MARXISM - LENINISM - MAOISM

Study Notes

Contents
Publisher Note INTRODUCTION

PART I HISTORY OF THE DE ELOPMENT OF MARXISM - LENINISM - MAOISM

I ! ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL "AC#$ROUND TO THE "IRTH OF MARXISM The Industrial Revolution The French Revolution The Bourgeois Democratic Revolutions Conditions of the Proletariat Working Class Consciousness and Proletarian Organisations II! MAIN IDEOLO$ICAL CURRENTS LEADIN$ UP TO MARXISM The Enlightment Bourgeois i!eralism Classical Political Econom" #ocialist Theories

$erman Classical Philoso%h" III! THE "IRTH OF MARXISM Earl" ife of &ar' and Engels The (egelian eft Contact )ith #ocialist and Revolutionar" Thought #tud" of Political Econom" Discover" of the &aterialist Conce%tion of (istor" Ela!oration of Basic Princi%les of &ar'ism Revolutionar" Activit" The Communist &anifesto I ! THE FIRST PERIOD% &'(' - &')& Economic Boom &ar'*s Anal"sis of Ca%italism The +,-, Revolution &ar' and Engels During the +,-, Revolution Other Revolutions in this Period Formation of the International Workingmen*s Association Fight against Wrong Trends in the First International The Paris Commune and the First International ! THE SECOND PERIOD% &')& - &*+, Political Background Economic Background Fight against O%%ortunism in the $erman Part" #%read of &ar'ism

O%%ortunism in the #econd International Fight against Bernsteinian Revisionism enin*s Earl" .ears Fight against /arodism Fight against Economism Fight against &enshevism I! THE THIRD PERIOD% &*+, - &*&) Political Background The Russian Bourgeois Revolution of +012 T)o Tactics 3 the %olitical %re%aration of the Part" Revolutions in the East #econd International on Colonialism and War Fight against Revisionist Theories World War I and #ocial Chauvinism Bolshevik Position on the War Anal"sis of Im%erialism &ar'ism and the /ational 4uestion Fe!ruar" Bourgeois Revolution in Russia On)ards to the #ocialist Revolution The #tate and Revolution II! THE FOURTH PERIOD% &*&) - &*(* Period of (istoric Advances Fight against the 5 eft* Communists War Communism

World6)ide Revolutionar" Crisis Ideological and Political Foundations of the Third International The /EP and the Trotsk"ite O%%osition #talin*s Earl" .ears Foundations of eninism #ocialist Industrialisation and Collectivisation of Agriculture Errors of #talin Crisis of Ca%italism Rise of Fascism and Threat of World War Third International*s Pers%ective on War and Fascism World War II and the Tactics of the International Proletariat &ao*s Earl" .ears Path of Revolution in the Colonies and #emi6Colonies Esta!lishment of Red Bases and Fight against various 5 eft* ines Tactics for the Anti67a%anese War of Resistance &ao*s Other Contri!utions to &ar'ism6 eninism in this Period 8ictor" of the Chinese Peo%le*s Revolution Esta!lishment of the #ocialist Cam% III! THE FIFTH PERIOD% &*(* - &*)#econd #tage of $eneral Crisis Chinese Path of Revolution E'%ansion of the World Econom" &odern Revisionism and Colla%se of the #ocialist Cam% The $reat De!ate

T)o6 ine #truggle against Ca%italist Roaders Political Econom" of #ocialism The $reat Proletarian Cultural Revolution Esta!lishment of &aoism as /e) #tage of &ar'ism6 eninism Revival of Revolutionar" &ovements #ome 5 eft* Ideological Currents in this Period Deng Revisionism and the oss of All #ocialist Bases IX! THE SIXTH PERIOD% &*)- ON.ARDS Crisis of Im%erialism Reorganisation of Revolutionar" Forces #ome Anti6&ar'ist Ideological Trends Advance to Final 8ictor" guided !" &ar'ism6 eninism6&aoism

PART II THE COMPONENT PARTS OF MARXISM - LENINISM - MAOISM

X! PHILOSOPHY Philoso%hical &aterialism Dialectics The &aterialist Conce%tion of (istor" enin9s Contri!ution to the Develo%ment of &ar'ist Philoso%h" &ao9s Contri!ution to the Develo%ment of &ar'ist Philoso%h"

XI! POLITICAL ECONOMY Contri!ution of &ar' and Engels Contri!ution of enin Contri!ution of &ao Economic a)s of #ocialism XII! SOCIALISM +: #CIE/TIFIC #OCIA I#& Theor" of Class #truggle #ocialism in One Countr" ;: T(E #OCIA I#T #TATE The Dictatorshi% of the Proletariat The Peo%le*s Democratic Dictatorshi% <: #OCIA I#T CO/#TR=CTIO/ The Russian E'%erience Socialist Industrialisation Collectivisation of Agriculture Victory of Socialism and Preliminary Conditions for Transition to Communism Errors in Russian Experience The Chinese E'%erience General Line and Step !y Step Collectivisation "ao#s $evelopment of $ialectical Approac% to Socialist Construction Great Leap &or'ard and t%e (irt% of People#s Communes Struggle against t%e Capitalist Roaders -: T(E $REAT PRO ETARIA/ C= T=RA RE8O =TIO/

Ca%italist Restoration of the #oviet =nion> (istorical essons The Cultural Revolution> A Form Found Ane) The Targets of the Revolution &ass6 ine in the Revolution (istorical Relevance of the Cultural Revolution XIII! TACTICS OF THE CLASS STRU$$LE OF THE PROLETARIAT +: BA#IC PRI/CIP E# "arx#s T%eoretical (asis Leninist Tactical Principles T%e T%ree "agic )eapons ;: BO=R$EOI#6DE&OCRATIC RE8O =TIO/ A/D PRO ETARIA/6#OCIA I#T RE8O =TIO/ <: TACTIC# I/ T(E ABO8E T(REE #TA$E# OF RE8O =TIO/ T%e )or*er Peasant Alliance Leaders%ip of t%e Proletariat Lenin+s T%esis on ,ational and Colonial -uestion Enric%ment and $evelopment of t%e Leninist T%esis on .nited &ront !y "ao -: FOR&# OF #TR=$$ E &orms of Armed Revolution "ao+s T%eory of Protracted People#s )ar 2: TACTIC# D=RI/$ WAR /ust and .n0ust )ars Tactics during Imperialist )ar "ao#s $evelopment of t%e Line on )orld )ar and Peace

XI ! THE PARTY &ar' and Engels on the Working Class Part" The Part" of a /e) T"%e Democratic Centralism &ass6 ine T)o6 ine #truggle X ! THE NATIONAL /UESTION &ar'ist =nderstanding Regarding Earl" /ationalit" &ovements eninist inking of the /ational and Colonial 4uestion /ational i!eration #truggles CONCLUSION REFERENCES

I/TROD=CTIO/

Let0s Stu12 M3r4is5-Leninis5-M3ois5

"arxism Leninism "aoism s%ould !e t%e guide to our t%in*ing and practice of Indian Revolution1 Study of "L"2 %o'ever2 is not meant only for t%e ran* and file 1 It is a!solutely essential t%at every one of us study it1 Ran* and file in all fields of 'or* s%ould study "L"1 And t%e revolutionary organisation as a '%ole2 s%ould ma*e specific efforts to train ne' entrants in "L"1 All t%is is essential for us to en%ance t%e t%eoretical level and strengt%en its !ase1 )e s%ould study "L" in order to c%ange our su!0ective understanding of t%e 'orld around us2 to correctly analyse Indian society and t%e 'orld at large2 and to grasp t%e !asic pat% of t%e Indian ,e' $emocratic Revolution and its strategy and tactics1 )e s%ould study it2 so as to learn from t%e positive and negative experiences of )orld Revolution2 to a!sor! t%e good in it2 and to learn to t%oroug%ly criticise revisionism and opportunism of all s%ades1 In s%ort2 "L" is a must to mould our practice in t%e lig%t of t%eory1 T%erefore2 come2 let#s study "arxism Leninism "aoism1

PART I HISTORY OF THE DE ELOPMENT OF MARXISM - LENINISM - MAOISM

Cha%ter I

E6ono5i6 3n1 Politi63l "3678roun1 to the "irth o9 M3r4is5

The Industrial Revolution The French Revolution The Bourgeois Democratic Revolutions Conditions of the Proletariat Working Class Consciousness and Proletarian Organisations

T%e !irt% of "arxism !elongs to t%e period of t%e dramatic and revolutionary gro't% of capitalism in parts of ,ort% )estern Europe and ,ort% America '%ic% resulted in t%e conclusive victory of capitalism over t%e t%en predominant feudal system1 T%is period2 extending from t%e later part of t%e eig%teent% century up to t%e mid nineteent% century2 sa' one of t%e greatest transformations in %uman %istory and t%e esta!lis%ment of t%e glo!al domination of a fe' )estern capitalist regimes2 particularly t%e (ritis%1 It not only led to t%e radical social and economic transformation of t%e capitalist countries2 it also led to t%e capitulation and collapse of numerous age old civilisations and empires of t%e 'orld1 India !ecame a province administered !y (ritis% governors2 t%e Islamic states 'ere t%ro'n into crisis2 Africa lay open to direct con3uest2 even t%e great C%inese Empire 'as forced in 4567 89 to open its frontiers to 'estern exploitation1 (y 4585 not%ing stood in t%e 'ay of 'estern con3uest of any territory t%at 'estern governments or !usinessmen mig%t find it to t%eir advantage to occupy2 0ust as not%ing !ut time stood in t%e 'ay of t%e progress of 'estern capitalist enterprise1 At t%e core of t%is immense transformation stood t%e t'o eart%s%a*ing revolutions of t%is period : t%e Industrial Revolution2 centred in (ritain2 and t%e &renc% Revolution of 4;572 leading to numerous ot%er !ourgeois democratic revolutions1 T%ey represented t%e triump%ant advance of t%e revolutionary modern !ourgeoisie1 Some ground for t%ese revolutions %ad !een laid in t%e numerous struggles 'aged !y t%e nascent capitalist class in t%e preceding centuries : prominently2 t%e sixteent% century Reformation <'%ic% according to Engels2 'as =t%e first act of !ourgeois revolution in Europe#>2 and t%e mid seventeent% century Englis% Revolution1 T%e social and economic forces2 and t%e political and intellectual tools for t%e !ourgeois transformation of t%is period %ad t%us prepared and ripened over t%e years1 ?o'ever2 t%e revolutions and transformations of t%is period also simultaneously led to t%e emergence of t%e forces destined to counter and overcome t%e !ourgeoisie1 T%e triump%ant ne' system itself gave !irt% to t%e struggling proletariat2 and it 'as during t%is period itself t%at2 at least in Europe2 t%e forces and ideas conceiving t%e deat% of capitalism 'ere ta*ing !irt%1 T%oug% t%en extremely 'ea*2 t%e modern proletariat and its ideology @ "arxism @ 'ere t%e products of t%e period of t%e greatest revolutionary transformation of t%e !ourgeoisie1 Revolutionary socialist and communist ideology 'as

!orn as a reaction to t%e dual revolution of t%is period1 (y 4585 it %ad !een classically formulated in t%e Communist "anifesto1 The Industrial Revolution T%e term =Industrial Revolution# connotes t%e process !y '%ic%2 around t%e middle of t%e eig%teent% century2 for t%e first time in %uman %istory2 t%e s%ac*les 'ere ta*en off t%e productive po'er of %uman societies2 '%ic% %encefort% !ecame capa!le of t%e constant2 rapid and apparently limitless multiplication of men2 goods and services1 ,o previous society %ad !een a!le to !rea* t%roug% t%e ceiling '%ic% a pre industrial social structure2 defective science and tec%nology2 and conse3uently periodic !rea*do'n2 famine and deat%2 imposed on production1 It is t%erefore t%at t%is sudden2 3ualitative and fundamental transformation '%ic% occurred !asically in (ritain2 'as referred to @ first !y t%e (ritis% and &renc% socialists of t%e 459As @ as a revolution2 t%e Industrial Revolution1 It mar*ed t%e transformation of society from t%e agricultural mercantile !asis of feudalism to t%e industrial !asis of capitalism1 It !roug%t a!out a tremendous expansion in t%e cotton textile2 iron and coal industries2 as also in t%e rail'ays1 T%is massive production 'as accompanied !y a p%enomenal gro't% of 'orld trade2 'it% (ritain !eing supplied 'it% ra' materials from all parts of t%e 'orld and in turn exporting its manufactured goods1 A 'orld mar*et emerged and (ritain !ecame t%e ='or*s%op of t%e 'orld#1 T%e figures for cotton textiles '%ic% 'as t%e main industry of t%e Industrial Revolution are indicative of t%e pace of c%ange1 T%e 3uantity of ra' cotton imported into (ritain rose from 44 million l!s1 in 4;5B to B55 million l!s1 in 45BAC t%e output of clot% from 8A million to 92A9B million yards1 And t%is rapid increase 'as in direct comparison to t%e almost total stagnation under centuries of feudalism1 T%e Industrial Revolution 'as accelerated !y t%e application of numerous inventions for expanding production in industry1 ?o'ever2 t%is revolution !ro*e out in (ritain not !ecause of its scientific and tec%nological superiority1 In fact2 in respect of scientific *no'ledge2 ot%er countries2 particularly &rance2 'ere muc% a%ead of (ritain1 It 'as t%e material conditions <economic and political> in (ritain t%at allo'ed for t%e complete and unfettered gro't% of capitalism and t%us determined t%at t%is 'ould !e t%e country of t%e Industrial Revolution1 (ritain 'as a country '%ic% %ad in 4D87 itself experienced a !ourgeois democratic revolution2 '%ere t%e first *ing %ad !een formally tried and executed2 and '%ere private profit and economic development %ad !ecome accepted as t%e supreme o!0ects of government policy1 It %ad already found a revolutionary solution of t%e agrarian pro!lem1 &arming 'as already predominantly for t%e mar*etC manufacture %ad long !een diffused t%roug%out t%e feudal countryside1 Agriculture 'as already prepared to carry out its t%ree fundamental functions in an era of industrialisationE to increase production and productivity2 so as to feed a rapidly rising non agricultural populationC to provide a large and rising surplus of potential recruits for t%e to'ns and industriesC and to provide a mec%anism for t%e accumulation of capital to !e used in t%e more modern sectors of t%e economy1 T%ese internal factors2 com!ined 'it% colonial expansion t%at provided a 'orld mar*et2 made (ritain t%e mot%er country of t%e Industrial Revolution1 T%oug% t%e Industrial Revolution originated in2 and 'as for many years restricted to (ritain2 its effects 'ere 'orld 'ide1 T%e .SA and most of t%e )estern European economies follo'ed t%e lead of t%e pioneering (ritis% industrialist and !ecame advanced capitalist societies1 T%e colonies and t%e semi colonies on t%e ot%er %and2 'ere forced to !ecome appendages of (ritain2 and to some extent t%e ot%er industrialising countries1 India 'as deindustrialised 'it% t%e smas%ing of its %andloom industry1 A country '%ic% %ad for centuries exported textiles to t%e )est 'as forced to !ecome an importer of (ritis% cottons1 (y 459A it imported 44 million yards2 and !y 458A t%is figure gre' to 48B million yards1 Latin America similarly 'as forced to a!sor! BD million yards !y 459A2 '%ic% increased to 9;7 million yards in 458A1

T%is tremendous expansion of industry and trade converted t%e capitalist class from a middle class <t%e literal meaning of t%e 'ord =!ourgeoisie# is middle class>2 into a class of industrial millionaires t%e modern industrial !ourgeoisie1 A class '%ic% so far %ad only modest means as compared to t%e feudal lords ac3uired ric%es unimagina!le !efore t%e Industrial Revolution1 T%oug% t%e feudals continued to !e t%e ric%est individuals in most countries2 it 'as t%e !ourgeoisie as a class2 '%ose rapidly strengt%ening position in t%e economy2 gave it t%e po'er to dictate terms 'it%in society1 T%is class2 '%ic% %ad since t%e sixteent% century2 'aged numerous ma0or struggles at t%e p%ilosop%ical2 economic2 political and military levels2 !egan from t%is time on'ards to ac%ieve conclusive victory over t%e great feudal lando'ners *ings2 popes2 !is%ops2 and no!les1 In many countries !ourgeois repu!lics 'ere set up and even '%ere t%ese repu!lics 'ere overt%ro'n and monarc%y restored2 t%e modern !ourgeois class succeeded in maintaining a controlling position in t%e state and society1 The French Revolution T%e period of revolutionary and often violent capture of state po'er !y t%e !ourgeoisie %ad started from t%e sixteent% century itself 'it% t%e first !ourgeois revolution in ?olland to'ards t%e end of t%at century and t%en t%e Englis% Revolution of 4D871 Anot%er significant revolution 'as t%at of t%e .SA in 4;;D1 ?o'ever it 'as t%e &renc% Revolution of 4;57 t%at %ad t%e most far reac%ing impact1 If t%e economy of t%e nineteent% century 'orld 'as formed mainly under t%e influence of t%e (ritis% Industrial Revolution2 its politics and ideology 'ere formed mainly !y t%e &renc%1 (ritain provided t%e model for its rail'ays and factories2 t%e economic su!stance '%ic% opened t%e traditional economic and social structures of t%e 'orldC !ut &rance made its revolutions and gave t%e ideas t%at largely governed European and even 'orld politics1 &rance provided t%e issues of li!eral and radical democratic politics for most of t%e 'orld1 &rance provided t%e concept and t%e first great example of nationalism1 T%e ideology of t%e modern 'orld first penetrated ancient civilisations t%roug% &renc% influence1 T%e &renc% Revolution occurred in t%e most po'erful and populous state of Europe and 'as a mass social revolution t%at 'as immensely more radical t%an t%e ot%er revolutions of t%e time1 &urt%er2 of all contemporary revolutions it alone attempted to spread and universalise its ideals1 Its armies set out to revolutionise t%e 'orldC its ideas actually did so1 T%e direct impact of its ideas 'as felt as far a'ay as India2 as also in t%e Islamic 'orld1 Its indirect influence is universal2 for it provided t%e pattern for all su!se3uent revolutionary movements2 its lessons !eing even included into modern socialism and communism1 T%e &renc% Revolution started as an agitation for constitutional reforms !y t%e !ourgeoisie1 T%is coincided 'it% a severe economic and social crisis of 4;55 4;57 to convert it into a mass upsurge first of t%e ur!an poor and t%en of t%e revolutionary peasantry1 T%e *ey event of t%e Revolution 'as t%e storming of t%e state prison t%e (astille on /uly 48t%2 4;57 !y t%e revolutionary masses of Paris1 It 'as t%e signal for t%e spreading of t%e revolution to t%e provincial to'ns and t%e countryside1 )it%in a space of t%ree 'ee*s a 'ave of uprisings t%roug%out t%e countryside %ad smas%ed t%e social structure of &renc% rural feudalism2 as 'ell as muc% of t%e state mac%ine of royal &rance1 &eudal privileges 'ere soon officially removed2 t%oug% it 'as only in t%e later more radical p%ase of t%e Revolution in 4;76 t%at feudalism 'as finally a!olis%ed1 In August 4;57 'as adopted t%e $eclaration of t%e Rig%ts of "an and CitiFens '%ic% t%oug% against all no!le privileges 'as not in favour of a democratic and egalitarian society1 It provided for social distinctions on t%e =grounds of common utility#2 and a natural rig%t to private property 'as recognised1 T%e earlier period of t%e Revolution up to 4;74 'as led !y t%e moderate sections of t%e !ourgeoisie '%ic% introduced massive reforms in t%e interests of t%e !ourgeoisie under a system of constitutional monarc%y1 ?o'ever '%en foreign intervention to try and restore t%e &renc% *ing#s po'ers led to 'ar in4;792 t%e state passed into t%e %ands of a muc% more radical section of t%e !ourgeoisie represented !y t%e /aco!ins1 T%ey a!olis%ed t%e monarc%y and set

up a repu!lic '%ic% granted t%e people universal suffrage2 t%e rig%t of insurrection2 and t%e rig%t to 'or* or maintenance1 All remaining feudal privileges 'ere ta*en a'ay 'it%out compensation and slavery 'as a!olis%ed in t%e &renc% colonies1 T%oug% t%e /aco!in Repu!lic introduced many measures favouring t%e ur!an and rural poor2 it %o'ever proved too radical for t%e !ourgeoisie1 )%en t%e difficulties of 'ar alienated a section of t%e popular support for it t%e main leaders of t%e Repu!lic li*e Ro!espierre and ot%ers 'ere overt%ro'n and executed in 4;781 T%e army '%ic% 'as gro'ing in po'er t%roug% t%e victories in t%e 'ars soon !ecame t%e most po'erful arm of t%e state1 T%is led to t%e emergence and consolidation of t%e rule of ,apoleon '%o 'as t%e army#s most successful General1 .nder %is leaders%ip t%e &renc% army ac%ieved victory over almost t%e '%ole of Europe2 except Russia and (ritain1 ?is rule continued up to %is defeat in 4546 4B1 Gne very important conse3uence of t%e &renc% Revolution '%et%er direct or indirect 'as t%e a!olition of feudalism over almost t%e '%ole of Europe1 Gver most of Latin Europe <Spain and Italy>2 t%e Lo' Countries <(elgium and ?olland>2 S'itFerland and )estern Germany t%e a!olition of feudalism 'as t%e 'or* of t%e &renc% con3uering armies2 or of native li!erals '%o co operated 'it% t%em or 'ere inspired !y t%em1 In ,ort% 'estern Germany and t%e Illyrian Provinces li*e Croatia and Slovenia2 &renc% reforms !egan or continued t%e legal revolution against feudalism1 In Prussia too t%e influence of t%e &renc% Revolution 'as decisive for t%e emancipation of t%e peasants1 T%us2 t%e actual legal steps to secure !ourgeois systems of landed property 'ere ta*en mostly !et'een 4;57 and 45491 ?o'ever t%eir implementation 'as most effective in &rance and its ad0oining areas1 In ot%er areas implementation 'as slo'ed do'n !y t%e reactionaries after ,apoleon#s defeat and actually came into practice '%ere li!eralism representing t%e !ourgeoisie 'as strong enoug% and '%ere t%ere existed an active !ody of middle class !uyers to ta*e over t%e lands1 The Bourgeois Democratic Revolutions T%e process of t%e 'orld 'ide victory of capitalism 'as naturally mar*ed !y a series of successful and unsuccessful attempts of t%e !ourgeoisie to seiFe po'er1 T%e period after t%e defeat of t%e ,apoleonic armies from 454B2 rig%t up to 4585 'as mar*ed !y a num!er of !ourgeois revolutions2 primarily centred in t%e )estern 'orld Europe and t%e Americas1 T%e first 'ave of revolutions occurred in 459A 981 In Europe t%e revolutions too* place in Spain <459A>2 ,aples <459A> and Greece <4594>1 T%e first t'o 'ere suppressed2 !ut t%e Gree* Revolution2 '%ic% started as a mass insurrection2 continued for a decade as a struggle for independence from t%e Gttoman Empire1 It united t%e Gree* nation and its struggle !ecame an inspiration for international li!eralism and t%e rallying point for t%e European left 'ing during t%e 459As1 T%e Spanis% Revolution2 t%oug% suppressed2 led to t%e revival of t%e li!eration movements in Latin America1 It led !y 4599 to t%e independence of Spanis% America i1e1 =Great Colom!ia# <including present day Colom!ia2 VeneFuela and Ecuador>2 Argentina2 C%ile and Peru1 In 4594 "exican independence 'as esta!lis%ed2 and in 4599 (raFil seceded from Portugal1 T%e second 'ave of revolutions <4597 68> affected Europe muc% more deeply1 T%e crucial point in t%is 'ave 'as t%e overt%ro' in 456A of t%e &renc% (our!on monarc%y <esta!lis%ed after ,apoleon#s defeat in 454B>1 T%oug% t%e revolution 'as defeated and did not result in t%e setting up of a repu!lic2 it led to t%e esta!lis%ment of a constitutional monarc%2 Louis P%ilippe2 'it% t%e support of !an*ers and t%e financial aristocracy1 T%e &renc% uprising aroused t%e peoples in various ot%er parts of Europe1 (elgium 'on independence from t%e $utc% in 456A2 Poland foug%t resolutely for t'o years !efore !eing suppressed militarily2 agitations covered parts of Italy and Germany2 li!eralism 'on in S'itFerland2 and civil 'ar !et'een li!erals and clerics !ro*e out in Spain and Portugal1 (ritain too experienced t%e Cat%olic Emancipation of Ireland in 4597 and t%e &renc% influenced electoral reform agitation leading up to t%e Reforms Act of 45691 T%e net result of t%is revolutionary 'ave of 456A 'as t%at it mar*ed t%e conclusive defeat of aristocratic po'er !y !ourgeois po'er in )estern Europe1 T%e ruling class came to !e t%at of t%e !ig

!ourgeoisie of !an*ers2 !ig industrialists and sometimes top civil servants2 '%o 'ere on t%e one %and accepted !y t%e aristocracy '%o agreed to promote !ourgeois policies2 and on t%e ot%er %and %arassed from t%e outside !y t%e agitations of t%e lesser and unsatisfied !usinessmen2 t%e petty !ourgeoisie and t%e early la!our movements1 456A 'as a crucial turning point1 It mar*ed t%e !eginning of t%e decades of crisis in t%e development of t%e ne' society '%ic% led up to t%e eart%s%a*ing events of t%e =Continental Revolution# 'ave of 45851 456A 'as also of crucial importance in anot%er more long term sense1 It mar*ed t%e emergence of t%e 'or*ing class as an independent and self conscious force in politics in (ritain and &rance1 Conditions of the Proletariat T%e Industrial Revolution '%ic% !roug%t untold ric%es to t%e !ourgeoisie only resulted in t%e most savage exploitation of t%e 'or*er1 T%e ne' inventions in mac%inery did not mean any relief or !enefit for t%e 'or*er1 It only meant t%e lengt%ening of t%e 'or*ing day and t%e '%olesale use of 'omen and c%ildren in t%e mills and factories1 C%ildren from t%e age of six on'ards 'ere forced to 'or* fourteen to sixteen %ours in t%e (ritis% spinning mills1 )omen 'ere also employed in large num!ers1 In fact out of all t%e 'or*ers in t%e Englis% cotton mills in 4568 8; a!out one 3uarter 'ere adult men2 over %alf 'omen and girls and t%e rest 'ere !oys !elo' t%e age of eig%teen1 T%is large scale employment of 'omen and c%ildren %elped t%e capitalist to get c%eaper la!our2 as 'ell as !etter control t%e 'or*ers1 At t%e same time t%e full force of t%e la' 'as used to impose a !rutal discipline on t%e 'or*ers1 ?ars% anti union la's prevailed in all countries in t%e period of initial industrial gro't%1 )%en t%ese 'ere relaxed to some extent2 as in England in 45982 t%eir place 'as ta*en !y strict disciplinary la's li*e t%e (ritis% "aster and Servant code of 45961 It punis%ed t%e 'or*ers !y prison for !reac%es of contract2 !ut %ardly %ad any provision against t%e employer except t%e rarely used minor fine1 T%e main met%od %o'ever of controlling t%e 'or*ers 'as !y ensuring t%at t%e 'age 'as so lo' t%at t%e 'or*er 'ould %ave to slog t%roug%out t%e 'ee* in order to ma*e a minimum income1 T%us2 according to t%e employers2 Hpoverty 'as a guarantee of good !e%aviourH1 T%is poverty 'as ensured !y direct 'age cutting and t%e competition of t%e mac%ine1 T%us t%e 'ee*ly 'age of t%e %andloom 'eaver of (olton <in (ritain> reduced from 66s1 in 4;7B to 48s1 in 454B to a net income of 8s1 44I9d1 in 4597 681 In 45662 4A2AAA of t%e 492AAA 'or*ers in t%e Glasgo' cotton mills earned less t%an 44s1 a 'ee*1 In 464 of t%e 4B9 "anc%ester mills average 'ee*ly 'ages 'ere less t%an 49s1 a 'ee*1 T%e 'ages and 'or* conditions in t%e ne' factories of &rance and 'estern Germany 'ere2 if anyt%ing2 'orseC and (elgium 'as2 according to "arx2 =t%e paradise of t%e capitalists#1 Working Class Consciousness and Proletarian Organisations T%e living and 'or*ing conditions of t%e industrial proletariat 'ere suc% t%at re!ellion 'as not merely possi!le2 !ut virtually compulsory1 ,ot%ing 'as more inevita!le in t%e first %alf of t%e nineteent% century t%an t%e appearance of la!our and socialist movements2 and of mass social unrest1 T%e la!our movement provided an ans'er to t%e poor man#s cry1 It must %o'ever not !e confused 'it% t%e mere collective revulsion against intolera!le %ards%ip1 )%at 'as ne' in t%e la!our movement of t%e early nineteent% century 'as class consciousness and class am!ition1 T%e =poor# no longer faced t%e =ric%#1 A specific class2 t%e la!ouring class2 t%e 'or*ers2 or proletariat2 faced anot%er2 t%e employers or capitalists1 T%e &renc% Revolution gave t%is ne' class confidence2 t%e Industrial Revolution impressed on it t%e need for permanent mo!ilisation1 A decent liveli%ood could not !e ac%ieved merely !y t%e occasional protest1 It re3uired t%e eternal vigilance2 organisation and activity of t%e =movement# t%e trade union2 t%e mutual or co operative society2 t%e 'or*ing class institute2 ne'spaper or agitation1 &urt%er t%e continuous process of social c%ange t%at dominated t%e period encouraged t%e 'or*ers to t%in* in terms of an entirely c%anged society2 !ased on t%eir experience and ideas as opposed to t%at of t%eir oppressors1 It 'ould !e co operative and not competitive2 collectivist and not individualist1 It

'ould !e =socialist#1 And it 'ould !e not 0ust t%e eternal dream of a free society2 !ut a permanent2 practica!le alternative to t%e present system1 )or*ing class consciousness in t%is sense did not yet exist in 4;572 or indeed during t%e &renc% Revolution1 Gutside (ritain and &rance it !arely existed even in 45851 (ut in t%e t'o countries '%ic% personified t%e dual revolution2 it came into existence !et'een 454B and 45852 and more especially around 456A1 (efore t%is t%ere %ad !een struggles of t%e 'or*ers !ut t%ey 'ere mostly in t%e form of spontaneous out!ursts t%at lac*ed a long term perspective and consciousness1 Examples of t%ese 'ere t%e actions of t%e Luddite mac%ine !rea*ers against (ritis% textiles in 454A 441 T%ere %ad also !een organisations of t%e 'or*ers1 In fact trade unions in (ritain 'ere formed as early as 4;B91 (ut t%ese pioneer unions 'ere c%iefly groupings of s*illed 'or*ers1 It 'as only around 4545 t%at attempts 'ere first made in (ritain to lin* all la!ouring men toget%er in =general trades unions#2 i1e1 to !rea* t%roug% t%e sectional and local isolation of particular groups of 'or*ers to t%e national2 and even t%e universal solidarity of t%e la!ouring class1 It 'as also t%e period '%en t%e first 'or*er demonstrations and uprisings %ad to face t%e armed mig%t of t%e state in London in 454D2 and t%e muc% larger struggle in "anc%ester in 4547 '%ere ten 'or*ers 'ere *illed and several %undred in0ured1 T%e movement for !uilding a national union %o'ever pic*ed up intense momentum !et'een 4597 and 4568 under t%e leaders%ip of Ro!ert G'en2 t%e utopian socialist1 T%e ,ational Association for t%e Protection of La!our 'as set up in 456A1 It 'as follo'ed !y t%e Grand ,ational Consolidated Trade .nion of 4566 68 under t%e presidents%ip of Ro!ert G'en1 It %ad a mem!ers%ip of around BAA2AAA1 Attempts 'ere also made to organise co operatives of 'or*ers and convert t%e trade unions into national unions of co operatives2 !ut t%is did not meet 'it% success1 In 456;2 t%e great C%artist movement 'as launc%ed2 '%ic% according to Lenin2 'as =t%e first !road2 truly mass and politically organised proletarian revolutionary movement#1 Its six point C%arter demanded universal suffrage for men2 e3ual electoral districts2 annual Parliaments2 payment of Parliamentary mem!ers2 secret !allot2 and no property 3ualifications for "em!ers of Parliament1 Its c%ief aim 'as to 'in political rig%ts for t%e 'or*ing class1 It employed t%e means of mass petitions 'it% over B million signatures2 and of mass meetings and demonstrations2 some 'it% as many as 6BA2AAA people1 It %ad a regular 'ee*ly ne'spaper2 t%e ,ort%ern Star1 )%en t%e demands 'ere re0ected !y t%e !ourgeois Parliament2 t%e 'or*ers !egan in many places to stri*e and go into insurrection1 ?o'ever t%e movement 'as severely suppressed and died out !y 45BA1 In ot%er parts of t%e capitalist 'orld t%e 'or*ers# organisation and movement did not ta*e on suc% a 'idespread form1 T%is 'as partly !ecause of t%e !rutal la's to control t%e 'or*ers in t%ese countries2 !ut mainly !ecause t%e level of industrialisation %ad no'%ere advanced as far as in (ritain1 In t%e .SA trade unions gre' in t%e 459As and a centre 'as set up in t%e form of t%e ,ational Trades .nion !et'een 4568 and 456;1 In &rance2 (elgium2 S'itFerland2 Spain2 Germany and ot%er European countries t%e 'or*ers 'ere mainly organised in mutual !enefit societies and co operatives1 Some of t%ese 'ere %ig%ly organised1 An example 'as t%e community of Lyons <&rance> sil* 'or*ers2 '%ic% played an important role in t%e insurrections of t%ese 'or*ers in 4564 and again in 45681 An important role 'as also played !y t%e underground revolutionary political circles of 'or*ers in &rance1 Anot%er similar struggle in 4588 'as t%e uprising of t%e %andloom linen 'eavers of Silesia '%o 'ere !eing pus%ed into impoveris%ment and starvation due to t%e competition of (ritis% cotton goods1 T%e struggle %ad an immense influence on t%e young "arx1 $espite t%e spread of 'or*ing class consciousness and organisation2 t%e proletariat in t%is period did not as yet pose a t%reat to t%e social order1 Its struggles li*e t%e Lyons insurrections or t%e C%artist movement yet lac*ed t%e organisation and maturity to advance to'ards revolution1 ?o'ever t%e emergence of t%e proletariat as an independent class force2 as a material social force2 'as an event of

'orld %istorical significance1 It represented t%e !irt% of t%e force destined to c%allenge and overcome t%e t%en all con3uering !ourgeoisie1 T%e coming into material existence of t%e proletariat also meant simultaneously t%e !irt% of t%e ideas representing t%is ne' revolutionary class1 "any ideas and t%eories claiming to represent 'or*ing class interests came into !eing1 And among t%em 'as "arxism2 t%e ideology '%ic% 'as in t%e coming years to prove to !e t%e only true proletarian ideologyC t%e ideology capa!le of integrating 'it% t%e proletariat2 of !uilding its revolutionary organisations2 and of guiding it to victory over t%e !ourgeoisie1

Cha%ter II

M3in I1eolo8i63l Currents Le31in8 u: to M3r4is5

The Enlightment Bourgeois i!eralism Classical Political Econom" #ocialist Theories $erman Classical Philoso%h"

