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2.ANALYSIS OF FRAMES 2.1.Definition Frames are composed of beams and columns that are either pin(hinged) or fixed connected.

The members are in general, subjected to bending moment, shear force, and axial compression or tension under the action of external loads. 2.2.Classification Most common rigid frames as built are statically indeterminate, the treatment of statically determinate rigid frames is necessary because it forms a part of the analysis procedure. A single story frame is either statically determinate or statically indeterminate, and may be composed of two or more (horizontal, vertical, as well as, inclined) members (Figs.2.1 and 2.2).

Fig.2.1: Statically Determinate Frames

Fig.2.2: Statically Indeterminate Frames 2.3.Analysis Procedure The analysis of frames includes the determination of reaction forces at supports, and internal forces with their variations along the length of frame members. Support reactions of three hinged frame, with supports at different level, may be calculated by one of the following methods: (1) Fig.2.3(i) MA=0 RB, HB

-MC=0 RB, HB The reactions at support B are determined from the above equations. Reactions at support A: -Fx=0 HA -Fy=0RA, (2)Fig.2.3(ii) - The frame is disconnected at C into two parts. - the forces at C are determined on each part. -MA=0, and MB=0 Applying equations of equilibrium for Each part, the value of reactions at both supports can be determined. H
C

C D E B A Fig.2.3(i)

RC

Fig.2.3(ii) HA RA 2.4.Internal Forces In Frame Members RB

HB

The construction of normal force, shear force, and moment diagrams in frame members can be carried out either by considering sections at different points on the frame as a whole, or the frame members are considered separately after cutting the entire frame into joints and members. If the latter is selected, then every member should be in equilibrium under the action of: -external load (if any) -support reactions(if any), and-internal forces The diagrams of shear and moment are constructed for horizontal members as for the beams. The normal force diagram is constructed as the shear force diagram. For vertical and inclined frame members, these diagrams may be constructed, if they are placed in horizontal position(like a beam).This can be achieved if the left frame members are rotated to the left and right members to the right(Fig.2.4)

D1 A1 D

E1 E B1

Fig.2.4 At the rigid joint, equilibrium should be achieved not only for horizontal and vertical forces, but also for moment.

Fig.2.6: Rigid Joint When more than two members meet at a rigid joint, the joint must be in equilibrium. This means that for the joint below, MA=MB+MC. A further implication of this is seen in the BMD: there is a step in the bending moment for member AB at the joint of value MC=MA-MB(Fig.2.7). A MA MC MA MB MB B MC+MB=MA Fig.2.7 MC MC C MB MC=MAMB MA B.M.D

2.5. Examples 2.5.1.For the two simple frames given in Figs.2.5.1. and 2.5.2, calculate the reaction forces at supports, and draw the normal force, shear force, and bending moment diagrams. 3kN 20kN/m 2kN B D 30kN 80kN C B 2 4 Fig.2.5.1 C E A 5 A 1 Solution: -Fig.2.5.1:Reactions at supports are determined by equations of equilibrium. Fx=0++2-HA=0HA=2kN(to the left) 3kN 2kN -MA=0 +RB5-24=0: RB=8/5=1.6kN(upward) C -Fy=0-3+RB+RA=0: RA=31.6=1.4kN(upward) -Normal force, shear force, and moment diagrams: - the frame members are disconnected at joint C: 2kN 1.4kN 2kN 2kN 1.4kN HA =2kN A RA =1.4kN A 2kN C 3kN C 1.6kN 1.4kN 1.6kN RB=1.6kN 2kN 1.4kN B A RB =1.6kN HA =2kN RA =1.4kN 3 Fig.2.5.2 2

Member AC in horizontal position

Internal forces in member AC

S.F.D

+2kN -1.4kN +8kNm

N.F.D. B.M.D.

-The member CB is subjected only to shear and moment: -N.F., S.F, and B.M.D. 1.6kN S.F.D B.M.D + 8kNm

+1.6kN -1.4kN 8kNm

+2kN

-Fig.2.5.2: Reactions at fixed support -Fx=0: HA=30kN(to the left) -Fy=0: RA=202+80=120kN(upward) -F.E.M.A=2021-801+305=+110kNm(moment at A in anticlockwise direction) -The frame is consisting of four members: AC, CE,CB,BD 30kN -Member AC: -At C: -NC=-120kN, VC=30kN, MC=-110+303=-20kNm 110kNm A 120kN 20kNm C 120kN 30kN

Member EC: -At C: VC=-80kN MC=-801=-80kNm Member BD: -At D: ND=+30kN At B: -VB=+202=+40kN -MB=-2021=-40kNm Member BC:At C: NC=40kN; VC= 30kN C 100kNm 40kN 40kNm 30kN B 40kN B 80kN E C 80kN 20kN/m 30kN D 40kN 30kN 40kNm 80kNm

The associated shear and moment diagrams are shown for each member in Fig.2.5.2a, and for the whole frame in Fig.2.5.2b. Member AC N.F.D 120kN S.F.D B.M.D 20kNm

+30kN CE

110kNm 80kNm

80kN 40kNm

CB

40kN +30kN

+30kN +40kN

100kNm 40kNm

BD Fig.3.5.2a

+30kN

40kN

40kNm
40kNm

+40kN

80kN

100kNm

80kNm 20kNm

N.F.D 120kN

+30kN S.F.D

110kNm B.M.D Fig.2.5.2b

2.5.2.Draw the shear force and moment diagrams on the frame given in Fig.2.5.3. 20kN/m C 60kN 3 Fig.2.5.3 A Solution 20kN 4 4 B

