BY: TATIANA TROMPETERO, ANDREA CRUZ-CAMPOS, AND ANETA JELOWICKI Estimated Set-up time: 10 minutes.

The fractional distillation apparatus in an important component when separating compounds using the method of fractional distillation, which consists of a liquid mixture being separated into fractions with contrasting boiling points. Many students in organic chemistry labs are asked to set up the distillation apparatus in order to separate the compounds in the mixture. From here students are able to identify the various compounds in a mixture; however, the main focus of this instruction manual is to learn how to properly set up the fractional distillation apparatus. Some safety precautions include wearing a lab coat, goggles, gloves, and close toed shoes. Remember before you start working to make sure that all the glassware is in good condition, not chipped or cracked. Also, always secure the glassware in a way that the materials wont roll away or fall off the edge of your workstation. PRECAUTIONS: Red is customary for caution (or yellow or orange). Before you start the procedure, put on a lab coat, goggles, gloves, and close-toed shoes. You are working with glassware that can possible break! Check glassware for chips or cracks. If found, replace with a new set. Always secure glassware so that it will not fall off your workstation. Do not try to adjust multiple glassware at a time because you do not have control over gravity and things fall easily!

[1] Keck Clip (5)

[2] Thermometer

http://www.everyonedoesit.c om/img/products/large_kec k_clip_t.jpg [3] Distilling Adapter

http://www.homebrewers.com/pro duct/5456/LaboratoryThermometer-12.html [4] Water-jacketed Condenser

http://www.avogadro-labsupply.com/item.php?item_id= 1298 [5] Distillation Flash

http://www.fishersci.com/ecomm/ servlet/fsproductdetail_10652_782 418__-1_0 [6] Air Condenser

http://www.stanhopeseta.co.uk/202/DistillationFlask-(pack-of-2)

http://www.ctechglass.com/con densers-cd0001-c46_23_74.html

[7] Thermometer Adapter

[8] Receiving Flask

http://orgchem.colorado.edu/ Technique/Equipment/Rxngla ss/Thermadaptor.html [9] Distilling Adapter

http://commons.wikimedia.org/ wiki/File:1000_ml_Erlenmeyer_f lask.svg [10] Heating Mantle

http://www.safetyemporium.c om/ILPI_Site/WebPagesUS/de tail.htm?CG-1050-14

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikip edia/commons/thumb/8/88/Elect rothermal_Heating_Mantle.jpg/220 pxElectrothermal_Heating_Mantle.jpg [12] Hose (2)

[11] Magnetic Stirrer

http://www.labdepotinc.com /c-593-magnetic-stirrer.php

http://gameco.com.au/wpcontent/uploads/2011/12/LH1-300x156.jpg

[13] Metal Clamp (4)

[14] Metal Stand (2)

http://image.marginup.com/ u/u140/medium_Metal%20c lamp.jpg

http://ecx.imagesamazon.com/images/I/216H AD0I3qL._AA220_.jpg

Place the two metal stands side by side on your workstation.

Take one of the water-jacketed condensers. Lightly fill the inside with stainless steel wool to create the fractionating column. o If having trouble inserting the steel wool, use a spatula to push it into the condenser. Set fractionating column aside.

Position the magnetic stirrer in front of the left ring stand. Place the heating mantle on top of the magnet stirrer. o Ensure the heating mantle is evenly place on the magnetic stirrer.

Take a metal clamp and unwind its screw by turning it counterclockwise.

Turn counterclockwise until a slit is created.

Insert the stand metal pole into the open slit. Tighten the screw back by turning it clockwise. o Ensure metal clamp is firmly attached to the stand.

Loosen the head (top part) of the metal clamp that was tightened to the metal pole. Place fractionating column inside the head of the metal clamp. Tighten the head of the clamp back up. o Ensure the column is being held tight enough so that it will not slip through the clamp. o Remember this is glassware, so dont tighten the screw too tightly or the glass will crack under the pressure!

Loosen the top of the thermometer adapter.