An analysis of t%e socio economic and political conditions of t%e late eig%teent% and early nineteent% century t%us points to t%e inevita!le !irt% t%en of proletarian ideology1 ?o'ever2 in order to understand t%e specific content and form of "arxism it is necessary to understand t%e process of development of %uman ideas and t%oug%t in t%e most advanced countries at t%at time1 Since it 'as capitalism t%at 'as t%e leading force in t%e development of %uman societies and since )estern Europe 'as t%e seat of most of capitalist development it 'as !ut natural t%at "arxism !ased itself and dre' upon all t%at 'as !est in European t%oug%t1 Let us t%erefore examine t%e state and progress of t%e principal streams of advanced European t%oug%t at t%at time1 The Enlightenment T%e intellectual and ideological !ac*ground to t%e !irt% of "arxism 'as t%e progressive and often revolutionary movement '%ic% dominated t%e 'orld of ideas during t%e eig%teent% century at t%e time of t%e emergence of capitalism1 It 'as lin*ed to t%e struggle of t%e nascent !ourgeoisie and t%e popular masses against feudal practices and institutions1 T%is movement 'as called t%e Enlig%tenment1 T%e !asic content of t%e Enlig%tenment ideology 'as rationalist and %umanist2 'it% a firm !elief in t%e progress of man1 It !elieved t%at %uman %istory 'as an ascent2 rat%er t%an a decline or an up do'n movement a!out a level trend1 T%e Enlig%tenment dre' its strengt% mainly from t%e gro't% of production and trade and t%e economic and scientific rationality !elieved to !e associated 'it% !ot%1 Its main ideologues sa' t%at man#s scientific *no'ledge and tec%nical control over nature increased daily1 T%ey t%us !elieved t%at %uman society and individual man could !e perfected !y t%e same application of reason2 and 'ere destined to !e so perfected !y %istory1 T%is core Enlig%tenment !elief in t%e united progress of reason and freedom provided t%e !asis for revolutionary !ourgeois ideology2 i1e12 classical !ourgeois li!eralism1 T%is core !elief also continued into t%e first socialist t%in*ers in t%e nineteent% century1 T%e distinctive feature of t%e Enlig%tenment 'as t%e urge of t%e t%in*ers concerned to restructure all social relations on a !asis of Reason2 Eternal /ustice2 E3uality and ot%er principles2 stemming2 in t%eir opinion2 from ,ature itself2 from t%e inaliena!le Hnatural rig%tsH of "an1 T%e leading figures of t%e Enlig%tenment sa' t%e dissemination of progressive ideas and *no'ledge and t%e en%ancement of

moral standards to !e t%e !asic means of transforming t%e life of society1 As Engels put it2 t%e ideals of t%e Enlig%tenment 'ere in practice none ot%er t%an t%e Hidealised *ingdom of t%e !ourgeoisieH1 Its greatest supporters and c%ampions 'ere t%e economically most progressive classes2 t%ose most directly involved in t%e advances of t%e time E t%e mercantile circles and economically enlig%tened landlords2 financiers2 scientifically minded economic and social administrators2 t%e educated middle class2 manufacturers and entrepreneurs1 ,aturally t%e t'o c%ief centres of t%e Enlig%tenment 'ere also t%ose of t%e dual revolution &rance and England1 A secular2 rationalist and progressive individualism dominated =enlig%tened# t%oug%t1 To set t%e individual free from t%e s%ac*les '%ic% fettered %im 'as its c%ief o!0ectE from t%e ignorant traditionalism of t%e "iddle Ages2 '%ic% still t%re' t%eir s%ado' across t%e 'orld2 from t%e superstition of t%e c%urc%es2 from t%e irrationality '%ic% divide men into a %ierarc%y of %ig%er and lo'er ran*s according to !irt%1 Li!erty2 e3uality and fraternity of all men 'ere its slogans1 In due course t%ey !ecame t%ose of t%e &renc% Revolution1 T%e Enlig%tenment in England2 '%ic% follo'ed its !ourgeois revolution2 'as relatively moderate in its ideas and goals1 Its leading figure2 /o%n Loc*e2 as 'ell as ot%er representatives2 propagated in !ot% religion and politics a spirit of class compromise1 In &rance %o'ever t%e Enlig%tenment preceded t%e Revolution and played a decisive part in t%e ideological preparation for it1 T%e fat%ers of t%e &renc% Enlig%tenment 'ere Voltaire and "ontes3uieu and it 'as *no'n for its militant anticlericalism and its uns'erving opposition to t%e Roman Cat%olic religion and C%urc%2 '%ic% constituted t%e spiritual !astion of t%e feudal2 a!solutist order1 T%e Enlig%tenment in America 'as led !y t%e radical democratic 'ing '%o too* part in t%e )ar of Independence <4;;B 4;56> (en0amin &ran*lin2 T%omas Paine2 T%omas /efferson and ot%ers1 In Russia one of t%e trends of t%e Enlig%tenment included figures '%o 'ere mem!ers of t%e first modern Russian revolutionary insurrectionary movement2 t%at of t%e $ecem!rists <459B>1 T%us Enlig%tenment t%oug%t often played t%e revolutionary role of providing t%e p%ilosop%ical and ideological !asis for t%e !ourgeois revolutions1 Bourgeois i!eralism .p to t%e &renc% Revolution t%e most po'erful and advanced formulation of t%e Enlig%tenment ideology of progress %ad !een classical !ourgeois li!eralism1 It 'as rigorously rationalist and secularC t%at is to say convinced on t%e one %and of t%e a!ility of men in principle to understand all and to solve all 3uestions !y t%e use of reason2 and on t%e ot%er %and of t%e tendency of irrational !e%aviour and institutions li*e organised non rational religion to o!scure rat%er t%an enlig%ten1 P%ilosop%ically it tended to'ards materialism or empiricism1 Its general assumptions regarding t%e 'orld and man 'ere mar*ed !y an intense individualism1 In !rief2 for classical li!eralism t%e %uman 'orld consisted of self contained individual atoms 'it% certain !uilt in passions and drives2 eac% see*ing a!ove all to maximise %is satisfactions and minimise %is dissatisfactions2 e3ual in t%is to all ot%ers2 and =naturally# recognising no limits or rig%ts of interference 'it% %is urges1 In ot%er 'ords2 eac% man 'as =naturally# possessed of life2 li!erty and t%e pursuit of %appiness2 as t%e American $eclaration of Independence put it1 In t%e course of pursuing t%is self interest2 eac% individual in t%is anarc%y of e3ual competitors2 found it advantageous or unavoida!le to enter into certain relations 'it% ot%er individuals2 and t%is complex of useful arrangements '%ic% 'as often referred to as a social =contract# constituted society and social or political groups1 Gf course2 social arrangements or associations meant some reduction of man#s =naturally# unlimited li!erty to do '%at %e li*ed2 one of t%e tas*s of politics !eing to reduce suc% interference to t%e practica!le minimum1 Social aims 'ere t%erefore t%e arit%metical sum of individual aims1 ?appiness 'as eac% individual#s supreme o!0ectC t%e greatest %appiness of t%e greatest num!er2 'as t%e aim of society1 T%oug% t%is in t%eory 'as t%e political outloo* of li!eralism2 in actual practice t%e !ourgeoisie did not

go according to t%is pattern1 T%is 'as !ecause t%e greatest %appiness of t%e greatest num!ers and t%e pursuit of rational self interest could also !e interpreted to include rational interference !y t%e state in t%e !ourgeois rig%ts of private property2 enterprise and individual freedom1 T%us in practice it 'as ensured t%at t%ese rig%ts of t%e !ourgeoisie 'ere safeguarded from any state interference or su!mission to t%e re3uirements of rationality1 T%us England#s /o%n Loc*e put private property as t%e most !asic of =natural rig%ts#C and t%e &renc% Revolution#s $eclaration of t%e Rig%ts of "an and CitiFen 'as modified to !ring t%e demand for free enterprise under t%e form of a general natural rig%t to li!erty1 Classical Political Econom" T%e essence of t%e !ourgeois li!eral ideology 'as carried for'ard in t%e most t%oroug% fas%ion in t%e 'or*s of t%e classical political economists1 T%is ne' field of study naturally reac%ed its %eig%ts in t%e mot%er country of t%e Industrial Revolution : (ritain1 Its period started 'it% t%e pu!lication of Adam Smit%#s Wealth of Nations in 4;;D2 it reac%ed its pea* 'it% $avid Ricardo#s Principles of Political Economy in 454;2 and from 456A on'ards started t%e period of its decline or transformation1 Adam Smit% <4;96 7A> argued t%at t%e self interested competitive activities of independent individuals2 '%en left to operate as far as possi!le unc%ec*ed2 produced not only a =natural# social order2 !ut also t%e most rapid possi!le increase in t%e ='ealt% of nations#2 i1e1 t%e comfort and 'ell !eing2 and t%erefore t%e %appiness2 of all men1 T%e !asis of t%is natural order 'as t%e social division of la!our1 ?e t%erefore logically proved t%at t%e existence of a class of capitalists o'ning t%e means of production !enefited all2 including t%e class of la!ourers %iring t%emselves out to t%e capitalists1 ?e t%us also similarly proved t%at !ot% (ritain and /amaica 'ere !est served !y t%e one producing manufactured goods and t%e ot%er ra' sugar1 "oreover2 according to %im2 t%e economically very une3ual society '%ic% resulted inevita!ly from t%e operations of %uman nature 'as not incompati!le 'it% t%e natural e3uality of all men or 'it% 0ustice1 T%is 'as supposedly !ecause even t%e poorest 'as ensured a !etter life t%an %e 'ould ot%er'ise %ave %ad1 &urt%er2 it 'as !ased on t%e most e3ual of all relations%ips2 t%e exc%ange of e3uivalents in t%e mar*et1 T%us2 in Adam Smit%#s vie'2 progress 'as as natural as capitalism1 Remove t%e artificial o!stacles to it '%ic% t%e past %ad erected2 and it must inevita!ly ta*e place1 And t%e progress of production 'ent %and in %and 'it% t%at of t%e arts2 t%e sciences and civilisation in general1 T%is comforting vie' of t%e all con3uering nature of capitalism gained acceptance not merely !ecause of '%at 'as t%en !elieved to !e t%e unans'era!le nature of its deductive reasoning1 "ore t%an t%at its !asis lay in t%e very visi!le progress of eig%teent% century capitalism and European civilisation1 ?o'ever '%en t%ere 'ere mar*ed difficulties in capitalist expansion from around 454A to t%e 458As t%e mood c%anged1 Gptimism c%anged to criticism and t%ere started a period of critical en3uiry2 particularly into distri!ution as against production2 '%ic% %ad !een t%e main concentration of economists during Adam Smit%#s time1 T%e 'or* of $avid Ricardo <4;79 4596> !elongs to t%is period1 ?e 'as an economist '%o participated '%ole%eartedly in t%e practical issues affecting t%e capitalist class of t%e day1 ?e t%us 'as a c%ampion of t%e cause of free trade and opposition to landlords2 issues '%ic% %e also supported !y economic t%eory1 ?o'ever %e also pointed out contradictions in t%e capitalist system '%ic% Smit% %ad overloo*ed1 Gne important suc% point 'as t%e tendency of t%e rate of profit to decline1 "ore significant %o'ever 'as %is !asic general la!our t%eory of value1 It pointed out2 for t%e first time2 t%at la!our 'as t%e source of all value and t%at t%e capitalists and landlords appropriated in t%e form of profit and rent respectively t%e surplus '%ic% t%e 'or*er produced over and a!ove '%at %e received !ac* as 'ages1 Ricardo %o'ever did not lead %is la!our t%eory of value to its logical social conclusions1 ?e did not clearly point out t%at t%e capitalist in fact exploited t%e 'or*er and it 'as necessary to do a'ay 'it% capitalists to do a'ay 'it% exploitation1 A group of Ricardian =la!our economists# %o'ever soon arose in (ritain '%o made t%is analysis1 Suc% analysis and criti3ue of capitalism 'ould %o'ever not %ave gained muc% 'eig%t if t%e earlier

period of continuous rapid capitalist expansion %ad continued1 ?o'ever t%e capitalist system %ad started facing crises2 first t%e localised crises in particular manufacturing and financial sectors of t%e economy from 4;762 and t%en t%e all encompassing periodic general crises of 459B 9D2 456D 6;2 4567 892 458D 852 etc1 Economists li*e Sismondi2 )ade and ot%ers too %ad started locating t%e cause of t%e crises in t%e nature of t%e capitalist system itself1 In suc% a situation it 'as t%erefore !ut natural t%at as contradictions s%arpened2 particularly after 456A2 even Ricardian t%eories started !eing loo*ed upon 'it% suspicion !y t%e !ourgeoisie1 In fact some !ourgeois 'riters sa' Ricardo as t%e source of inspiration for agitators and disrupters in society1 )%ile suc% direct and immediate inspiration from Ricardo#s 'or*s may %ave not !een t%at significant2 %e definitely provided t%e ground'or* for a muc% more serious and enduring offensive on t%e !asis of capitalism1 It 'as %is la!our t%eory of value and ot%er contri!utions of t%e classical economists t%at "arx developed upon '%ile ma*ing %is criti3ue of capital1 #ocialist Theories "ean'%ile as classical !ourgeois li!eralism started losing muc% of its Enlig%tenment confidence in t%e inevita!ility and desira!ility of progress2 a ne' ideology2 socialism2 started reformulating t%e trut%s of t%e eig%teent% century1 Reason2 science and progress 'ere its firm foundation1 T%e socialists of t%is period 'ere t%us no mere repetition of dreamers in a perfect society of common o'ners%ip t%at periodically appear t%roug%out %istory1 T%ey did not long for t%e return of some idyllic pre industrial society1 Rat%er t%eir distinguis%ing feature 'as t%at t%ey all accepted t%e Industrial Revolution '%ic% created t%e very possi!ility of modern socialism1 T%ey attempted to ta*e t%e industrial society for'ard to a more rational2 more scientific stage1 T%e first active manifestation of socialism after t%e &renc% Revolution 'as t%e conspiracy of Gracc%us (a!euf1 (a!euf and t%e (a!ouvists too* t%eir p%ilosop%y in t%e main from Rousseau and t%e utopianists of t%e Enlig%tenment1 T%eir !asic premise 'as t%e idea of e3uality1 T%ey t%us aimed at t%e a!olition of private property2 e3ual distri!ution of 'ealt% irrespective of t%e 'or* done2 no rig%t to in%eritance2 no large cities2 and t%at all 'ould !e compelled to do p%ysical 'or* and live in t%e same manner1 T%e (a!ouvists planned to seiFe po'er t%roug% a conspiracy2 and t%en t%e conspirators 'ere supposed to rule on !e%alf of t%e masses2 until t%e people 'ere educated and a!le to rule t%roug% elected !odies1 (a!euf#s conspiracy 'as detected in 4;7D and %e 'as executed1 ?is ideas 'ere to some extent carried on !y Louis (lan3ui1 T%e (a!ouvist programme 'as not expressed in specific class categories !ut merely tal*ed in terms of ric% and poor or people and tyrants1 It %o'ever 'as one of t%e first attempts at an economic criticism of private property as t%e foundation of society1 ?enri Saint Simon <4;DA 459B> is %o'ever normally recognised as t%e real founder of modern t%eoretical socialism2 conceived not merely as an ideal !ut as t%e outcome of a %istorical process1 ?e formulated t%e principle of a future =organic# social community to '%ic% industrial concentration 'as leading1 T%is future society 'ould !e one '%ere production 'ould !e planned and measured !y social needs2 '%ere private property 'ould !e su!ordinated to t%e general good and '%ere in%eritance 'ould !e a!olis%ed1 T%e social %ierarc%y 'ould no longer !e %ereditaryC t%e %ig%est positions 'ould !e %eld !y 'ise men supervising t%e general development of society1 T%e ne' industrial order 'ould put an end to t%e misery of t%e proletariat2 !ut t%e oppressed 'or*ers 'ould not !e t%e class to implement Saint Simon#s plans1 According to %im2 t%e transformation 'ould !e carried out !y manufacturers2 !an*ers2 sc%olars2 and artists2 once t%ey %ad !een convinced !y t%e ne' doctrine1 To !ring a!out t%is c%ange not%ing more 'as needed t%an peaceful reforms suc% as t%e ac3uisition of parliamentary po'er !y industrialistsC Saint Simon also appealed to t%e governing class to support %is plan1 T%e most important features of %is doctrine may !e listed as follo's E t%e firm !elief in t%e regularity of %istory and its inexora!le marc% to'ards socialismC t%e ruinous conse3uences of anarc%ic competition and t%e necessity of state economic planningC t%e replacement of political government !y economic

administrationC science as t%e instrument of social progressC and t%e internationalist approac% to politico economic pro!lems1 Some negative features 'ere Saint Simon#s idea t%at t%e state as it no' exists can !e used to !ring a!out a socialist transformationC %is appeal for co operation !et'een classes2 and t%e religious c%aracter %e gave to %is industrial order1 In later years after %is deat% Saint Simonism !ecame some'%at of a sect 'it% %is follo'ers often stressing t%e religious aspects of %is teac%ings1 Its influence %o'ever continued t%roug% various prominent individuals1 T%e socialist Louis (lanc 'as a disciple of Saint Simon and t%roug% %im 'as Lassalle2 t%e pioneer political organiser of t%e German 'or*ing class1 In t%e field of industry one of Saint Simon#s disciples !uilt t%e SueF Canal '%ereas anot%er !ecame t%e manager of a rail'ay line1 In fact of all t%e pre "arxist socialist doctrines Saint Simonism %ad t%e strongest effect in spreading socialist ideas among t%e educated classes in various parts of Europe1 Ro!ert G'en <4;;4 45B5> 'as t%e ot%er influential socialist t%in*er of t%is period1 ?is main t%eoretical 'or* 'as A New View of Society <4546 48>2 t%roug% '%ic% %e tried to convince manufacturers and t%e aristocracy of t%e need for a reform of t%e industrial and monetary system2 'ages and education2 in t%e interest not only of t%e 'or*ers !ut of capitalists and t%e '%ole of society1 In numerous su!se3uent pamp%lets2 periodicals2 articles2 memorandums and appeals to Parliament %e continued to advocated %is reformist ideas2 exposing t%e %orrors of industrialisation and urging t%e adoption of social and educational measures '%ic% 'ould remedy a!uses 'it%out %indering tec%nical progress1 ?e 'as one of t%e main forces !e%ind legislation restricting t%e 'or*ing %ours for c%ildren1 $ue to %is intense propaganda against religion and private property %e came under severe attac* in (ritain1 ?e t%erefore left for America '%ere %e unsuccessfully attempted to set up communist settlements1 ?o'ever '%en %e returned to (ritain %e !ecame t%e first outstanding organiser of t%e trade union and 'or*ers co operative movement1 In %is later years G'en put %is trust in communist settlements engaged in agriculture and industry2 t%e nuclei of t%e future %armonious society1 ?ere2 %e !elieved t%at t%an*s to good organisation and loyal co operation2 people 'ould produce more 'illingly2 in greater 3uantity2 and at a c%eaper rate t%an else'%ere1 Alt%oug% it originated in practical experience2 G'en#s doctrine2 li*e t%at of t%e &renc% socialists2 centred round t%e conviction t%at socialism 'as a uni3ue discovery2 so manifestly rig%t t%at it 'as !ound to !e accepted !y all classes as soon as proclaimed1 G'en t%oug%t t%at a radical economic reform in a socialist spirit could !e effected !y appealing to universal %uman interests and 'it% t%e aid of t%e existing state po'er1 G'en#s doctrine initiated a ne' p%ase of t%e (ritis% 'or*ers# movement2 in '%ic% it ceased to !e merely an out!urst of despair and !ecame a systematic force1 ?o'ever2 t%e (ritis% trade union movement is still mar*ed !y %is outloo*2 '%ic% directly su!ordinates t%e political struggle to economic interests1 T%e social democratic t%eories '%ic% treated 'or*ers# political parties as organs of t%e trade unions are a continuation of t%e same doctrine1 C%arles &ourier <4;;9 456;>2 'as t%e one '%o descri!ed t%e future socialist society in greater detail t%an any of t%e ot%er socialists of %is time1 &ourier#s doctrine 'as inspired !y t%e p%enomena of crisis2 speculation2 exploitation2 and t%e misery of t%e 'or*ers1 All t%is2 %e t%oug%t 'as due to a 'rongful system of la!our and exc%ange1 ?uman needs and passions 'ere ineradica!le2 !ut t%ey only led to un%appiness !ecause society 'as !adly organisedC t%e pro!lem 'as to order matters in suc% a 'ay t%at t%ey led to t%e general good instead of to antagonism1 To ac%ieve t%is &ourier dre' up an ela!orate system of society composed of !asic units of 9AAA persons eac% called p%alanxes1 .nli*e Saint Simon and G'en2 %e did not see t%e remedy in t%e transformation of %uman nature !ut in a ne' social order '%ere conflict of interests 'ould !e so organised as to lead to %armony1 ?is disciples '%ile giving up t%e more fantastic portions of &ourier#s t%eory tried to modify %is ideas in t%e direction of realism1 )or*ers# consumer co operatives 'ere an outcome of %is system2 as 'ere attempts to esta!lis% producer co operatives in '%ic% t%e 'or*ers 'ere s%are%olders1 (esides t%ese principal figures t%ere 'ere many ot%er socialists contri!uting to t%e immense outpouring

of socialist literature of t%is period1 Among t%em 'as )il%elm )eitling <45A5 ;4> a German emigrant 'or*er '%o presented communism as a C%ristian ideal1 ?e presented an intense criti3ue of capitalism from a class vie'point and unli*e many of t%e prominent socialists2 did not expect t%e government or t%e capitalists to recognise %is ideal and !ring it a!out of t%eir o'n accord C %e !elieved t%at t%e 'or*ers can rely only on t%emselves and on t%eir o'n strengt%1 Etienne Ca!et <4;55 45BD> 'as anot%er socialist '%o 'rote extensively advocating a non revolutionary communism as t%e teac%ing of C%rist1 ?e later emigrated to America to esta!lis% communist settlements t%ere1 Pierre /osep% Proud%on <45A7 DB> 'as anot%er prolific 'riter1 Regarded as t%e fat%er of modern anarc%ism2 %e painted t%e picture of a future society operated !y =free mutualist associations#C a system '%ic% %e called anarc%y1 A figure '%o 'as not muc% of a t%eoretician !ut 'as of immense practical significance in t%e principal revolutionary events of t%e time !ot% t%e 4585 Revolution and t%e Paris Commune 'as Louis Auguste (lan3ui <45AB 54>1 ?e continued t%e (a!ouvist tradition of revolutionary conspiracy into t%e 'or*ers# movement and 'as a strong proponent and practitioner of armed insurrection1 In a vague and !road sense %e also accepted communism and t%e conception of dictators%ip of t%e proletariat1 Louis (lanc <4544 59> on t%e ot%er %and 'as t%e successor of t%e Saint Simonist tradition and is considered one of t%e c%ief precursors of t%e 'elfare state1 ?e !elieved t%at it 'as possi!le2 'it%out violence or mass expropriation2 to carry out peaceful economic reforms 'it%in a system of political and industrial democracy '%ic% 'ould eliminate poverty and %armful competition and 'ould gradually lead to social e3uality and to t%e socialisation of means of production1 T%is su!stantial !ody of socialist t%oug%t as can !e seen emanated mainly from &rance2 '%ic% 'as at t%at time t%e main centre for secret revolutionary groups and communist organisations1 )%ile socialists !ranc%ed out in different directions2 in essence t%is t%oug%t 'as a continuation of t%e Enlig%tenment spirit and ideas of rationalism and progress1 ?o'ever socialism 'as at t%e same time a !rea* 'it% t%e individualism2 self interest and competition of !ourgeois li!eralism1 It 'as t%e ideology representing t%e initial %opes and aspirations of t%e infant proletariat1 $erman Classical Philoso%h" )%ereas (ritis% classical political economy representing t%e revolutionary modern !ourgeoisie and &renc% socialist t%eory representing t%e infant proletariat %ad a clear cut progressive and also revolutionary content2 t%e position 'as 3uite am!iguous 'it% regard to German classical p%ilosop%y : t%e ot%er great and influential !ody of European t%oug%t at t%e turn of t%e nineteent% century1 It occupied an ideological position !et'een t%e progressive and t%e anti progressive2 or in social terms2 !et'een t%e industrial !ourgeoisie and proletariat on one side2 and t%e aristocratic2 mercantile and feudal classes on t%e ot%er1 It represented t%e contradictions and complexities of t%e German middle classes2 '%o '%ile in some 'ays !elieving in progress2 'ere at t%e same time not prepared to follo' it to its logical li!eral or socialist conclusions1 T%is !ecause t%ey 'ere too 'ea* and too frig%tened <after t%e experience of t%e /aco!in radical p%ase of t%e &renc% Revolution> to c%allenge t%e po'er of t%e princes '%ose officials t%ey often 'ere1 T%us t%e vie's of t%is group com!ined t%e li!eral 'it% t%e anti li!eral2 t%e progressive 'it% t%e anti progressive1 &urt%er2 t%is essential complexity and contradictoriness allo'ed t%em to see more deeply into t%e nature of society t%an eit%er li!eral progressives or anti progressives1 It in a 'ay forced t%em into dialectics1 T%e German middle class contained a disproportionately large num!er of civil servants and state employed professors1 T%is affected t%e vie's of t%is class '%ic% %ad very fe' classical li!erals1 A !elief in t%e inevita!ility of progress and in t%e !enefits of scientific and economic advance2 com!ined 'it% a !elief in t%e virtues of an enlig%tened paternal or !ureaucratic administration and a sense of responsi!ility among t%e upper sections 'as t%e common opinion1 German moderate li!eralism 'as !est represented !y middle class demands to !e implemented !y an enlig%tened state1 T%e fundamental atmosp%ere of German t%oug%t '%et%er in p%ilosop%y2 science or t%e arts differed

mar*edly from t%e main tradition of t%e eig%teent% century in )estern Europe1 Per%aps since its mem!ers %ad neit%er t%e po'er to overt%ro' t%eir societies nor t%e economic resources to ma*e an Industrial Revolution2 t%ey tended to concentrate on t%e construction of ela!orate general systems of t%oug%t1 T%e persistence of t%e intellectual atmosp%ere of t%e last age in '%ic% Germany %ad !een economically2 intellectually2 and to some extent politically2 predominant2 largely accounts for it1 $ue to t%e decline in t%e period !et'een t%e Reformation and t%e later eig%teent% century t%e arc%aism of t%e German intellectual tradition %ad !een largely preserved1 And at a time '%en t%e classical eig%teent% century vie' 'as approac%ing its limits2 t%is gave German t%oug%t some advantage2 and %elps to explain its increasing intellectual influence in t%e nineteent% century1 T%e most impressive and influential expression of German t%oug%t 'as German classical p%ilosop%y created !asically !et'een 4;DA and 456A1 Its t'o great figures 'ere Immanuel Jant <4;98 45A8> and George )il%elm &riedric% ?egel <4;;A 4564>1 Jant first expounded %is ideas in %is Critique of Pure Reason in 4;541 Among %is significant positive ideas are %is insistence t%at independently of our consciousness and outside it t%ere exists an o!0ective 'orld <=t%ings in t%emselves#>C t%e attempt to examine t%e Eart% and t%e Solar System in t%eir emergence and developmentC %is investigation of t%e sources and forms of *no'ledgeC %is identification of a num!er of contradictions intrinsic to *no'ledge and reality1 Some potentially reactionary aspects of Jant#s t%in*ing areE %is teac%ing regarding t%e fundamental impossi!ility of cogniFing <=t%ings in t%emselves#>C t%e impossi!ility of surmounting t%e !arrier separating p%enomena2 accessi!le to %uman *no'ledge2 and t%eir essence t%at is inaccessi!le to itC Jant#s efforts to reconcile materialism and idealism2 scientific *no'ledge and religious fait%1 ?egel ela!orated a p%ilosop%ical system 2 in '%ic% Ht%e '%ole 'orld2 natural2 %istorical2 intellectual2 is represented as a process2 i1e12 as in constant motion2 c%ange2 transformation2 developmentC and t%e attempt is ma*e to trace out t%e internal connection t%at ma*es a continuous '%ole of all t%e movement and developmentH <Engels2 Anti-Duhring2 p1 68>1 ?egel#s system consists of t%ree partsE Logic2 P%ilosop%y of ,ature and P%ilosop%y of t%e Spirit1 In t%e first part %e considers t%e progress of t%oug%t in t%e divine mind up until t%e creation of ,ature2 in t%e second %e examines t%e development of t%at t%oug%t 'it%in created ,ature2 and2 t%irdly2 its return to itself in t%e %uman spirit1 T%e essential core of t%is system is provided !y t%e ideas concerning t%e %istorical advance of man#s *no'ledge and social consciousness2 presented in t%e context of dialectics1 German classical p%ilosop%y 'as a t%oroug%ly !ourgeois p%enomenon1 All its leading figures %ailed t%e &renc% Revolution and remained loyal to it for a considera!le time1 T%e Enlig%tenment 'as t%e frame'or* of Jant#s t%oug%t and t%e starting point of ?egel#s1 T%e p%ilosop%y of !ot% 'as deeply immersed in t%e idea of progress and ?egel#s entire p%ilosop%y is one of evolution and necessary progress1 &urt%er2 !ot% studied t%e (ritis% political economists and 'ere pro!a!ly influenced to some extent !y Adam Smit%1 ?egel even used in an a!stract manner t%e tools of t%e classical li!eral economists in %is formulation of la!our as a fundamental factor in %umanity1 All t%is firmly esta!lis%ed German classical p%ilosop%y#s !ourgeois roots1 ,evert%eless2 from t%e very !eginning it differed from classic li!eralism in important respects1 T%is 'as more apparent in t%e case of ?egel1 In t%e first place German p%ilosop%y 'as deli!erately idealist2 re0ecting t%e materialism or empiricism of t%e classical tradition1 In t%e second place2 ?egel2 unli*e t%e classical li!erals2 ma*es %is starting point t%e collective and not t%e individual1 "oreover2 German t%in*ers not !eing central participants in t%e !ourgeois li!eral advance2 'ere muc% more a'are of its limits and contradictions1 )%ile recognising t%e inevita!ility of !ourgeois society#s triump%ant progress2 t%ey also raised t%e 3uestion of '%et%er it may not in turn !e superseded1 In t%eory t%e transitoriness of t%e %istorically doomed society 'as !uilt into t%eir p%ilosop%y itself1 ?o'ever in practice t%e p%ilosop%ers tried to reconcile t%is revolutionary nature of t%eir p%ilosop%ical

conclusions 'it% reality in a conservative manner1 T%is ?egel did t%roug% a process of idealisation of t%e Prussian state and a refusal to accept its transitoriness2 as also an attempt to end %istory 'it% t%e cognition of t%e A!solute Idea1 ?o'ever t%is lay in direct contradiction to t%e core su!stance of a p%ilosop%y '%ic% sa' t%e %istorical process itself developing t%roug% t%e dialectic of contradictions1 T%is contradiction could not o!viously stand up to t%e years of ferment follo'ing 456A1 /ust as 'e sa' a process of decline in classical political economy in t%is period2 'e can also see a period of disintegration in German classical p%ilosop%y1 T%e =Koung ?egelians# refused to %alt '%ere t%eir teac%er did and insisted on follo'ing t%eir p%ilosop%y to its logical conclusions1 T%ey furt%er s%o'ed t%eir readiness to ta*e t%e road of revolution a!andoned !y t%eir predecessors1 ?o'ever t%e issues of revolution in t%e 456A 85 period 'ere no longer simply t%e 3uestion of t%e seiFure of po'er !y !ourgeois li!erals1 A ne' class : t%e proletariat : %ad emerged and started re'riting t%e agenda of %istory1 T%erefore t%e intellectual revolutionary to emerge from t%e disintegration of German p%ilosop%y 'as not some !ourgeois radical !ut Jarl "arx1 In fact 456A '%ic% mar*ed t%e revival of t%e ma0or 'est European revolutionary movement2 also mar*ed t%e !eginning of t%e crisis of classical !ourgeois ideology1 Its most advanced fields political economy and p%ilosop%y 'ere in a process of decline and disintegration1 T%e c%anging material conditions of t%e !ourgeoisie and t%e apparent o!stacles to its triump%al advance prevented t%e contemporary !ourgeois t%in*ers from carrying for'ard uninterruptedly t%e classical tradition of Adam Smit% and Ricardo or of Jant and ?egel1 T%e great tradition of t%e intellectual development follo'ing from t%e Enlig%tenment %o'ever did not die1 It 'as transformed into its opposite in t%e form of "arxism1

Cha%ter III

The "irth o9 M3r4is5

Earl" ife of &ar' and Engels The (egelian eft Contact )ith #ocialist and Revolutionar" Thought #tud" of Political Econom" Discover" of the &aterialist Conce%tion of (istor" Ela!oration of Basic Princi%les of &ar'ism Revolutionar" Activit" The Communist &anifesto

Earl" ife of &ar' and Engels Jarl "arx 'as !orn "ay Bt% 2 45452 in t%e city of Trier <R%enis% Prussia>1 ?is fat%er 'as a la'yer2 a /e'2 '%o in 4598 adopted Protestantism1 T%e family 'as 'ell to do2 cultured2 !ut not revolutionary1 "arx entered university2 at (onn in 456B and later at (erlin in456D2 '%ere %e first too* up la'2 !ut soon devoted most of %is attention to %istory and p%ilosop%y1 ?e completed %is doctorate in 45841 In (erlin %e !elonged to t%e circle of HLeft ?egeliansH '%o soug%t to dra' at%eistic and revolutionary conclusions from ?egel#s p%ilosop%y1 Soon after leaving university2 "arx plunged directly into t%e tur!ulent political life of t%at period1 ?is very first article2 'ritten against t%e Prussian press censors%ip2 resulted in t%e confiscation of t%e issue of t%e erman !ear"oo# in '%ic% it 'as pu!lis%ed1 ?e %o'ever continued to 'rite for Left ?egelian 0ournals1 In 45892 "arx 'as appointed as c%ief editor of a radical

democratic ne'spaper in Cologne2 t%e R%einisc%e Leitung1 ?o'ever %is revolutionary 'ritings 'ere too muc% for t%e censor and %e 'as soon forced to leave t%is post1 $uring t%is time2 apart from articles on t%e freedom of t%e Press2 %e 'rote analyses of t%e de!ates in t%e provincial assem!ly2 in '%ic% for t%e first time %e devoted %is attention to economic 3uestions and t%e standard of living of t%e deprived classes1 Adopting a radical democratic standpoint2 %e denounced t%e pseudo li!eralism of t%e Prussian government and stood up for t%e oppressed peasantry1 In 4586 %e moved to Paris '%ere %e !ecame t%e 0oint editor of a 0ournal2 $he erman-%rench !ear"oo#s1 In Paris %e 'as in close contact 'it% various revolutionary groups1 It 'as %ere t%at %e developed t%e foundations of "arxist t%eory '%ic% %e to some extent generalised in t%e only issue of %is 0ournal t%at came out in &e!ruary 45881 &rederic* Engels 'as !orn on Septem!er 95t% 459A2 in (armen2 R%enis% Prussia1 ?is fat%er 'as a manufacturer1 In 4565 Engels2 'it%out %aving completed %is sc%ool studies2 'as forced !y family circumstances to enter a commercial firm in (remen as a cler*1 Commercial affairs did not prevent Engels from pursuing %is scientific and political education1 ?e %ad come to %ate autocracy and t%e tyranny of !ureaucracy '%ile still at sc%ool1 As a result of practical contact 'it% trade and industry %e soon !ecame interested in social 3uestions1 T%e study of p%ilosop%y led %im furt%er1 In t%e course of private study %e im!i!ed li!eral democratic ideas and 'as attracted to Left ?egelian radicalism1 ?is first press articles 'ritten in4567 attac*ed German !igotry and t%e %ypocrisy of petty !ourgeois pietism1 ?e also descri!ed industrial conditions and t%e oppression and poverty of t%e 'or*ers1 In 45892 %e moved to "anc%ester2 t%en t%e centre of (ritis% industry2 '%ere %e entered t%e service of a commercial firm of '%ic% %is fat%er 'as a s%are%older1 ?e spent muc% time o!serving t%e conditions of t%e (ritis% 'or*ing class and studying political economy and socialism1 It is %ere t%at %e contacted t%e C%artist and G'enite movements and !ecame a revolutionary1 ?e 'rote for various 0ournals including t%e C%artist Northern Star2 and participated extensively in t%e activities of t%e various revolutionary groups of t%at time1 T%e same issue of $he erman-%rench !ear"oo#s '%ic% contained "arx#s first preliminary exposition of t%e materialist conception of %istory also contained Engel#s essay entitled =Gutline of a Criti3ue of Political Economy#1 T%oug% %e 'as corresponding 'it% "arx earlier too2 it 'as during a visit to meet "arx in Paris in t%e summer of 45882 t%at t%ey found complete agreement in all t%eoretical fields1 T%is mar*ed t%e !eginning of t%e fruitful partners%ip of t%ese t'o magnificent fig%ters for and 'it% t%e 'or*ing class1 As can !e seen from t%e a!ove2 t%e early intellectual and practical experiences of "arx and Engels e3uipped t%em considera!ly to a!sor! all t%at 'as !est in European society at t%eir time1 (esides t%eir grounding in classical German p%ilosop%y2 t%ey 'ere 'it%in a s%ort span exposed to and participated in t%e development of revolutionary t%eory and practice in t%e t'o main centres of &rance and England1 &urt%er2 t%e period 'as one of t%e greatest revolutionary ferment t%roug%out Europe : a period '%en !ot% t%e !ourgeoisie and proletariat often expected revolution to !rea* out1 In order to trace %o' "arx and Engels esta!lis%ed "arxism in t%ese conditions let us !egin at t%eir starting point t%e Left ?egelian group1 The (egelian eft Almost immediately after t%e deat% of ?egel in 45642 some of %is radically minded interpreters too* up t%e tas* of !rea*ing free from t%e political conservatism of t%e founder1 To t%em it seemed evident t%at a p%ilosop%y '%ic% proclaimed t%e principle of universal negativism2 treating eac% successive p%ase of %istory as t%e !asis of its o'n destruction2 could not consistently tolerate t%e endorsement of a particular %istorical situation2 or recognise any *ind of state2 religion2 or p%ilosop%y as irrefuta!le and final1 T%is led !y degrees to an attitude of radical criticism in politics2 certain forms of '%ic% supplied t%e p%ilosop%ical !asis of communism1 T%is Left ?egelian or Koung ?egelian movement 'as t%e p%ilosop%ical expression of t%e repu!lican2 !ourgeois democratic opposition '%ic% criticised t%e feudal order of t%e Prussian state1 Prussia#s

'estern provinces2 t%e R%ineland and )estp%alia2 %ad !een under &renc% rule for t%e most part of t'o decades and %ad !enefited from t%e ,apoleonic reforms a!olition of feudal estates and privileges2 and e3uality !efore t%e la'1 T%ey 'ere also t%e centre of early modern industrial centres li*e Cologne1 After t%eir annexation to Prussia in 454B t%ey 'ere a natural centre of repeated conflict 'it% t%e monarc%ical system1 (ot% "arx and Engels !eing natives of t%e R%ineland t%ey 'ere naturally im!ued from a young age 'it% t%is spirit of anti feudal radical opposition1 T%is opposition in t%e field of literature 'as led from t%e late t%irties !y a group of ?egelian radicals mainly centred in (erlin 'it% '%om "arx came into contact at t%e time '%en %e 'as !eginning to formulate %is o'n ideas1 Gne of t%e prominent figures 'it% '%om "arx colla!orated 'as (runo (auer <45A7 59>2 a former Protestant t%eologian2 '%o 'rote numerous anti C%ristian pieces from a Left ?egelian at%eistic vie'point1 )%ile !eing a part of t%e Left ?egelian group "arx at t%is early stage itself %ad a differing vie'point in %is emp%asis on t%e p%ilosop%y of praxis <of lin*ing 'it% t%e practical 'orld>1 T%is emp%asis appeared in %is doctoral t%esis of 45841 At t%e same time in 4584 appeared t'o !oo*s '%ic% %elped "arx in freeing %imself from t%e !oundaries of Left ?egelian t%oug%t1 T%e first 'as $he European $riarchy !y "oses ?ess <4549 ;B> '%o %ad composed a communist p%ilosop%y on t%e !asis of a com!ination of &renc% socialist and Left ?egelian ideas1 In t%is !oo* ?ess attempted to strip ?egelianism of its contemplative !ac*'ard loo*ing tendencies and transform it into a p%ilosop%y of action1 ?ess from 4584 !ecame "arx#s friend and colla!orator and many of %is ideas %elped to form "arx#s conception of scientific socialism1 T%e ot%er influential 'or* of 4584 'as $he Essence of Christianity !y Lud'ig &euer!ac% <45A8 ;9> '%ic% presented a materialistic criti3ue of religion expressed in ?egelian language1 T%is and ot%er 'or*s of &euer!ac% played an important role in converting many Left ?egelians including "arx and Engels to materialism1 "arx#s transformation t%us coincided 'it% a process of radicalisation and t%en !rea* up of t%e ?egelian Left1 T%e radicalisation of Left ?egelian p%ilosop%y led to t%em raising anti feudal demands li*e t%e a!olition of privileged estates2 pu!lic office open to all2 freedom of speec% and property in s%ort2 a !ourgeois egalitarian state1 T%is !roug%t upon t%em t%e repression of t%e Prussian state1 At t%e same time as t%e censor#s attac*s on "arx#s Cologne ne'spaper2 t%e aut%orities in4586 also suppressed an important Left ?egelian p%ilosop%ical 0ournal $he erman !ear"oo#s edited !y Arnold Ruge1 It 'as t%is 0ournal t%at 'as attempted to !e revived in Paris under t%e name of $he erman-%rench !ear"oo#s under t%e 0oint editors%ip of "arx2 Ruge and ?ess1 T%e process of t%e !rea* up of t%e Left ?egelian group %ad %o'ever already !egun and differences !et'een "arx and Ruge led to t%e 0ournal#s closure after one issue came out in &e!ruary 45881 Contact )ith #ocialist and Revolutionar" Thought &rom t%e time of leaving university in 4584 t%e *ey role in "arx#s development 'as played !y a deep involvement in revolutionary practice1 $uring t%e period of %is activity in Germany among !ourgeois radicals itself "arx ac3uired some ac3uaintance 'it% &renc% socialist t%oug%t1 ?o'ever it 'as only after %is s%ift to Paris t%at %e got t%e opportunity to get deeply involved 'it% !ot% t%e &renc% revolutionary and socialist communist groups as 'ell as t%e German emigrant communist organisations1 T%oug% %e did not adopt any of t%e various socialist doctrines2 "arx#s study and interaction 'it% t%e socialists %elped to form %is initial vie's regarding scientific socialism and t%e revolutionary role of t%e proletariat1 At t%e same time Engels 'as going t%roug% t%e process of !ecoming a revolutionary in t%e main centre of t%e 'or*ing class2 England1 ?e developed t%roug% interaction and participation in activity 'it% t%e revolutionary C%artists and t%e reformist G'enites2 o!servation of t%e conditions of t%e (ritis% 'or*ing class and a study of political economy and socialism1