The reactions are calculated and given in Fig. above. The frame is sectioned at joint C, and the internal forces are determined, Fig.2.5.3a. 20kN 80kNm 20kN/m 80kNm C C B 20kN 20kN 60kN C 80kNm 80kN 80kNm A 20kN Fig.2.5.3a 20kN For the member AC the force is resolved to its components for the normal and shear forces as shown in Fig.2.5.3.b. 20kN 16kN 12kN 16kN C Fig.2.5.3.b 12kN A 20kN 16kN 12kN A 16kN 12kN 16kN
12kN

Member CB: The distribution of normal force, shear force, and moment for each member is shown above. C B 20kN 80kNm S.F.D 60kN 12kN B.M.D 90kNm

20kN N.F.D 16kN 60kN S.F.D

80kNm

80kNm B.M.D

90kNm

2.5.3.The frame in Fig.2.5.4 has an internal hinge at C, and supported on two hinged supports. Draw the normal force, shear force, and moment diagrams. 50kN/m C 3 D E
3 3

3
3 3

Fig.2.5.4 Solution

5 B A 4 4

-Reactions are calculated by method No.1 -MA=0: 8RB+2HB-5084= 0 -4RB+HB=800 (1)

-MC=0: 4RB-6HB--5042=0 -2RB-3HB=200 (2)

-From(1): HB=800-4RB (3) -(3) into (2) 2RB-3(800-4RB)=200 ; -HB=800-4185.71=+57.14kN( ) Fy=0: RA= -508+185 71+RA=0 RA=214.29kN -Fx=0: HA=57.14kN -The frame members, rigid joints are separated from each other 171.42kNm 285.7kNm E D 285.7kNm 171.42kNm 57.14kN E C 50kN/m RB=2600/14=185.71kN

50kN/m E 120kN 200kN 160kN C 57.14kN B 185.71kN


214.29kN

185.71kN

A 57.14kN

57.14kN

214.29kN Forces at cut ends of members: -AD: at D ND= -214.29kN, VD= -57.14kN, MD= -57.145=-285.7kNm -BE: at E NE=-185.71kN, VE=+57.14kN, ME=-57.143=-171.42kNm

-DC: at D

ND=-214.29(0.6)-57.14(0.8)= -174.28kN

VD=214.29(0.8)-57.14(0.6)=+137.15kN At C NC=-14.29(0.6)-57.14(0.8)=-54.29kN

VC=+14.29(0.8)-57.14(0.6)=-22.85kN -EC: at E NE=-185.71(0.6)-57.14(0.8)=- 157.14kN VE=-185.71(0.8)+57.14(0.6)=- 114.28kN At C NC=-57.14(0.8)+14.29(0.6)= -37.14kN VC=+57.14(0.6)+14.29(0.8)=+45.72kN The normal force, shear force, and bending moment diagrams are presented in Fig.2.5.4a.

22.85 +45.72 +137.15 114.28

S.F.D +57.14 57.14

37.14

54.29 157.14 174.28

N.F.D 214.29

185.71

285.7 285.7

171.4 2 171.4 2

B.M.D

2.6.Problems 2.6.1.For the frames shown in Figs.2.6.1 and 2.6.2.Determine the reactions and fixed end moment at support A

Draw the normal force, shear force, and B.M.D.on the frame members. 4kN/m 3KN C . 4 A 2 Fig.2.6.1 2 A B 3 10kN/m C

10kN B

Fig.2.6.2
2

2.6.2. Calculate the horizontal and vertical reactions and fixed end moment on the two member frame in Fig.2.6.3. Draw the normal force, shear force, and B.M.D.on the frame members. 30kN 50kN 2 C
B

Fig.2.6.3 A
1 2

2.6.3.Draw the normal force, shear force, and moment diagrams for each of the frames shown in Figs.2.6.4, and 2.6.5. 100kN 250kN A D E A 5 Fig.2.6.4 B 2.5 5 5 2.6.4. The simple frame given in Fig.2,6,6 has supports at different level. Determine the value of reactions, and draw the normal force, shear force, and moment diagrams for all frame members. 2 2 2 C F 4 100kN
3

2kN/m C Fig.2.6.5 B D 3kN

96kN 2 C 36kN E 2 A F Fig. 2.6.6 B 2 3 D 6

2.6.5.Calculate the reactions at supports of the three hinged frames given in Figs.2.6.7, and 2.6.8. Draw N.F, S.F, and B.M.digrams 40kN F 3 30kN 3 A 2 2 4 20kNm E 4 A 2 2 5 3 C Fig.2.6.8 B D E Fig.2.6.7 B D C

2.6.6.The frames given in Figs.2.6.9 to 2.6.11are three hinged frames with supports at different level. Determine the reactions using the method No.1 for frame in Fig.2.6.9. Use method No.2 for the determination of reactions on Figs.2.6.10 and 2.6.11. E 2 D 2 A B 2 4 A 4 2 Fig.2.6.9 6 C F 36kN 5 Fig.2.6.10 B 2 D 5kNm C E 2 27kN

20kNm C 2 5 D 5 A 4 6 6 Fig.2.6.11 B E

2.6.7.Draw the N.F and S.F.D for the part ac of the frames in Figs.2.6.9 and 2.6.10, and for the part bc of the frame in Fig.2.6.11 . 2.6.8.Draw the B.M.D on all members of the frame given in Fig.2.6.11.

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