Insert the thermometer at the top of the fractionating column until an inch of its tip is visible. Tighten the adapter back up. Insert both the thermometer and its adapter into the top portion of the distillation head. o Ensure the thermometer fits snuggly.

Take the piece you assembled on step 6 and insert it into the neck of the fractionating column.

Fasten the distillation flask open head to the column with a keck clip to hold it in place.

Attach hoses to the water condenser.

Connect condenser to the distillation head with a keck clip.

Secure the condenser and distillation head in place with the second metal clamp. o May have to adjust the position of the head to properly hold the condenser.

Attach distilling adapter to end of condenser with a keck clip.

Place receiving flask right underneath the distilling adapter. o Bring both flask and distilling adapted together, and too add height, place a flask on a flat stable object, like a wooden box or a book.

Place a distillation flask onto the heating mantle. o Ensure flask is located right below the fractionating column.

Secure flask to fractionating column with a keck clip.

Set up of the fractional distillation apparatus is now complete!

Well done! You have successfully set up the apparatus for processes of fractional distribution. These methods provide essential guidance to help Organic Chemistry students achieve separations of two elements during the laboratories. Do not forget to double check if all the parts are attached tightly and that all the precautions have been taken accurately, then you are ready to go! Now that you know to set the apparatus up, you can start using it for the different laboratory duties it can be applied for. We hope you find this manual useful, concrete and effective.

Distillation Flask: A round-bottom flask. Air Condenser: A tall condenser filled with steel wool that acts as the fractionating column (helps separate the different compounds according to their boiling points). Distilling Adapter: This adapter connects the distillation flask, the condenser, and the thermometer. Also known as a distillation head. Water-jacketed Condenser: Is directly connected to the receiving flask. Hoses attached to the condenser are connected to the water supply. The water flows in the lower hose connection and out the upper hose. Receiving Flask: The container used to collect the condensed vapor, can be bottom flask, an Erlenmeyer flask, a bottle, or a graduated cylinder. Heating Mantle: An instrument used to heat the mixture present in the distillation flask, placed on top of magnetic stirrer.

Magnetic Stirrer: An instrument used to stir the magnetic stir bar is in the distillation flask to stir the mixture. Keck Clip: Yellow clasp that holds together the different parts of the set up. For example, attaches at the head of the distillation flask and the air condenser and holds them together. Metal Clamp: Used to hold up and stabilize the apparatus to the stand.

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Web. 1 Nov. 2013. <http://www.ctechglass.com/ctechad0200003-p-280.html>. 9 . "MYMAG Magnetic Stirrers ART Prozess- & Labortechnik GmbH & Co. KG Homogenisieren Dispergieren Mischen." MYMAG Magnetic Stirrers ART Prozess- & Labortechnik GmbH & Co. KG Homogenisieren Dispergieren Mischen. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Nov. 2013. <http://www.miccra.com/mymagmagnetruhrer/?lang=en>. 10. "Recommended lab clamp on Alibaba.com." Best Lab Clamp, Top lab glassware on Alibaba.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Nov. 2013. <http://www.alibaba.com/products-directory/recommended-labclamp.html>. 11. "Ring Stand Equipment." Chemistry Ring Stands & Equipment. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Nov. 2013. <http://www.hometrainingtools.com/ring-standequipment/c/123/>. 12. "Round-Bottom Flasks - Sigma-Aldrich Glassware Catalog." Sigma-Aldrich. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Nov. 2013. <http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/labware/glassware-catalog/flasksround-bottom.html>. 13. "SafetyEmporium.com: Product Details." SafetyEmporium.com: Product Details. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Nov. 2013. <http://www.safetyemporium.com/ILPI_Site/WebPagesUS/detail. htm?CG-1050-14>. 14. "Thermometer, Adapter, Inlet | Wilmad-Labglass | RightPriceChemicals.com." Thermometer, Adapter, Inlet | WilmadLabglass | RightPriceChemicals.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Nov. 2013. <http://www.rightpricechemicals.com/thermometer-adapterinlet.html>.