#tud" of Political Econom" T%e initial 'or* in t%is respect 'as done !y Engels '%o !eing in England 'as first exposed to t%e 'or*s of t%e great Englis% classical economists1 T%is study 'as reflected in %is essay on political economy pu!lis%ed in &e!ruary 45881 ?e argued t%at t%e contradictions of capitalist economy could not !e resolved on t%e !asis of t%at economyC t%at periodical crises of overproduction 'ere t%e inevita!le conse3uence of free competition2 etc1 Private property led necessarily to antagonism !et'een classes and an incura!le conflict !et'een private and pu!lic interestsC it 'as also !ound up 'it% anarc%y in production and t%e resultant crises1 T%e a!olition of private property 'as t%e only 'ay to save %umanity from crises2 'ant2 and exploitation1 Planned production 'ould do a'ay 'it% social ine3uality and t%e a!surd situation in '%ic% poverty 'as caused !y an excess of goods1 T%is 'as follo'ed up !y "arx '%o spent muc% of 4588 in Paris in studying t%e fat%ers of political economy li*e Adam Smit%2 Ricardo2 Say2 /ames "ill2 -uesnay2 as 'ell t%e German p%ilosop%ers and socialist 'riters1 ?e 'as attempting a criti3ue of political economy in '%ic% %e attempted to provide a general p%ilosop%ical analysis of !asic conceptsE capital2 rent2 la!our2 property2 money2 commodities2 needs2 and 'ages1 T%is 'or* '%ic% remained unfinis%ed 'as pu!lis%ed for t%e first time in 4769 as t%e Economic an& Philosophical 'anuscripts of ()**1 In it %e tried to present socialism as a general 'orld vie' and not merely a programme of social reform2 and to relate economic categories to a p%ilosop%ical interpretation of man#s position in nature1 Discover" of the &aterialist Conce%tion of (istor" It 'as during t%is period t%at t%e %istorical meeting !et'een "arx and Engels too* place in Paris in August Septem!er 45881 T%oug% t%ey %ad exc%anged ideas t%roug% correspondence t%e meeting %elped to esta!lis%ed a oneness of vie's and t%e !eginning of a forty years# colla!oration in revolutionary activity1 T%is 'as also t%e period '%en "arx made t%e first of %is most important discoveries2 '%ic% revolutionised t%e '%ole conception of 'orld %istory1 Engels descri!es t%e process in t%e follo'ing 'ords2 H)%ile I 'as in "anc%ester2 it 'as tangi!ly !roug%t %ome to me t%at t%e economic facts2 '%ic% %ave so far played no role or only a contempti!le one in t%e 'riting of %istory2 are2 at least in t%e modern 'orld2 a decisive %istorical forceC t%at t%ey form t%e !asis of t%e origination of t%e present day class antagonismsC t%at t%ese class antagonisms2 in t%e countries '%ere t%ey %ave !ecome fully developed2 t%an*s to large scale industry2 %ence especially in England2 are in t%eir turn t%e !asis of t%e formation of political parties and of party struggles2 and t%us of all political %istory1 "arx %ad not only arrived at t%e same vie'2 !ut %ad already2 in t%e German &renc% Kear!oo*s <4588>2 generalised it to t%e effect t%at2 spea*ing generally2 it is not t%e state '%ic% conditions and regulates civil society2 !ut civil society '%ic% conditions and regulates t%e state2 and2 conse3uently2 t%at policy and its %istory are to !e explained from t%e economic relations and t%eir development2 and not vice versa1 1111)%en2 in t%e spring of 458B2 'e met again in (russels2 "arx %ad already fully developed %is materialist t%eory of %istory in its main features from t%e a!ove mentioned !asis and 'e no' applied ourselves to t%e detailed ela!oration of t%e ne'ly 'on mode of outloo* in t%e most varied directions1H <Engels2 +n the ,istory of the Communist -eague2 "arx Engels2 Selected )or*s2 p1 86D>1 T%us t%e discovery of t%e materialist conception of %istory in a sense laid t%e !asis1 $ra'ing from t%e sources of German classical p%ilosop%y2 Englis% classical political economy2 and &renc% revolutionary and socialist doctrines2 t%e !asic foundation of "arxism %ad !een laid1 Standing on t%is foundation it 'as no' possi!le to ela!orate t%e component parts of t%e 'orld outloo* of t%e modern proletariat1 Ela!oration of Basic Princi%les of &ar'ism T%is 'as t%e tas* t%at "arx and Engels devoted a large part of t%eir energies in t%e immediate

follo'ing years1 )%ile ta*ing an active part in intense revolutionary activity t%ey 'or*ed out t%e t%eory and tactics of revolutionary proletarian socialism or communism1 T%e !asic principles in all t%ree component parts of "arxism : p%ilosop%y2 political economy2 and scientific socialism : 'ere laid out in t%e course of intensive study and a !attle against 'rong trends in all t%ese sp%eres1 In t%e sp%ere of p%ilosop%y2 t%ey in 45882 in a 0oint !oo*2 'ritten mainly !y "arx2 .$he ,oly %amily/ or a Critique of Critical Criticism0 2 launc%ed a severe attac* on t%e contemplative idealism of (runo (auer of t%e Left ?egelian circle2 '%ic% "arx and Engels 'ere earlier a part of1 It is an important document signalling "arx#s final !rea* 'it% Left ?egelian radicalismE for its proclamation of communism as t%e ideology of t%e 'or*ing class movement is not presented as a supplement to t%e criti3ue of Left ?egelianism2 !ut as somet%ing opposed to it1 In 458B 8D2 "arx and Engels Hresolved to 'or* out in common t%e opposition of Mt%eirN vie' to t%e ideological vie' of German p%ilosop%y2 in fact2 to settle accounts 'it% Mt%eirN erst'%ile p%ilosop%ical conscience1H - T%is resulted in a t'o volume 'or*2 $he erman 1&eology2 '%ic% first s%aped t%e materialistic conception of %istory as t%e p%ilosop%ical !asis for t%e t%eory of scientific communism1 It 'as primarily an attac* on &euer!ac%2 "ax Stirner <a Left ?egelian '%o stood for t%e a!solute sovereignty of t%e Ego>2 and German =true socialism#1 It 'as pu!lis%ed2 %o'ever2 only after t%e Gcto!er Revolution1 And according to Engels2 t%e exposition in t%is 'or* proved Honly %o' incomplete Mt%eirN *no'ledge of economic %istory still 'as at t%at timeH 1 2 Ket it served at t%at time t%e very important purpose of self clarification of t%ese t'o great 'or*ing class teac%ers1 Anot%er s%ort document 'ritten !y "arx at t%at time <458B>2 and only pu!lis%ed after %is deat%2 served a similar purpose1 It 'as %is eleven $heses on %euer"ach2 '%ic% according to Engels2 'as Hinvalua!le as t%e first document in '%ic% is deposited t%e !rilliant germ of t%e ne' 'orld outloo*1H ? It !riefly and s%arply pointed out t%e principal defect of &eur!ac%#s and ot%er materialism2 as its contemplative nature and its failure to understand t%at man#s activity is revolutionary1 In fact one common string running t%roug% "arx and Engels# p%ilosop%ical 'ritings of t%is period 'as t%at t%ey demanded of t%e p%ilosop%er2 not contemplation2 !ut a struggle for a !etter order of society1 T%is 'as !est expressed in "arx#s oft 3uoted elevent% t%esis on &euer!ac%2 HT%e p%ilosop%ers %ave only interpreted t%e 'orld2 in various 'aysC t%e point2 %o'ever2 is to c%ange it1H @ In t%e sp%ere of political economy2 Engels2 in &e!ruary 4588 itself2 !roug%t out %is +utlines of a Critique of Political Economy1 T%e next year %e pu!lis%ed $he Con&ition of the Wor#ing Class in Englan&2 '%ere %e !ecame t%e first one to proclaim t%at t%e proletariat 'as not only a suffering class2 !ut a fig%ting class '%ic% 'ould %elp itselfC and t%at socialism 'ould !ecome a force only '%en it !ecame t%e aim of t%e political struggle of t%e 'or*ing class1 After %is contact 'it% Engels2 "arx too decided to study political economy '%ic% resulted in t%e already mentioned unfinis%ed Economic an& Philosophic 'anuscripts of ()**1 And in 458; %e gave a series of lectures to 'or*ers in (russels2 '%ic% 'as later pu!lis%ed as a pamp%let2 =)age La!our and Capital#1 T%is gave a popular outline of t%e economic relations forming t%e material !asis for t%e class struggle in capitalist society1 it 'as %o'ever in t%e sp%ere of socialist t%eory and practice2 t%at "arx and Engels2 in t%is period2 put in t%e most intense efforts1 )%ile participating energetically in t%e activities of t%e secret revolutionary groups2 t%ey made all efforts to 'in over t%e maximum possi!le forces to t%e side of proletarian revolutionary socialism1 To do t%is t%ey %ad to fig%t t%e numerous reactionary and petty !ourgeois trends '%ic% 'ere confusing and misleading t%e genuine elements in t%ese organisations1 T%us t%e second volume of t%eir earlier mentioned 'or*2 $he erman 1&eology2 'as an exposure of t%e reactionary2 petty !ourgeois2 German =True# socialism1 ?o'ever2 t%e more ma0or !attle 'as against Proud%on#s !ourgeois socialism '%ic% 'as very influential among t%e &renc% socialists and revolutionaries at t%at time1 In 458D2 Proud%on pu!lis%ed %is most important 'or*2 $he Philosophy of

Po2erty2 '%ic% as "arx %imself said2 Hproduced a great sensation1H "arx replied in a s%arp polemic '%ic% tore to s%reds t%e Proud%onist system1 ?e called %is reply $he Po2erty of Philosophy1 ?e criticised Proud%on#s ignorance of economics2 misuse of ?egelian concepts2 moralistic conception of socialism2 and a reactionary petty !ourgeois .topia1 T%is mar*ed t%e !eginning of a 9A year long !attle 'it% Proud%on and Proud%onists '%o continued to maintain a strong presence 'it%in t%e international socialist 'or*ers movement1 Revolutionar" Activit" All t%e a!ove t%eoretical 'or* 'as done in t%e midst of continuous revolutionary activity1 "arx in Paris too* an active part in t%e meetings of socialist organisations and especially t%e League of t%e /ust2 '%ile Engels2 '%o %ad returned to Germany spread t%e 'ord of communism in speec%es and 'ritings and endeavoured to 'eld scattered socialist groups into a single organisation1 In &e!ruary 458B "arx 'as deported from Paris at t%e instance of t%e Prussian government and %ad to move to (russels2 '%ere Engels 0oined %im in t%e spring1 In summer t%ey visited England2 '%ere t%ey made contact 'it% t%e C%artists and too* steps to esta!lis% a centre of co operation of t%e revolutionary movements of different countries1 Returning to (russels2 t%ey continued to 'or* for t%e unification of revolutionary associations1 T%is 'as a period of intense revolutionary ferment t%roug%out Europe1 T%e revival of t%e !ourgeois revolutionary movement from 456A 'as2 !y t%e 458As2 %aving its impact t%roug%out Europe1 It 'as !ecoming more and more clear t%at t%e old feudal aristocracy '%o still commanded large parts of Europe 'ould no longer !e a!le to rule in t%e old 'ay and 'ould %ave to concede po'er '%olly or partially to t%e industrial classes1 T%e pressure for t%e a!olition of serfdom and for !ourgeois rig%ts 'as gro'ing every'%ere1 T%is crisis of t%e old system '%ic% 'as all encompassing2 t%en com!ined 'it% a crisis of t%e ne' capitalist system t%e severe periodic economic crisis of 458D 851 ?arvests failed2 food prices rose2 and entire populations2 suc% as t%ose of Ireland2 starved1 Industrial depression multiplied unemployment2 and t%e masses of t%e ur!an la!ouring poor 'ere deprived of even t%eir tiny incomes at t%e very moment '%en t%eir cost of living roc*eted1 T%e situation varied some'%at from country to country2 !ut ta*ing )estern and Central Europe as a '%ole2 t%e situation 'as explosive1 Parallel 'it% t%e unrest among t%e 'or*ing class and ur!an poor 'as t%e process of radicalising of t%e young communist movement1 T%e Communist League '%ic% %ad !een formed in 458; %ad united various revolutionary groups consisting c%iefly of exiled 'or*ers and intellectuals : &renc%2 German2 S'iss2 Italian2 Russian2 etc12 : in London2 Paris2 and (russels1 T%e League soon came under t%e guidance of "arx and Engels and t%ey 'ere as*ed to prepare t%e programme of t%e ne' organisation1 T%is programme 'ritten during t%e period of tremendous revolutionary anticipation leading up to t%e 4585 Revolution 'as t%e first revolutionary programme of t%e modern proletariat1 It !roug%t toget%er in one document2 =T%e Communist "anifesto#2 t%e !asic principles of "arxism2 '%ic% even after 4BA years stand firm2 altoget%er impervious to t%e attac*s of capitalist enemies1 The Communist &anifesto T%e 'anifesto of the Communist Party pu!lis%ed around 98t% &e!ruary 45852 'as a document of unparalleled %istorical importance1 It 'as intended to !e immediately pu!lis%ed in Englis%2 &renc%2 German2 Italian2 &lemis% and $anis%2 t%oug% it 'as also pu!lis%ed in Polis% and S'edis% !efore t%e year 'as completed1 It %as since !een translated and pu!lis%ed in innumera!le languages around t%e glo!e1 T%e "anifesto 'as not only a programmatic document2 analysing society and outlining t%e programmatic tas*s of t%e proletariat1 It laid do'n t%e very !asis of scientific socialism and t%e approac% to all ot%er types of socialism1 It also gave t%e approac% to ot%er opposition parties of t%at time1 )it% regard to t%e "anifesto2 Lenin puts it li*e t%is2 H)it% t%e clarity and !rilliance of genius2

t%is 'or* outlines a ne' 'orld conception2 consistent materialism2 '%ic% also em!races t%e realm of social lifeC dialectics2 as t%e most compre%ensive and profound doctrine of developmentC t%e t%eory of t%e class struggle and of t%e 'orld %istoric revolutionary role of t%e proletariat t%e creator of a ne'2 communist societyH <Lenin2 'ar3-Engels-'ar3ism2 p1 44>1 T%us t%e Communist "anifesto contained t%e !asic conclusions of "arxism in all its t%ree component parts : p%ilosop%y2 political economy and scientific socialism1 )it% its appearance2 'e can say t%at "arx#s t%eory of society and %is precepts for action %ad attained completion in t%e form of a 'ell defined and permanent outline1 ?is later 'or*s did not modify '%at %e %ad 'ritten in any essential respect2 !ut enric%ed it 'it% specific analyses and transformed '%at 'ere sometimes no more t%an statements2 slogans2 or %eads of argument into a massive t%eoretical structure1 "arx and Engels t%emselves sa' little cause to revise su!se3uent editions of t%e document as far as its t%eoretical !ases 'ere concerned1 T%ey %ad t%is to say in t%eir 0oint preface to t%e 45;9 German edition2 H?o'ever muc% t%e state of t%ings may %ave altered during t%e last t'enty five years2 t%e general principles laid do'n in t%is "anifesto are2 on t%e '%ole2 as correct today as ever1H T%is statement remains as true even today1 (ut in order to grasp t%is trut% let us follo' t%e destiny of "arx#s doctrine during t%e various periods of t%e last 4BA years of 'orld %istory1 &or t%is purpose %istory can !e divided into t%e follo'ing six main periods E 41 &rom t%e Revolution of 4585 to t%e Paris Commune <45;4> C 91 &rom t%e Paris Commune to t%e Russian !ourgeois revolution of 47AB C 61 &rom t%e Russian 47AB revolution to t%e Great Gcto!er Socialist Revolution <474;> C 81 &rom t%e Great Gcto!er Socialist Revolution to t%e C%inese People#s Revolution <4787> C B1 &rom t%e C%inese People#s Revolution to t%e deat% of "ao and loss of C%ina2 t%e last Socialist (ase <47;D> C D1 Since t%e loss of C%ina2 t%e last Socialist (ase1

Cha%ter I8

The First Perio1 % &'(' - &')&

Economic Boom &ar'*s Anal"sis of Ca%italism The +,-, Revolution &ar' and Engels During the +,-, Revolution Other Revolutions in this Period Formation of the International Workingmen*s Association Fight against Wrong Trends in the First International The Paris Commune and the First International

T%is period starts 'it% '%at "arx called =t%e Continental Revolution# of 45852 '%ic% covered practically t%e '%ole European continent 'it% a 'ave of insurrectionary up%eavalsC it concludes 'it% t%e defeat of t%e Paris Commune2 t%e first dictators%ip of t%e proletariat1 T%e intervening years too experienced numerous 'ars and revolutionary struggles1 It 'as t%us '%at Lenin once referred to as =a

period of storms and revolutions#1 T%is 'as %o'ever also a period of continuous and sustained gro't% of industrial capitalism2 '%ic% !y t%e end of t%is period %ad !ecome a genuine 'orld economy1 Economic Boom T%e period from t%e depression of 458D 85 up to t%e early 45;As 'as a period of continuous !oom for capitalism2 except for a s%ort depression around 45B;1 (et'een 45BA and 45;A 'orld coal output multiplied t'o and a %alf times and 'orld iron output !y four times1 Total steam po'er '%ic% 'as one of t%e !est indicators of economic expansion2 multiplied !y four and a %alf times rising from 8 million ?P to a!out 451B million ?P1 As a c%aracteristic of all capitalistic development2 t%e gro't% 'as %ig%ly uneven1 It converted many of t%e lesser industrialised areas of Europe into advanced industrial economies 'it% large industry1 A classical example 'as Germany1 In 45BA its installed steam po'er at 8A2AAA ?P 'as less t%an 4AO of t%e (ritis%2 !ut !y 45;A it 'as 7AA2AAA ?P2 almost t%e same as t%e (ritis%1 It also left one of t%e earlier industrialised countries2 &rance2 far !e%ind1 Similar c%anges in t%e relative positions of t%e ot%er main capitalist countries too* place1 T%e .nited States emerged as a ma0or industrial po'er and /apan2 after t%e "ei0i Restoration of 45D5 em!ar*ed on t%e pat% of speedy capitalist gro't%1 T%is period also sa' a lo'ering of tariff !arriers and a tremendous increase in 'orld trade !y 9DAO1 T%is 'as under a 'ave of economic li!eralism2 'it% a 'orld 'ide movement to remove all institutional !arriers to free enterprise2 free trade and free movement of factors of production1 ?o'ever t%is period also mar*s t%e end of li!eral free enterprise capitalism1 (y t%e end of t%is period t%e development of free competition %ad reac%ed its apex and particularly 'it% t%e intense economic crisis of 45;62 started t%e period of monopolies and cartels1 &ar'*s Anal"sis of Ca%italism As free competition capitalism 'as advancing to'ards its limits2 "arx spent a considera!le of %is time in t%ese years to an in dept% analysis of capitalism and t%e ela!oration of %is criti3ue of political economy !egun in t%e 4588 "anuscripts1 Al'ays searc%ing for ne' data and sources to refine %is 'or*2 t%e criti3ue remained incomplete1 It 'as only pu!lis%ed in 4767 84 as =Gutline of a Criti3ue of Political Economy# <Grundrisse>1 It2 among ot%er t%ings2 contains "arx#s most important study of t%e pro!lems of met%od in t%e social sciences1 It contains t%e s*etc% and t%e plan of 'or* for Capital1 Anot%er important economic 'or* of "arx '%ic% 'as pu!lis%ed at t%is time 'as Contri"ution to a Critique of Political Economy <45B7>1 It represented2 according to Engels2 t%e Hfirst co%erent exposition of t%e "arxian t%eory of value2 including t%e doctrine of money1H T%e Preface to t%is 'or* is one of "arx#s most 3uoted texts2 as it contains t%e most concise and general formulations of t%e materialist conception of %istory1 "arx#s monumental 'or* of t%is period 'as %o'ever Capital2 '%ose aim as %e %imself said 'as to Hlay !are t%e economic la' of motion of modern society1H Its first volume2 pu!lis%ed in 45D;2 revealed t%e sources of exploitation !y analysing t%e !asic p%enomena of t%e capitalist economyE commodities2 exc%ange and use value2 surplus value2 capital 'ages and accumulation1 "arx intended to finis% t%e second and t%ird volumes of Capital in a s%ort time1 T%e second 'as to analyse t%e circulation of capital and t%e mar*et2 '%ile t%e t%ird 'as to deal 'it% t%e s%aring of profit among different groups of exploiters2 t%e origin of t%e average rate of profit2 t%e tendency of t%e rate of profit to fall2 and t%e transformation of surplus profit into ground rent1 Parts of t%ese volumes 'ere 'ritten !efore t%e first 'as pu!lis%ed2 !ut alt%oug% "arx continued 'or*ing on t%em till 45;5 t%ey 'ere not completed at t%e time of %is deat%1 T%e manuscripts2 arranged and edited !y Engels2 'ere pu!lis%ed in 455B and 45782 '%ile =T%eories of Surplus Value# 'as pu!lis%ed !y Jauts*y as t%e fourt% volume of Capital in 47AB 4A1

The +,-, Revolution T%e 4585 Revolution '%ic% %ad tremendous %istoric impact2 'as launc%ed at almost t%e same time as t%e pu!lication of =T%e Communist "anifesto#1 In &rance2 t%e *ing 'as overt%ro'n and t%e repu!lic proclaimed under t%e pressure of t%e 'or*ers on 98t% &e!ruary1 (y 9nd "arc% revolution %ad covered sout% 'est Germany2 !y 8t% "arc% Cologne2 !y Dt% "arc% (avaria2 !y 44t% "arc% (erlin2 !y 46t% "arc% Vienna and almost immediately ?ungary2 !y 45t% "arc% "ilan and t%erefore Italy1 )it%in a matter of 'ee*s no government 'as left standing in an area of Europe '%ic% is today covered !y more t%an ten countries1 T%e common factor in all t%e revolutions 'ere t%at t%ey 'ere social revolutions of t%e la!ouring poor1 In t%e cities it 'as t%e 'or*ers '%o composed t%e over'%elming ma0ority of t%ose '%o participated and died in t%e demonstrations and !arricade fig%ting1 )%erever t%ere 'as rural participation2 as in sout% 'est Germany2 Italy and ot%er places2 it 'as t%e poor peasantry '%o came out in insurrection and to divide t%e great estates1 T%is over'%elming participation of t%e poor %o'ever %ad t%e effect of frig%tening t%e moderate li!eral sections and even some of t%e radical sections of t%e !ourgeoisie1 T%e !ourgeoisie2 afraid of !eing s'ept a'ay in t%e social 'ave and losing even t%eir !ourgeois rig%ts2 decided 3uic*ly in most places to !etray t%e revolution and ma*e a compromise 'it% feudal reaction1 T%is led to t%e rapid failure of all t%e revolutions1 )it% t%e exception of &rance2 all t%e old rulers 'ere restored to po'er2 and t%e revolutionaries scattered into exile1 T%e turning point came in /une 45852 '%en t%e revolutionary 'or*ers of Paris 'ere forced into insurrection '%ic% 'as !rutally crus%ed1 T%e /une insurrection2 'as2 as "arx put it Ht%e first great !attle 1111 !et'een t%e t'o classes t%at split modern society1H &or five days t%e unarmed 'or*ers foug%t t%e com!ined armed forces of t%e united !ourgeoisie1 4BAA died in t%e street fig%ting <as against only 6;A in t%e &e!ruary Revolution>1 T%e class %atred of t%e !ourgeoisie 'as suc% t%at even after t%e suppression2 6AAA more 'ere massacred2 and 492AAA 'ere arrested and mostly sent to Algerian la!our camps1 After t%e 'or*ers 'ere defeated2 t%e sections of t%e !ourgeoisie '%o participated in t%e revolution 'ere one !y one pus%ed out of po'er1 Gn 9nd $ecem!er 45B42 Louis (onaparte2 a nep%e' of t%e earlier ,apoleon2 seiFed dictatorial po'er2 and in 45B9 got %imself proclaimed as Emperor ,apoleon III in '%ic% position %e continued until %is defeat in t%e &ranco Prussian 'ar of 45;A ;41 T%e defeat of t%e &renc% 'or*ers led to t%e !ourgeoisie t%roug%out Europe 0umping into t%e arms of t%e reactionaries1 T%e Austrian Emperor#s army too* over Prague2 'it% moderate !ourgeois %elp2 in /une 45852 and t%en Vienna in Gcto!er2 after a !attle t%at cost over 8AAA lives1 T%is 'as follo'ed !y t%e *ing of Prussia ta*ing over (erlin and t%en ot%er parts of Germany1 T%is left parts of Italy and ?ungary '%ic% 'ere ta*en over in August 45871 All t%e reforms introduced !y t%e revolutions 'ere reversed1 T%e only exception 'as t%e a!olition of serfdom in t%e vast Austrian ?a!s!urg Empire1 T%is meant t%e a!olition of serfdom t%roug%out most of Europe2 except Russia and Rumania '%ere t%e a!olition 'as accomplis%ed in t%e 45DAs1 &ar' and Engels during the +,-, Revolution After t%e &e!ruary Revolution in Paris t%e (elgian government adopted repressive measures against t%e emigrant revolutionariesC "arx 'as expelled from (russels and returned to Paris2 '%ere %e 'or*ed for t%e German revolutionary cause on !e%alf of t%e Communist League1 After t%e Vienna and (erlin revolutions in "arc% many German PmigrPs moved from &rance to Germany1 "arx and Engels esta!lis%ed t%emselves in Cologne2 '%ere communist propaganda 'as most active2 and from /une on'ards pu!lis%ed a ne'spaper2 t%e ,eue R%einisc%e Leitung2 'it% a programme entitled Deman&s of the Communist Party of ermany1 T%ese aims 'ere not communistic as suc%2 !ut radical democratic and repu!licanE t%ey included t%e confiscation of large estates2 free universal education2 a progressive income tax2 and t%e nationalisation of rail'ays1 T%e paper2 of '%ic% "arx 'as c%ief editor2 condemned

t%e irresolute attitude of t%e !ourgeoisie and advocated a united Germany under a repu!lican constitution 'it% direct and universal suffrageC it c%ampioned t%e oppressed national minorities2 especially t%e Poles2 and called for 'ar 'it% Russia as t%e mainstay of reaction in Europe1 T%e victory of reaction in Europe and t%e collapse of t%e revolution in Germany led to t%e closure of t%e paper in "ay 45871 "arx 'as expelled from Prussia and returned to Paris '%ere a ne' revolutionary upsurge 'as still expected1 ?o'ever in t%e face of repression !y t%e &renc% government %e 'as forced to s%ift to London in August2 '%ere %e spent t%e rest of %is life in exile1 Engels settled in "anc%ester '%ere %e spent t'enty years1 .pon t%eir entry into England2 "arx and Engels set a!out reviving t%e Communist League1 T%ey drafted and distri!uted an address of t%e central committee '%ic% called for t%e setting up of an independent proletarian party independent of t%e petty !ourgeois democrats <t%e repu!lican !ourgeoisie>1 It called for aiming at =permanent revolution# '%ic% 'ould ena!le t%e proletariat to eventually seiFe po'er1 T%e Communist League %o'ever did not last long and 'as 'ound up in 45B91 "arx#s 'or* during t%is period %elped esta!lis% t%e founding principles of t%e proletariat#s revolutionary tactics1 ?is series of articles 'ritten during t%is period 'as pu!lis%ed as $he Class Struggles in %rance/ ()*) to ()451 T%is along 'it% %is !rilliant 'or* $he Eighteenth 6rumaire of -ouis 6onaparte 'ritten in 45B4 B9 'as H"arx#s first attempt to explain a section of contemporary %istory !y means of %is materialist conceptionH1 Gn t%e !asis of t%e practical experience of t%e mass revolutionary struggle2 "arx developed t%e analysis and tactic of t%e proletariat1 T%e confusing t'ists and turns in t%e events as t%ey too* place 'ere clearly explained in class terms1 ?e clearly s%o'ed %o' t%e proletariat 'as t%e real driving and decisive force in t%e revolutions '%ic% %ad put t%e !ourgeoisie in po'er1 ?e t%en s%o'ed %o' t%e !ourgeoisie '%ile turning against t%e 'or*ers %ad actually !etrayed t%e revolution and proved incapa!le of rule1 ?e exposed t%e =parliamentary cretinism# of t%e petty !ourgeois democrats '%ere caug%t up in t%e illusions of t%eir parliamentary speec%es t%ey ignored t%e realities of t%e class struggle1 Gf particular importance 'as "arx#s exposure of t%e true nature of t%e !ourgeois state as an organ of capitalist class rule and %is first use of t%e term =dictators%ip of t%e proletariat#1 &inally2 "arx#s analysis of t%e role of t%e peasantry is crucial1 )%ile analysing %o' t%e adventurer Louis (onaparte utilised t%e peasantry as %is c%ief social support to esta!lis% %is dictators%ip2 %e pointed to t%e need of t%e peasantry !eing 'on over as an ally of t%e revolution1 T%is all important formulation 'as furt%er more clearly developed '%en "arx 'rote to Engels in t%e context of Engel#s 45BA !oo* $he Peasant War in ermany regarding t%e %istoric German peasant uprising of 4B9B1 "arx points out t%at t%e future of t%e proletarian revolution in Germany 'ould depend on '%et%er it 'on t%e support of t%e peasantry2 '%at %e called =a second edition of t%e Peasant )ar1 Other Revolutions in this Period T%e 4585 European Revolution %ad glo!al impact and even inspired an insurrection in Pernam!uco in (raFil in t%e same year and a Colom!ian revolution in t%e early 45BAs1 T%e Spanis% revolution of 45B8 BD too can !e seen in t%e same lig%t1 It too 'as %o'ever crus%ed after t%e !ourgeoisie and t%e army officers '%o %ad first started t%e uprising later !etrayed it to leave t%e 'or*ers to !e isolated and defeated1 T%is period sa' ma0or struggles in t%e colonies and semi colonies1 T%e ma0or ones 'ere t%e Taiping peasant Revolution of C%ina <45B4 D8>2 t%e &irst Indian )ar of Independence <45B; B5>2 and t%e great Algerian uprising <45;4>1 T%e Taiping Revolution 'as t%e largest suc% struggle and it covered 4; provinces '%ere it attempted to esta!lis% a ne' society on t%e !asis of ideas of .topian agricultural socialism1 It 'as finally crus%ed !y an alliance of t%e C%ing imperial troops 'it% t%e Americans2 (ritis% and &renc%1 T%e ot%er struggles too 'ere crus%ed !y t%e colonialists2 aided !y local !etrayers1

T%is 'as also t%e age of 'ars '%ere after t%e relative calm since t%e ,apoleonic 'ars <since 454B>2 t%e ma0or capitalist po'ers again 'aged repeated 'ar1 In Europe t%ere 'as E t%e Crimean )ar <45B8 BD> !et'een Russia on one side and (ritain2 &rance and Tur*ey on t%e ot%er resulting in DAA2AAA deat%s2 &rance2 Savoy and t%e Italians against Austria <45B5 B7>2 Prussia and Austria against $enmar* <45D8>2 Prussia and Italy against Austria <45DD>2 Prussia and t%e German states against &rance <45;A ;4>1 T%e ma0or 'ars in t%e Americas 'ere t%e American Civil )ar <45D4 DD> !et'een t%e industrialised ,ort% and t%e agrarian Sout% of t%e .nited States resulting in D6A2AAA deat%s2 and t%e 'ar !et'een Paraguay on one side and Argentina2 .ruguay and (raFil on t%e ot%er <45D8 ;A> resulting in 66A2AAA deat%s1 T%e main cause for t%ese 'ars 'as t%e process of capitalist expansion and t%e direct and indirect conflicts arising out of it1 In many cases t%ey completed t%e tas*s of t%e unfinis%ed !ourgeois revolutions1 In t%e American Civil )ar t%e unfinis%ed tas* of independence from (ritain 'as completed !y t%e integration of t%e Sout% states <'%ic% %ad continued to remain closely lin*ed 'it% t%e (ritis% Empire> into t%e ne' ma0or industrial economy of t%e .nited States1 T%e national tas*s unfulfilled in t%e 4585 Revolution 'ere completed in t%e European 'ars1 T%e modern capitalist nation states of Germany and Italy 'ere t%us esta!lis%ed2 Rumania came into existence at t%e end of t%e 45BAs2 and t%e ?ungarian nation ac%ieved autonomy 'it%in t%e Austrian Empire in45D;1 Poland and Ireland %o'ever could not come into existence despite national movements2 and insurrections in 45D6 and 45D; respectively1 "arx and Engels 'rote extensively on all t%e a!ove events1 "arx in particular contri!uted regularly from 45B9 to45D9 to t%e New !or# $ri"une '%ere %e analysed various events in Europe and Asia1 Some of t%ese articles 'ere !roug%t toget%er in !oo*s1 T%ese articles laid !are t%e class forces in t%e 'ars and revolutionary events and raised appropriate demands from t%e standpoint of t%e proletariat1 T%us 'as furt%er developed t%e t%eory of t%e tactics of t%e proletariat1 Formation of the International Workingmen*s Association T%ere 'ere strong internationalist trends 'it%in t%e 'or*ers movement2 particularly in (ritain and &rance2 '%ic% contri!uted to t%e esta!lis%ment of t%e International )or*ingmen#s Association or t%e &irst International1 T%e formation itself too* place in t%e context of a rising 'ave of proletarian and !ourgeois national revolutionary struggles2 after a long period of reaction t%at %ad follo'ed t%e failure of t%e 4585 Revolution1 Particularly in t%e 'a*e of t%e 45B; $epression t%ere 'as a strong stri*e movement of 45DA D9 in England and ot%er countries2 '%ic% gave a !oost to t%e trade unions and ot%er 'or*ers organisations1 Grganisational lin*s 'ere !uilt up at 0oint demonstrations !y (ritis% and &renc% 'or*ers in 45D6 to protest t%e suppression of t%e Polis% insurrection !y Russia and to demand independence for Poland1 Tal*s at t%is time of t%e formation of an international led to t%e Englis% 'or*er representatives sending a formal =Address# to t%e &renc% 'or*ers regarding t%is1 T%e reply of t%e &renc% 'or*ers 'as presented at t%e meeting on 95t% Septem!er 45D8 '%ic% resulted in t%e formation of t%e International )or*ingmen#s Association1 T%is meeting2 '%ic% 'as attended !y German2 Italian and Polis% PmigrPs !esides t%e (ritis% and &renc%2 decided to %ave its %ead3uarters in London2 'it% t%e Englis% la!our 0ournal2 t%e 6ee-hi2e2 as its official organ1 "arx '%o 'as present at t%e meeting 'as elected to its council and made corresponding secretary for Germany1 It 'as %e '%o dre' up t%e Inaugural Address and Provisional Rules2 t%e first programme and constitution of t%e &irst International1 T%e Address analysed !riefly t%e economic and political situation and laid do'n t%at political action to con3uer political po'er 'as t%e great duty of t%e 'or*ing class1 T%e Rules laid do'n t%at2 t%e 'or*ing class can act as a class only !y esta!lis%ing a distinct political party2 opposed to all t%e old parties formed !y t%e possessing classes1 T%ese documents contain t%e first development of t%e organisational principles of t%e 'or*ing class party1 Fight against Wrong trends in the First International

