the excitation system equipment, and to improve the level of economic and secure operation. In power system transient stability studies, the classic transient electromagnetic force E', constant model is adopted to approximate the adjusting effects of the excitation system considering lacking of adequate model and its parameters. Bur this classic E', constant model cannot directly include the effects of adjusting block of the excitation system. It becomes even worse considering that, with the enlargement of generator capacity and power system size, simplified mathematical model is not adequate for the analysis of generator-network characteristics. Thus it will leads to a hidden peril in power system secure opera-

tion or reduce economic efficiency. Using the model and its parameters obtained from field data in power system calculation, the transient process of the real power system can be more accurately represented and will alleviate the blindness in power system planning, design and operation. With the development of high-speed high-gain excitation system, it becomes more necessary to make them give full play in improving the stability potential, and obtain more appropriate excitation system equipment scheme. Different kinds of excitation systems, different parameter settings and installation place can affect the power system transient in different ways. Therefore, it is important to carry out studies on excitation system parameter identification. In recent years, with the fast development of system identification theory and the wide application in power systems, more and more accurate excitation system parameters are obtained from field data. In this paper, large amounts of transient stability simulation studies are carried out under various kinds of fault conditions to analysis the behaviour and effects of excitation system under various disturbance levels. In this paper, the comparison results of E , constant model, typical designing parameter model and the actual model obtained from field data in power system transient stability studies are given with emphasis on their effects on transient stability. Several important conclusions are also presented. The effects of excitation system parameters on power system stability studies are also given.

2. Calculation results 2.1. Studying electric power system configuration A North China Electric Power System: The Central Shanxi subsystem remains unchanged while other regions are simplified as depicted in Figure 1 (a). The permanent three phase to ground fault is taken place o n the 500KV line from Shaner power plant to Houchun substation. Three kinds of excitation system models are all adopted in power system transient stability calculation. A East China Electric Power System: The Pingwei power plant is connected to the main part of the system through a 500KV line, which can be represented as a single-generator to infinite bus system as shown in Figure 1 (b). The excitation system of the 600MW generating unit is of brushless rotating a.c. kind and belongs to fast response type. The Huaibei power plant, locats on the verge of the

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East China system, is connected to the main system through long transmission lines, and operats in the integral electromagnetic loop. Therefore, the swing angle of the generating unit almost always becomes the main indicator of system stability. The excitation system of the 200MW generating unit is independent excitation systeme a.c. kind whose response characteristics belongs to common type. The single phase to ground compound fault and three phase to ground short circuit fault is taken place at the outlet of Huaibei power plant. A Northeast China Electric Power System: Tongliao power plant is connected to the main system through 200KM transmission lines with 220KV voltages and is a terminal plant. Several kinds of faults are simulated to analysis the conventional excitation system of 200MW generating unit.

increased by 4-6 percent if the actual excitation system model obtained from field data is used in power system transient stability instead of the typical Eq constant model when the fault is taken place in the outlet of Tongliao power plant. As for the three phase to ground short circuit fault, the critical clearing time can be increased by 0.02".

Table 2

Result of transient stability acalculation

728
757 increment percentage

40 MW 5 39

29

36
4 87

2.2. calculation results The transient stability limits are calculated according to various kinds of different system configurations and they are shown in Table 1. The real obtained excitation system parameters are adopted for the conventional excitation system of the Huaibei power plant and for the fast response type excitation system of the Pingwei power plant.

4 02

Model type

initial swing
0/816
~

first swing

second swing

third swing

E', model
-

3 0 / 145 3

I I

I I

E6
constant

conventional

fast

actual model

O/R16

4 5 / 182 I

975/372

s h e ~ ~ ~ O u 350MW

I I----~

excitation

370MW

excitation

410MW

1
1

decay

-1
O/R16

fast modcl

22 5 / 131 8 / 1 0 2 . 5 / 1 2 1 . 6 ~ 1 7 2 . 5 / 1 2 0 . 7 1

i c -

E ;

constant

actual model

I t can be seen from Table 1 that the selection of the excitation system models can play an important role in transient stability studies. Under some conditions, about 10 percent transient stability limit increment can be obtained by using'fast response excitation system model comparing with the conventional excitation system model. The North China system will lost stability when the power flow of the Shenhou line exceeds 350MW if the effects of the excitation system in the Shanxi subsystem are neglected. But it can be raised to 370MW which is about 5.7 percent up if the conventional excitation systems are included. If considering the fast response excitation systems, 17 percent increment can be expected which amounts to 410MW. As for Pingwei power plant, when the fast response excitation systems are considered, the power flow of the Fenyao line can be increased by 11 perecnt. while for the Huaibei power plant, when the fast response excitation systems are considered, the power flow of the Huaixu line can be increased by 4 percent. But when the actually obtained excitation system parameters are adopted in power system stability studies, the obtained stability limit is same as that obtained by using the Eq' constant model. Table 2 shows part of the results of the transient stability studies under different fault conditions in Northeast China Power System when considering different models. It can be seen that the transient stability limit can be

Fig. 2 Power angle curve in three phase short fault for Huen-Hou line Table 3 and Fig 2 shows that the first swing angle of the actual system is about 10 degree smaller than that of the simulation re:sults when typical E , constant models are used. Therefore, when the generator to network is poorly interconnected and the fault is severe, the simulation results may hidden the phenomena of losting synchronization. But if the excitation system is changed into a fast type, better stability results can be expected. 3. Analysis When the actual excitation system models obtained from field data are used in real power system stability studies, more accurate results, some of which even contradicted with the traditional ideas about the power systems, can be obtained. Some conclusions are given as following:

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3.1. The results cannot always be pessimistic when E',, constant models are used in transient stability studies. It is common idea that when E ' , constant models are used in power system transient stability studies, the swing condition of the power angle is less severe than that including the effects of actual excitation systems, and stability limit obtained by using E', constant models is of some secure margin as for the latter case, thus cannot bring about risk to power system stability. But from the results of transient stability studies of several different power systems, we find that when typical E ' , constant models are used in power system transient stability studies, the magnitude of the first swing angle may be IO degree smaller than that when the actual excitation system models obtained fron field data are used, and this can be seen from Figure 1 and Table 3. The large amounts of simulation results demonstrate that when E , constant models are used to represent the convantional excitation systems under large disturbance, the adjusting effects in the initial stage is optimistic. This contradiction idea makes it necessary to revalute the effects of classic models and the related power system stability criterion. In conventional transient stability programs, the synchronous machine models included are of following form to represent the variations of Eq:

the detailed models and E', constant models, Anderson pointed out that when the detailed models are used, the magnitude of the first swing is more larger than that when E, constant models are used. 3.2. The stability limit may be reduced when E ' , constant models are used in transient stability studies insteaded of fast response excitation system: Large amounts of simulation studies demonstrate that the stability limits may be reduced when E ' , constant models are used, especially for the fast response excitation systems, which can be clearly seen from Table 1 and Table 3. After the disturbance occured, the fast response excitation system brings its adjusting effects into play and reduces the swing angle. In following swing process, it makes the power system approach stability. Therefore, using the E', constant model to represent this kind of excitation systems is obviously leads to lower transmission capacity. F o r example, in Table 1 and 3, the stability limits can be increased by 5-10 percent. If the real power systems are operated under such assumptions, considerable economic benefits can be obtained.
4. The influence of excitation system parameter optimization

on transient stability studies:

Different excitation system parameters will lead to different simulation results in transient stability studies. Therefore, appropriate adjustment of excitation system parameters is of some importance in actual power system operation. The main parameters of excitation systems are as followings: (1). Regulator gain, K,: Its influence is comparatively small, and increasing its value helps to reduce the swing angle. (2). Excitor time constant ,TE: Its influence is great, and decreasing its value helps to maintain stability. (3). Gain of volatage regulator ,ErdmPx: Its influence is great, and increasing its value helps to maintain stability. (4). Negative feedback coefficient, K,: I t must be presetted to an appropriate value, and too large its value may leads to certain bad influences. (5). Excitor saturation coefficient , S : ,, Decreasing its value helps to improve the adjusting effects of the excitation system on stability. In optimizing the excitation system parameters, fairly good adjusting effects can not be attained if merely adjust a certain parameter, thus it is necessary to consider it comprehensively. For example, when T , increases to 300 and T, reduces to 0.0175", the studying system will lost stability. But if Kr is changed from 0.247 to 0.017, it will maintain stability. Note: K, is gain of the voltage regulator. T, is the time constant of PID block.

Where T, is the time constant of d-axis. If the actual value of T,/ dt is not used and a very large value is given, then d E , turns to be zero and (1) deteriate into the E', constant model. After the disturbance took place, the excitation system receives the severe variations of terminal voltage of the generating unit and induces reinforced exciting in order to maintain or increase the transient electromagnetic force E',. This makes the electromagnetic power of the generating unit restores to prefault level or even larger and reduces the deficiency between prime mover and generator. Thus restrain acceleration of the rotor and fluctuation of the power angle. This is the principle of which the excitaion system can help to improve the power system transient stability. As for conventional excitation systems, the time constant is comparatively large, thus in the initial stage after the disturbance took place, it will not bring its adjusting effects into play, and E ' , decreases until attains to its extremity a t 0.52". Afterwards, the excitation system makes E', increase steadyly and exceeds the prefault level. It brings about large errors when using the Eq' constant models to represent the conventional excitation systems, especially for the first swing which is critical for transient stability, and exaggerates the adjusting effects of the excitation systems, therefore conceals the potential risk. AS for the fault which can be cleared once, such as opening a line, the error is considerablely small, but for the compound faults, such as reclosing after single phase to ground fault, this error is very large. This phenomena has also been put forward in [I]. After careful studying on the transient process represented by

Table 4 lists some of the comparative results of different excitation system parameters on stability limits. I t can be seen that if these two parameters are optimized, the stability limits can be increased by 5.6 percent.

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Table 4 The comparison results of optimized excitation system parameters and Elq constant model on stability limits
Adflslablc parameters
Slnbilily limit

actual modcl
~~

0 39
10

13 3 149

006

5. Conclusions
(1) The transient process of actual power system can be accurately represented by using actual excitation models obtained from field data. Thus, it is necessary to adopt more realistic models in power system stability studies, and to make it. (2) The stability limits may be overstated if the Eq' constant models are used to represent the conventional excitation systems, and their adjusting effects may be exaggerated, especially in the first swing. (3) The adjusting effects of the fast response excitation system is better than those of the Eq' constant model and conventional excitation system. The stability limits may be decreased if the adjusting effects of the fast response excitation systems are neglected, thus reduce the economic benefits. (4) The method of optimizing the excitation system parameters is a powerful tool for obtaining great economic benefits while maintaining security with small investments. It is necessary to promote the development of the technology of optimizing excitation system parameters in coorporation with system identification theory. Thanks for Jiang Shanli, Chen Minhao, Wu Qilin.

REFERENCES

(11 P. M. Anderson, "Power System Control and Stability-, 1979.3.

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