Gn t%e !asis of t%e a!ove principles and t%e gro'ing struggles of t%e 'or*ing class t%e International spread to various countries1 In t%e first fe' years sections 'ere formed in various to'ns in &rance2 (elgium2 and S'itFerland2 !esides (ritain1 In t%e 'ave of stri*es after 45D; ne' sections 'ere created in Spain2 Italy2 ?olland2 and Austria2 '%ile in Germany a social democratic party 'as formed !y )il%elm Lie!*nec%t and August (e!el2 along 'it% t%e Lassallists1 T%is party2 t%oug% it did not formally 0oin t%e International 'as nevert%eless close to "arx on t%e main issues1 T%us t%e International gre' rapidly in strengt% in t%e 45DAs1 ?o'ever a constant struggle %ad to !e 'aged against various 'rong trends contrary to t%e !asic principles1 As "arx %imself once 'rote2 HT%e International 'as founded in order to replace t%e socialist or semi socialist sects !y a real organisation of t%e 'or*ing class for struggle11111T%e %istory of t%e International 'as a continual struggle of t%e General Council against t%e sects and against amateur experiments2 '%ic% soug%t to assert t%emselves 'it%in t%e International against t%e real movement of t%e 'or*ing classH <-uoted in &oster )illiam L12 ,istory of the $hree 1nternationals2 p1 8B>1 A principal example of suc% trends 'as Anarc%ism1 Gne of its principal leaders 'as (a*unin2 '%o sa' %is programme as an extension and development of Proud%on#s anarc%ist system1 ?is main principles 'ereE <a> t%e propagation of at%eismC <!> t%e destruction of t%e stateC <c > t%e re0ection of all political action2 as t%e state can !e destroyed !y insurrection1 (a*uninists t%us clas%ed 'it% "arxism on t%ree very important 3uestionsE <a> t%e political struggle of t%e 'or*ing class2 since t%ey counterposed it to t%e insurrectionC <!> t%e proletarian dictators%ip2 since t%ey predicted t%at t%e fall of capitalism 'ould automatically destroy t%e state '%ic% 'ould !e replaced !y a Hfree federation of persons2 communes2 districts2 nations2HC <c > t%e proletarian party2 since t%ey 'ere opposed to any aut%ority even in t%e realm of political organisation1 T%e (a*uninist trend maintained a strong presence in t%e &irst International and many of t%e Congresses of t%e International 'ere mar*ed !y intense de!ates !et'een t%em and t%e "arxists1 It finally led to t%e split in t%e International in t%e ?ague Congress in 45;91 T%e (a*uninists and ot%er similar Anarc%ist trends could maintain some relevance in t%is period of numerous 'ars and revolutions !ecause of t%e illusions t%ey created of an immediate proletarian revolution1 ?o'ever from t%e 45;As on'ards t%ey declined organisationally and in mass influence and !eing a practical failure2 disintegrated into various irrelevant sects1 Anot%er struggle 'aged !y "arxism in t%is period 'as against t%e (lan3uist trend led !y (lan3ui2 t%e important &renc% 'or*er leader '%o participated prominently !ot% in t%e 4585 Revolution as 'ell as t%e Paris Commune1 T%is trend t%oug% agreeing 'it% many "arxist principles relied mostly on conspiratorial met%ods1 T%roug% continuous struggle against its 'rong understanding many of (lan3uism#s !est fig%ters 'ere 'on over to t%e side of "arxism1 (lan3uism too died as an active political force after t%e Paris Commune1 A very important struggle %o'ever from t%e point of vie' of t%e future 'as against t%e opportunist trend of Lassalleism1 It proposed a system of government su!sidised co operatives2 '%ic% 'ould gradually replace capitalism1 It 'anted universal suffrage !ecause t%at according to Lassalle 'ould ensure 7AO parliament seats for t%e 'or*er '%o 'ould t%en ensure su!sidisation of %is co operatives1 ?e even started opportunist lin*s 'it% t%e t%en German C%ancellor2 (ismarc*2 'it% t%e %ope of getting %is su!sidies2 for '%ic% "arx c%aracterised %im as a !etrayer1 T%e most dangerous aspect of Lassalleist opportunism 'as %is total opposition to trade union struggles and stri*es2 '%ic% %e t%eorised on t%e !asis of %is so called =iron la' of 'ages#1 According to t%is t%e 'or*ers 'ere un!rea*a!ly !ound to t%e !arest su!sistence levels and any 'age raises 'on !y trade unions 'ere supposed to !e automatically cancelled out !y increases in prices and living costs1 "arx energetically opposed t%is petty !ourgeois t%eory t%roug% a t%eoretical exposition of t%e relation !et'een Wages/ Price an& Profit2 '%ic% 'as t%e text of %is report to t%e General Council of t%e &irst International in Septem!er 45DB1 )%ile t%oroug%ly exposing t%e false Lassalleist positions propounded !y /o%n )eston2 a General Council mem!er2 %e

proposed t%at2 HInstead of t%e conservative motto2 =A fair day#s 'age for a fair day#s 'or*Q# Mt%e 'or*ing classN oug%t to inscri!e on t%eir !anner t%e revolutionary 'atc%'ord2 a!olition of t%e 'ages systemQH , The Paris Commune and the First International T%e &irst International 'as at t%e pea* of its popular appeal at t%e time of t%e &ranco German 'ar and t%e Paris Commune1 Rising on a 'ave of stri*e struggles it %ad fostered a 'ide industrial and trade union movement led !y its mem!ers and supporters1 It regularly provided direction on political 3uestions1 )%en t%e &ranco German 'ar !ro*e out in /uly 45;A t%e General Council immediately !roug%t out a document drafted !y "arx '%ic% is an initial example of "arxist tactics in 'ar1 ?e called for international solidarity of 'or*ers putting t%e !lame on t%e rulers of !ot% &rance and Germany1 )%ile it 'as for Germany a defensive 'ar !ecause of t%e attac* of t%e reactionary dictator ,apoleon III2 %e 'arned t%e German 'or*ers of t%e danger of it !ecoming a 'ar of con3uest2 and of t%e German government allying 'it% t%e reactionary Russian Tsar1 Among !ot% German and &renc% 'or*ers a spirit of internationalism prevailed and Lie!*nec%t and (e!el voted in parliament against 'ar credits and 'ere 0ailed for it1 ,apoleon III fell2 as predicted !y "arx2 'it%in six 'ee*s2 and a Repu!lic 'as proclaimed1 "arx immediately !roug%t out anot%er Address of t%e International2 '%ere %e called for resolute opposition to t%e German 'ar of con3uest1 ?e called on German 'or*ers and 'or*ers every'%ere to press for %onoura!le peace 'it% &rance and recognition of t%e Repu!lic1 ?e analysed t%e &renc% Repu!lic as consisting of !ig !ourgeois royalist and repu!lican petty !ourgeois sections2 'it% t%e section representing t%e finance aristocracy and !ig !ourgeoisie in t%e commanding position1 ?e %o'ever opposed any attempt !y t%e 'or*ing class to overt%ro' t%e ne' government as an act of =desperate folly# !ecause t%e enemy 'as t%en at t%e doors of Paris1 ?o'ever contrary to "arx#s proposal2 t%e (a*uninists made various unsuccessful attempts at carrying out an uprising in different &renc% cities1 (lan3ui too made preparations for insurrection1 As t%e German siege of Paris continued2 control moved into t%e %and of t%e ,ational Guard composed mainly of 'or*ers1 T%e Repu!lican T%iers government t%en made an agreement to %and over Paris to t%e Germans1 )%en t%ey tried to implement t%is !y disarming t%e ,ational Guard t%e masses of Paris revolted and esta!lis%ed t%e Paris Commune from 45t% "arc%2 45;41 T%e leaders%ip of t%e Commune 'as in t%e %ands of t%e (lan3uists2 t%oug% (lan3ui %imself 'as arrested t%e nig%t !efore t%e uprising1 "ass elections '%ic% 'ere soon %eld formed a Council of 79 mem!ers '%ic% %ad a ma0ority of (lan3uists2 a large group of Proud%onists and eig%teen "arxists1 T%oug% "arx %ad !een opposed to insurrection declared militant support to it as soon as it !egan1 T%e Commune %o'ever could not stand up to t%e vast range of forces against it1 All governments united to crus% t%e Commune and t%e German government even 3uic*ly released its &renc% prisoners of 'ar to speed up t%e 'ar effort to seiFe Paris1 T%e Commune 'as finally con3uered after five days of fierce fig%ting in '%ic% over one t%ousand army men and innumera!le Communards 'ere *illed1 T%e cold !looded massacre after t%e ta*e over 'as %o'ever muc% greater1 Gver 6A2AAA Communards 'ere s%ot do'n and over 8B2AAA arrested2 of '%om many 'ere executed2 sentenced to prison or exile1 T%e slaug%ter t%us far exceeded even t%e *illings after t%e /une 4585 insurrection and proved '%at atrocities t%e !ourgeoisie 'as capa!le of if t%e proletariat dared to attempt to seiFe po'er1 T%oug% t%e Paris Commune 'as extremely s%ort lived it %ad tremendous %istoric significance '%ic% 'as !roug%t out !y "arx#s 'or*2 $he Ci2il War in %rance 'ritten during t%e Commune !ut pu!lis%ed 0ust t'o days after its fall1 Among its ma0or political decisions 'ere t%e separation of C%urc% and State2 a!olis%ing of su!sidies to t%e c%urc%2 doing a'ay 'it% t%e standing army in favour of a people#s militia2 election and control of all 0udges and magistrates2 fixing an upper limit for t%e salaries for all

functionaries and ma*ing t%em strictly responsi!le to t%e electorate2 etc1 Among t%e socio economic measures 'ere free and general education2 a!olition of nig%t 'or* in !a*eries2 cancellation of employer fines in 'or*s%ops2 closing of pa'ns%ops2 seiFure of closed 'or*s%ops '%ic% 'ere to !e run !y 'or*ers# co operatives2 relief to t%e unemployed2 rationed d'ellings and assistance to de!tors1 T%e Commune also committed certain mista*es '%ic% proved to !e lessons to future generations of t%e 'or*ing class1 T%e most important lessons stressed !y t%e experience of t%e Commune 'ere : contrary to t%e assertions of t%e Anarc%ists : t%e a!solute need for a strong2 clear sig%ted and disciplined proletarian party for t%e success of t%e revolution2 and t%e need to smas% t%e !ourgeois !ureaucratic military state mac%ine in order to !uild t%e 'or*ers# state1 It also provided t%e first !asic form of t%e ne' society as 'ell as t%e first experience of t%e dictators%ip of t%e proletariat1 It 'as as Lenin said2 Ht%e greatest example of t%e greatest proletarian movement of t%e nineteent% century1H "arx#s analysis of t%e Commune again %elped to clear t%e confusion among t%e revolutionary forces in t%e aftermat% of reaction immediately follo'ing t%e fall of t%e Commune1 It %elped t%e international proletariat to dra' t%e correct lessons to inspire and direct t%e struggles a%ead1 As it %ad done t%roug%out t%is period <4585 ;4>2 it again proved t%at it 'as t%e only correct 'or*ing class ideology1 At t%e !eginning of t%is period "arxism !y no means dominated and it 'as 0ust one of t%e extremely numerous factions or trends of socialism1 T%e stormy events of t%is period and t%e clarity of analysis provided regarding t%em !y "arxism2 %ad %o'ever proved t%at all forms of non class socialism and non class politics 'ere s%eer nonsense1 T%ey 'ere t%us relegated to t%e !ac*ground and it 'as "arxism t%at provided t%e leaders%ip1 It 'as under "arxism#s leaders%ip also t%at 'or*ing class organisations and struggles gre' during t%is period1 "arxism advanced from its influence among revolutionary groups to fuse its lin*s 'it% t%e 'or*ing class masses1 Independent proletarian parties t%e &irst International and t%e German Social $emocratic Party 'ere formed for t%e first time under "arxist leaders%ip1 "arxism no' led a massive proletarian movement '%ic% %ad !egun to c%allenge t%e !ourgeoisie1

Cha%ter 8

The Se6on1 Perio1 % &')& - &*+,

Political Background Economic Background Fight against O%%ortunism in the $erman Part" #%read of &ar'ism O%%ortunism in the #econd International Fight against Bernsteinian Revisionism enin*s Earl" .ears Fight against /arodism Fight against Economism Fight against &enshevism

Political Background HT%e second period <45;9 47A8> 'as distinguis%ed from t%e first !y its =peaceful# c%aracter2 !y t%e

a!sence of revolutions1 T%e )est %ad finis%ed 'it% !ourgeois revolutions1 T%e East %ad not yet gro'n ripe for t%em1H 0 HGenerally2 t%e period 'as one of relative sta!ility in foreign relations2 t%e longest and most complete ever *no'n to 'orld capitalism2 t%e ma0or capitalist po'ers %ad concluded2 'it% t%e &ranco German 'ar of 45;A ;42 t%e long series of national 'ars t%at 'rec*ed capitalism during t%e previous decades2 and t%ey %ad not yet em!ar*ed upon t%e !ig imperialist 'ars t%at 'ere to come1 (y force and violence2 t%ey %ad esta!lis%ed t%eir national !oundaries2 frontiers '%ic% 'it% fe' ma0or c%anges in Europe2 'ere to last for a!out 6B years2 or until t%e out!rea* of t%e imperialist Russo /apanese )ar21111(y t%e same to*en2 during t%ese years prior to 47AB t%e respective capitalist po'ers en0oyed a relative internal sta!ility2 t%ere !eing an almost complete a!sence of t%e great revolutionary insurrectional movements '%ic% %ad mar*ed t%e foundation period of European and American capitalism from 4;57 to 45;411H +1 Lenin descri!es t%is period as follo's2 HT%e )est entered a p%ase of =peaceful# preparation for t%e era of future c%ange1 Socialist parties2 !asically proletarian2 'ere formed every'%ere and learned to ma*e use of !ourgeois parliamentarism and to create t%eir o'n daily press2 t%eir educational institutions2 t%eir trade unions and t%eir co operative societies1 T%e "arxist doctrine gained complete victory and spread 'idely1 T%e process of t%e selection and gat%ering of t%e forces of t%e proletariat and of t%e preparation of t%e proletariat for t%e impending !attles made slo' !ut steady progress1 HT%e dialectics of %istory 'ere suc% t%at t%e victory of "arxism in t%e field of t%eory o!liged its enemies to disguise t%emselves as "arxists1 Li!eralism2 rotten to t%e core2 tried to revitalise itself in t%e form of socialist opportunism1 T%e period of t%e preparation of forces for great !attles t%e opportunists interpreted as renunciation of t%ese !attles1 T%ey explained improvements in t%e slaves# conditions to serve t%e struggle against 'age slavery as t%e sale !y t%e slaves of t%eir rig%t to li!erty for a fe' pennies1 T%ey cravenly preac%ed =social peace# <i1e12 peace 'it% t%e system of slave o'ners%ip>2 t%e renunciation of t%e class struggle2 and so fort%1 T%ey %ad very many ad%erents among socialist mem!ers of parliament2 various officials of t%e 'or*ers# movement2 and t%e =sympat%iser# intellectuals1H ++ Economic Background T%e roots of t%is opportunism 'ere %o'ever in t%e economic situation2 'it% t%e creation of a la!our aristocracy2 '%ose upper stratum and la!our leaders it 'as possi!le to !ri!e t%roug% t%e super profits earned !y industry in its colonies1 Passing from its period of free competition2 capitalism %ad no' entered its monopoly p%ase and 'as c%anging into imperialism1 As Lenin later 'as to !ring out in great detail2 t%e last 3uarter of t%e nineteent% century2 from t%e $epression of 45;62 'as mar*ed !y t%e development of many great industrial and financial cartels2 syndicates2 and trusts in all t%e leading capitalist countries1 )%ile ne' countries li*e /apan and Russia 'ere speedily industrialising2 t%e process of concentration and centralisation of capital and t%e gro't% of finance capital 'as marc%ing a%ead at a ne' pace in t%e older capitalist countries1 T%e .nited States <'%ic% !y 47AA %ad outstripped England in industrial development> and Germany 'ere t%e leaders in t%is process1 )%en concentration itself could not solve t%e pro!lem created !y t%e $epression of a drop in profita!ility2 t%e monopolists resorted to t%e export of capital to areas '%ere super profits 'ere to !e o!tained1 In t%is (ritain 'as t%e leader and accounted for almost %alf t%e 'orld#s overseas investments1 T%is 'as also !ecause (ritain controlled t%e largest num!er of colonies '%ere it could easily place its capital1 As t%e ot%er capitalist countries too realised t%e a!solute necessity of colonies for t%eir o'n gro't%2 a 'ild scram!le started to gra! t%ose undeveloped parts of t%e 'orld '%ic% %ad not !een colonised1 T%us in t%e last 3uarter of t%e nineteent% century2 Africa and Polynesia 'ere ta*en over almost completely !y t%e marauding states of t%e advanced capitalist countries1 &rom 4558 to 47AA2 England gra!!ed 61; million s3uare miles of territory 'it% a population of B; millionC &rance got 61D

million s3uare miles 'it% 6D1B million people2 Germany one million s3uare miles 'it% 4; million people2 (elgium 7AA2AAA s3uare miles 'it% 6A million people2 and Portugal 5AA2AAA 'it% 7 million people1 T%is process of capitalism entering t%e stage of imperialism 'as %o'ever mar*ed !y extreme unevenness in t%e development1 T%is c%ange in t%e relation of forces 'as !ound to s%arpen t%e conflicts !et'een t%e various imperialist po'ers1 In t%is period t%e Spanis% American 'ar of 4575 '%ere t%e .nited States too* over Cu!a2 Puerto Rico and t%e P%ilippines and t%e Anglo (oer 'ar of 4577 '%ere (ritain put do'n t%e $utc% origin settlers of Sout% Africa2 'ere t%e initial conflicts leading up to t%e Russo /apanese 'ar of 47A8 '%ic% 'as t%e first ma0or imperialist conflict t%at !ro*e t%e 6B year long interval of peace on t%e European continent1 T%e ot%er significant aspect of t%e rise of imperialism 'as t%e consolidation of a la!our aristocracy 'it% an increase in t%e disparity in 'ages !et'een t%e s*illed and uns*illed 'or*ers in t%e principal capitalist countries1 T%is 'as also accomplis%ed !y t%e decline of out migration and t%e increase of in migration from poorer countries to 'or* in t%e poorer paid sectors1 T%e last 3uarter of t%e nineteent% century2 a period of intense industrial expansion and increasing exploitation of la!our2 'as a time of slo'ly rising real 'ages in t%e ma0or capitalist lands1 In t%e pattern of Englis% employers generally2 t%e capitalists used a portion of t%e super profits 'rung from t%e colonies to favour t%e s*illed 'or*ers at %ome2 'it% t%e o!0ective of t%us 'ea*ening t%e militancy and solidarity of t%e 'or*ing class as a '%ole1 T%us '%ereas in Germany t%e real 'ages of t%e 'or*ing class <generally at poverty levels> 'ent up from point 4AA in 455; to 4AB in 47A72 t%ose of t%e la!our aristocracy increased to 446 in t%e same period1 Similar conditions o!tained in ot%er capitalist countries1 T%ey %ad profound effects upon la!our policy2 t%e rig%t opportunist Social $emocrats !asing t%eir revisionist t%eories and class colla!oration policies relied upon t%e relatively more prosperous la!our aristocracy2 at t%e cost of t%e !road la!our movement1 Fight against O%%ortunism in the $erman Part" Gne of t%e first instances of suc% opportunism 'as in t%e drafting of t%e Got%a programme1 T%is 'as a draft programme meant for discussion and adoption on "ay 9B245;B2 at Got%a2 t%e site of t%e .nity Congress of t%e "arxist and Lassallean parties1 Engels said t%at Halmost every 'ord in t%is programme11could !e criticised1H +; "arx s%arply criticised t%is draft in a note to %is "arxist comrades in t%e German party '%ic% 'as sent to t%em !efore t%e Congress1 In it %e condemned its faulty economics2 its 'rong attitude regarding t%e state2 its surrender to Lassalle#s conception of =t%e iron la' of 'ages2# its adoption of t%e futile panacea of state aid for co operatives2 its failure to ma*e a definite demand for t%e eig%t %our day2 and its underplay of internationalism1 Gpportunist trends in t%e German party 'ere %o'ever already so strong t%at t%oug% t%is strong criti3ue reac%ed t%e t%en "arxists led !y Lie!*nec%t !efore t%e Congress2 only a fe' minor c%anges 'ere made1 &e' comrades 'ere even s%o'n t%e document1 It 'as suppressed for 4D years and only pu!lis%ed finally !y Engels in 4574 '%en a ne' party programme 'as to !e drafted1 T%is pu!lication is t%e no' famous =Criti3ue of t%e Got%a Programme#1 A fe' mont%s after t%e Got%a criti3ue2 Engels !roug%t out anot%er criti3ue < Anti-Duhring>1 T%is contained a polemical presentation of t%e "arxist position on p%ilosop%y2 natural science and t%e social sciences1 It 'as an exposure of t%e essentially !ourgeois vie's of a certain Professor $u%ring '%o after 0oining t%e Social $emocrat Party 'as attempting to re'rite t%e entire party programme in a !ourgeois direction1 T%is criti3ue2 '%ic% 'as pu!lis%ed in t%e party#s organ in 45;;2 %o'ever met 'it% a storm of criticism from t%e opportunists in t%e official circles of t%e party1 Later2 in 455A2 Engels extracted t%ree of t%e c%apters from t%is !oo* in t%e form of a pamp%let2 Socialism7 8topian an& Scientific2 '%ic% presents in a very clear and easy style2 t%e !asic ideas of scientific socialism1 T%is 'as a period of intense t%eoretical 'or* !y "arx and Engels1 In 45;B ;D Engels 'or*ed on t%e

!oo* Dialectics of Nature2 '%ic% demonstrated %o' t%e t%en latest discoveries in t%e natural sciences also confirmed t%at t%e same dialectical la's '%ic% operate in %uman society operate also in nature1 T%is 'or* %o'ever remained unfinis%ed and 'as only pu!lis%ed in 479;1 Its C%apter IR $he Part Playe& "y -a"our in the $ransition from Ape to 'an 2 gives a classical exposition of t%e "arxist vie' of %uman nature and its development1 In 4558 'as pu!lis%ed Engels# +rigin of the %amily/ Pri2ate Property an& the State1 )ritten at a time '%en !ourgeois ideas 'ere !ecoming rife in t%e German Social $emocratic Party2 it 'as aimed at 'inning t%e 'or*ers a'ay from reformist illusions to a scientific and revolutionary conception of %istory2 past and present1 In 45552 Engels !roug%t out %is !oo* on &euer!ac% <Lud'ig &euer!ac% and t%e End of Classical German P%ilosop%y>1 T%is s%o'ed %o' t%e advance 'as made from ?egelian idealist dialectics to materialist dialectics2 and from mec%anical to dialectical materialism1 #%read of &ar'ism $uring t%is period "arx 'as !usy 'or*ing to complete t%e furt%er volumes of Capital1 T%is %o'ever remained incomplete rig%t up to %is deat% on "arc% 482 45561 Gn t%is day2 as Engels said2 Ht%e greatest living t%in*er ceased to t%in*1H +< T%e deat% of "arx %o'ever did not stop t%e on'ard marc% of "arxism1 (y t%e time of %is deat% %e 'as already a name !eloved and revered !y millions of revolutionary fello' 'or*ers1 Gn t%e ot%er %and %e 'as also a man most %ated and slandered !y t%e governments and !ourgeoisie of %is time1 ,o amount of slander %o'ever could stop t%e advance of a doctrine '%ose %istorical time %ad come1 (y 4556 proletarian socialist parties %ad !een esta!lis%ed in Germany <45D7>2 ?olland <45;A>2 $enmar* <45;4>2 (o%emia<45;9>2 .nited States <45;D>2 &rance <45;7>2 Spain <45;7>2 England group <455A>2 and Russia group <4556>1 T%is process continued even after "arx#s deat% 'it% parties !eing set up in ,or'ay <455;> and Austria2 S'itFerland2 and S'eden in 45571 "ost of t%ese got toget%er to form t%e Second International in 45571 T%is led to furt%er spread of socialist t%oug%t and parties 'ere formed in Australia and &inland <457A>2 Poland and Italy <4579>2 (ulgaria2 ?ungary and C%ile <4578>2 Argentina <457D>2 /apan <47A4>2 Ser!ia <47A6> and Canada <47A8>1 T%us "arxism '%ic% emerged victorious as a t%eory at t%e !eginning of t%is period <45;9>2 %ad !y t%e end of t%is period <47A8>2 spread its organisations t%roug%out t%e capitalist 'orld1 O%%ortunism in the #econd International ?o'ever as "arxism spread organisationally2 its principal enemy emerged from 'it%in t%e socialist parties t%emselves1 As pointed out earlier2 opportunism and revisionism !ecame t%e principal t%reat to t%e proletarian movement in t%is period1 And as t%is t%reat gre' its main centre 'as to !ecome t%e Second International itself1 T%e !asic orientation at t%e time of t%e formation of t%e Second International in 45572 'as "arxist1 Ket t%e rig%t trend succeeded in seeing t%at no formal international centre of t%e organisation 'as set up1 T%is continued for t'elve years2 t%us allo'ing rig%tist trends in t%e mem!er parties to continue unc%ec*ed1 Engels2 till %is deat% on August B2 457B2 tried to fill in t%is gap !y maintaining a regular correspondence2 giving guidance to parties in various corners of t%e glo!e1 $espite %is age2 %e2 till t%e last led t%e fig%t of t%e left elements against various opportunist deviations1 At t%e same time %e also completed t%e monumental tas* of editing and pu!lis%ing t%e unfinis%ed second and t%ird volumes of "arx#s Capital1 T%e opportunist trends '%ic% 'ere getting entrenc%ed in t%e various national parties at t%at time %ad t%eir !ase in t%e gro'ing la!our aristocracy and t%e large num!er of petty !ourgeois intellectuals '%o soug%t to ma*e careers !y leading t%e political organisations of t%e 'or*ers1 Particularly in countries li*e Great (ritain2 '%ic% !ecame t%e leading imperialist po'er2 and '%ic% t%erefore %ad t%e !est a!ility

to !ri!e t%e upper sections of t%e 'or*ers and create a la!our aristocracy2 t%ese trends 'ere t%e strongest1 &a!ianism2 'as one suc% opportunist reformist ideology2 '%ic% t%roug% t%e &a!ian League2 esta!lis%ed in 45582 extended its influence on trade union !ureaucrats1 It preac%ed a vague form of evolutionary socialism2 and attac*ed every principle of revolutionary "arxism1 Similar opportunist trends2 t%oug% not t%at developed2 also existed in t%e .nited States and &rance1 In Germany %o'ever t%e relatively 'ea*er capitalist system and underground conditions of t%e party till 457A restricted t%e gro't% of opportunism till muc% later1 T%e German party t%erefore provided t%e left leaders%ip consisting of (e!el2 Jauts*y and ot%ers2 t%at Engels relied upon2 and '%ic% 'as t%e principal leaders%ip to t%e Second International1 (ut t%ese left elements t%emselves <or ort%odox "arxists as t%ey 'ere t%en called> 'ere actually centrists2 '%o in t%e later period2 '%en t%e class struggle s%arpened2 also moved a'ay from revolutionary "arxism1 T%us2 even at t%is time2 t%oug% t%ey !asically up%eld "arxist positions2 t%ey 'ere una!le to effectively com!at t%e ne' forms of opportunism t%at consolidated t%emselves after t%e deat% of Engels1 T%e principal form of suc% opportunism t%at raised its %ead 'it%in t%e International 'as (ernstein#s attempt to =revise# "arxism1 Fight against Bernsteinian revisionism (ernstein2 first placed %is revisionist vie's in Gcto!er 45752 in a letter to t%e German Social $emocratic Party convention2 and later follo'ed it up in 4577 'it% a !oo* E2olutionary Socialism1 T%is system of opportunism 'as directly a product of t%e rise of imperialism in general and of German imperialism in particular1 Gn t%e !asis of c%aracteristic features of t%e early imperialist period2 (ernstein arrived at t%e conclusion t%at "arxism 'as all 'rong1 In %is !oo* %e c%allenged t%e "arxist t%eory of surplus value2 repudiated t%e t%eories of t%e class struggle and of t%e materialist conception of %istory2 and especially attac*ed t%e t%eory of t%e relative and a!solute impoveris%ment of t%e 'or*ing class1 ?e supported !ourgeois patriotism2 and ridiculed t%e term =dictators%ip of t%e proletariat#2 declaring t%at a revolution 'as !ot% unnecessary and impossi!le1 &or t%is %e especially made use of an 1ntro&uction to 'ar39s Class Struggles in %rance2 'ritten !y Engels in 457B2 '%ic% %ad !een distorted to appear as if Engels2 in later times2 'as not in favour of revolutionary means of struggle1 T%us (ernstein even attempted to use Engels# aut%ority for %is class colla!orationist t%eory1 ?e preac%ed a =gradualist# approac% to =socialism#2 and proposed t%at t%e =flexi!le institutions# of capitalism needed =only to !e furt%er developed# unli*e t%e rigid institutions of feudalism '%ic% %ad %ad to !e destroyed !y violence1 T%oug% t%is t%eory 'as presented in its most developed form in t%e German party <'%ic% 'as t%e leading party of t%e International at t%at time>2 yet t%ere 'ere leading mem!ers in various important parties '%o in essence preac%ed and practised t%e same revisionism2 eit%er '%olly or in parts1 T%us in Germany itself t%ere 'as Vollmar2 in &rance /aures2 in Russia "artov2 in England "ac$onald2 and in t%e .nited States Gompers1 T%ey 'ere foug%t against !y t%e comrades t%en ta*ing a revolutionary line : (e!el 2 Jauts*y and Rosa Luxem!ourg in Germany2 Guesde in &rance2 Ple*%anov and Lenin in Russia2 ?yndman in England2 and $e Leon in t%e .nited States1 T%e struggle '%ic% 'as 'aged independently2 to varying degrees2 in t%e various national parties2 'as t%en centralised in t%e Amsterdam Congress of t%e International1 After an intense struggle in '%ic% t%e German party too* t%e lead to defend t%e "arxist line2 t%e Congress passed a resolution '%ic% repudiated Hto t%e fullest extent possi!le t%e efforts of t%e revisionists '%o %ave for t%eir o!0ect t%e modification of our tried and victorious policy !ased on t%e class 'ar2 and t%e su!stitution2 for t%e con3uest of political po'er !y an unceasing attac* on t%e !ourgeoisie2 of a policy of concession to t%e esta!lis%ed order of society1 HT%e conse3uence of suc% revisionist tactics 'ould !e to turn a party striving for t%e most speedy transformation possi!le of !ourgeois society into socialist society @ a party t%erefore revolutionary in

t%e !est sense of t%e 'ord @ into a party satisfied 'it% t%e reform of !ourgeois society1H +T%is resolution 'as passed !y a vote of 9B to B2 'it% 49 a!stentions2 Anot%er cleverly 'orded resolution '%ic% used class struggle p%raseology2 '%ile failing to specifically condemn revisionism2 narro'ly escaped !eing passed !ecause of a tie vote of 94 to 941 T%is narro' escape2 as 'ell as t%e large num!er of a!stentions on t%e main resolution2 'ere t%us ominous indicators of t%e dept% of opportunism at t%e %ig%est level in t%e International1 T%oug% (ernsteinism %ad temporarily !een !eaten !ac*2 it 'as clear in 47A8 itself t%at t%e Second International did not %ave t%e strengt% to ac%ieve final victory over revisionism1 enin*s Earl" .ears T%e t%eoretical and organisational centre for t%is struggle 'as %o'ever !eing !uilt !y "arxism at anot%er place@ Russia1 T%oug% Lenin at t%at time 'as not a very noted figure in t%e International2 %e %ad already started !ecoming t%e *ey figure in t%e rapid gro't% of t%e proletarian socialist movement in Russia1 T%roug% a series of struggles against 'rong trends in t%e Russian revolutionary movement2 t%e foundations of t%e Leninist party 'ere !eing laid1 T%oug% t%ese struggles 'ere t%en primarily centred on t%e pro!lems of t%e Russian revolution2 t%ey %ad immense significance for t%e international revolutionary struggle and t%e struggle against revisionism1 It 'as t%e turn of t%e era of imperialism and proletarian revolution2 and "arxism 'as2 in t%e %ands of Lenin2 developing its t%eoretical and practical 'eapons in t%e c%anging conditions of t%e ne' era @ Leninism 'as ta*ing !irt%1 Vladimir Ilyic% .lyanov <Lenin> 'as !orn on April 992 45;A2 in t%e city of Sim!irs* in Russia1 ?is fat%er2 !y !irt% a peasant2 %ad !ecome a sc%ool teac%er2 and %is mot%er 'as also of modest origin1 ?is elder !rot%er Alexander2 one of t%e most active organisers of ,arodnaya Volya <People#s )ill>2 a terrorist organisation2 'as %anged !y t%e tsar#s government in 455;1 T%e same year Lenin 0oined t%e JaFan university2 !ecause %e as t%e !rot%er of an executed revolutionary2 'as !arred from t%e universities in St1 Peters!urg and "osco'1 In JaFan %e 0oined a "arxist circle2 and too* part in t%e revolutionary student movement2 for '%ic% %e 'as soon arrested and expelled from t%e university1 ?e later moved to Samara '%ere a "arxist circle 'as formed 'it% Lenin as t%e central figure1 Gn t%e !asis of self study %e finally got a degree in la' from St1 Peters!urg2 !ut %e never practised t%e profession1 &rom 4576 Lenin concentrated %is activities in St1 Peters!urg2 '%ere !y 457B %e %ad united all t%e "arxist 'or*ers# circles into a single League of Struggle for t%e Emancipation of t%e )or*ing Class1 T%is 'as t%e first !ody t%at !egan to unite Socialism 'it% t%e 'or*ing class movement1 Lenin t%us prepared t%e 'ay for t%e founding of a revolutionary "arxist 'or*ers# party1 Fight against /arodism &rom t%e very !eginning Lenin launc%ed a struggle against all alien trends t%at 'ere attempting to lead t%e revolutionary movement astray1 ?is first ma0or 'or*2 !roug%t out in 45782 'as an exposure of t%e ,arodism of t%e eig%teen nineties : What the :%rien&s of the People9 Are an& ,ow $hey %ight Against the Social-Democrats1 T%oug% Ple*%anov %ad earlier itself dealt t%e c%ief !lo' to t%is petty !ourgeois form of socialism2 yet Lenin#s 'or* served to completely expose it !efore t%e sections of revolutionary yout% '%o still sympat%ised 'it% it1 In it2 Lenin for t%e first time advanced t%e idea of a revolutionary alliance of t%e 'or*ers and peasants as t%e principal means of overt%ro'ing tsardom2 t%e landlords and t%e !ourgeoisie1 ?e also outlined t%e main tas*s of t%e Russian "arxists1 Along 'it% t%e struggle against ,arodism2 Lenin also led t%e struggle against t%e =legal "arxists# '%o 'ere !asically !ourgeois intellectuals in "arxist gar!1 Lenin#s intensive revolutionary activities in t%is period %o'ever led to %im !eing arrested for a long period in St1 Peters!urg and t%en !anis%ed to Si!eria for t%ree years from 457;1 )%ile in Si!eria2 Lenin continued %is attac* on t%e ,arodni*s2 'it% %is important scientific 'or*2 $he

De2elopment of Capitalism in Russia1 T%is gave a detailed exposition of t%e advance of capitalist relations and completed t%e ideological destruction of ,arodism2 '%ic% repeatedly asserted t%at capitalism 'as an accident '%ic% 'ould not develop in Russia1 &rom exile %e also 'rote %is 'ell *no'n pamp%let2 $he $as#s of the Russian Social-Democrats '%ic% summed up t%e experience of t%e St1 Peters!urg League of Struggle2 and presented t%e political programme and tactics of t%e Russian Social $emocrats1 Fight against Economism T%e most significant !attle of t%is period %o'ever 'as t%at 'aged !y Lenin against =Economism#2 a !rand of opportunism very closely related to (ernsteinian revisionism1 It first arose in Russia in t%e form of a manifesto2 issued in 45772 '%ic% opposed revolutionary "arxism2 and insisted t%at t%e idea of an independent political party of t%e proletariat and of independent political demands !y t%e 'or*ing class !e renounced1 Lenin immediately2 along 'it% ot%er "arxist political exiles in Si!eria2 issued a protest against t%is manifesto '%ic% 'as circulated among "arxist organisations t%roug%out t%e country1 As soon as Lenin returned from exile2 %e continued a vigorous struggle against Economism2 '%ic% %e sa' as a principal o!stacle in t%e pat% of t%e revolutionary movement of t%e proletariat2 and t%e !uilding of its revolutionary party1 In t%is !attle an important 'eapon 'as 1s#ra2 t%e first ne'spaper of t%e revolutionary "arxists on an all Russian scale1 &rom $ecem!er 47AA on'ards t%is ne'spaper 'as !roug%t out from a!road !y Lenin2 as an instrument to unite and lin* toget%er t%e separate "arxist organisations into a single party1 T%is plan for !uilding t%e party 'as ela!orated !y %im in an important article in 1s#ra in "ay 47A42 entitled Where to 6egin ?o'ever 'it%in t%e Party itself2 t%e Economists2 centred around t%e Ra"ochaya 'ysl <)or*ers# T%oug%t> and Ra"ochaya Deylo <)or*ers# Cause>2 'ere trying to 0ustify on t%eoretical grounds t%e lac* of organisational co%esion and ideological confusion1 (efore a united political party could !e created2 t%e Economists %ad to !e defeated1 T%us Lenin2 t%roug% t%e columns of 1s#ra and especially in %is great 'or* What 1s $o 6e Done;@ pu!lis%ed in "arc% 47A9 @ launc%ed a severe attac* against t%e opportunist p%ilosop%y of t%e Economists1 ?e exposed t%e Economists# attempt to restrict t%e 'or*ing class to t%e economic struggle2 t%eir !o'ing to spontaneity and tailism2 t%eir opportunist !elittling of t%eory2 and s%o'ed %o' t%ey 'ere not an accidental p%enomenon in Russia2 !ut follo'ers of t%e revisionist (ernstein and allies of t%e ot%er opportunists in t%e )est European Social $emocratic parties1 T%e s%arp polemic of t%is classic 'or* ideologically demolis%ed Economism and !y t%e time of t%e Second Congress of t%e Russian Social $emocratic La!our Party2 in /uly 47A62 t%e ma0ority of party mem!ers regarded it an insult to !e called an =Economist#1 T%is 'or* also represented a significant advance in "arxist t%eory2 '%ic% proved later to !e t%e foundation of t%e ideology of t%e (ols%evi* Party1 Fight against &enshevism ?o'ever almost as soon as t%e Economists <old opportunists> 'ere !eaten2 t%eir place 'as ta*en !y t%e "ens%evi*s <ne' opportunists>1 T%is ne' opportunist trend arose from 'it%in t%e 1s#ra editorial !oard itself under t%e leaders%ip of "artov and consolidated itself during t%e party#s Second Congress1 At t%e Congress t%is trend consisting of Axelrod2 Trots*y and ot%ers rallied around "artov#s formulation of party rules '%ic% envisaged a party mem!ers%ip consisting of anyone agreeing 'it% t%e programme and aiding t%e party financially2 irrespective of '%et%er %e did any party 'or* or not1 T%is 'as t%us a conception of an extremely loose and amorp%ous party2 in ot%er 'ords2 a party incapa!le of leading t%e class struggle1 T%e "ens%evi*s trend got t%eir name from =mens%instvo#<meaning minority>2 as t%ey 'ere in a minority at t%e time of t%e election to t%e party posts for t%e Central Committee and t%e Central Grgan#s Editorial (oard1 T%e (ols%evi*s <from t%e 'ord =!ols%instvo# meaning ma0ority>2 led !y Lenin2 'ere t%en in a ma0ority1 ?o'ever soon after t%e Congress2 t%e "ens%evi*s2 not satisfied 'it% t%eir minority position2 started splitting activities1 In t%e 'ords of "artov2 t%ey H!ro*e into revolt against LeninismH1 T%ey 'on over Ple*%anov and t'o Central Committee mem!ers2 and t%us gained

control of !ot% t%e 1s#ra Editorial (oard and t%e C1C1 T%ey t%en launc%ed a campaign t%roug% 1s#ra and !y ot%er means '%ic% 'as aimed at dragging t%e party !ac* from t%e Second Congress decisions into t%e old mess of organisational disunity and confusion1 In order to %it !ac*2 Lenin2 in "ay 47A82 !roug%t out %is famous !oo*2 +ne Step %orwar&/ $wo Steps 6ac#1 In t%is !oo*2 Lenin made a detailed analysis of t%e intra party struggle !ot% during and after t%e Congress2 and on t%at !asis expounded t%e main organisational principles '%ic% later came to form t%e organisational foundations of t%e (ols%evi* party1 It represented a ma0or advance in "arxist t%eory regarding t%e !uilding of t%e revolutionary proletarian party1 T%roug% t%e circulation of t%is !oo* t%e ma0ority of t%e local organisations of t%e party rallied to t%e side of Lenin and t%e (ols%evi*s2 !ut t%e "ens%evi*s continued a%ead 'it% t%eir plans to split t%e party1 )it% t%e loss of t%e party organ 1s#ra and t%e C1C1 into t%e %ands of elements '%o 'ere !ent on destroying t%e decisions of t%e Second Party Congress2 it !ecame a!solutely necessary for t%e (ols%evi*s to set up !odies t%at 'ould up%old t%e Congress direction1 Lenin t%erefore in August 47A8 called a (ols%evi* conference1 Soon a (ureau of Committees of t%e "a0ority 'as set up to underta*e practical preparations for t%e T%ird Party CongressC and !y /anuary 82 47AB2 t%e first issue of a separate (ols%evi* 0ournal %orwar& came out1 T%e split in t%e party 'as complete1 T%us !y t%e time of t%e 47AB Russian Revolution2 t%e main enemies of "arxism came from 'it%in t%e proletarian parties t%emselves1 "arxism %ad2 t%roug% its scientific t%eory and roots in practice2 conclusively !eaten all alien and competing socialist ideologies1 T%erefore its enemies no' came in t%e gar! of revising "arxism1 (ernsteinian revisionism2 Economism and "ens%evism 'ere formida!le examples of suc% enemies spa'ned !y imperialism1 ?o'ever at t%e same time2 "arxism %ad2 in t%e %ands of Lenin2 forged t%e necessary 'eapons to deal 'it% t%ese enemies1 In resolute struggle against opportunism2 Lenin %ad laid do'n t%e ideological !asis and organisational principles for t%e consolidation of t%e proletarian party and for its fig%t against revisionism1 In t%e coming period of 'ars and revolutionary up%eavals2 t%ey 'ould provide t%e foundation on '%ic% t%e proletariat 'ould fig%t t%e !ourgeoisie !ot% inside and outside t%e party and continue t%e advance of t%e "arxist ideology1

Cha%ter 8I

The Thir1 Perio1 % &*+, - &*&)

Political Background The Russian Bourgeois Revolution of +012 T)o Tactics 3 the %olitical %re%aration of the Part" Revolutions in the East #econd International on Colonialism and War Fight against Revisionist Theories World War I and #ocial Chauvinism Bolshevik Position on the War Anal"sis of Im%erialism &ar'ism and the /ational 4uestion Fe!ruar" Bourgeois Revolution in Russia On)ards to the #ocialist Revolution The #tate and Revolution

Political Background T%is t%ird period 'as once again a period of =storms and revolutions#1 T%e period starts at a time H'%en a ne' source of great 'orld storms opened up in Asia1 T%e Russian !ourgeois revolution Mof 47ABN 'as follo'ed !y t%e Tur*is%2 t%e Persian and t%e C%inese !ourgeois revolutions1H +2 T%ese Asian revolutions also served to dou!ly reassert t%e correctness of t%e "arxist principles of class struggle esta!lis%ed during t%e earlier revolutions in Europe1 As Lenin t%en said in 47462 HAfter t%e experience !ot% of Europe and Asia2 '%oever no' spea*s of non class politics and of non class socialism deserves to !e simply put in a cage and ex%i!ited alongside of some Australian *angaroo1H +? T%is 'as also t%e period of t%e da'n of imperialism2 '%en t%e imperialist po'ers entered into a series of regional 'ars to capture and expand mar*ets1 T%e first suc% 'ar 'as t%e Russo /apanese imperialist 'ar for t%e re division of ,ort%ern C%ina <"anc%uria> in 47A8 AB1 T%is 'as follo'ed !y t%e Spanis% "oroccan 'ar of 47A72 t%e Italo Tur*is% 'ar in4744 over Tripoli2 and t%e (al*an 'ars of 4749 and 4746 involving Tur*ey2 Greece2 Ser!ia2 (ulgaria2 and "ontenegro1 T%e participants in t%e (al*an 'ars 'ere actually t%e satellites of t%e great European imperialist po'ers2 '%o 'ere t%en preparing t%emselves for t%e devastating )orld )ar I <4748 45>2 for t%e re division of t%e 'orld1 $uring t%is tumultuous period "arxism foug%t all forms of opportunism and continued its advance1 )it% its strong scientific foundations laid !y "arx and Engels2 it 'as t%e !est e3uipped to provide t%e ans'ers to t%e innumera!le 3uestions t%ro'n up !y t%e complexities of t%e class struggle of t%is time1 )%ile 'aging t%e class !attles and solving t%e pro!lems of t%e ne' era of imperialism2 "arxism advanced to t%e ne' stage of Leninism1 And under t%e guidance of "arxism Leninism2 t%e proletariat2 in t%is period2 seiFed po'er t%roug% t%e Great Gcto!er Socialist Revolution of 474; and esta!lis%ed its dictators%ip over a country covering one sixt% of t%e glo!e1 T%e Russo /apanese 'ar2 '%ic% started on &e!ruary 52 47A82 ended in defeat for t%e tsar2 and a %umiliating peace treaty on August 962 47AB1 T%e (ols%evi*#s approac% during t%e 'ar 'as t%at t%e defeat of t%e tsarist government in t%is predatory 'ar 'ould !e useful2 as it 'ould 'ea*en tsardom and strengt%en t%e revolution1 T%e economic crisis of 47AA A6 %ad already aggravated t%e %ards%ips of t%e toiling massesC t%e 'ar intensified t%em still furt%er1 T%e 'ar defeats added fuel to t%e %atred of t%e masses for tsardom1 T%ey reacted 'it% t%e great revolution of 47AB1 The Russian Bourgeois Revolution of +012 T%is %istoric movement started 'it% a !ig (ols%evi* led stri*e of t%e oil 'or*ers of (a*u in $ecem!er 47A81 T%is 'as t%e =signal# for a 'ave of stri*es and revolutionary actions t%roug%out Russia1 In particular2 t%e revolutionary storm !ro*e 'it% t%e =(loody Sunday# massacre of a demonstration of unarmed 'or*ers on /anuary 992 47AB1 T%e tsar#s attempt to crus% t%e 'or*ers in !lood only invo*ed a still more fierce response from t%e toiling masses1 T%e '%ole of 47AB 'as a period of a rising 'ave of militant political stri*es !y 'or*ers2 seiFure of land and landlord#s grain !y peasants2 and even a revolt !y t%e sailors of t%e !attles%ip =Potem*in#1 T'ice t%e tsar2 in a !id to divert t%e struggle2 offered first a =consultative# and t%en a =legislative# $uma1 T%e (ols%evi*s re0ected !ot% $umas '%ereas t%e "ens%evi*s sa' fit to participate1 T%e %ig% tide of t%e revolution 'as !et'een Gcto!er and $ecem!er 47AB1 $uring t%is period2 t%e proletariat2 for t%e first time in 'orld %istory2 set up t%e Soviets of )or*ers# $eputies '%ic% 'ere assem!lies of delegates from all mills and factories1 T%ese2 t%e (ols%evi*s regarded as t%e em!ryo of revolutionary po'er2 '%ic% !ecame t%e prototype of t%e Soviet po'er set up in 474;1 Starting 'it% an all Russia political stri*e in Gcto!er2 t%e revolutionary struggles 'ent on rising until t%e (ols%evi* led armed uprisings2 in $ecem!er2 in "osco'2 and various ot%er cities and nationalities t%roug%out t%e country1 T%ese 'ere !rutally crus%ed and after t%at t%e tide of t%e revolution started to recede1 T%e revolution 'as %o'ever not yet crus%ed and t%e 'or*ers and

revolutionary peasants retreated slo'ly2 putting up a fig%t1 Gver a million 'or*ers too* part in stri*es in 47AD2 and ;8A2AAA in 47A;1 T%e peasant movement em!raced a!out %alf of t%e districts of tsarist Russia in t%e first %alf of 47AD2 and a!out one fift% in t%e second %alf of t%e year1 T%e crest of t%e revolution %ad %o'ever passed1 Gn /une 62 47A;2 t%e tsar effected a coup2 dissolved t%e $uma %e %ad created2 and 'it%dre' even t%e limited rig%ts %e %ad !een forced to grant during t%e revolution1 A period of intense repression under t%e tsarist Premier2 Stolypin2 called t%e Stolypin reaction2 set in1 It 'as to last till t%e next 'ave of stri*es and political struggles in 47491 T)o Tactics A the %olitical %re%aration of the %art" T%e anti tsarist revolutionary struggles and t%e struggles against t%e opportunism of t%e "ens%evi*s2 led to an immense development in t%e "arxist understanding of t%e strategy and tactics of revolution1 In April 47AB2 in t%e midst of t%e revolution2 t'o congresses of t%e (ols%evi*s and "ens%evi*s respectively2 met1 T%oug% formally t%ere 'as only one party2 in reality t%ere 'ere t'o1 T%ese t'o congresses came out 'it% t'o diametrically opposite sets of strategy and tactics for t%e revolution t%en in progress1 T%e "ens%evi*s understood t%e struggles2 simply as a !ourgeois revolution of t%e old style1 T%us2 according to t%em2 t%e leaders%ip 'as to !e in t%e %ands of t%e !ourgeoisie2 t%e 'or*ing class 'as to support t%e !ourgeoisie in overt%ro'ing t%e tsarist autocracy2 !ut 'as not to engage in revolutionary activities '%ic% 'ould frig%ten t%e !ourgeoisie into t%e arms of feudal ultra reaction2 t%e peasantry 'as a non revolutionary class '%ic% could not !e allied 'it%2 and a State $uma 'as to !e t%e centre of t%e =revolutionary forces# in t%e country1 HT%e (ols%evi*s too* as t%eir course t%e extension of t%e revolution2 t%e overt%ro' of tsardom !y armed uprising2 t%e %egemony of t%e 'or*ing class2 t%e isolation of t%e Constitutional $emocratic Mli!eralN !ourgeoisie2 an alliance 'it% t%e peasantry2 t%e formation of a provisional revolutionary government consisting of representatives of t%e 'or*ers and peasants2 t%e victorious completion of t%e revolution1H +@ T'o mont%s after t%e Congress2 in /uly 47AB2 Lenin2 in %is %istoric !oo*2 $wo $actics of SocialDemocracy in the Democratic Re2olution2 '%ile criticising t%e tactics of t%e "ens%evi*s gave a !rilliant su!stantiation of t%e (ols%evi* tactics1 T%is 'or* !y laying do'n t%e !asic political line of t%e Russian Revolution gave t%e orientation for t%e political preparation of t%e (ols%evi* Party1 Lenin#s revolutionary line2 !ased fundamentally upon principles laid do'n long !efore !y "arx2 represented in t%e conditions of modern Imperialism a ne' programme1 It 'as !asically opposed to t%e general t%eories and policies prevalent t%roug%out t%e Second International2 of '%ic% t%e "ens%evi* programme 'as typically representative1 T%us Lenin#s !attle against t%e "ens%evi*s 'as simultaneously a !attle against international opportunism and revisionism2 !y t%en 3uite entrenc%ed in t%e Second International1 T%e Revolution developed a %ost of urgent lessons for t%e international movement1 It made clear many vital 3uestions t%e application of t%e armed insurrection under modern conditions2 t%e met%ods and results of t%e mass political stri*e2 t%e relation !et'een t%e !ourgeois and t%e socialist revolutions2 t%e role of Soviets as t%e !ase of t%e future society2 t%e indispensa!ility of a solid2 disciplined proletarian party2 t%e treac%erous role of t%e "ens%evi*s2 t%e Anarc%ists2 and t%e Socialist Revolutionaries1 T%oug% it 'as essential t%at t%ese lessons !e carried to t%e 'or*ers of all countries2 !esides Lenin2 only a fe' left 'ing leaders li*e Rosa Luxem!urg attempted to propagate t%em1 T%e ma0ority rig%t opportunist leaders%ip of t%e Second International in fact tried t%eir !est to prevent t%e spread of t%ese ideas1 T%ey tried to !elittle t%e importance of t%e 'or*ers ta*ing up arms !y eit%er supporting Ple*%anov#s statement2 HT%ey s%ould not %ave ta*en to armsH2 or !y 'riting it off as a condition

peculiar to Russia#s !ac*'ard and undemocratic conditions1 As regards t%e 'eapon of t%e political mass stri*e2 t%ey felt all t%e more t%reatened !ecause t%e mass stri*es in Russia %ad immediately inspired a mass stri*e in Vienna and all over t%e Austrian Empire1 T%e German party in particular faced serious dissensions '%ere t%e trade union convention immediately passed a resolution denouncing t%e mass stri*e as anarc%ist1 It 'as only under t%e pressure of Rosa Luxem!ourg and ot%ers on t%e Left t%at t%e party finally passed a 'ea* and compromising resolution in favour of t%e mass political stri*e1 Revolutions in the East T%e revolutionary struggles led !y t%e (ols%evi*s 'ere deeply influenced and !ecame a source of inspiration for t%e oppressed peoples of t%e "iddle and &ar East2 as t%e national li!eration revolutions in C%ina2 Persia and Tur*ey 'ere soon to ma*e clear1 Persian revolutionaries 'ere t%e first to !e influenced !y t%e victory of /apan2 a constitutional monarc%y2 over Russia as 'ell as t%e advance of t%e Russian revolutionaries1 T%e temporary 'ea*ening of one of t%eir oppressors2 t%e Tsar2 also %elped t%eir struggle in 47AD to 'in an elected assem!ly and constitution1 ?o'ever in t%e face of t%e 0oint suppression of t'o imperialist po'ers (ritain and Russia t%e revolutionary period only lasted till 47441 T%e Tur*is% revolution of 47A5 'as also inspired !y t%e Russian Revolution and 'as a seiFure of po'er !y an organisation *no'n as Koung Tur*s '%o planned to unite t%e Tur*is% nation on a modern !ourgeois li!eral pattern of constitutional monarc%y1 T%is too failed in ac%ieving its o!0ectives and t%e regime suffered severe losses after siding 'it% Germany in t%e )orld )ar1 T%is aided t%e a!olition of t%e empire after t%e 'ar and t%e actual fulfilment of t%e aims of t%e 47A5 Koung Tur* constitution t%roug% t%e completion of t%e Tur*is% Revolution under t%e leaders%ip of Jemal Atatur* in 4745 In C%ina t%e revolution too* place2 in 47442 under t%e leaders%ip of Sun Kat sen#s T%ree principles1 4;a ?ere too t%e impact of t%e revolution in Russia 'as unmista*a!le1 #econd International on Colonialism and War )it% t%e consolidation of imperialism and t%e gro'ing 'ar danger2 t%e 3uestion of t%e correct approac% to colonialism and 'ar 'ere of central importance to t%e international revolutionary proletarian movement1 Gn t%ese 3uestions strong revisionist trends existed in t%e Second International1 At t%e 47A; Congress of t%e International2 t%e Congress commission in fact even adopted a resolution approving of colonial policy2 '%ic% 'as outvoted !y t%e Congress !y a narro' margin of only 49; to4A51 It %ad statedE HT%e Congress declares t%at t%e usefulness or t%e necessity of t%e colonies in general @ and particularly to t%e 'or*ing class @ is greatly exaggerated1 It does not2 %o'ever2 re0ect colonial policy in principle and for all time2 for under a socialist regime it may 'or* in t%e interests of civilisation1H Gn t%e 3uestion of 'ar2 t%e International =left# leader2 (e!el2 proposed an vague and am!iguous resolution '%ic% did not give any specific direction or course of action1 It 'as only an amendment introduced !y Lenin and Rosa Luxem!ourg2 calling for utilising t%e imperialist 'ar =to %asten t%e a!olition of capitalist class rule#2 t%at gave t%is am!iguous resolution a clear revolutionary c%aracter1 T%e amendment paragrap%s statedE HIf a 'ar t%reatens to !rea* out2 it is t%e duty of t%e 'or*ing class and of its parliamentary representatives in t%e country involved2 supported !y t%e consolidating activity of t%e International MSocialistN (ureau2 to exert every effort to prevent t%e out!rea* of 'ar !y means t%ey consider most effective2 '%ic% naturally vary according to t%e accentuation of t%e class struggle and of t%e general political situation1 HS%ould 'ar !rea* out none t%e less2 it is t%eir duty to intervene in favour of its speedy termination and to do all in t%eir po'er to utilise t%e economic and political crisis caused !y t%e 'ar to rouse t%e

peoples and t%ere!y to %asten t%e a!olition of capitalist class rule1H +, In t%e de!ates on t%e 'ar 3uestion t%e revisionist c%ieftains could not counter t%e arguments of t%e revolutionaries1 T%ey t%us 'ere forced to agree to t%e Lenin Luxem!ourg amendment paragrap%s '%ic% !ecame t%e !asis of anti 'ar resolutions even at t%e 474A Congress and 4749 Conference of t%e Second International1 ?o'ever2 as later events proved2 t%ese revisionists and t%e so called centrists2 li*e Jauts*y and (e!el2 %ad a!solutely no intention of implementing a revolutionary understanding eit%er on t%e 3uestion of colonial policy or on t%e 3uestion of imperialist 'ar1 Fight against Revisionist Theories In t%e intervening period !efore t%e )ar2 "arxism faced anot%er attac* from a section of t%e Party intelligentsia 'it%in t%e Russian party1 T%ese intellectuals unnerved !y t%e retreat of t%e revolution in t%e Stolypin reaction period2 em!ar*ed on an attempt to =improve# "arxism1 &our !oo*s attac*ing dialectical materialism appeared in t%e name of aut%ors all claiming to !e "arxists1 Lenin replied to t%em in %is famous !oo*2 'aterialism an& Empirio-Criticism2 'ritten in 47A52 and pu!lis%ed in 47A71 )%ile primarily exposing t%e reactionary p%ilosop%y of t%e modern idealists2 it also proved useful in providing Han ac3uaintance 'it% t%e p%ilosop%y of "arxism2 dialectical materialism2 as 'ell as 'it% t%e p%ilosop%ical conclusions from t%e recent discoveries in natural science1H +0 It fortified t%e t%eoretical foundations of t%e (ols%evi* party1 It raised "arxist p%ilosop%y to a %ig%er level in t%e lig%t of ne' scientific discoveries1 Anot%er de!ate in 47A7 4A2 '%ic% 'as indicative of t%e extent of t%e %old of revisionism on t%e Second International2 concerned "arx#s t%eory of t%e a!solute impoveris%ment of t%e 'or*ing class1 T%is t%eory 'as c%allenged in a !oo* !y Legien2 %ead of t%e German trade union movement and secretary of t%e International Secretariat of ,ational Trade .nion Centres1 It 'as representative of t%e vie' of t%e trade union !ureaucracy and la!our aristocracy '%o %ad !een muc% corrupted !y imperialism1 T%is vie' 'as countered !y Jarl Jauts*y2 =ort%odox# "arxist2 and recognised since Engels# deat% as t%e International#s leading t%eoretician1 ?is reply @ in t%e !oo* =Road to Po'er#@ 'as an example of t%e manner of all centrists2 to '%om2 according to Lenin2 t%e revolutionary 'ord 'as everyt%ing and t%e revolutionary deed not%ing1 T%us '%ile Jauts*y made a proper statement of "arxist principles2 %e leaned totally to t%e rig%t in %is practical measures1 In a period '%en t%e danger of rig%t revisionism 'as t%e greatest2 %e ignored t%is and 'arned repeatedly against t%e danger of leftists t%ro'ing t%e party into premature and disastrous conflict 'it% t%e forces of German reaction1 T%us 'it% !ot% Jauts*y and Legien !asically on t%e rig%t t%e apparent conflict 'as muc% of a s%am1 It 'ould not !e long !efore t%e )orld )ar and t%e Gcto!er Revolution 'ould strip Jauts*y of all centrist s%am and stand %im up as true revisionist renegade1 World War I and #ocial6Chauvinism &rom t%e period of t%e rise of imperialism t%e s%arpening contradictions %ad %eig%tened t%e preparations for 'ar1 $ue to uneven development (ritain 'as seriously c%allenged !y t%e ot%er industrial po'ers2 particularly t%e .nited States and Germany1 T%e .nited States %ad !ecome t%e leading industrial po'er !ut due to its concentration on t%e American continent 'as not t%en t%at immediate a t%reat to (ritain1 German goods 'ere %o'ever constantly pus%ing out (ritis% goods from various 'orld mar*ets1 &urt%er it !eing a European po'er it proved more of a direct t%reat to (ritain1 T%us '%en from t%e turn of t%e century t%e arms race speeded up t%e main contenders 'ere (ritain and Germany1 )%ile overall military expenditure galloped a%ead2 t%at of t%e navy2 t%en t%e most %ig% tec% 'ing of t%e armed forces and t%e most essential for t%e control of trade routes2 multiplied exponentially1 (ritis% annual navy expenditure '%ic% %ad remained at 44 million pounds !et'een 45DA and 455B 0umped !y over four times !y 4746 48C Germany '%ic% spent 7A million mar*s in t%e mid 7As reac%ed 8AA million mar*s !efore t%e 'ar1

T%e %ostile !locs too 'ere 'ell formed1 T%e Triple Alliance of Germany2 t%e Austro ?ungarian empire and Italy %ad !een formed in 4559 itself opposing at t%at time &rance and Russia1 As t%e German (ritis% contradiction s%arpened2 (ritain 0oined up 'it% &rance and Russia to form t%e Triple Entente in 47A;1 T%ese 'ere t%e !asic !elligerent forces t%oug% t%ere 'ere some c%anges in t%e alliances 0ust !efore and during t%e 'ar1 Italy s'itc%ed sides2 (ulgaria and Tur*ey sided 'it% t%e Alliance2 '%ile t%e .nited States and /apan 0oined t%e Entente1 Eac% of t%e main imperialist po'ers %ad t%eir eye on some colonies2 mar*ets or ra' material sources and 'ere 'aiting for an opportunity to stri*e1 In t%e middle of 4748 t%e imperialist po'ers got t%e excuse for 'ar t%at t%ey %ad !een searc%ing for1 T%e Austrian Arc%du*e &erdinand2 %eir to t%e ?a!s!urg t%rone2 'as assassinated !y a Ser! nationalist on /une 952 47481 Immediately t%e Austro German Alliance made t%is t%e reason for declaring 'ar on t%e territories t%ey %ad !een eyeing1 Austria attac*ed Ser!ia on /uly 952 Russia replied !y mo!ilising its armed forces2 Germany immediately declared 'ar on Russia on August 42 &rance 0oined t%e 'ar on August 6 and (ritain on August 81 T%e )orld )ar provided t%e opportunity for t%e Second International Parties to implement t%e resolutions t%ey %ad !een passing all t%ese years and convert t%e 'ar into a fig%t for socialism1 (ut in t%is crisis2 t%e t%in veneer of internationalism in t%e opportunist controlled Second International dissolved into a s'amp of !ourgeois nationalism1 T%e German Social $emocratic Party2 t%e leading party of t%e Second International2 led t%e 'ay1 In t%e party caucus meeting !efore t%e parliamentary vote on 'ar credits2 t%e over'%elming ma0ority2 led !y t%e trade union !ureaucrats2 supported t%e 'ar @ in fact t%ey %ad already on August 9nd 'or*ed out a no stri*e agreement 'it% t%e employers1 Gnly a %andful led !y Jarl Lie!*nec%t and Rosa Luxem!urg opposedC Jauts*y2 t%e opportunist2 voted to a!stain1 &or t%e revolutionary proletariat2 t%e Second International ceased to exist from August 82 47482 t%e date t%at t%e German Social $emocrats !etrayed all pious anti 'ar resolutions and voted unanimously in parliament for t%e 'ar creditsC t%ey voted to support t%e imperialist 'ar1 T%ey 'ere immediately follo'ed !y t%e ma0ority of t%e socialists in &rance2 (ritain2 (elgium and ot%er countries1 T%e Second International !ro*e up into separate social c%auvinist parties '%ic% 'arred against eac% ot%er1 Bolshevik Position on the War It 'as t%us left to Lenin and t%e (ols%evi*s to up%old and develop t%e correct "arxist position regarding t%e )orld )ar1 Almost 'it%in a mont% of t%e start of t%e 'ar2 on Septem!er D2 47482 Lenin !roug%t out %is t%eses on t%e 'ar2 $he $as#s of Re2olutionary Social-Democracy in the European War1 In t%is %e clearly stated t%at2 HT%e European and 'orld 'ar %as t%e clearly defined c%aracter of a !ourgeois2 imperialist and dynastic 'ar1 A struggle for mar*ets and for freedom to loot foreign countries2 a striving to suppress t%e revolutionary movement of t%e proletariat and democracy in t%e individual countries2 a desire to deceive2 disunite2 and slaug%ter t%e proletarians of all countries !y setting t%e 'age slaves of one nation against t%ose of anot%er so as to !enefit t%e !ourgeoisie @ t%ese are t%e only real content and significance of t%e 'ar1H ;1 ?e also simultaneously condemned t%e social c%auvinists of t%e various mem!er parties of t%e International '%o %ad sided 'it% t%eir imperialist !ourgeoisies in t%e 'ar1 Gn ,ovem!er 42 47482 t%e Central Committee of t%e RS$LP2 under t%e guidance of Lenin2 issued a manifesto on t%e 'ar2 giving t%e call for =turning t%e imperialist 'ar into civil 'ar#2 and called for t%e formation of t%e T%ird International in place of t%e Second International '%ic% %ad suffered disgraceful !an*ruptcy1 Lenin simultaneously made all efforts to give direction to t%e leftist anti 'ar elements of International Social $emocracy '%o %ad started from 474B rallying around '%at came to !e *no'n as t%e Limmer'ald conferences1 &or t%is %e %ad to do immense t%eoretical 'or* to clear t%e mound of confusion t%at t%e revisionist Second International leaders %ad created on t%e su!0ect1

?is first 'or* 'as a pamp%let2 Socialism an& War . $he Attitu&e of the R<S<D<-<P< $owar&s the War02 '%ic% %e prepared along 'it% Linoviev for circulation among t%e delegates of t%e &irst Limmer'ald Conference in Septem!er2 474B1 T%is pamp%let '%ile presenting t%e principles of socialism in relation to t%e )ar2 also clearly outlined t%e tas*s of t%e revolutionary social democrats in Russia as 'ell as at t%e international level1 In it %e launc%ed a !iting attac* against =Jauts*yism# and t%eir distortions of t%e teac%ings of "arx and Engels regarding 'ar1 Anal"sis of Im%erialism In 474D2 Lenin produced %is great !oo*2 1mperialism/ the ,ighest Stage of Capitalism2 '%ic% 'as a ma0or contri!ution to "arxist t%eory2 '%ic% ena!led t%e 'orld proletariat to grasp t%e economic essence of imperialism1 T%is 'as a!solutely necessary2 particularly at t%at time2 !ecause2 as Lenin %imself put it2 H.nless t%e economic roots of t%is p%enomenon are understood and its political and social significance is appreciated2 not a step can !e ta*en to'ard t%e solution of t%e practical pro!lems of t%e Communist movement and of t%e impending social revolution1H ;+ T%is 'or* also exposed Jauts*yism and Jauts*y#s anti "arxist t%eories presented in %is 474B !oo*2 National State/ 1mperialist State an& 8nion of States '%ere %e %ad argued t%at it 'as possi!le to foresee t%e 'orld economic system passing into a p%ase of =ultra imperialism# in '%ic% t%e great po'ers and t%e great international cartels 'ould sta!ilise t%e partition of t%e 'orld and t%us eliminate t%e ris* of 'ar1 T%is argument2 similar to some analyses of present day glo!alisation2 %as !een proved drastically 'rong !y t%e events of t%e t'entiet% century1 ?o'ever at t%at time considering Jauts*y#s stature as "arxism#s most recognised t%eorist2 Lenin#s 'or* 'as a!solutely necessary to refute t%ese ideas1 &ar'ism and the /ational 4uestion "ean'%ile in Russia t%ere %ad !een a ne' rise of t%e revolution !et'een 4749 and 47481 A!ly com!ining illegal 'or* 'it% legal 'or*2 t%e Party 'as a!le to gain leaders%ip of all forms of t%e legal movement and turn t%e legally existing organisations into !ases of revolutionary 'or*1 $uring t%is period t%e revolutionary movement in t%e !order regions of Russia demanded a clear program on t%e national 3uestion1 T%e R1S1$1L1P1 %ad in t%e 47A6 Congress itself2 on t%e insistence of Lenin2 included in its programme2 a clause on recognising t%e rig%t of nations to self determination1 T%e t%eoretical understanding !e%ind t%is clear cut stand and its practical implementation in Russia 'ere laid out during t%is period in t%ree articles on t%e 3uestion E@ 4> Stalin#s article 'ar3ism an& the National =uestion2 'ritten in /anuary2 47461 9> Lenin#s article Critical Remar#s on the National =uestion in Gcto!er $ecem!er 47461 6> Lenin#s article $he Right of Nations to Self-Determination 2 &e!ruary "ay 47481 T%ese 'or*s2 represented a significant t%eoretical development on t%e 3uestion2 from t%e times of "arx and Engels1 T%ey 'ere furt%er developed in 474D2 !y Lenin2 '%en %e2 in %is pamp%let 2 $he Socialist Re2olution an& the Right of Nations to Self-Determination <T%eses>2 gave a detailed t%eoretical presentation in t%e lig%t of a clear cut understanding of imperialism1 Fe!ruar" Bourgeois Revolution in Russia )it% t%e out!rea* of 'ar2 t%e revolutionary situation furt%er ripened1 T%e (ols%evi*s did extensive propaganda among t%e 'or*ers against t%e 'ar and for t%e overt%ro' of tsardom1 ,uclei 'ere also formed in t%e army and t%e navy2 at t%e front and in t%e rear2 and leaflets distri!uted calling for a fig%t against t%e 'ar1 At t%e front2 after t%e Party#s intensive agitation for fraternisation !et'een t%e 'arring armies# soldiers2 t%ere 'ere increasing instances of refusal of army units to ta*e t%e offensive in 474B and 474D1 T%e !ourgeoisie and landlords 'ere ma*ing fortunes out of t%e 'ar2 !ut t%e 'or*ers and peasants 'ere suffering increasing %ards%ips1 "illions %ad died directly of 'ounds or due to epidemics caused !y 'ar conditions1 In /anuary and &e!ruary 474;2 t%e situation !ecame particularly acute1 ?atred and anger against t%e tsarist government spread1

Even t%e Russian imperialist !ourgeoisie2 'ere 'ary of t%e tsar2 '%ose advisers li*e Rasputin 'ere 'or*ing for a separate peace 'it% Germany1 T%ey too2 'it% t%e !ac*ing of t%e (ritis% and &renc% governments2 planned to replace t%e tsar t%roug% a palace coup1 ?o'ever t%e people acted first1 &rom /anuary 474; a strong revolutionary stri*e movement started in "osco'2 Petrograd2 (a*u and ot%er industrial centres1 T%e (ols%evi*s organised !ig street demonstrations in favour of a general stri*e1 As t%e stri*e movement gained momentum2 on "arc% 52 International )omen#s $ay2 t%e 'or*ing 'omen of Petrograd 'ere called out !y t%e (ols%evi*s to demonstrate against starvation2 'ar and tsardom1 T%e 'or*ers supported t%e 'or*ing 'omen 'it% stri*es and !y "arc% 442 t%e stri*es and demonstrations %ad ta*en on t%e c%aracter of an armed uprising1 T%e (ureau of t%e Central Committee on "arc% 442 issued a call for continuation of t%e armed uprising to overt%ro' t%e tsar and esta!lis% a provisional revolutionary government1 Gn "arc% 492 DA2AAA soldiers came over to t%e side of t%e revolution2 foug%t t%e police and %elped t%e 'or*ers overt%ro' t%e tsar1 As t%e ne's spread2 'or*ers and soldiers every'%ere !egan to depose t%e tsarist officials1 T%e &e!ruary !ourgeois democratic revolution %ad 'on1 As soon as Tsardom 'as overt%ro'n2 on t%e initiative of t%e (ols%evi*s2 t%ere arose Soviets of )or*ers# and Soldiers# $eputies1 ?o'ever2 '%ile t%e (ols%evi*s 'ere directly leading t%e struggle of t%e masses in t%e streets2 t%e compromising parties2 t%e "ens%evi*s and Socialist Revolutionaries2 'ere seiFing t%e seats in t%e Soviets2 and !uilding up a ma0ority t%ere1 T%us t%ey %eaded t%e Soviets in Petrograd2 "osco' and a num!er of ot%er cities1 "ean'%ile t%e li!eral !ourgeois mem!ers of t%e $uma did a !ac*door deal 'it% t%e "ens%evi*s and Socialist Revolutionaries and formed a Provisional Government1 T%e result 'as an interloc*ing of t'o dictators%ipsE t%e dictators%ip of t%e !ourgeoisie2 represented !y t%e Provisional Government2 and t%e dictators%ip of t%e proletariat and peasantry2 represented !y t%e Soviets of )or*ers# and Soldiers# $eputies1 T%e result 'as dual po'er1 On)ards to the #ocialist Revolution Immediately after t%e !ourgeois revolution Lenin '%iled still in S'itFerland2 'rote %is famous -etters from Afar2 '%ere %e analysed t%is dual po'er1 ?e called t%e Soviets t%e em!ryo of t%e 'or*ers# government2 '%ic% %ad to go a%ead and 'in victory in t%e second stage of t%e revolution @ t%e socialist revolution1 T%eir allies in t%is 'ould !e t%e !road semi proletarian and small peasant masses and t%e proletariat of all countries1 Gn April 4D2 474;2 Lenin arrived in Petrograd after a long period of exile2 and t%e very next day presented %is famous April T%eses !efore a meeting of (ols%evi*s1 ?e called for opposing t%e Provisional Government and 'or*ing for a (ols%evi* ma0ority in t%e Soviets and transferring state po'er to t%e Soviets1 ?e presented t%e programme for ensuring peace2 land2 and !read1 Lastly2 %e called for a ne' party Congress 'it% a ne' party name2 t%e Communist Party2 and for !uilding a ne' International2 t%e T%ird International1 T%e "ens%evi*s immediately attac*ed Lenin#s T%eses and gave a 'arning t%at =t%e revolution is in danger#1 ?o'ever 'it%in t%ree 'ee*s2 t%e first openly %eld All Russia Conference <Sevent% Conference> of t%e (ols%evi* Party2 approved Lenin#s report !ased on t%e same T%eses1 It gave t%e slogan2 =All Po'er to t%e SovietsQ# It also approved a very important resolution2 moved !y Stalin2 declaring t%e rig%t of nations to self determination2 including secession1 In t%e follo'ing mont%s2 t%e (ols%evi*s 'or*ed energetically according to t%e Conference line2 convincing t%e masses of 'or*ers2 soldiers and peasants of t%e correctness of t%eir position1 T%e Sixt% Party Congress 'as also %eld in August 474; after a gap of ten years1 $ue to t%e danger of attac* from t%e Provisional Government2 t%e Congress %ad to !e %eld in secret in Petrograd2 'it%out t%e presence of Lenin1 Stalin presented t%e main political reports2 '%ic% called for t%e preparation for armed uprising1 T%e Congress also adopted ne' Party Rules '%ic% provided t%at all Party organisations s%all !e !uilt on t%e principles of $emocratic Centralism1 It also admitted t%e group led !y Trots*y into t%e Party1

Soon after t%e Congress2 t%e Commander in C%ief of t%e Russian Army2 Gen1 Jornilov2 organised a revolt of t%e army in order to crus% t%e (ols%evi*s and t%e Soviets1 ?o'ever t%e soldiers of many divisions 'ere convinced !y t%e (ols%evi*s not to o!ey orders and t%e revolt failed1 After t%e failure of t%is revolt t%e masses realised t%at t%e (ols%evi*s and t%e Soviets 'ere t%e only guarantee for ac%ieving peace2 land2 and !read2 '%ic% 'ere t%eir urgent demands1 Rapid (ols%evisation of t%e Soviets too* place2 t%e tide of t%e revolution 'as rising2 and t%e Party started preparing for armed uprising1 The #tate and Revolution In t%is period2 Lenin2 for security reasons2 'as forced to stay in &inland2 a'ay from t%e main arena of !attle1 $uring t%is period2 %e completed %is !oo*2 $he State an& Re2olution2 '%ic% defended and developed t%e teac%ings of "arx and Engels on t%e 3uestion of t%e state1 )%ile particularly exposing t%e distortions on t%is 3uestion !y opportunists li*e Jauts*y2 Lenin#s 'or* t%en %ad tremendous t%eoretical and practical significance at t%e international level1 T%is 'as !ecause2 as Lenin sa' clearly at t%at time itself2 t%e Russian &e!ruary !ourgeois revolution could Honly !e understood as a lin* in a c%ain of socialist proletarian revolutions !eing caused !y t%e imperialist 'ar1 T%e 3uestion of t%e relation of t%e socialist proletarian revolution to t%e state2 t%erefore2 M'asN ac3uiring not only practical political importance2 !ut also t%e significance of a most urgent pro!lem of t%e day2 t%e pro!lem of explaining to t%e masses '%at t%ey 'ill %ave to do !efore long to free t%emselves from capitalist tyranny1H ;; As t%e revolutionary tide rose Lenin again landed in Petrograd on Gcto!er 9A2 474;1 )it%in t%ree days of %is arrival2 a %istoric Central Committee meeting decided to launc% t%e armed uprising 'it%in a fe' days1 Immediately representatives 'ere sent to all parts of t%e country and particularly to t%e army units1 Gn !ecoming a'are of t%e plan for t%e uprising2 t%e Jerens*y government started an attac* on t%e (ols%evi*s2 on ,ovem!er D2 474;2 t%e eve of t%e %olding of t%e Second All Russia Congress of Soviets1 T%e Red Guards and revolutionary units of t%e army retaliated and !y ,ovem!er ;2 474;2 state po'er %ad passed into t%e %ands of t%e Soviets1 Immediately t%e next day t%e Congress of Soviets passed t%e $ecree on Peace and t%e $ecree on Land1 It formed t%e first Soviet government @ t%e Council of People#s Commissars @ of '%ic% Lenin 'as elected t%e first C%airman1 T%e Great Gcto!er Socialist Revolution %ad esta!lis%ed t%e dictators%ip of t%e proletariat1 T%us "arxist t%eory2 during t%is s%ort period <47AB 474;>2 %ad seen tremendous development in all fields C it %ad advanced to t%e stage of "arxism Leninism2 and %ad2 under its guidance2 esta!lis%ed t%e first revolutionary proletarian state1

Cha%ter 8II

The Fourth Perio1 % &*&) - &*(*

Period of (istoric Advances Fight against the 5 eft* Communists War Communism World6)ide Revolutionar" Crisis Ideological and Political Foundations of the Third International The /EP and the Trotsk"ite O%%osition

#talin*s Earl" .ears Foundations of eninism #ocialist Industrialisation and Collectivisation of Agriculture Errors of #talin Crisis of Ca%italism Rise of Fascism and Threat of World War Third International*s Pers%ective on War and Fascism World War II and the Tactics of the International Proletariat &ao*s Earl" .ears Path of Revolution in the Colonies and #emi6Colonies Esta!lishment of Red Bases and Fight against various 5 eft* ines Tactics for the Anti67a%anese War of Resistance &ao*s Other Contri!utions to &ar'ism6 eninism in this Period 8ictor" of the Chinese Peo%le*s Revolution Esta!lishment of the #ocialist Cam%

Period of (istoric Advances T%is period presented a variety of c%allenges to "arxism Leninism1 Almost t%roug%out t%is period it %ad to literally 'age 'ar against t%e armies of t%e !ourgeoisie1 Imperialism tried repeatedly to crus% !y military force t%e first land of socialism1 It also tried to divert and destroy t%e movement t%roug% its various agents 'it%in t%e Communist Parties1 ?o'ever despite all t%e attempts of t%is po'erful enemy2 "arxism Leninism made %istoric advances in t%is period1 It commenced t%e process of socialist construction in a relatively !ac*'ard capitalist countryC it adopted t%e correct tactics in an imperialist 'orld 'ar and utilised t%e 'ar to t%e advantage of t%e proletariatC it guided t%e upsurge of national li!eration struggles in t%e colonies and semi colonies and developed t%e correct strategy and tactics suita!le for t%ese countriesC and it ac%ieved victory in numerous countries and t%us esta!lis%ed t%e socialist camp among one t%ird of %umanity1 T%ese victories in practice could only !ecome possi!le !ecause "arxist Leninist t%eory did not stagnate1 $espite t%e early deat% of Lenin2 "arxism Leninism continued2 in t%e %ands of t%e great proletarian teac%ers2 Stalin and "ao2 to develop t%eory to provide ans'ers to all ne' 3uestions1 &urt%er2 it 'as in t%is period t%at t%e foundations 'ere laid for t%e future development of "arxism Leninism to a ne' stage1 T%is same period for t%e 'orld of capitalism 'as one of continuous and severe crisis1 At t%e start of t%is period it 'as still em!roiled in a devastating inter imperialist 'arC !efore t%e end of t%is period anot%er still more devastating 'orld 'ar %ad s%a*en its foundationsC and !et'een t%e 'ars it %ad faced its most serious economic crisis and %ad given to %umanity t%e scourge of fascism1 &or capitalism2 it 'as2 as one aut%or %as called it =T%e Age of Catastrop%e#1 Fight against the 5 eft Communists* At t%e !eginning of t%is period2 t%oug% an %istoric victory %ad !een 'on in Russia2 t%e crucial tas* of sta!ilising and consolidating t%e dictators%ip of t%e proletariat remained1 )%en t%e capture of state po'er 'as accomplis%ed2 t%e )orld )ar I 'as still on in full s'ing2 and Russia 'as still a party to t%e 'ar1 Its '%ole economy 'as in s%am!les2 industries %ad closed2 unemployment 'as rampant and t%ere 'ere tremendous s%ortages of food2 clot%ing and essential commodities1

T%e first re3uirement 'as peace in order t%at t%e ne' Soviet Repu!lic may get some respite to consolidate its forces1 (ritain2 &rance and t%e .nited States refused to agree to t%e armistice proposed !y t%e Soviet $ecree on Peace1 T%erefore separate peace tal*s 'it% Germany 'ere started and on $ecem!er B2 474;2 an armistice 'as signed and negotiations continued to secure a peace treaty1 All t%ose opposed to t%e revolution2 including t%e "ens%evi*s and Socialist Revolutionaries2 frantically opposed t%e peace negotiations as t%ey %oped for t%e fall of Soviet po'er in 'ar 'it% Germany1 )it%in t%e Central Committee too t%ere existed a trend led !y Trots*y '%ic% 'anted continuation of t%e 'ar on t%e plea of aiding t%e revolution in Germany1 ?e formed a !loc of =Left Communists#2 along 'it% (u*%arin and ot%ers to oppose t%e leaders%ip of Lenin1 In fact2 Trots*y2 in %is capacity as of t%e negotiating delegation2 !ro*e off t%e peace negotiations2 and t%e 'ar restarted for a fe' days !efore t%e C1C12 under t%e leaders%ip of Lenin and Stalin2 too* t%e decision to accept t%e German terms for peace and signed t%e (rest Litovs* Treaty on &e!ruary 962 47451 T%e differences on t%is 3uestion 'ere so intense t%at Lenin 'as forced 'it%in t'o 'ee*s to call t%e Sevent% Congress of t%e Party in "arc% 4745 'it%in 0ust seven mont%s of t%e earlier Congress in order to decide t%e 3uestion of peace1 T%e Congress voted in favour of t%e (rest Litovs* Peace !y 6A votes against 49 'it% 8 a!stentions1 T%e Peace 'as a classic example of t%e Leninist tactics of %o' to retreat in good order in t%e face of an o!viously superior enemy1 In t%ese first fe' mont%s !esides securing peace 'it% Germany2 t%e Soviet government %ad smas%ed t%e !ourgeois state mac%inery2 seiFed all *ey industries2 and passed on 8AA million acres of land to t%e peasants1 ?aving completed t%e =expropriation of t%e expropriators#2 t%e (ols%evi*s %ad no' to move to t%e ne' stage of socialist construction1 T%e tas*s of t%is stage 'ere outlined !y Lenin2 in April 47452 in %is =T%e Immediate Tas*s of t%e Soviet Government#1 ?e called for strict and universal accounting2 control of t%e '%ole of production and distri!ution2 raising la!our productivity and developing Socialist emulation1 In "ay 47452 Lenin 'rote an article on H=Left )ing# C%ildis%ness and t%e Petty (ourgeois "entalityH2 in '%ic% %e exposed t%e left p%raseology of t%e =Left Communists# 'it% regard to t%e Peace as 'ell as to t%e tas*s of socialist construction1 ?e explained %o' t%e =defence of t%e socialist fat%erland# 'as totally consistent 'it% t%e interests of t%e international proletariat1 War Communism T%e respite from t%e (rest Peace %o'ever did not last long1 In t%e second %alf of 4745 t%e imperialists of (ritain2 &rance2 /apan and America started military intervention directly2 and indirectly2 t%roug% aid to domestic reactionaries1 T%ey financed t%e various counter revolutionary )%ite armies2 and even sent (ritis%2 &renc%2 American2 /apanese2 Polis%2 Ser!2 Gree* and Rumanian troops on to Russian soil1 In order to face t%is all round attac*2 t%e Party %ad to mo!ilise t%e '%ole country to fig%t t%e enemy1 T%e Soviet government introduced a policy of =)ar Communism#1 It too* over control of middle and small industries2 in addition to large scale industryC it introduced a state monopoly of t%e grain trade and pro%i!ited private trading in grainC it esta!lis%ed t%e surplus appropriation system2 under '%ic% all surplus produce of t%e peasants %ad to !e %anded over to t%e state at fixed pricesC and finally it introduced universal la!our service for all classes2 ma*ing p%ysical la!our compulsory for t%e !ourgeoisie2 t%us releasing 'or*ers re3uired for more important responsi!ilities at t%e front1 T%is policy of =)ar Communism# 'as %o'ever of a temporary nature to fulfill t%e needs of 'ar1 It %elped mo!ilise t%e '%ole people for t%e 'ar and t%us resulted in t%e defeat of all t%e foreign interventionists and domestic reactionaries !y t%e end of 479A and t%e preservation of t%e independence and freedom of t%e ne' Soviet Repu!lic1 T%e ot%er factor t%at %elped preserve Soviet po'er 'as t%e revolutionary 'ave t%at 'as t%en s'eeping Europe1 T%e impact 'as suc% t%at t%e imperialists *ne' t%at pus%ing t%eir o'n soldiers and sailors to 'ar against t%e Red Army 'ould most pro!a!ly result in a mutiny1 World6)ide Revolutionar" Crisis T%is period at t%e end of t%e )orld )ar I 'as a time of extreme revolutionary ferment t%roug%out t%e

'orld1 T%e success of t%e Gcto!er Revolution %ad impact in numerous countries2 even '%ere "arxism yet %ad little or no influence1 =Soviets# 'ere formed !y to!acco 'or*ers in Cu!a '%ere fe' *ne' t%en even '%ere Russia 'as1 In Spain t%e years 474; 47 came to !e *no'n as =t%e (ols%evi* !iennium# t%oug% t%e local left t%en 'as mostly anarc%ist1 Revolutionary student movements !ro*e out in Pe*ing in 4747C and in Cordo!a <Argentina> in 47452 '%ic% soon spread across Latin America and generated local revolutionary "arxist leaders and parties1 T%e revolution in "exico entered its most radical p%ase in 474; and immediately !uilt a relations%ip 'it% revolutionary Russia1 T%e Gcto!er Revolution also immediately %ad its impact on t%e Sare*at Islam2 t%e Indonesian national li!eration movement#s main mass organisation1 Europe2 t%e main arena of t%e )ar2 'as in t%e deepest revolutionary crisis1 T%e 'ar %ad resulted in t%e overt%ro' of four feudal autocrats and t%e !rea* up of t%eir four great empires t%e Russian2 German2 Austro ?ungarian <?a!s!urg>2 and Tur*is% <Gttoman>1 T%e state structures 'ere in s%am!les and t%e masses 'ere in t%e mood for revolt1 T%e mass protests started even !efore t%e completion of t%e 'ar1 In /anuary 47452 a 'ave of mass political stri*es and anti 'ar demonstrations s'ept t%roug% central Europe2 starting in Vienna2 spreading via (udapest and t%e CFec% regions to Germany2 and culminating in t%e revolt of t%e Austro ?ungarian navy#s sailors in t%e Adriatic Sea1 In Septem!er (ulgarian soldiers revolted2 proclaimed a Repu!lic and marc%ed on t%eir capital Sofia2 !efore !eing disarmed 'it% German %elp1 (y Gcto!er t%e ?a!s!urg monarc%y collapsed after losses in !attles against Italy1 T%is set off a massive national upsurge '%ic% finally led to t%e formation of numerous ne' states from t%e remains of t%e old empiresE &inland2 Poland2 CFec%oslova*ia2 Kugoslavia2 Estonia2 Latvia2 and Lit%uania1 In Germany and ?ungary %o'ever t%e crisis led to revolution1 In ,ovem!er 4745 t%e German sailors mutinied and t%is immediately spread a 'ave of revolt t%roug%out Germany1 Soviets 'ere immediately esta!lis%ed in (erlin and ot%er cities1 T%ese 'ere %o'ever crus%ed in /anuary 4747 after t'o 'ee*s of street fig%ting against t%e reactionary military '%ic% %ad !een reorganised !y t%e Social $emocrat government '%ic% %ad succeeded t%e Jaiser1 It 'as during t%is period on /anuary 4Bt% t%at Rosa Luxem!urg and Jarl Lie!*nec%t 'ere murdered !y t%e German )%ite guards1 Later a Soviet Repu!lic 'as formed in (avaria in April 4747 !ut t%is too 'as crus%ed1 In ?ungary t%e Communists led a coalition 'it% t%e Social $emocrats and too* control of t%e government in "arc% 47471 T%ey 'ere %o'ever t%ro'n out 'it%in five mont%s !y military pressure from Allied governments1 T%e struggles of t%e 'or*ers continued for at least four more years !ut !ot% t%ese revolutions finally ended in failure1 In !ot% cases2 t%oug% t%ere %ad !een mista*es due to t%e inexperience of t%e revolutionaries2 t%e main reason for t%e failure 'as t%e !etrayal !y t%e Social $emocrats1 In Germany in particular t%e rig%t Social $emocrats 'ere ministers in government '%o led t%e attac* on t%e revolution '%ile t%e centrists li*e Jauts*y provided round t%e corner assistance1 T%e Communists on t%e ot%er %and 'ere not strong enoug% to mo!ilise and lead t%e 'or*ing class in t%e face of t%e many difficulties of t%e time1 In ?ungary t%e Communists made t%e mista*e of merging into one party 'it% t%e Social $emocrat revisionists '%ic% affected t%eir a!ility to lead1 &urt%er2 t%oug% t%ey controlled state po'er t%ey did try to 'in over t%e peasantry !y t%e distri!ution of land1 Also t%ey did not follo' t%e Soviet example of esta!lis%ing peace 'it% t%e Allies at any cost1 Ideological and Political Foundations of the Third International T%e ideologue of t%e Social $emocrat !etrayers 'as Jauts*y2 '%o2 in 47452 launc%ed a systematic attac* on t%e Soviet government t%roug% a !oo*let2 $he Dictatorship of the Proletariat1 ?is vicious attac* on t%e (ols%evi*s2 for suppressing t%e counter revolution2 'as presented as a 3uestion of

dictators%ip versus democracy2 and %as since !ecome t%e catc%p%rase for t%e imperialist !ourgeois propaganda attac* on socialism1 Lenin2 immediately2 in Gcto!er 47452 gave a fitting reply t%roug% %is classic $he Proletarian Re2olution an& the Renega&e >auts#y 1 )%ile esta!lis%ing a complete defence of t%e a!solute necessity of t%e dictators%ip of t%e proletariat2 and t%e infinite superiority of proletarian democracy over !ourgeois democracy2 Lenin furt%er developed on t%e "arxist understanding of t%e State '%ic% %e %ad presented in %is earlier !oo* $he State an& Re2olution1 T%roug% suc% exposure of t%e revisionist and renegade leaders%ip of t%e Second International2 t%e revolutionary elements in t%e old parties 'ere 'on over and Communist parties 'ere formed in many capitalist countries1 T%ese forces 'ere convened toget%er in "arc% 4747 for t%e &irst Congress of t%e T%ird International @ t%e Communist International1 It called t%e Second International2 '%ic% %ad reconvened 0ust a fe' 'ee*s earlier2 =a tool of t%e !ourgeoisie# and Hadopted a "anifesto to t%e proletariat of all countries2 calling upon t%em to 'age a determined struggle for t%e dictators%ip of t%e proletariat and for t%e triump% of Soviets all over t%e 'orld1H ;< It also immediately set up an Executive Committee of t%e Communist International <E1C1C1I1>1 $ue to tremendous preparatory 'or* put in and t%e 'orld 'ide ent%usiasm generated !y t%e success of t%e Gcto!er Revolution2 t%e Second Congress of t%e Communist International %eld in /uly 479A 'as a ma0or success 'it% a 'ide representation from 94 countries1 In particular2 Lenin made ma0or contri!utions to "arxist t%eory in connection 'it% t%is Congress1 ?e prepared '%at %e intended as a %and!oo* of Communist party strategy and tactics2 '%ic% 'as distri!uted among t%e delegates of t%e Congress1 It 'as called ?-eft-Wing? Communism/ an 1nfantile Disor&er2 and concentrated on correcting t%e =leftist# errors t%en prevalent in many parties '%o %ad 0oined t%e International1 Lenin also prepared t%e $heses on the National an& Colonial =uestion adopted at t%e Congress1 It 'as a landmar* document '%ic% laid t%e "arxist Leninist t%eoretical foundations for understanding and leading t%e national li!eration struggles t%en gat%ering momentum in all t%e colonies and semi colonies1 (esides2 Lenin outlined t%e !asic tas*s of t%e Communist International and t%e t%eses on t%e Agrarian -uestion adopted at t%is Congress1 T%e Congress also adopted t%eses on t%e role of t%e Communist Party in t%e proletarian revolution2 on t%e trade union movement2 on Communist Parties and parliament2 and t%e Statutes and Conditions of admission of t%e Communist International1 (esides t%ese t%eoretical formulations2 t%e International2 t%roug% its Executive Committee started playing a prominent role in guiding t%e parties and movements in t%e various mem!er countries1 In particular2 it tried to ma*e t%e utmost of t%e post 'ar revolutionary situation in t%e capitalist countries '%ic% continued till 47961 ?o'ever primarily due to t%e !etrayal of t%e Second International Social $emocrats2 as also t%e ideological and organisational 'ea*nesses of t%e Communist Parties in t%ese countries2 revolution could not !e successfully completed in any ot%er capitalist country1 The /EP and the Trotsk"ite O%%osition &rom 4794 t%ere 'as anot%er turn in t%e situation in Russia1 After completing victory in t%e 'ar against t%e foreign and domestic reactionaries2 t%e tas* %ad to s%ift to t%e peaceful 'or* of economic restoration1 &or t%is a policy s%ift 'as made from )ar Communism to t%e ,e' Economic Policy<,EP>1 According to t%is2 t%e compulsory surplus appropriation from t%e peasants 'as discontinued2 private trade 'as restarted and private manufacturers 'ere allo'ed to start small !usinesses1 T%is 'as necessary !ecause t%e measures %ad gone too far a%ead and 'ere !eing resented !y certain sections of t%e mass !ase of t%e party@ particularly t%e peasantry1 ?o'ever t%e Trots*yites strongly opposed t%e ,EP as not%ing !ut a retreat1 Lenin2 at t%e Tent% Congress of t%e Party2 in "arc% 47942 countered t%e Trots*yites and convinced t%e Congress of t%e policy c%ange '%ic% 'as t%en adopted1 ?e furt%er gave a t%eoretical su!stantiation of t%e correctness of t%e ,EP in %is Report on the $actics of the Russian Communist Party presented !efore t%e T%ird Congress of t%e Communist International in /uly 47941 T%e ,EP continued till end 479B2 '%en t%e &ourteent% Party Congress too*

t%e decision of moving to t%e next p%ase of socialist construction2 t%at of socialist industrialisation1 $uring t%is period2 Lenin fell seriously ill to'ards t%e end of 4799 and remained relatively inactive till %is deat% on /anuary 942 47981 Ta*ing advantage of Lenin#s a!sence due to illness2 t%e Trots*yites and various opposition groupings 'it%in t%e Party got toget%er to issue a declaration of t%e &orty Six Gppositionists1 T%eir platform 'as a demand for freedom of factions and groups 'it%in t%e Communist Party1 T%ey circulated t%eir declaration and a letter from Trots*y t%roug%out t%e Party and gave a c%allenge for a discussion1 A discussion 'as %eld t%roug%out t%e Party !ut t%e Gppositionists vie'point 'as t%ro'n out !y all except some cells in t%e universities and offices1 T%e T%irteent% Party Conference %eld in /anuary 47982 summed up t%e discussion and condemned t%e Gpposition as a petty !ourgeois deviation from "arxism1 T%e '%ole discussion 'as guided and led !y Stalin '%o %ad !y t%en ta*en up t%e prime leaders%ip and responsi!ility of t%e Party1 #talin*s Earl" .ears /osep% Vissarionovic% $F%ugas%vili <Stalin>2 'as !orn on $ecem!er 94st 45;72 in Gori2 Georgia1 ?is fat%er2 a s%oema*er2 as 'ell as %is mot%er2 came from families of peasant serfs1 Stalin#s parents2 poor and illiterate2 came from t%e toiling masses1 ?e spent five years at t%e Gori ecclesiastical sc%ool2 from '%ere %e 'as recommended as t%e =!est student# for entrance to t%e Tiflis T%eological Seminary2 t%e most important institution of %ig%er learning in Georgia2 as 'ell as a centre of opposition to Tsarism1 At t%e age of 4B %e first came in contact 'it% secret "arxist circles2 and at t%e age of eig%teen 0oined t%e first Socialist organisation in Georgia1 In 45772 %e 'as expelled from t%e Seminary and from t%en %e !ecame a professional revolutionary1 ?e soon led ma0or struggles and !uilt a strong political organisation among t%e 'or*ers1 ?e 'as arrested in 47A9 and !anis%ed to Si!eria in 47A6 for t%ree years1 ?e %o'ever escaped 'it%in a fe' mont%s and again involved %imself in t%e activities of t%e RS$LP1 ?e too* a clear position against t%e "ens%evi* leaders%ip of t%e Party in Georgia1 ?e attended t%e $ecem!er 47AB (ols%evi* Congress '%ere %e met Lenin for t%e first time1 It 'as at t%is time %e 'rote %is !oo*let Anarchism or Socialism1 ?e 'as arrested again in 47A52 474A2 and 4749 and !anis%ed to Si!eria2 !ut eac% time escaped and returned to activity1 $uring a ma0or part of %is time out of exile %e played t%e role of editor of Pra2&a1 &inally '%en %e 'as arrested in 4746 %e 'as sent to t%e remotest parts of Si!eria from '%ere %e could only return after t%e &e!ruary 474; Revolution1 Foundations of eninism Immediately follo'ing Lenin#s deat%2 Stalin too* up t%e very important tas* of centralising t%e principal contri!utions made !y Lenin to "arxism1 T%is 'as a!solutely necessary to fig%t t%e various trends2 alien to "arxism2 t%at 'ere springing up1 It 'as also necessary to lay do'n t%e H!asic points of departure necessary for t%e successful study of Leninism1H ;- T%is %e did t%roug% %is lectures on =T%e &oundations of Leninism# '%ic% 'as pu!lis%ed in "ay 47981 T%is is '%ere %e made %is famous definition of Leninism2 traced its %istorical roots and outlined its principal features as regards met%od2 t%eory2 t%e dictators%ip of t%e proletariat2 peasant 3uestion2 national 3uestion2 strategy and tactics2 party2 and style of 'or*1 T%ese lectures t%en intended primarily for t%e 9BA2AAA ne' party mem!ers recruited in t%e Lenin enrolment follo'ing Lenin#s deat%2 %as since remained a valua!le primer for communists studying "arxism Leninism t%roug%out t%e 'orld1 #ocialist Industrialisation and Collectivisation of Agriculture At t%e end of t%e period of t%e ,EP2 '%en t%e decision for t%e next p%ase %ad to !e ta*en2 t%ere 'as again a ma0or de!ate at t%e &ourteent% Congress of t%e Party %eld in $ecem!er 479B1 Linoviev and Jamenev2 %ad formed a =,e' Gpposition# '%ic% proposed an agrarian oriented economic plan for Russia as opposed to t%e socialist industrialisation plan of t%e C1C1 '%ic% focused on %eavy industry1 T%is 'ould %ave meant ma*ing Russia dependent upon2 and t%us an appendage of2 t%e imperialist

countries1 T%e Congress t%us firmly stood !y t%e C1C1 plan1 &ollo'ing t%is direction rapid progress 'as made in t%e sp%ere of industry 'it% production rapidly crossing pre 'ar levels1 T%is 'as follo'ed !y t%e $ecem!er 479; &ifteent% Congress decision to start t%e &ive Kear Plans '%ic% gave anot%er !oost to t%e process of socialist construction1 ?o'ever t%e ma0or political decision of t%is Congress 'as t%e resolution to advance to'ards t%e fullest development of t%e collectivisation of agriculture1 T%e slogan given 'as2 Hrely firmly on t%e poor peasantry2 strengt%en t%e alliance 'it% t%e middle peasantry2 and 'age a resolute struggle against t%e *ula*s1H ;2 T%is inspired a rapid advance in t%e formation of mass collective farms1 Its success opened t%e 'ay for t%e decisions of t%e Sixteent% Congress in /une 476A1 As Stalin said2 t%is 'as Ht%e congress of t%e s'eeping offensive of Socialism along t%e '%ole front2 of t%e elimination of t%e *ula*s as a class2 and of t%e realisation of solid collectiviFation1H ;? T%e implementation of t%ese decisions 'as complete and t%oroug% and !y t%e time of t%e Seventeent% Congress in4768 @ a Congress of Victors @ t%e tas*s of collectivisation in agriculture and socialist industrialisation %ad !asically !een ac%ieved1 T%e figures given !y Stalin at t%e Eig%teen Congress in4767 @ 0ust !efore )orld )ar II @ s%o'ed t%at collective farms covered 761BO of t%e peasant %ouse%olds and 7718O of t%e cultivated area1 Similarly socialist industry covered 7717;O of total output1 .nder socialism t%e Soviet .nion %ad transformed its economy on a scale unimagina!le under capitalism1 $uring t%is same period t%e capitalist 'orld %ad faced a devastating economic crisis called t%e Great $epression1 T%us2 0ust !efore t%e )orld )ar II2 t%e Soviet industrial sector 'as producing over 7 times t%e output 0ust !efore t%e )orld )ar I1 Gn t%e ot%er %and t%e principal capitalist countries @ .nited States2 (ritain and Germany @ %ad 0ust managed to cross t%eir pre 'ar outputs !y 46O to 69O and &rance %ad still to recover to its levels of 9B years ago1 Errors of #talin T%oug% t%ese successes 'ere due to a !asically correct "arxist Leninist approac% to'ards socialist construction2 to'ards t%e end of t%is period certain 'rong trends appeared in t%e understanding of t%e CPS.<(> and Stalin1 T%is 'as particularly regarding t%e existence and role of classes and class struggle under socialism1 )%ile t%is 'as accepted in t%e early period2 after ma0or successes 'ere ac%ieved t%e aspect of class struggle 'as not recognised1 T%us t%e Constitution of t%e .SSR adopted in ,ovem!er 476D proceeded Hfrom t%e fact t%at t%ere M'ereN no longer any antagonistic classes in society1H ;@ &urt%er '%ile presenting t%e Report to t%e Eig%teen Congress of t%e Party in "arc% 47672 Stalin insisted2 t%at HT%e feature t%at distinguis%es Soviet society today from any capitalist society is t%at it no longer contains antagonistic2 %ostile classes C t%at t%e exploiting classes %ave !een eliminated211111Soviet society2 li!erated from t%e yo*e of exploitation2 *no's no suc% antagonisms2 is free of class conflicts2 and presents a picture of friendly colla!oration !et'een 'or*ers2 peasants and intellectuals1H ;, T%is 'as an incorrect position '%ic% 'ent against t%e "arxist Leninist understanding of continuation of t%e class struggle t%roug%out t%e period of socialism1 In fact t%roug%out t%is period t%e Party %ad to continue to 'age t%e class struggle against various factions and groupings representative of t%e !ourgeois and *ula* vie'points1 T%us after a long struggle against t%e Trots*yite opposition2 Trots*y and Linoviev 'ere expelled from t%e Party in479;1 T%e struggle 'it% t%e (u*%arin Ry*ov cli3ue continued until it 'as discovered t%at t%ey 'ere playing t%e role of agents of foreign espionage agencies1 T%ey 'ere !roug%t to trial and sentenced to deat% in 476;1 Crisis of Ca%italism &or most of t%e period !et'een t%e 'ars t%e 'orld capitalist economy seemed to !e in a state of collapse1 )orld industrial production in t%e t'enty five years from 4746 to 4765 rose !y only eig%ty per cent as compared to dou!le t%is rate in t%e earlier t'enty five years1 T%e situation in 'orld trade 'as 'orse '%ere t%e total for 4785 'as almost t%e same as for 4746C and t%is 'as compared to a

dou!ling of trade !et'een t%e early 457As and 47461 T%e period started 'it% t%e spectacular collapse of t%e monetary system in one of t%e largest capitalist countries @ Germany @ 'it% its currency in 4796 falling to one million milliont% of its 4746 value1 It reac%ed a so called !oom <'%ic% 'as correctly analysed !y Stalin as merely a relative sta!ilisation> in 4798 97 '%en unemployment averaged !et'een 4A to 49 per cent for (ritain2 Germany and S'eden and 4; 45 per cent for $enmar* and ,or'ay @ extraordinarily %ig% as compared to t%e pre 4748 years1 ?o'ever t%e 'orst p%ase 'as '%at 'as called t%e Great $epression of 4797 662 from '%ic% capitalism never really recovered even up to t%e Second )orld )ar1 It 'as a crisis affecting practically t%e '%ole glo!e2 from t%e most industrialised to t%e most !ac*'ard1 $uring t%e first t'o years 4797 64 t%e .S and Germany2 t%e foremost manufacturers2 sa' industrial production fall !y one t%ird1 &or 4769 662 t%e 'orst year2 unemployment figures for t%e most advanced countries ranged from 99 96O for (ritain to 88O for Germany1 T%e price of tea and '%eat fell !y t'o t%irds2 and t%e price of ra' sil* !y t%ree 3uarters1 Even t%e price of rice cras%ed1 Some of t%e countries !adly affected !y t%ese price failures 'ere Argentina2 Australia2 t%e (al*an countries2 (olivia2 (raFil2 (ritis% "alaya2 Canada C%ile2 Colom!ia2 Cu!a2 Egypt2 Ecuador2 &inland2 ?ungary2 India2 "exico2 t%e ,et%erlands2 Indies <present Indonesia>2 ,e' Lealand2 Paraguay2 Peru2 .ruguay and VeneFuela1 In s%ort2 practically t%e '%ole glo!e 'as in t%e grip of t%e crisis1 As economic %ards%ips increased2 contradictions s%arpened and many countries faced rene'ed 'aves of social and political unrest1 C%ile overt%re' its military dictator in 47642 (raFil ended its oligarc%ic =old Repu!lic# in 476A2 Cu!a t%re' out a corrupt President2 Peru failed in an attempt at revolution during 476A 692 Colom!ia c%anged over from Conservative rule to t%e reformist Li!eralsC in Egypt and India t%ere 'as an expansion in t%e independence strugglesC in )est Africa and t%e Cari!!ean too mass social unrest made its first appearance1 T%us t%roug%out t%e colonies and semi colonies t%e $epression period sa' struggles and a s%ift to'ards t%e left1 In t%e imperialist countries2 t%e ruling classes tried desperately to contain t%e social conse3uences of t%e crisis1 It 'as !y t%en apparent t%at t%e free mar*et economics of t%e pre 'ar period did not offer any solution1 Some li*e S'eden 'it% its social democratic reforms2 and t%e .S 'it% Roosevelt#s ,e' $eal introduced 'elfare economics for t%e first time1 T%ey 'ere %o'ever exceptions1 T%e more attractive solution for t%e ruling class 'as to move to t%e rig%t or to fascism1 Italy !y t%en 'as already fascistC /apan s%ifted from a li!eral to a national militarist regime in 476A 64C Germany !roug%t t%e ,aFis to po'er in 47661 "any ot%er imperialist countries sa' a s%ift to t%e rig%t and a retreat of t%e social democratic left1 As fascist Germany rapidly !uilt up its industrial and 'ar mac%ine and drastically cut unemployment it seemed to %ave more and more2 an increased attraction for sections of t%e imperialist ruling classes1 Rise of Fascism and Threat of World War T%e rise of &ascism 'as t%us !asically a response of t%e ruling classesE to t%e Gcto!er Revolution and t%e victory of Socialism2 to t%e most profound economic crisis in t%e %istory of capitalism2 and to t%e revolutionisation of t%e toiling masses t%at 'as ta*ing place t%roug%out t%e 'orld under t%e influence of t%e a!ove t'o1 T%e 476B T%ird International resolution t%us pointed out t%at2 Ht%e ruling !ourgeoisie M'asN increasingly see*ing salvation in fascism2 in t%e esta!lis%ment of t%e open2 terrorist dictators%ip of t%e most reactionary2 t%e most c%auvinist and t%e most imperialist elements of finance capital2 'it% t%e aim of putting into effect extraordinary measures for despoiling t%e toilers2 of preparing a predatory2 imperialist 'ar2 of attac*ing t%e .SSR2 enslaving and dividing up C%ina2 and2 on t%e !asis of all t%is2 preventing revolution1H ;0 &ascism also provided certain more direct and immediate !enefits to t%e mem!ers of t%e !ig !ourgeoisieE t%e elimination of t%e la!our unions2 t%e introduction of fascist discipline at t%e 'or*place2 an increasing accrual of 'ealt% @ !et'een 4797 and 4784 '%ile t%e income s%are of t%e top BO in t%e .SA fell !y 9AO2 t%e similar top section in fascist Germany increased its s%are !y 4BO1

As ma0or industrial nations set up fascist governments2 t%ey aggressively initiated local 'ars in preparation for a ne' 'orld 'ar for t%e re division of t%e 'orld1 T%e milestones on t%e road to 'orld 'ar 'ere t%e /apanese invasion of "anc%uria in 4764C t%e Italian invasion of Et%iopia in 476BC t%e German and Italian intervention in t%e Spanis% Civil )ar of 476D 67C t%e German invasion of Austria in early 4765C t%e German crippling of CFec%oslova*ia later t%e same yearC t%e German occupation of '%at remained of CFec%oslova*ia in "arc% 4767C t%e Italian occupation of Al!aniaC and t%e German demands on Poland '%ic% actually led to t%e out!rea* of 'ar1 T%roug%out t%is period t%e ot%er imperialist po'ers li*e (ritain2 &rance and t%e .SA 'ere adopting a policy of appeasement to'ards t%e fascist aggressors and attempting to use t%em to destroy t%e Soviet Repu!lic1 It 'as in suc% dangerous conditions t%at t%e international proletariat %ad to dra' up its tactics1 Third International*s Pers%ective on War and Fascism $uring t%e t'enties t%e T%ird International continued to unite many more forces2 particularly from t%e colonies and semi colonies1 It also attempted to %elp t%e movements t%ere2 particularly C%ina <'%ic% 'e 'ill refer to later>1 In 4795 it %eld its Sixt% Congress '%ic% adopted t%e Programme and Statutes of t%e International and T%eses on t%e International Situation and on t%e Revolutionary "ovements in colonial and semi colonial countries1 It t%en itself 'arned of t%e danger of a ne' 'orld 'ar and dre' up t%e tactics to !e follo'ed1 T%ese tactics !asically follo'ed t%e understanding of turning t%e 'ar into civil 'ar1 T%e Sevent% Congress of t%e International 'as %eld in 476B rig%t in t%e midst of feveris% preparations for 'ar1 In particular2 &ascism %ad gro'n in strengt% and aggressiveness2 and2 'it% it coming to po'er in Germany2 t%e t%reat of an attac* on t%e Soviet .nion 'as very near1 H$efeating t%e Soviet .nion !y provo*ing fascist Germany against itC satiating t%e %unger of fascist Germany for colonies !y ena!ling it to defeat t%e Soviet .nion and turning it into its o'n colonyC destroying )orld Socialist Revolution !y defeating t%e Soviet .nion and t%us clearing t%e pat% for t%e continued existence of imperialism all over t%e 'orldC t%is 'as t%e strategy of t%e imperialists at t%at time1H <1 In t%is context2 t%e International2 under t%e leaders%ip of Stalin and $imitrov2 realised t%at t%e tactical plan of t%e Sixt% Congress 'ould not suffice to face t%e ne' situation1 T%erefore2 a ne' set of tactics 'as dra'n up directed to'ards !uilding t%e !roadest possi!le unity of forces1 As $imitrov said in %is concluding speec% at t%e Congress2 HGurs %as !een a Congress of a ne' tactical orientation for t%e Comintern1H <+ T%e tactics 'ere directed to'ards t%e defence of t%e Soviet .nion2 t%e defeat of &ascism and t%e instigators of 'ar2 t%e victory of t%e national li!eration struggles and t%e esta!lis%ment of Soviet po'er in as many countries as possi!le1 In order to ac%ieve t%ese aims it dre' up detailed .nited &ront tactics to unite as many forces as possi!le in t%is !attle1 In t%e capitalist countries anti fascist 'or*ers# fronts and anti fascist people#s fronts for peace 'ere to !e formed along 'it% t%e Social $emocrats and ot%er anti fascist parties1 In t%e colonies and semi colonies2 t%e tas* 'as to form anti imperialist people#s fronts including t%e national !ourgeoisie1 T%e final aim of t%e communists in participating in all t%ese fronts 'as to ac%ieve t%e victory of revolution in t%eir o'n country and t%e 'orld 'ide defeat of capitalism1 World War II and the Tactics of the International Proletariat &ollo'ing from t%ese !road tas*s2 t%e Soviet .nion government2 under Stalin2 employed t%e correct tactics in t%e concrete situation of )orld )ar II1 )%en t%e non fascist imperialist states 'ere inciting Germany to attac* t%e Soviet .nion2 Stalin entered into a no 'ar pact 'it% Germany in August 47672 forcing t%e first part of t%e )ar to !e a 'ar !et'een t%e imperialist po'ers1 T%is facilitated t%e tactics of =turning t%e 'ar into civil 'ar# during t%e first t'o years of t%e 'ar1 ?o'ever2 '%en Germany attac*ed t%e socialist !ase2 t%e Soviet .nion2 in /une 47842 t%e c%aracter of t%e 'ar c%anged to t%at of an anti fascist people#s 'ar and t%e tactics as envisaged earlier !y t%e T%ird International !ecame

applica!le1 Some of t%e parties2 employing t%e correct tactics and ma*ing use of t%e severe revolutionary crisis2 could ac%ieve revolution1 T%us2 utilising t%ese tactics2 t%e international proletariat not only succeeded in protecting its Socialist (ase2 !ut !y 47872 could !reac% t%e imperialist c%ain at several places2 !rea* out of t%e imperialist 'orld system and !uild a Socialist Camp covering one t%ird of %umanity1 T%us H?istory %as proved t%at t%e strategy and tactics c%arted out !y t%e T%ird International2 during t%e period of Second )orld )ar and t%e second p%ase of general crisis are !asically correct1H <; ?o'ever t%ere 'ere also serious failures2 due to incomplete education !y t%e T%ird International leaders%ip on t%e correct approac% in implementing t%ese tactics2 and t%e strong remnants of t%e Second International reformist approac% in many of t%e European parties and t%e parties formed !y t%em @ li*e t%e Communist Party of India1 T%e CPG( spent most of its time in t%e people#s 'ar period trying to increase productionC t%e .SA Communist Party secretary2 (ro'der 'ent to t%e extent of asserting t%at it 'as t%e =greatest %onour# to !e called a stri*e !rea*erC t%e &renc% CP refused to try to maintain any difference !et'een communists and ot%er reactionaries in t%e united front and declared t%at Hfor us t%ere are only &renc%men fig%ting ?itler and %is agents1H << Suc% an approac% led to t%ese parties !ecoming tails of t%e ruling classes in t%e united fronts t%at t%ey participated in1 It also led to t%e development of rig%tist tendencies '%ic% in t%e follo'ing period 'ould result in t%e leaders%ips of almost all t%ese parties ta*ing t%e pat% of revisionism1 T%e T%ird International '%ile not !eing a!le to com!at t%ese revisionist tendencies2 %ad also lost its effectiveness in providing guidance in t%e vastly differing conditions faced !y t%e various mem!er parties1 Except for t%e regular pu!lication of its periodicals2 Comintern activity %ad greatly reduced from 478A and even t%e customary "ay $ay and Gcto!er Revolution "anifestos 'ere discontinued !et'een "ay 478A and "ay 47891 It 'as finally decided to dissolve t%e Comintern1 Since a Congress could not !e convened in t%e conditions of 'ar t%e Presidium of t%e Executive Committee of t%e Communist International <ECCI> sent out a resolution recommending t%e dissolution of t%e International to all its sections1 T%e resolution 'as sent out on 4Bt% "ay 4786 and after receiving approval from most of t%e sections2 including all t%e important sections2 t%e Comintern 'as dissolved on 4At% /une 47861 T%e resolution stated among ot%er t%ings t%at2 HT%e deep differences of t%e %istoric pat%s of development of various countries2 t%e differences in t%eir c%aracter and even contradictions in t%eir social orders2 t%e differences in t%e level and tempo of t%eir economic and political development2 t%e differences2 finally2 in t%e degree of consciousness and organisation of t%e 'or*ers2 conditioned t%e different pro!lems facing t%e 'or*ing class of t%e various countries1 HT%e '%ole development of events in t%e last 3uarter of a century2 and t%e experience accumulated !y t%e Communist International convincingly s%o'ed t%at t%e organisational form of uniting t%e 'or*ers c%osen !y t%e first congress of t%e Communist International ans'ered t%e conditions of t%e first stages of t%e 'or*ing class movement !ut %as !een outgro'n !y t%e gro't% of t%is movement and !y t%e complications of its pro!lems in separate countries2 and %as even !ecome a drag on t%e furt%er strengt%ening of t%e national 'or*ing class parties1H <- "arx#s dissolution of t%e &irst International 'as also cited as an example for dissolving a form of organisation '%ic% no longer corresponded to t%e demands confronting it1 All t%e ma0or communist parties ratified t%e resolution1 HT%e C%inese CP central committee expressed it full agreementC t%e Comintern %ad fulfilled it %istorical mission in protecting "arxism from distortion2 in %elping progressive forces to unite2 in supporting t%e Soviet .nion and fig%ting fascism2 and it %ad done all in its po'er to !ring a!out co operation !et'een t%e J"T and t%e CCPC in its organisational form it %ad no' outlived itself1 T%e CCP %ad received muc% %elp from t%e Comintern in

its revolutionary struggle2 !ut t%e C%inese communists %ad no' for a long time !een free to decide independently on its policy and put it into effect1H <2 As soon as t%e Comintern 'as dissolved t%e 0ournal Communist 1nternational ceased pu!lication1 S%ortly after'ards a ne' periodical2 in Russian and ot%er languages2 appeared2 entitled $he War an& the Wor#ing Class <after t%e 'ar its title 'as c%anged to New $imes>1 Soon after t%e completion of t%e 'ar2 t%e Information (ureau of Communist and )or*ers# Parties <Cominform> 'as set up t%roug% a founding conference in Septem!er 478;1 T%is too 'as soon dissolved in 47BD1 &ao*s Earl" .ears $uring t%is period a ma0or centre for t%e development of "arxism 'as t%e advancing class struggles of t%e C%inese Revolution1 &or 95 years2 t%e Communist Party of C%ina %ad led t%e C%inese Revolution t%roug% many ups and do'ns2 and a protracted 'ar and %ad finally succeeded in seiFing state po'er in t%e most populous country in t%e 'orld in Gcto!er 47871 Its C%airman2 "ao Tse tung %ad2 t%roug% a struggle against numerous deviations2 developed "arxist t%eory in diverse sp%eres1 ?e %ad c%arted out t%e pat% for t%e advancing revolutions in t%e colonies and semi colonies1 T%oug% till t%en %e %ad not played suc% a prominent role at t%e international level2 %is contri!utions to "arxism Leninism 'ould !e t%e invalua!le 'eapons in t%e %ands of t%e international proletariat in t%e years to come1 "ao Tse tung 'as !orn on 9Dt% $ecem!er2 45762 in a peasant family in S%aos%an village of ?unan province1 ?e %ad %is primary education in a private sc%ool2 and t%en in t%e %ig%er primary sc%ool of Riangxiang county and in t%e middle sc%ool at C%angs%a2 t%e provincial capital1 After t%e 4744 !ourgeois Revolution %e served for %alf a year in t%e insurgent ,e' Army1 ?e 0oined t%e ?unan &ourt% Provincial ,ormal Sc%ool in 4746 and completed %is sc%ool education !y 47451 ?is early t%in*ing 'as varyingly influenced !y classical p%ilosop%ical 'ritings from Confucius to neo ?egelianism1 &rom %is c%ild%ood "ao %ad a fervent love for %is country and a !oundless urge for revolutionary trut%1 In April 47452 %e set up t%e ,e' Peoples Society in C%angs%a 'it% t%e aim of finding out ne' 'ays to transform C%ina1 (y t%e time of t%e "ay &ourt% "ovement in 4747 "ao already came in touc% 'it% "arxism and !egan em!racing it1 In /uly 4747 %e started a magaFine called Riangxiang Revie' in ?unan to spread revolutionary ideas and t%e follo'ing year %e organised a Cultural Reading Society to study and propagate revolutionary ideology1 In 479A %e started communist groups in C%angs%a1 As one of t%e founders of t%e C%inese Communist Party2 "ao attended t%e &irst ,ational Congress of t%e CPC as one of its 49 delegates in /uly 47941 ?e !ecame t%e Secretary of t%e ?unan Regional Party Committee and led t%e 'or*er#s movement in C%angs%a and Anyuan1 In /une 47962 t%e T%ird ,ational Congress of t%e CPC2 attended !y "ao2 decided to promote an anti imperialist2 anti feudal national front in co operation 'it% t%e Juomintang Party led !y Sun Kat Sen and directed its mem!ers to 0oin t%e Juomintang Party as individuals1 T%e &irst and Second ,ational Congresses of t%e Juomintang %eld in 4798 and 479D elected "ao as an alternate mem!er of its Central Executive Committee1 ?e 'or*ed as ?ead of t%e Central Propaganda department of t%e Juomintang2 edited t%e Political )ee*ly and directed t%e Sixt% class at t%e Peasant "ovement Institute1 Path of Revolution in the Colonies and #emi6Colonies &rom 4798 till t%e !eginning of 479D t%e C%inese Revolution %ad advanced rapidly 'it% t%e proletariat and peasantry in great ferment1 In 479B t%e "ay 6At% anti imperialist people#s movement %ad involved all sections of t%e masses1 T%e country 'as on t%e verge of a decisive !attle !et'een revolution and counter revolution1 ?o'ever t'o deviations t%en plagued t%e CPC1 T%e dominant Rig%t opportunist cli3ue led !y t%e t%en party General Secretary2 C%en Tu %siu2 Hmaintained t%at t%e !ourgeois democratic revolution must !e led !y t%e !ourgeoisie2 t%at its o!0ective 'as to set up a !ourgeois repu!lic and t%at t%e !ourgeoisie 'as t%e only democratic force 'it% '%ic% t%e 'or*ing class s%ould

unite itself1111Gn t%e ot%er %and2 t%e =Left# opportunists2 represented !y C%ang Juo tao2 sa' only t%e 'or*ing class movementC t%ey also ignored t%e peasantry1H <? )%ile fig%ting t%ese t'o deviations2 "ao made %is first ma0or contri!utions to t%e development of "arxist t%eory1 In "arc% 479D2 %e !roug%t out %is famous Analysis of the Classes in Chinese Society and in "arc% 479;2 %e presented %is Report on an 1n2estigation of the Peasant 'o2ement in ,unan 1 In t%ese 'or*s2 '%ile !asing %imself on t%e correct "arxist Leninist standpoint and met%od and on t%e Leninist t%eses on t%e national revolution in t%e colonies2 "ao developed t%e fundamental ideas of t%e ,e' $emocratic Revolution1 ?e ans'ered t%e 3uestions of '%o 'ere t%e friends and enemies of t%e C%inese revolution2 '%o 'as t%e leading force and '%o 'ere t%e relia!le and vacillating allies1 ?e also pointed t%e pat% along '%ic% t%e masses 'ere to !e mo!ilised2 a revolutionary government esta!lis%ed and t%e peasant armed forces organised1 T%is 'as "ao#s clear perspective for t%e direction t%e revolutionary forces s%ould ta*e during t%e ,ort%ern Expedition a critical stage of t%e &irst Revolutionary Civil )ar in C%ina1 ?o'ever2 t%oug% t%ese ideas 'ere forged in t%e cruci!le of t%e advancing C%inese revolution2 t%ey %eld tremendous significance for t%e storm of revolutions t%en rising in t%e countries oppressed !y imperialism1 T%e T%ird International at t%at time also paid considera!le attention to t%e 3uestions facing t%e revolutions in t%ese countries2 particularly C%ina1 Stalin too2 '%ile correcting t%e 'rong directions !eing proposed !y Linoviev2 Trots*y and ot%ers2 gave !roadly correct directions to t%e C%inese revolution1 ?e too %o'ever could not develop2 specifically and sufficiently2 t%e "arxist tools of ,e' $emocratic Revolution and Protracted People#s )ar necessary to understand and lead t%e revolutions in t%e colonies and semi colonies1 T%us t%e International could not rectify in time t%e various incorrect Rig%t and =Left# lines t%at at various times dominated t%e C%inese Party until "ao#s leaders%ip 'as esta!lis%ed in 476B1 Esta!lishment of Red Bases and Fight against various 5 eft* ines T%e Rig%t line of C%en Tu %siu dominated t%roug%out t%e period of t%e &irst Revolutionary Civil )ar and 'as one of t%e main reasons for t%e failure of t%e revolution during t%is period1 In August 479;2 at t%e start of t%e next period@ t%e Second Revolutionary Civil )ar Period@ C%en Tu %siu 'as removed as General Secretary after a firm criticism of %is Rig%t capitulationism1 ?o'ever t%e correct criticism of t%e Rig%t line gave 'ay almost immediately to t%e domination of a =Left# line in t%e Central Committee1 T%is line erroneously appraised t%e C%inese revolution as !eing on a =continuous upsurge#2 and t%erefore called for armed uprisings in many cities1 T%is led to %eavy losses and t%e a!andonment of t%is line !y April 47951 T%e Sixt% Congress of t%e CPC %eld in /une 4795 rectified t%is first =Left# line and adopted a !asically correct understanding2 repudiating !ot% t%e Rig%t and =Left# positions1 It 'as '%ile implementing t%is understanding2 and '%ile !uilding up t%e Red Army after t%e failures of t%e ,ort%ern Expedition and t%e city uprisings2 t%at "ao made %is furt%er contri!utions to t%e development of "arxist Leninist t%eory1 ?e 'rote Why is it that Re& Political Power can e3ist in China; in Gcto!er 47952 and $he Struggle in the Ching#ang 'ountains in ,ovem!er 47951 T%ese %istorical 'or*s provided t%e t%eoretical !asis for t%e %istorical process of !uilding and developing t%e Red Army t%en under 'ay1 T%ey also laid t%e initial foundations for t%e development of t%e "arxist Leninist understanding regarding t%e Pat% of Protracted People#s )ar@ t%e pat% for t%e revolutions in t%e colonies and semi colonies1 Implementing t%is understanding "ao led t%e systematic !uilding up of revolutionary !ase areas in large areas1 Soviets 'ere !uilt and a Provisional Government of t%e C%inese Soviet Repu!lic esta!lis%ed1 ?o'ever =left# ideas again started gaining ascendancy and from 476A too* over t%e leaders%ip of t%e party1 T'o =Left# lines led !y Li Li san in 476A and )ang "ing in 4764 68 dominated t%e party and caused incalcula!le %arm1 C%iang Jai s%e* mean'%ile organised repeated campaigns of encirclement

and suppression against t%e Red !ase areas1 In order to !rea* t%roug% C%iang Jai s%e*#s encirclement and 'in ne' victories it 'as decided from Gcto!er 47682 to underta*e t%e 'orld s%a*ing strategic s%ift2 *no'n as t%e Long "arc%1 It 'as during t%e Long "arc%2 at t%e Tsunyi Plenum of t%e CPC2 in /anuary 476B2 t%at leaders%ip of t%e party moved into t%e %ands of "ao and %is policies1 It 'as t%en decided to continue t%e Long "arc% in t%e nort%'ard direction to !e a!le to !etter co ordinate t%e nation 'ide anti /apanese movement '%ic% %ad !een gro'ing continuously since t%e /apanese attac* and occupation of ,ort% eastern C%ina in 47641 Tactics for the Anti67a%anese War of Resistance T%us immediately after t%e completion of t%e Long "arc%2 "ao concentrated on t%e adoption and implementation of a ne' tactical orientation in order to end t%e Civil )ar and unite t%e maximum forces for a )ar of Resistance against /apan1 ?is presentation +n $actics Against @apanese 1mperialism 'as a ma0or development of "arxist Leninist .nited &ront tactics1 T%is 'as later furt%er developed in %is "ay 476; Report on $he $as#s of the Chinese Communist Party in the Perio& of Resistance to @apan1 Giving a !rilliant exposition of t%e stage of development of C%ina#s internal and external contradictions2 "ao explained t%e c%ange in t%e Principal contradiction caused !y /apan#s aggression and t%erefore t%e c%ange in t%e .nited &ront tactics necessary to face t%e ne' situation1 It 'as a classical example of t%e use and development of "arxist p%ilosop%y to solve t%e pro!lems of t%e revolution1 &ao*s Other Contri!utions to &ar'ism6 eninism in this Period Around t%e same time2 "ao made outstanding contri!utions to t%e "arxist t%eory of cognition and dialectics t%roug% %is p%ilosop%ical essays2 =Gn Practice# and =Gn Contradiction#1 T%ey 'ere 'ritten as an attac* on su!0ectivism and dogmatism t%en rife in t%e C%inese Party2 !ut served also to present and develop universal "arxist p%ilosop%ical concepts in a simple manner for t%e international proletariat1 T%is is also t%e time '%en "ao 'rote Pro"lems of Strategy in China9s Re2olutionary War 2 a systematic "arxist Leninist presentation of military science and its application to C%ina#s revolutionary 'ar1 T%is2 com!ined 'it% %is later 'or*s <in "ay 4765> Pro"lems of Strategy in uerrilla War against @apan and +n Protracte& War2 raised "arxist Leninist military science to a ne' plane1 T%ey not only gave t%e direction for t%e victorious C%inese Red Army !ut laid t%e t%eoretical foundations for 'aging 'ars of national li!eration t%roug%out t%e 'orld1 T%e ot%er ma0or development of "arxist science of t%is period 'as "ao#s compre%ensive presentation of t%e t%eory of ,e' $emocracy1 T%is is contained particularly in %is 'or*s +n New Democracy2 =T%e C%inese Revolution and t%e C%inese Communist Party# and =Introducing T%e Communist# during t%e years 4767 8A1 )%ile firmly esta!lis%ing t%e ideological !asis of ,e' $emocracy and outlining t%e revolutionary motive forces and tas*s2 "ao also !roug%t to t%e forefront t%e necessity of developing t%e t%ree magic 'eapons@ .nited &ront2 People#s Army and Communist Party@ for t%e successful completion of revolution1 8ictor" of the Chinese Peo%le*s Revolution Armed 'it% t%ese ideological 'eapons2 t%e C%inese people 'on victory2 first in t%e )ar of Resistance against /apan and t%en against t%e reactionaries led !y C%iang Jai s%e*1 &rom a fig%ting force of 0ust over t'enty t%ousand at t%e end of t%e Long "arc%2 t%e Red Army gre' to a strengt% of one million to'ards t%e end of t%e anti /apanese 'ar in 478B1 At t%at time2 at t%e Sevent% Congress of t%e CPC in April 478B2 "ao in %is Report +n Coalition o2ernment2 presenting a detailed summing up of t%e anti /apanese 'ar and an analysis of t%e current international and domestic situation2 gave a specific programme for t%e formation of a coalition government 'it% t%e Juomintang even after t%e victory over t%e /apanese forces1 ?o'ever after t%e victory over t%e /apanese2 C%iang Jai s%e*2 !ecause of t%e

support of .1S1 imperialism and t%e superior strengt% of %is military forces2 refused to agree to t%e formation of a coalition government on any reasona!le terms1 At t%at time even HStalin 'anted to prevent C%ina from ma*ing revolution2 saying t%at Mt%e CPCN s%ould not %ave a civil 'ar and s%ould co operate 'it% C%iang Jai s%e*2 ot%er'ise t%e C%inese nation 'ould peris%1H <@ ,evert%eless t%e CPC under "ao 'ent a%ead and foug%t '%at came to !e *no'n as t%e T%ird Revolutionary Civil )ar1 .sing t%e "arxist tools forged !y "ao2 t%e CPC2 'it%in a period of four years2 'on nation 'ide victory over t%e .1S1 !ac*ed Juomintang1 As C%ina gained victory2 "arxist Leninists and t%e proletariat t%roug%out t%e 'orld 'ere filled 'it% 0oy and pride at t%e formation of a seemingly invinci!le socialist camp encompassing one t%ird of %umanity1 "ao2 %o'ever gave an idea of t%e c%allenges a%ead and dangers of t%e coming period1 In 47872 on t%e occasion of t%e t'enty eig%t% anniversary of t%e founding of t%e CPC2 in %is speec% +n the People9s Democratic Dictatorship2 %e said2 HT'enty eig%t years of our Party are a long period2 in '%ic% 'e %ave accomplis%ed only one t%ing@ 'e %ave 'on !asic victory in t%e revolutionary 'ar1 T%is calls for cele!ration2 !ecause it is t%e people#s victory2 !ecause it is a victory in a country as large as C%ina1 (ut 'e still %ave muc% 'or* to do C to use t%e analogy of a 0ourney2 our past 'or* is only t%e first step in a long marc% of ten t%ousand li1H <, Esta!lishment of the #ocialist Cam% T%e end of t%e Second )orld )ar sa' t%e 'orld of Imperialism engulfed in one more serious revolutionary crisis1 T%e )ar '%ic% massacred an estimated fifty four million lives %ad also destroyed t%e economies of all t%e leading imperialist countries except t%e .SA1 T%e old colonial po'ers 'ere in no position to %old on to t%eir colonies1 An upsurge of national li!eration struggles t%us sa' t%e collapse of all t%e empires of t%e imperialist 'orld1 As it !ecame clear t%at direct rule 'ould not !e possi!le for t%e imperialist ruler t%e old colonial systems of England2 &rance and t%e ,et%erlands 3uic*ly gave in1 T%e /apanese empire collapsed in 478B itself 'it% defeat in t%e 'ar1 T%e countries '%ic% immediately 'ent t%roug% t%e process of decolonisation and 'ere given formal independence 'ere Syria and Le!anon in 478B2 India and Pa*istan in 478;2 (urma2 Ceylon <Sri Lan*a>2 and t%e $utc% East Indies <Indonesia> in47851 "ean'%ile popular movements and armed struggles for national li!eration continued t%roug% out t%e colonies1 "ean'%ile a large num!er of countries directly crossed over into t%e camp of socialism1 $ue to t%e correct tactics adopted during t%e 'ar and t%e valour of t%e Soviet Red Army and t%e communist resistance almost t%e '%ole of East Europe !ecame people#s democracies led !y communist parties1 (esides t%ese revolutionary seiFure of po'er !y communist parties too* place in Asia in ,ort% Vietnam2 ,ort% Jorea and C%ina1 T%oug% Kugoslavia almost immediately opted out in 4785 t%e remaining countries formed a po'erful socialist camp united under t%e leaders%ip of t%e Soviet .nion and covering one t%ird of %umanity1

Cha%ter 8III

The Fi9th Perio1 % &*(* - &*)#econd #tage of $eneral Crisis Chinese Path of Revolution E'%ansion of the World Econom" &odern Revisionism and Colla%se of the #ocialist Cam% The $reat De!ate

T)o6 ine #truggle against Ca%italist Roaders Political Econom" of #ocialism The $reat Proletarian Cultural Revolution Esta!lishment of &aoism as /e) #tage of &ar'ism6 eninism Revival of Revolutionar" &ovements #ome 5 eft* Ideological Currents in this Period Deng Revisionism and the oss of All #ocialist Bases

#econd #tage of $eneral Crisis T%e Second Stage of t%e General Crisis of Capitalism !egan 'it% t%e Second )orld )ar and continued to deepen for a!out a decade after t%e )ar due to massive devastation of t%e economies of t%e ma0or imperialist po'ers @ (ritain2 &rance2 Germany2 Italy2 /apan@ during t%e )ar1 &urt%er2 as pointed out !y Stalin2 t%e disintegration of t%e single2 all em!racing 'orld mar*et 'as t%e most important economic se3uel of t%e Second )orld )ar1 T%e sp%ere of exploitation of t%e 'orld#s resources !y t%e ma0or capitalist countries %ad actually contracted and t%e General Crisis continued to deepen furt%er due to decolonisation and t%e ina!ility of t%e imperialists to exploit and loot t%e T%ird )orld at t%eir 'ill and pleasure1 'ere yet to recover from ruins of t%e )ar and get out of t%eir deep revolutionary crisis1 T%e revolutionary upsurge of anti imperialist2 anti colonial struggles in t%e colonial and semi colonial countries of Asia 2 Africa and Latin America continued1 A popular movement in Persia <Iran>2 !roug%t $r1 "u%ammad "ussadi3 to po'er '%o immediately in 47B4 nationalised t%e 'estern oil companies1 T%is !roug%t a!out %is overt%ro' !y a coup in 47B6 organised !y t%e Anglo American secret services @ t%e first of t%e coups used !y t%e imperialists '%ic% soon !ecame an important 'eapon of control of governments !y imperialism in t%e period of neo colonialism1 In 47B9 a =&ree Gfficers# coup !roug%t ,asser to po'er t%oug% (ritain and &rance tried unsuccessfully to overt%ro' %im 'it% t%e %elp of Israel in t%e SueF 'ar of 47BD1 Ira3 set up its o'n government in47B51 "any of t%e national li!eration movements in t%e BAs %ad to engage in guerrilla 'arfare to ac%ieve t%eir aims1 It 'as during t%is period t%at t%e Vietnamese2 Laotian and Cam!odian people under t%e leaders%ip of t%e communist party 'ere 'aging t%eir armed struggle against t%e &renc%1 Similarly t%e Algerian people %ad to fig%t a !itter armed li!eration struggle from 47B8 to 47D9 !efore t%e &renc% 'ere finally forced to leave1 Armed guerrilla struggle 'as also 'aged in "alaya2 Jenya and Cyprus against t%e (ritis%1 ?o'ever it 'as t%e Cu!an Revolution of 4st /anuary2 47B7 '%ic% overt%re' t%e corrupt .S puppet dictator (atista and c%allenged t%e 'orld superpo'er directly1 "ilitarily t%e Cu!an armed struggle 'as not so large or long dra'n out <47BD B5> !ut !eing so close to t%e .nited States it 'as ta*en !y t%eir ruling classes as a direct c%allenge to t%eir %egemony1 T%e struggle#s main leaders2 &idel Castro and C%e Guevara2 'ere not communists2 and t%e Cu!an Communist Party 'as even for some time opposed to t%em2 !ut it 'as t%eir opposition to t%e .S t%at convinced t%em to declare t%emselves as communists over a year after t%e success of t%e revolution1 T%e success of t%e Cu!an Revolution %ad an impact t%roug%out t%e 'orld and particularly in Latin America as it proved t%at it 'as possi!le to c%allenge t%e imperialist po'er '%o lorded over t%e '%ole American continent and %ad !ecome t%e 'orld#s first superpo'er1 T%e Jorean 'ar of t%is period 'as anot%er struggle sym!olising t%e crisis and desperation of .S imperialism1 T%e .S imperialists deployed t%e full strengt% of t%eir armed forces to attempt to crus% t%e communist revolution t%ere and ta*e over t%e $emocratic People#s Repu!lic of Jorea2 as 'ell as enter nort% east C%ina1 After four years of 'ar <47BA B6> in '%ic% t%ree to four million 'ere estimated to %ave !een *illed and '%ere fifty t%ousand .S soldiers died2 t%e communist revolution in t%e ,ort%

remained undefeated1 T%e Sout% %o'ever remained in t%e %ands of a regime propped up !y t%e .S1 T%e 'ar 'as crucial as it 'as t%e first post )orld )ar II 'ar to prove t%at t%e ne' super po'er despite its tremendous economic and military strengt% 'as a paper tiger in t%e face of a people#s struggle1 Communist C%ina played a crucial role !y sending t%e C%inese People#s Volunteers to %elp t%e Jorean people to !eat !ac* t%e .S army1 Chinese Path of Revolution Immediately after t%e esta!lis%ment of t%e C%inese Peoples# Repu!lic2 "ao visited t%e .SSR for t'o mont%s2 during '%ic%2 after detailed discussions 'it% Stalin2 various treaties of %istoric significance 'ere signed1 It 'as also during t%is period t%at t%e international communist movement recognised t%e significance of t%e C%inese pat% of revolution2 for t%e colonies and semi colonies1 In t%e 9; /anuary2 47BA2 editorial of %or a -asting Peace/ %or a People9s Democracy 2 t%e organ of t%e Cominform2 it 'as stated2 HT%e pat% ta*en !y t%e C%inese people11 is t%e pat% t%at s%ould !e ta*en !y t%e people of many colonial and dependent countries in t%eir struggle for national independence and people#s democracy1 HT%e experience of t%e victorious national li!eration struggle of t%e C%inese people teac%es t%at t%e 'or*ing class must unite 'it% all classes2 parties2 groups and organisations 'illing to fig%t t%e imperialists and t%eir %irelings and to form a !road2 nation 'ide united front2 %eaded !y t%e 'or*ing class and its vanguard@ t%e communist party2111 HA decisive condition for t%e victorious outcome of t%e national li!eration struggle is t%e formation2 '%en t%e necessary internal conditions allo' for it2 of people#s li!eration armies under t%e leaders%ip of t%e communist party1H <0 T%us2 t%e universal applica!ility of "arxist Leninist t%eory developed !y "ao @ i1e1 "aoism @ 'as recognised2 and !egan to !ecome t%e guideline for genuine revolutionaries t%roug%out t%e 'orld2 particularly in t%e colonies and semi colonies1 At t%e same time C%ina started t%e %istoric tas* of putting a !ac*'ard semi feudal2 semi colonial society on t%e road to socialism1 .nder "ao#s guidance2 t%e policy of =t%ree years for preparation and ten years for planned economic construction#2 'as adopted and significant successes 'ere ac%ieved in t%e initial period1 E'%ansion of the World Econom" (y t%e mid 47BAs all t%e ma0or imperialist po'ers overcame t%e pro!lem of s%ortages and sta!ilised t%emselves 'it% t%e %elp of t%e American imperialists1 After reac%ing t%e pre 'ar levels !y t%e mid 47BAs2 t%eir economies !egan to expand rapidly for t%e next decade and a %alf finally plunging into a prolonged 'orld economic crisis from t%e early 47;As1 T%e output of manufactures 3uadrupled !et'een t%e early 47BAs and t%e early 47;As and 'orld trade in manufactures gre' tenfold1 T%e total energy consumption also s%ot up2 '%ere as in t%e case of t%e .S it actually tripled !et'een 47BA and 47;61 Some ma0or causes for t%is long post 'ar expansion 'ereC t%e re!uilding of t%e 'ar ravaged economies of )est Europe and /apan2 ma0or 'ars in Jorea and Indo C%ina along 'it% t%e emergence of peace time permanent economies2 ne' T%ird )orld mar*ets2 ne' industries2 and ma0or state intervention in t%e economy1 T%e nature of t%e expansion %o'ever 'as suc% as to s%arply increase t%e disparity !et'een t%e ric% and poor countries1 T%e expansion %o'ever reac%ed its saturation point !y t%e early 47;AsC t%e .S economy in fact started going into recession from t%e late DAs itself 'it% a s%arp fall in t%e rate of profitC t%e gold dollar !ased (retton )oods international financial system collapsed in 47;4C commodity prices !oomed in 47;9 ;6 and finally t%e oil prices 'ere drastically raised in 47;6 t%ro'ing t%e economy of 'orld imperialism into severe crisis1 T%e s%oc* 'as so great t%at t%e so called =developed mar*et economies# in 0ust one year dropped 4AO in industrial production and 46O in international trade1 T%ey 'ere t%ro'n into a lengt%y spell of stagnation from '%ic% t%ey %ave yet to s%o' signs of recovering1 T%e lengt%y years of post 'ar expansion 'ere %o'ever more t%an

matc%ed in t%e earlier period !y t%e socialist countries1 In fact in t%e fifties t%e Soviet .nion#s economy gre' at a rate of B1;O '%ic% 'as far %ig%er t%an any )estern country1 Even t%e ot%er socialist economies gre' at a rapid pace1 ?o'ever t%is rate started falling after t%e process of restoration of capitalism started1 T%e .SSR rate of gro't% t%en fell to B19O in t%e 47DAs and 61;O in t%e first %alf of t%e 47;As1 &odern Revisionism and Colla%se of the #ocialist Cam% In 47B62 after t%e deat% of Stalin2 a revisionist cli3ue led !y J%rusc%ev2 performed a coup2 and too* over t%e controls of t%e CPS.2 t%en t%e leading party of t%e international proletariat1 T%ey t%re' out or *illed t%e revolutionaries in t%e party2 started t%e process of restoration of capitalism in t%e first land of socialism and proceeded to develop ties 'it% t%e imperialist camp2 particularly .1S1 imperialism1 (y 47BD2 after securing firm control over t%e CPS.2 t%ey2 at t%e 9At% Congress of t%e CPS.2 started spreading t%eir revisionist poison among ot%er communist parties1 T%ey simultaneously attac*ed t%e so called Stalin personality cult and introduced t%eir revisionist t%eory of t%e t%ree peacefuls@ peaceful transition2 peaceful coexistence and peaceful competition1 T%e ma0ority of t%e leaders%ips of t%e communist parties of t%e 'orld !ac*ed t%e revisionist J%rusc%evite line1 "any prominent leaders and parties2 %ad already started ta*ing t%e revisionist line in t%eir o'n countries1 (ro'der in t%e .SA %ad already put for'ard t%eories of colla!oration !et'een socialism and capitalism and moved out of t%e international communist movement C T%oreF2 t%e former T%ird International leader from &rance2 '%o !ecame enamoured 'it% t%e !ourgeoisie follo'ing t%e period in t%e anti fascist front2 %ad in t%e post 'ar years ta*en national c%auvinist positions to'ards t%e peoples of t%e &renc% colonies and !ecome a lac*ey of t%e &renc% imperialist !ourgeoisie C Togliatti of Italy2 anot%er ma0or T%ird International leader2 %ad 'anted to =reform# and =restructure# capitalism into socialism t%roug% =structural reforms# t%roug% t%e !ourgeois parliament C t%e Communist Party of India leaders%ip %ad already c%anged t%eir tactical line to recognise t%e peaceful pat%1 T%us t%ese revisionist forces2 '%o %ad not !een sufficiently criticised and defeated in t%e earlier period2 3uite %appily 0umped on to t%e J%rusc%evite !and'agon1 )%ere %o'ever suc% parties tried in any serious manner to implement =peaceful transition# t%roug% t%e electoral system and '%ere suc% efforts sufficiently t%reatened t%e social order2 t%ey 'ere eliminated t%roug% military coups and savage repression2 as in (raFil <47D8>2 Indonesia <47DB>2 and C%ile <47;6>1 Among t%e ne'ly formed People#s $emocracies2 t%e League of Communists of Kugoslavia2 led !y Tito2 %ad already2 from 47852 started on t%e revisionist road and !ro*en off from t%e socialist camp1 "ost of t%e remaining leaders%ips aligned 'it% J%rusc%ev1 )it%in t%e socialist camp it 'as only t%e CPC and t%e Al!anian Party of La!our '%o identified and recognised J%rusc%evite revisionism and made a valiant and determined defence of "arxism Leninism1 The $reat De!ate T%e CPC2 under "ao#s guidance 'as in t%e vanguard of t%is struggle1 )it%in t'o mont%s of t%e 9At% CPS. Congress t%e CPC pu!lis%ed an article =Gn t%e ?istorical Experience of t%e $ictators%ip of t%e Proletariat#2 '%ic% up%eld Stalin as an outstanding "arxist Leninist1 T%is 'as follo'ed !y anot%er article in $ecem!er 47BD2 'ore on the ,istorical E3perience of the Dictatorship of the Proletariat2 '%ic% insisted t%at t%e socialist camp s%ould clearly demarcate '%o are its friends and enemies1 T%is 'as com!ined 'it% a seven year long attempt to struggle 'it% and defeat t%e J%rusc%evite revisionist line 'it%in party forums2 particularly at t%e meetings of DA fraternal parties in47B; and of 54 fraternal parties in 47DA2 and at meetings 'it% t%e CPS. leaders%ip1 T%is struggle2 '%ic% came out in t%e open in 47D6 and continued t%roug% 47D82 came to !e *no'n as t%e Great $e!ate1 It 'as not only a principled and compre%ensive struggle against modern revisionism and t%e rallying point for all proletarian revolutionary forces t%roug%out t%e 'orld1 It 'as also a scientific development of "arxism Leninism2 '%ic% gave t%e international communist movement its revolutionary general line for t%at

period1 It 'as t%roug% t%e Great $e!ate t%at "ao advanced t%e science of "arxism Leninism !y providing t%e ans'ers to t%e most significant 3uestions !efore t%e international proletariat@ t%e fundamental contradictions in t%e 'orld2 '%o are friends and enemies2 t%e aims of t%e movement2 and t%e pat% for ac%ieving t%e victory of )orld Socialist Revolution1 T%ese formulations 'ere mainly contained in t%e famous /une 48t% Letter of t%e CPC to t%e CPS. giving its proposal regarding a general line for t%e international communist movement1 Su!se3uent to t%e letter of /une 48t%247D62 t%e CPC !roug%t out nine comments outlining and ela!orating t%e revolutionary position on various issues@ neo colonialism2 'ar and peace2 peaceful existence2 Kugoslavia2 J%rusc%ev#s revisionism and t%e %istorical lessons to !e dra'n t%erefrom1 It 'as t%roug% t%e Great $e!ate t%at "aoism gained furt%er acceptance as t%e guiding ideology of t%e revolutionary sections of t%e international proletariat1 T)o6 ine #truggle against Ca%italist Roaders $uring t%e period of t%e rise of modern revisionism in t%e CPS.2 certain revisionist trends started gaining prominence even in t%e CPC2 at t%e %ig%est levels1 T%is reac%ed its pea* at t%e Eig%t% Congress of t%e CPC in Septem!er2 47BD2 '%ere t%e revisionist understanding of t%e t%en General Secretary2 Liu S%ao c%i2 dominated1 T%us t%e Political Report presented !y Liu S%ao c%i2 %ailed t%e revisionist T'entiet% Congress of t%e CPS.2 as %aving Hdecided on many important policies and principles for furt%er development of t%e cause of socialism and repudiated t%e cult of t%e individual '%ic% %ad %ad grave conse3uences inside t%e Party1H -1 &urt%er2 t%e resolution adopted on t%e Political Report asserted Ht%at t%e contradiction !et'een t%e proletariat and t%e !ourgeoisie in our country %as !een !asically resolved2H and t%at Ht%e ma0or contradiction in our country111in essence2 is !et'een t%e advanced socialist system and t%e !ac*'ard productive forces of society1H -+ T%is 'as t%e =t%eory of productive forces# '%ic% %eld t%at during social transformation2 class struggle goes into t%e !ac*ground and rapid development of productive forces t%roug% t%e state mac%inery !ecomes primary1 "ao consistently opposed t%is line and clearly laid do'n t%at class struggle is t%e *ey lin* for t%e development of socialist society1 T%us t%e struggle against t%e capitalist roaders inside t%e CPC and particularly t%e !ourgeois %ead3uarters led !y Liu S%ao c%i on t%e one %and2 and t%e struggle against J%rusc%ev#s revisionism in t%e International Communist "ovement on t%e ot%er2 proceeded simultaneously and formed part of an overall struggle against modern revisionism1 &ollo'ing t%e domination of t%e revisionist line at t%e 5t% Congress2 "ao mo!ilised t%e masses against t%e rig%tists t%roug% a rectification and socialist education campaign@ t%e %undred flo'ers campaign1 In %is 'or*2 +n the Correct ,an&ling of Contra&ictions Among the People in 47B;2 %e strongly stressed2 HClass struggle is !y no means over1 T%e class struggle !et'een t%e proletariat and t%e !ourgeoisie2 t%e class struggle !et'een t%e various political forces2 and t%e class struggle !et'een t%e proletariat and t%e !ourgeoisie in t%e ideological field 'ill still !e protracted and tortuous and at times very s%arp1 T%e proletariat see*s to transform t%e 'orld according to its o'n 'orld outloo*2 and so does t%e !ourgeoisie1 In t%is respect2 t%e 3uestion of '%ic% 'ill 'in out2 socialism or capitalism2 is not really settled yet1H -; In t%e a!ove mentioned 'or*2 "ao also made a significant furt%er development of "arxist t%eory 'it% regards to t%e understanding of contradictions 'it%in society2 t%e different types of contradictions and t%e different met%ods of %andling t%ese contradictions1 In particular it 'as a ma0or contri!ution to t%e "arxist understanding regarding socialist construction1 It sa' socialist construction not merely as a set of economic targets to !e fulfilled2 !ut as a dialectical process of development t%roug% t%e resolution of contradictions1 Political Econom" of #ocialism At t%is time "ao initiated a deep study of economic t%eory to find t%e ans'ers to t%e 3uestions of socialist economic construction1 In a sense %e 'as continuing t%e 'or* left unfinis%ed !y Stalin1 In t%e last years of %is life2 Stalin %ad initiated t%e 'riting of a text !oo* of Political Economy2 'it% t%e

particular aim of explaining t%e c%aracter and functioning of t%e economic la's under socialism1 ?e %ad given t%e !road t%eoretical frame'or* for it in %is important 'or*2 Economic Pro"lems of Socialism in the 8SSR2 and %ad targeted it to !e completed in 47B61 It %ad %o'ever remained unfinis%ed and it 'as only after %is deat% t%at t%e !oo* 'as pu!lis%ed2 in t%e mid fifties2 during t%e J%rusc%evite period1 Since t%is !oo* 'as of central importance to t%e understanding to t%e process of socialist construction t%en under'ay in C%ina and also crucial to t%e fig%t against modern revisionism and t%e capitalist roaders2 "ao recommended t%e study of Stalin#s 'or* as 'ell as t%e Soviet political economy text!oo*1 T%is ma0or process of study and de!ate and "ao#s intense personal involvement in it led to a furt%er development in t%e understanding regarding t%e political economy of socialism1 T%is 'as centralised in "ao#s 'ritings lin*ing t%e experience of Soviet and C%inese socialist construction and t%e concepts in t%e Soviet !oo*s1 T%ey 'ere later !roug%t out as a !oo*2 Critique of So2iet Economics1 T%is !oo* !ridged t%e ma0or gap in "arxist t%eory 'it% regards to t%e understanding of t%e o!0ective la's of socialism1 It corrected some of t%e erroneous conceptions of Stalin regarding t%e role of t%e superstructure2 of politics2 of t%e masses2 of %is mistrust of t%e peasantry2 and concerning t%e need to find a 'ay to ma*e t%e transition from collective to pu!lic o'ners%ip1 It presented t%e '%ole development of socialism as a dialectical process2 as a process of development of contradictions2 as a process of classes and class struggle1 T%is conceptual leap in t%e understanding of socialist construction %ad a tremendous impact on t%e formulation and implementation of socialist plans and policies in C%ina1 It also2 during t%e Cultural Revolution2 led to t%e formulation of a text!oo* on t%e Political Economy of Socialism2 '%ic% in a systematic manner2 formulated and incorporated t%e developments of "ao in t%e science of "arxist political economy1 The $reat Proletarian Cultural Revolution $uring t%e Great $e!ate2 t%e CPC2 in its comment +n >hrushche29s Phoney Communism an& its ,istorical -essons for the Worl&2 %ad listed "ao#s t%eories and policies for preventing t%e restoration of capitalism1 ?o'ever 'it%in t%e CPC itself t%ere 'as strong resistance from t%e %ig%est levels2 led !y Liu S%ao c%i2 to t%e implementation of t%ese t%eories and t%e concrete programme !eing proposed !y "ao1 T%us t%oug% t%e socialist cultural revolution 'as officially accepted at t%e Tent% Plenary Session of t%e Eig%t% Central Committee in 47D92 t%e implementation 'as %alf %earted and 'ent in a direction counter to t%e line given !y "ao1 &inally t%e CC under t%e direction of "ao2 issued a circular on 4Dt% "ay2 47DD2 dissolved t%e =Group of &ive#2 under '%ose c%arge t%e Cultural Revolution 'as !eing sa!otaged2 and set up a ne' =Cultural Revolution Group# directly under t%e Polit!uro Standing Committee1 T%is action led to t%e actual initiation of t%e Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution2 '%ic% according to t%e Elevent% Plenum of t%e CC in August 47DD2 'as Ha ne' stage in t%e development of t%e socialist revolution in our country2 a deeper and more extensive stage1H -< As "ao %as said2 HT%e Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution is in essence a great political revolution under socialist conditions !y t%e proletariat against t%e !ourgeoisie and all ot%er exploiting classes1 It is t%e continuation of t%e long struggle against t%e Juomintang reactionaries 'aged !y t%e CPC and t%e !road revolutionary masses under its leaders%ip1 It is continuation of t%e struggle !et'een t%e proletariat and !ourgeoisie1H -- "ao#s conception of t%e Cultural Revolution inspired t%e %undreds of millions of revolutionary 'or*ing people of C%ina2 '%o 'ere mo!ilised in class struggle to safeguard t%e revolution1 T%is struggle 'as directed against t%e !ourgeois %ead3uarters in t%e party and state mac%inery and succeeded in removing many of t%em2 li*e Liu S%ao c%i2 from t%eir positions of po'er1 (ut t%e main ac%ievement of t%e Cultural Revolution 'as t%at it s%o'ed t%e 'orld proletariat t%e pat% for !uilding socialism and preventing t%e restoration of capitalism1 Esta!lishment of &aoism as /e) #tage of &ar'ism6 eninism

T%e Cultural Revolution @ a great leap in "arxist t%eory and practice @ 'as a ma0or source of inspiration too for revolutionaries t%roug%out t%e 'orld1 $uring t%e Great $e!ate many revolutionary forces %ad gat%ered around t%e revolutionary line of t%e CPC led !y "ao2 !ut it 'as mainly during t%e Cultural Revolution t%at t%ese forces t%roug%out t%e 'orld came to accept t%at it 'as "aoism t%at could provide t%e ans'ers to t%e pro!lems of )orld Socialist Revolution1 T%is 'as em!odied in t%e resolution of t%e ,int% Congress of t%e CPC in 47D72 '%ic% made t%e assertion t%at H"ao T%oug%t is "arxism Leninism of t%e era in '%ic% imperialism is %eading for total collapse and socialism is advancing to 'orld 'ide victory1H It 'as during t%is period t%at revolutionary parties2 on t%e ideological !asis of "arxism Leninism "aoism2 'ere esta!lis%ed in almost all countries of t%e 'orld1 "ao#s analysis of t%e international situation also !egan !eing proved in practice1 Gn t%e one %and2 t%e Soviet .nion2 after t%e restoration of capitalism2 %ad moved on to esta!lis%ing imperialist relations of exploitation and oppression in various parts of t%e 'orld1 It !ecame a super po'er competing 'it% t%e .SA for 'orld %egemony1 At t%e same time imperialism2 from 47;62 entered a period of severe intensification of its general crisis1 Gn t%e ot%er %and2 as "ao %ad une3uivocally stated2 t%e countries of Asia2 Africa and Latin America2 !ecame increasingly t%e storm centres of 'orld revolution1 ,umerous national li!eration movements in t%ese countries too* to t%e pat% of armed struggle under t%e influence of "aoism1 Communist revolutionaries too2 for long paralysed !y t%e revisionist trends in t%e international communist movement2 too* to t%e pat% of protracted people#s 'ar1 T%is 'as all in consonance 'it% "ao#s understanding t%at =countries 'ant independence2 nations 'ant freedom2 people 'ant revolution1# T%us t%e development of "arxism Leninism to a ne' stage@ "aoism@ 'as an event of tremendous significance in 'orld %istory1 It prevented t%e anni%ilation of t%e international communist movement from one of t%e most serious attac*s of t%e !ourgeoisie@ t%e modern revisionists1 It provided t%e pat% for t%e proletariat and oppressed peoples of t%e 'orld1 It also provided t%e international proletariat 'it% t%e t%eoretical and practical 'eapons to fig%t against t%e restoration of capitalism and t%us even face t%e situation '%en all its socialist !ases in t%e 'orld 'ere lost1 Revival of Revolutionar" &ovements T%e late DAs @ t%e period of t%e GPCR and t%e esta!lis%ment of "aoism as a ne' stage of "arxism Leninism @ 'as a period of revolutionary ferment in many parts of t%e 'orld1 T%e revolutionary 'ar in Indo C%ina 'as dealing severe !lo's to t%e tremendous military mig%t of t%e .S imperialists1 Simultaneously revolutionaries !rea*ing a'ay from t%e %old of t%e modern revisionists launc%ed armed struggles under t%e guidance of "aoism in many parts of t%e T%ird )orld during t%is period @ t%e ongoing armed struggles in t%e P%ilippines and India are a continuation since t%en1 ,ational li!eration struggles 'aging guerrilla 'ar 'ere also raging in various parts as 'ell as armed struggles under Guevarist ideology in parts of Latin America1 T%e influence of t%e Indo C%ina 'ar and t%ese movements in t%e T%ird )orld as 'ell as t%e GPCR 'as one of t%e ma0or factors for t%e vast out !rea* of students and anti 'ar movements t%roug%out t%e capitalist 'orld at t%e end of t%e sixties1 T%e Paris student revolt of "ay 47D5 'as t%e most significant !ut only one of a 'ave of student revolt ranging from t%e .SA and "exico to Italy and even to Poland2 CFec%oslova*ia and Kugoslavia1 It also %ad its impact on student movements in various parts of t%e T%ird )orld1 At t%e same time t%e anti Vietnam 'ar protests started pic*ing up in t%e .SA and ot%er parts of t%e 'orld 'it% massive peace movements against 'ar and t%e nuclear arms race in ma0or cities of Europe1 T%e .S imperialists 'ere effectively isolated as not even one of t%eir allies agreed to send troops to fig%t in Vietnam1 T%e effect of t%ese movements 'ere so great t%at '%en t%e .S sent in aeroplanes and arms to aid Israel in t%e Kom Jippur 'ar of 47;6 not a single of t%e )est European imperialist po'ers

except Portugal @ t%en in t%e last year of t%e pre 'ar fascist2 SalaFar @ 'ere even ready to give landing and refuelling facilities to t%e Americans1 &ollo'ing t%e students movement t%ere 'as also a ma0or gro't% of struggles of t%e industrial 'or*ing class in t%e )est European countries particularly Italy and &rance2 t%oug% largely on economic demands1 T%e long period of economic expansion %ad raised t%e productivity of la!our !ut %ad reduced t%e s%are of t%e 'or*ing class in total income1 ?uge 'aves of stri*es 'it% ma0or 'age demands often paralysed entire economies of t%e imperialist countries1 T%e mid ;As sa' t%e final overt%ro' of many long standing colonial regimes after long guerrilla 'ars1 T%us t%e .S and t%eir puppets 'ere t%ro'n out of Vietnam2 Cam!odia and Laos in47;B1 In Africa t%e repu!lics of "oFam!i3ue2 Angola2 Et%iopia2 Congo2 and (enin 'ere formed in t%is period2 particularly after t%e !rea*do'n of t%e Portuguese colonial empire2 after t%e overt%ro' of SalaFar in a coup in April 47;81 ?o'ever most of t%ese countries 'ere ta*en over !y puppets or satellites of t%e ne' imperialism Soviet social imperialism1 A prominent exception 'as Cam!odia <Jampuc%ea>2 '%ere genuine communist revolutionaries t%e J%mer Rouge remained independent until invaded in 47;5 !y Vietnam on t%e !e%est of t%e Soviet imperialists1 #ome 5 eft* Ideological Currents in this Period In t%e period after t%e attac* on Stalin !y J%rusc%ev at t%e 9At% CPS. Congress in 47BD t%ere 'as some confusion in various communist parties of t%e )est '%ic% gave rise to ne' t%eories trying to reinterprete "arxism1 Groups !y t%e name of ,e' Left arose first in &rance in t%e late fifties and later in (ritain and ot%er countries1 In (ritain t%eir literature mainly appeared in t%e ,e' Revie' and t%e .niversity and Left Revie'2 '%ic% later merged into t%e ,e' Left Revie'1 Lac*ing a clear and common orientation2 t%e common c%aracteristic of t%is ,e' Left trend 'as a criticism of Stalin 'it%out clearly identifying 'it% eit%er t%e Soviet or C%inese positions in t%e Great $e!ate1 T%is !road categorisation of vie's %o'ever gained in popularity after t%e gro't% in Latin American movements attempting to follo' t%e model of t%e Cu!an Revolution and furt%er in t%e 'a*e of t%e 'orld 'ide upsurge of student movements in t%e late DAs1 T%e peculiarities of t%e Cu!an Revolution gave rise to t%eories up%olding it as t%e example suited to Latin American conditions1 An attempt 'as made on t%e !asis of t%e Cu!an experience to even revise some !asic "arxist Leninist formulations1 T%is 'as done !y t%e Revolution#s leaders &idel Castro and C%e Guevara2 !ut also 3uite considera!ly !y Regis $e!ray2 a &renc%man '%o tried to formulate a t%eory of revolution for Latin America1 Gne of t%e central points of "arxism re0ected !y t%ese formulations 'as t%e need for a proletarian vanguard party to successfully complete t%e revolution1 As mentioned earlier t%e leaders of t%e Cu!an Revolution 'ere not mem!ers of t%e Cu!an Communist PartyC and it 'as only t'o and a %alf years after seiFure of po'er t%at Castro formed t%e Partido de la Revolucion Socialista <PRS> '%ic% included t%e old Communist Party1 T%us2 according to $e!ray2 Castro %eld t%e vie' t%at Ht%ere is no revolution 'it%out a vanguardC t%at t%is vanguard is not necessarily t%e "arxist Leninist partyC and t%at t%ose '%o 'ant to ma*e t%e revolution %ave t%e rig%t and duty to constitute t%emselves a vanguard2 independently of t%ese parties1H -2 T%is conception 'as furt%er t%eorised !y $e!ray to t%e sp%ere of t%e relation of t%e people#s army and t%e party1 ?e felt t%at t%e su!ordination of t%e military to t%e political 'as inappropriate for Latin America '%ere t%e Communist Parties %ad not !een a!le to ta*e root and develop in t%e same 'ay as in Russia and C%ina1 ?e t%eorised t%at t%e =staggering novelty# of t%e Cu!an Revolution 'as t%at it introduced t%e guerrilla force as t%e party in em!ryo1 ?e !elieved t%e people#s army to !e t%e nucleus of t%e party and not vice versa1 T%e guerrilla force 'as to !e t%e political vanguard#s initial form and

from its development a real party could rise1 Central to t%is process 'as t%e concept of t%e guerrilla =foco# <focus> '%ere t%e guerrilla s3uad 'as t%e central focus of all forms of organisation and elevated a!ove all else1 $e!ray contrasted 'it% t%e Vietnamese experience says t%at unli*e t%ere '%ere t%e military pyramid of t%e li!eration forces 'as !uilt from t%e !ase up2 in Latin America it 'ould !e !uilt from t%e apex do'n1 "any of t%e concepts propagated !y Guevara and t%eorised !y $e!ray ran counter to t%e !asic "arxist understanding of revolution1 T%ey 'ere !ased on an understanding t%at dedicated2 'ell organised and militarised %eroes can ma*e %istory and !elittled t%e role of t%e masses in t%e revolution1 In contrast to "ao#s principle t%at t%e guerrillas relation 'it% t%e masses is li*e fis% 'it% 'ater2 $e!ray formulated t%ree golden rules =constant vigilance2 constant mistrust2 constant mo!ility1# &urt%er t%e analysis concentrated only on t%e military aspect 'it%out attempting to understand t%e political context of t%e class forces at t%e time of t%e Cu!an Revolution or later in Latin America1 It t%us could not arrive at t%e correct conclusions regarding t%e central issue of t%e friends and enemies of t%e revolution2 t%e 3uestion of t%e united front and t%e leaders%ip of t%e revolution1 In t%e aftermat% of t%e Cu!an Revolution many guerrilla struggles along Guevarist lines 'ere attempted in ot%er Latin American countries !ut most met 'it% failure1 Guevara %imself died '%ile fig%ting in one suc% guerrilla 'ar in (olivia1 Gne of t%e most prominent of t%ese movements '%ic% continues to t%is day is t%e armed struggle led !y t%e Armed &orces of t%e Colom!ian Revolution <&ARC>1 T%e t%eories of Guevara and $e!ray '%ic% neglected t%e leading role of t%e 'or*ing class2 also gained prominence during t%e upsurge of students# movements in t%e late sixties as t%ey seemed to prove t%e importance of non class categories and t%e revolutionary potential of t%e students and yout% as compared to t%e 'or*ing class and t%e peasantry1 Anot%er group of t%eorists '%o in t%is period gained some prominence '%ile attempting to revise !asic "arxist t%eory 'ere t%e =dependency# t%eorists in t%e field of political economy1 Prominent among t%em 'ere AndrP Gunder &ran*2 Emmanuel Aliger%i and Samir Amin1 T%ey sa' t%e source of exploitation not in production !ut in distri!ution and in '%at t%ey defined as =une3ual exc%ange#C t%ey a!andoned t%e categories of imperialism and colonies and semi colonies and instead tal*ed of t%e =centre# and =perip%ery# of 'orld capitalismC t%ey did not accept t%at imperialism tended to preserve pre capitalist relations in t%e colonial countries !ut instead analysed t%at capitalist relations %ad developed in t%e =dependent# capitalisms of t%e perip%ery1 Deng Revisionism and the oss of All #ocialist Bases After t%e deat% of "ao in47;D2 t%e capitalist roaders '%o %ad remained in t%e party staged a coup under t%e leaders%ip of t%e arc% revisionist $eng Tsiao ping and too* over t%e control of t%e party under t%e nominal leaders%ip of ?ua Juo feng2 a so called centrist1 As "ao %ad often taug%t2 'it% political control going over to t%e %ands of t%e revisionists t%e socialist !ase %ad gone out of t%e %ands of t%e proletariat1 At t%e same time t%e leaders%ip of t%e Al!anian Party of La!our s'itc%ed over to an opportunist line attac*ing "aoism and pro0ecting "ao as a petty !ourgeois revolutionary1 T%oug% t%e J%mer Rouge continued to %old po'er in Jampuc%ea t%ey 'ere 'aging a constant struggle against t%e internal and external enemies of t%e Revolution and 'ere yet to emerge from t%e economic ravages of 'ar and consolidate t%eir rule '%en t%ey 'ere defeated !y t%e Soviet !ac*ed Vietnamese Army1 T%us t%ere 'as no country any'%ere in t%e 'orld '%ere t%e proletariat %ad consolidated its %old on state po'er and could play t%e role of a socialist !ase for t%e international proletariat1 In C%ina2 t%oug% t%e Cultural Revolution %ad gained great victories2 t%ere %ad yet !een muc% more to !e done1 In fact t%e revisionist victory 'as in a 'ay a confirmation of t%e 'ords of "ao in August 47D;2 HT%e present Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution is only t%e first C t%ere 'ill inevita!ly !e many more in t%e future1 T%e issue of '%o 'ill 'in in t%e revolution can only !e settled over a long %istorical period1 If t%ings are not properly %andled2 it is possi!le for a capitalist restoration to ta*e place at any time in t%e future1H -?

T%us t%is fift% period <4787 ;D> 'as a period '%en t%e su!0ective forces of )orld Socialist Revolution faced unprecedented losses1 T%e international proletariat '%ic% %ad esta!lis%ed a mig%ty socialist camp at t%e start of t%is period2 %ad to face t%e loss of its last socialist !ase @ C%ina @ !y t%e end of t%is period1 T%oug% t%e imperialist system from 47;8 'as again in t%e t%roes of a ne' and extremely deep economic crisis2 t%e su!0ective forces of t%e international proletariat %ad !een su!stantially 'ea*ened and 'ere t%erefore una!le to ta*e sufficient advantage of t%e imperialist crisis1 ?o'ever t%is period %ad produced a ma0or ideological victory1 In t%e face of t%e most dangerous attac* in its %istory @ t%e attac* of t%e forces of modern revisionism and capitalist restoration @ "arxism %ad proved its dynamism !y furt%er developing itself in t%e course of t%is struggle1 T%us t%oug% t%ere %ad !een loss of socialist !ases2 ideologically "arxism %ad managed to effectively counter t%e attempts to destroy it1 Even in a seemingly %opeless situation it %ad proved t%at it %ad t%e capa!ility to provide t%e ideological ans'ers1 )%ile providing t%ese ans'ers in t%e Great $e!ate and t%e GPCR "arxism %ad advanced to a ne' stage "arxism Leninism "aoism1 It 'as as "L" t%at it 'as to continue to !e t%e guiding science and ideology of t%e international proletariat1

Cha%ter IB

The Si4th Perio1 % &*)- on;3r1s

Crisis of Im%erialism Reorganisation of Revolutionar" Forces #ome Anti6&ar'ist Ideological Trends Advance to Final 8ictor" guided !" &ar'ism6 eninism6&aoism

Crisis of Im%erialism T%is period %as !een one of a severe intensification of t%e General Crisis of Capitalism1 T%e 'orld economic crisis since 47;6 is t%e most protracted in 'orld %istory and it %as not !een merely limited to t%e sp%ere of production and trade2 !ut %as also affected t%e financial system2 service sector2 de!t settlements2 foreign exc%ange2 etc12 and %as also intensified t%e contradictions in t%e social and political sp%eres1 Even t%e set!ac* of t%e socialist !ases %as not mitigated t%e crisis of capitalism1 T%e gro't% rate !et'een 47DA ;6 and 47;6 57 fell for t%e .S from 8O to 91DO2 for )estern Europe from 81;O to919O and for /apan from 71DO to 617O1 .nemployment in )estern Europe rose from an average of 41BO in t%e 47DAs to 819O in t%e 47;As1 Even at t%e pea* of a temporary !oom in t%e late 475As it averaged 719O in t%e European Community and in 4776 it %ad reac%ed 44O1 T%us a long period of recession gripped all t%e main imperialist po'ers1 As for Soviet social imperialism2 it sa' a continuous fallC its G,P gro't% rate '%ic% %ad !een %ig%er t%an t%e imperialists in t%e BAs and %ad started falling !ac* since t%e DAs continued its fall from 61;O in t%e first %alf of t%e ;As to 91DO in t%e second %alf to 0ust 9O in t%e first %alf of t%e 5As1 East Europe sa' a similar trend1 T%e situation after t%e collapse of t%e revisionist regimes 'as even more devastating1 Production actually started contracting1 Poland lost over 94O of its G$P in 4755 792 CFec%oslova*ia almost 9AO2 Romania and (ulgaria 6AO or more1 Russia#s G$P fell !y 4;O in 477A 742 !y 47O in 4774 79 and !y 44O in 4779 761 T%us t%e integration of t%e Soviet !loc into t%e 'orld imperialist mar*et only aggravated t%e pro!lems of t%e system1 Gnly C%ina2 of t%e ex socialist systems2 managed to provide some mar*et2 particularly for finance capital desperate for destinations to invest in S 989 !illion 'ent into C%ina !y 47751 (ut t%is 'as %ardly sufficient to mitigate t%e crisis of

imperialism1 T%e T%ird )orld t%roug%out t%is period 'as sin*ing into deeper and deeper de!t crisis constantly t%reatening t%e fragile sta!ility of t%e 'orld financial system1 Total de!t of t%e oppressed countries amounting to S46A !illion in 47;6 rose to S 417 trillion in 477B1 T%e Latin American countries2 'it% de!ts of %undreds of !illions2 and su! Sa%aran Africa2 all 'it% de!ts far %ig%er t%an t%e annual G,P2 'ere in constant crisis t%roug%out t%is period2 many a time t%reatening to t%ro' t%e largest imperialist !an*s into !an*ruptcy1 Sout% Asia continued in endemic poverty and also moved into t%e de!t trap1 East Asia t%e so called Asian tigers 'ere also t%ro'n into severe crisis in t%e late nineties 'it% t%e failures of t%eir financial systems and most of t%eir economies contracting1 T%ere %as t%us !een an excellent revolutionary situation 'it% t%e s%arpening of all t%e fundamental contradictions and t%e furt%er 'ea*ening of imperialism1 In particular t%e colonies and semi colonies %ave continued to !e t%e storm centres of 'orld revolution1 At t%e !eginning of t%is period guerrilla struggles continued in Lim!a!'e2 ,icaragua2 Eritria and ot%er countries1 T%e People#s )ar started in Peru in 475A under communist revolutionary leaders%ip1 T%e S%a% of Iran 'as overt%ro'n and an anti American Islamic Repu!lic came into existence1 ,ational li!eration 'ar !ro*e out in Afg%anistan after t%e installation of a Soviet puppet regime in 47;5 and occupation !y t%e Soviet social imperialist army in 47;71 T%e %eroic struggle of t%e Afg%an people dealt a serious deat%!lo' to t%e Soviet regime and proved to !e a ma0or factor in t%e final collapse of t%e .SSR1 T%e epoc%al significance of t%e struggles of t%e peoples of t%e colonies and semi colonies %as !een t%at it %as forever c%anged t%e nature of t%e relations !et'een imperialism and t%e oppressed nations1 (ot% t%e Vietnam and Afg%an 'ars proved t%at even a superpo'er could not occupy even a small and 'ea* country1 T%is trut% 'as !roug%t out even more star*ly in t%e 7As in t%e numerous spots '%ere ., peace*eeping forces tried to intervene1 (osnia ?erFegovina2 '%ic% %ad !een occupied and controlled 'it%out serious pro!lem !y t%e collapsing ?a!s!urg empire !efore t%e &irst )orld )ar2 in t%e 7As re3uired t%e mo!ilisation of a multinational armed force e3uivalent to t%at necessary for a full scale 'ar1 Somaliland2 '%ic% %ad !een controlled for numerous years 'it%out ma0or difficulty !y (ritis% and Italian colonialists2 %ad in t%e 7As !ecome t%e Somalia '%ere t%ousands of American and ot%er troops 'ere forced to ignominiously retreat '%en attac*ed !y t%e people1 Even t%e large scale and continuous !om!ing of Ira3 and Kugoslavia 'it%out t%e commitment of ground troops is t%e recognition !y imperialism t%at no country2 nation or people 'ould in t%is period !e prepared to accept an occupation army1 Ever since t%e collapse of t%e !ureaucratic regimes in East Europe and t%e various repu!lics of t%e former Soviet .nion2 t%ere %ad !een a continuous revolutionary crisis t%ere too1 Even in t%e )estern imperialist countries t%e 'orsening of t%e crisis %as led to t%e intensification of t%e contradiction !et'een la!our and capital and repeated 'aves of stri*e struggles !y t%e industrial 'or*ing class1 T%e revolutionary forces %o'ever %ave not !een organisationally strong enoug% to utilise t%e excellent 'orld 'ide revolutionary situation to advance t%e )orld Socialist Revolution1 Reorganisation of Revolutionar" Forces In t%e years immediately after t%e deat% of "ao2 t%ere 'as a considera!le amount of confusion in t%e international communist movement2 'it% t%e $eng revisionists2 t%roug% ?ua Juo feng2 attempting to pro0ect t%emselves as up%olders of "aoism1 In particular t%ey falsely peddled t%e revisionist T%ree )orld T%eory as "ao#s general line for t%e international proletariat1 "any revolutionary sections accepted t%ese positions and it 'as only after t%e very openly revisionist ?istory Resolution of t%e CPC in 4754 and t%e T'elft% Congress in 4759 t%at most revolutionary forces t%roug%out t%e 'orld started coming out openly against $eng revisionism1 ?o'ever some sections continued to follo' t%e $engist revisionist line and a!andoned "ao#s revolutionary teac%ings1 Certain ot%er sections allied t%emselves 'it% t%e opportunist attac* !y t%e Al!anian Party of La!our on "aoism1 ?o'ever t%ese parties later eit%er disintegrated or openly revealed t%eir revisionist nature1 T%ose t%at resolutely opposed $eng revisionism and up%eld "aoism in practice could %o'ever ma*e

considera!le advances1 Today t%ese forces form t%e core of t%e revolutionary international proletariat1 T%ey are leading armed struggles in Peru2 P%ilippines2 Tur*ey2 India2 ,epal1 #ome Anti6&ar'ist Ideological Trends T%e loss of all socialist !ases led to a concerted ideological attac* on "arxism1 ?o'ever of t%ese t%e most dangerous 'ere t%e trends t%at emerged from 'it%in t%e IC" and people#s movements1 In t%e guise of providing t%e ans'ers to t%e set!ac*s to socialism t%ere appeared trends t%at attempted to revise t%e !asic "arxist formulations regarding t%e nature of t%e socialist state and t%e organisational principles of t%e Leninist party1 T%ey attempted to su!stitute t%e dictators%ip of t%e proletariat !y t%e !ourgeois concept of proletarian democracyC t%ey re0ected t%e party principles of democratic centralism as t%e cause of !ureaucracy and t%e restoration of capitalism1 An extreme example of suc% anti "arxist trends 'as t%e de!ate raised !y t%e li3uidationist Venu 'it%in t%e Revolutionary "ovement <RI">1 ?o'ever t%ere 'ere many ot%er examples '%ere Trots*yite and Anarc%ist understanding 'as attempted to !e smuggled into t%e proletarian movement1 An anti "arxist ideology '%ic% gained popularity in t%e 7As2 t%oug% not originating from 'it%in t%e IC"2 nevert%eless created considera!le confusion t%roug% its intervention in people#s movements in various parts of t%e 'orld1 T%is ideology 'ent !y t%e name of =postmodernism#1 Its central t%esis 'as to announce t%e end of t%e ="odern# age and 'it% it t%e end of t%e !eliefs of t%e Enlig%tenment <see C%apter II> t%at %umanity constantly progressed t%roug% t%e advancement of reason and freedom1 It also simultaneously re0ected t%e ideologies rooted in t%e Enlig%tenment !ourgeois li!eralism and socialism1 It re0ects universal values li*e rationality2 e3uality or general %uman emancipation as =totalising# concepts and contrasts t%em to an emp%asis on =different# identities suc% as gender2 race2 et%nicity2 sexuality2 on various particular and separate oppressions and struggles1 T%e emp%asis on differences is continued as a refusal to accept t%e possi!ility of !uilding common social consciousness2 suc% as class consciousness2 !ecause t%e individual#s identities are so different and varia!le1 It re0ects '%at it calls =grand narratives# including t%e "arxist materialist conception of %istory2 on t%e grounds t%at it reduces t%e complexity of %uman experience to a simplistic2 monolit%ic2 'orld vie'2 giving undue 'eig%tage to economics2 t%e mode of production and class1 In contrast it concentrates its focus on language2 culture and =discourse# on t%e grounds t%at language is all 'e can *no' a!out t%e 'orld and 'e %ave access to no ot%er reality1 T%us t%e lin* running t%roug% all t%e postmodernist t%emes is an emp%asis on t%e fragmented nature of t%e 'orld and of %uman *no'ledge and a staunc% opposition to any politics of emancipation attempting to li!erate t%e '%ole of society2 e1g1 socialism2 communism1 t%e material roots of t%e postmodernist t%in*ing can !e traced to t%e segmented2 consumerist and seemingly continuously c%anging and s%ifting nature of contemporary glo!al capitalism1 Postmodernism simultaneously attempts to lin* itself to t%e various sectional movements gro'ing in t%is period1 ?o'ever it principally is an example of t%e various defeatist p%ilosop%ies t%at %ave attempted to gro' in prominence in t%e 'a*e of t%e collapse of all socialist !ases1 )%ile countering it at t%e p%ilosop%ical and ideological levels2 it is also simultaneously necessary to clearly and forcefully propagate t%e "arxist perspective 'it%in t%e fig%ting sections in t%e movements '%ere postmodernism attempts to create its defeatist confusions t%e environment2 'omen#s2 caste2 race2 and ot%er movements1 Advance to Final 8ictor" guided !" &ar'ism6 eninism6&aoism T%e principal source of t%eir gro't% in strengt% is t%e correctness of t%e ideology of "arxism Leninism "aoism1 T%e train of main %istorical events in t%e last t'enty odd years %as confirmed most of t%e assessments of "aoism1 In particular t%e collapse of t%e Soviet .nion and its retreat from super po'er status in t%e face of people#s struggles and t%e serious 'ea*ening of t%e American super po'er

in t%e face of t%e struggles of oppressed peoples of t%e 'orld2 %ave accorded to t%e assessment !y "ao t%at t%ese imperialists 'ere only paper tigers '%o 'ould !e taug%t a lesson !y t%e people1 Similarly "aoism %as remained t%e !est tool in t%e %ands of t%e international proletariat and oppressed peoples to formulate and implement t%e programme for revolution in t%eir o'n respective countries1 It %as also %ad a ma0or influence over t%e armed struggles for national li!eration !eing 'aged in various corners of t%e glo!e1 T%oug% in t%is period t%ere %as not !een any ma0or or significant developments in "arxist science and t%eory2 "L" continues to !e adapta!le to t%e c%anging conditions in t%e 'orld1 It yet provides t%e only scientific and correct t%eory for t%e international proletariat1 T%e international communist movement is going t%roug% t%e process of victory defeat victory on t%e road to ultimate victory in t%e )orld Socialist Revolution1 &or t%ose '%o 'ould get despondent due to t%e ups and do'ns of t%is process it 'ould %elp to remem!er t%e 'ords of t%e article Sweep Away All 'onsters an& Demons 'ritten in /anuary 47D;2 during t%e Cultural Revolution2 HEven t%e !ourgeois revolution2 '%ic% replaced one exploiting class !y anot%er2 %ad to undergo repeated reversals and 'itness many struggles @ revolution2 t%en restoration and t%en t%e overt%ro' of restoration1 It too* many European countries %undreds of years to complete t%eir !ourgeois revolutions from t%e start of t%e ideological preparations to t%e final con3uest of state po'er1 Since t%e proletarian revolution is a revolution aimed at completely ending all systems of exploitation2 it is still less permissi!le to imagine t%at t%e exploiting classes 'ill mee*ly allo' t%e proletariat to deprive t%em of all t%eir privileges 'it%out see*ing to restore t%eir rule1H -@ Temporary defeats are t%erefore !ut to !e expected on t%e long and tortuous pat% of t%e )orld Socialist Revolution1 T%e %istory of 4BA years of t%e development of "arxism Leninism "aoism %as %o'ever conclusively proved t%at it is t%e %istorical destiny of t%is doctrine alone to lead and guide t%e international proletariat to final victory1

PART II THE COMPONENT PARTS OF MARXISM - LENINISM - MAOISM

Cha%ter B

Philoso:h2
Philoso%hical &aterialism Dialectics The &aterialist Conce%tion of (istor" enin9s Contri!ution to the Develo%ment of &ar'ist Philoso%h" &ao9s Contri!ution to the Develo%ment of &ar'ist Philoso%h"

)e %ave seen in t%e foregoing pages %o' t%e 'or*ing class %ad emerged as a class for ifself !y t%e mid 47t% century @ as a consolidated fig%ting force and a ne' motive force of %istory1 T%e !ourgeoisie2 t%at %ad !een until t%en a motive force for social development2 !egan to !e transformed into an

o!solete force t%at is doomed to disappear from t%e centre stage of %istory1 "arx and Engels recognised t%at t%e proletariat %as to emerge as t%e most revolutionary social class and a motive force for social development1 (esides2 t%ey also recognised t%at t%e proletariat in t%e course of li!erating itself from 'age slavery2 'ill also li!erate t%e entire society from all class exploitation and oppression and advance to'ards a classless society1 T%e division of society into t'o great classesC t%e continuous deterioration of t%e living conditions of t%e 'or*ing classesC t%e ever increasing impoveris%ment of t%e massesC t%e recurrent crises in capitalist production @ all t%ese s%attered t%e illusion t%at capitalism and its product2 li!eral !ourgeois ideology2 are t%e summation of t%e %uman ac%ievements1 T%e gigantic tas* of overt%ro'ing capitalism and advancing to'ards a classless society %as !een t%rust upon t%e s%oulders of t%e 'or*ing class !y %istory1 "arx and Engels recognised t%e necessity for t%e 'or*ing class to %ave its o'n 'orld outloo* if it %as to !ecome conscious of its %istoric tas* and fulfill it1 T%e proletariat is a class t%at %as no private property and t%at can !rea* its c%ain of 'age slavery only t%roug% t%e a!olition of private property1 ?o'ever2 ot%er class ideology %ad a dominant influence over t%e 'or*ing class and t%e 'or*ing class movement at t%at time1 )%ic% ever class %as control over t%e means of production in society 'ill also !e in a position to dictate t%e intellectual life1 T%e ruling class ideology t%at arises on t%e !asis of private property and serves t%e interests of t%e private property 'ill only serve as intellectual c%ains of slavery and can never contri!ute to 'or*ing class li!eration1 "arx and Engels recognised t%at t%e 'or*ing class can overt%ro' capitalism only !y developing its o'n ne' ideology t%at represents its class interests2 i1e12 '%ic% 'or*s for t%e a!olition of private property1 T%e development of a ne'2 scientific 'orld outloo* t%at can represent t%e interests of t%e 'or*ing class2 come to t%e fore as t%e immediate %istoric necessity for t%e 'or*ing class movement at t%at 0uncture1 "arx and Engels carried out t%is %istoric tas* most a!ly and "arxist p%ilosop%y emerged in t%at course1 "arxist p%ilosop%y is t%e 'orld outloo* of t%e proletariatC it is t%e 'orld outloo* of t%e advanced detac%ment of t%e 'or*ing class2 t%e communist party1 T%e !asis for t%e proletarian party#s t%eoritical understanding in any sp%ere is "arxist p%ilosop%y1 "arxist p%ilosop%y is *no'n as dialectical and %istorical materialism1 "arxism is t%e revolutionary t%eory of t%e 'or*ing class1 Its !asis is dialectical and %istorical materialism1 ?ence t%e aim of "arxist p%ilosop%y is to transform t%is 'orld in a revolutionary 'ay1 As "arx %ad statedE HT%e p%ilosop%ers %ave only interpreted t%e 'orld in various 'aysC t%e point2 %o'ever2 is to c%ange it1H4 )e %ave seen t%at in t%e given concrete %istorical conditions of t%at time2 German classical p%ilosop%y %ad reac%ed t%e pea* of its development1 $ialectics !ecame manifest in t%e most revolutionary manner in classical German p%ilosop%y2 particularly in t%e ?egelian p%ilosop%y1 T%e uninterrupted dialectical unity and dialectical motion and development in nature2 society and %uman t%oug%t 'ere reflected in ?egelian dialectics1 (ut2 !eing an o!0ective idealist2 ?egel t%oug%t t%at t%is dialectical unity and development are reflection of t%e dialectical unity and development of t%e a!solute idea1 T%us t%e dialectical la's t%at are a reflection in %uman consciousness of t%e o!0ective processes t%at are ta*ing place in t%e real 'orld 'ere turned Hupside do'nH !y ?egel1 "arx and Engels made t%em stand Huprig%tH on t%eir feet1 And in t%is process2 t%ey reconstructed dialectics totally on materialist !asis1 &euer!ac% re0ected !ot% ?egelian idealism as 'ell as %is dialectics1 "arx and Engels not only reconstructed dialectics 'it% a materialistic outloo*2 !ut also made materialism scientific !y ma*ing t%e scientific *no'ledge as t%e !asis of it1 ?ence "arxist p%ilosop%ical materialism and materialist dialecstic are different from all earlier p%ilosop%ies1 "arxist p%ilosop%ical materialism %ad li!erated materialism once for all from t%e speculations of p%ilosop%ers1 Rooted firmly in sciences2 it %as developed into t%e most consisting and scientific materialist outloo*1

Philoso%hical &aterialism HT%e great !asic 3uestion of all p%ilosop%y2 especially of modern p%ilosop%y2 is t%at concerning t%e relation of t%in*ing and !eing 111spirit to nature11'%ic% is primary2 spirit or nature11T%e ans'ers '%ic% t%e p%ilosop%ers gave to t%is 3uestion split t%em into t'o great camps1 T%ose '%o asserted t%e primacy of spirit to nature2 and t%erefore2 in t%e last analysis2 assumed 'orld creation in some form or anot%er11 comprised t%e camp of idealism1 T%e ot%ers2 '%o regarded nature as primary2 !elong to t%e various sc%ools of materialism1H9 : Engels1 HIdealism considers spirit <consciousness2 concepts2 t%e su!0ect > as t%e source of all t%at exists on eart%2 and matter <nature and society2 t%e o!0ect > as secondary and su!ordinate1 "aterialism recognises t%e independent existence of matter as detac%ed from spirit and considers spirit as secondary and su!ordinate1H6 : "ao1 "arx and Engels founded "arxist p%ilosop%y firmly in t%e camp of materialism1 H"arx decidedly re0ected not only idealism2 '%ic% is al'ays connected in one 'ay or anot%er 'it% religion2 !ut also t%e vie's2111of11agnosticism2 criticism and positivism in t%eir various forms2 regarding suc% a p%ilosop%y as a =reactionary# concession to idealismH81 )%ile re0ecting idealism2 "arx and Engels also re0ected t%e =old# materialism of &euer!ac% and ot%ers2 !ecause 4> it 'as =predominantly mec%anical#C 9> it 'as non %istorical2 non dialectical and did not apply t%e standpoint of development consistently and compre%ensivelyC 6> it regarded t%e =%uman essence# a!stractly and not as t%e ensem!le of all =social relations# and it t%erefore did not understand t%e importance of =revolutionary2 practical activity1# T%us t%e =ne'# materialism "arxist materialism 'as a materialism rid of all t%ese defectsC it 'as dialectical materialism1 T%ey defined matter as material reality existing o!0ectively and t%at it gets reflected in %uman consciousness1 T%e 'ay in '%ic% matter 'as defined !y "arxist p%ilosop%ical materialism resolved fundamental 3uestion in p%ilosop%y 'it% a consistent materialist outloo*1 "arx and Engels affirmed t%at matter is t%e most general category expressing t%e universal essence of all concrete forms and parts of matter1 ?ence 'it% t%e gro't% of *no'ledge regarding matter2 t%e concept of matter gets even !roader !ut does not !ecome o!solete1 "arx and Engels also proved most scientifically t%e second aspect in t%e fundamental 3uestion in p%ilosop%y2 viF2 can %uman consciousness properly reflect o!0ective realityT "arxist t%eory of *no'ledge totally re0ects agnosticism and s*epticism1 Engels explain t%at t%e 'orld 'ill remain as a Ht%ing in itselfH as presumed !y Jant !ut transform into Ht%ing for usH1 ?e clarified t%at some t%ings '%ic% are not *no'n at a given time may !e *no'n after sometime !ut t%ere can never !e anyt%ing '%ic% remains forever as Ht%ing in itselfH1 "arxist t%eory of *no'ledge affirms t%at man is capa!le of *no'ing anyt%ing in t%is 'orld1 "arxist t%eory of *no'ledge asserts t%at social practice is t%e source of *no'ledge1 It also states t%at social practice is t%e measure of trut%1 It completely re0ects rationalist and empiricist trends1 Dialectics ?egelian idealist dialectics 'as reconstructed into t%e most consistent and scientific materialist dialectics in "arxist p%ilosop%y1 ,ot !elieving in t%e permanence of anyt%ing in t%is 'orld2 t%e materialist dialectics proclaimed t%at capitalism is !ound to !e negated and t%at %uman society 'ill inevita!ly advance to'ards communism1 ,o 'onder2 "arxist dialectics %as remained a t%reat to !ourgeoisie even today1 HAccording to "arx2 dialectics is =t%e science of t%e general la's of motion2 !ot% of t%e external 'orld and of %uman t%oug%t1#HB

H<T%e general nature of dialectics MisN11t%e science of inter connections2 in contrast to metap%ysics1>H HIt is2 t%erefore2 from t%e %istory of nature and %uman society t%at t%e la's of dialectics are a!stracted1 &or t%ey are not%ing !ut t%e most general la's of t%ese t'o aspects of %istorical development2 as 'ell as of t%oug%t itself1 And indeed t%ey can !e reduced in t%e main to t%reeE T%e la' of t%e transformation of 3uantity into 3uality and vice versaC T%e la' of t%e interpenetration of oppositesC T%e la' of t%e negation of t%e negation1H D : Engels T%is act of "arx of discovering t%e rational *ernel of ?egel#s dialectics c%anged it radically from !eing a p%ilosop%y of t%e status 3uo into a p%ilosop%y of revolution1 In t%e 'ords of "arx2 HIn its mystified form2 dialectics !ecame t%e fas%ion in Germany2 !ecause it seemed to transfigure and to glorify t%e existing state of t%ings1 In its rational form it is a scandal and a!omination to !ourgeoisdom and its doctrinaire professors2 !ecause it includes in its compre%ension and affirmative recognition of t%e existing state of t%ings2 at t%e same time also2 t%e recognition of t%e negation of t%at state2 of its inevita!le !rea*ing upC !ecause it regards every %istorically developed social form as in fluid movement2 and ta*es into account its transient nature not less t%an its momentary existenceC !ecause it lets not%ing impose upon it2 and is in its essence critical and revolutionary1H 7 The &aterialist Conce%tion of (istor" "arx and Engels gave to p%ilosop%y t%e revolutionary tas* of c%anging t%e 'orld1 As society is t%e immediate field of activity of t%e 'or*ing class2 t%e revolutionary transformation of t%e society naturally finds primacy of place in "arxist p%ilosop%y1 T%e materialists prior to "arx and Engels2 including &eur!ac%2 failed to adopt a consistent materialist outloo* to'ards social p%enomenon1 Gn t%e %and2 t%ey applied dialectical materialism to t%e %istory of society and developed %istorical materialism1 T%e !asis for t%e materialist conception of %istory of "arx is t%at social !eing determines t%e social consciousness1 "arx discovered t%e dialectical la's of motion of social development on t%is !asis of most consistent materialist outloo* 'it% regard to society1 ?istorical materialism asserts t%at2 t%e !asis for is t%e production of necessities of life and t%at is on t%is !asis t%e superstructure is !uilt1 In "arx#s vie' t%e relation !et'een t%e !ase and superstructure is not one sided1 "arxism fully recognises t%at '%ile t%e mode of production is t%e determining element2 it also recognises t%e influence of superstructure on t%e !ase and interaction !et'een t%em1 "arx %imself summarise as follo'sE HIn t%e social production of t%eir life2 men enter into definite relations t%at are indispensa!le and independent of t%eir 'ill2 relations of production '%ic% correspond to a definite stage of development of t%eir material productive forces1 T%e sum total of t%ese relations of production constitutes t%e economic structure of society2 t%e real foundation2 on '%ic% rises a legal and political superstructure and to '%ic% correspond definite forms of social consciousness1 T%e mode of production of material life conditions t%e social2 political and intellectual life process in general1 It is not t%e consciousness of men t%at determines t%eir !eing2 !ut2 on t%e contrary2 t%eir social !eing t%at determines t%eir consciousness1 At a certain stage of t%eir development2 t%e material productive forces of society come in conflict 'it% t%e existing relations of production2 or @ '%at is !ut a legal expression for t%e same t%ing @ 'it% t%e property relations 'it%in '%ic% t%ey %ave !een at 'or* %it%erto1 &rom forms of development of t%e productive forces t%ese relations turn into t%eir fetters1 T%en !egins an epoc% of social revolution1 )it% t%e c%ange of t%e economic foundation t%e entire immense superstructure is more or less rapidly transformed1 In considering suc% transformations a distinction s%ould al'ays !e made !et'een t%e material transformation of t%e economic conditions of production2 '%ic% can !e

determined 'it% t%e precision of natural science2 and t%e legal2 political2 religious2 aest%etic or p%ilosop%ic @ in s%ort2 ideological forms in '%ic% men !ecome conscious of t%is conflict and fig%t it out1 /ust as our opinion of an individual2 is not !ased on '%at %e t%in*s of %imself2 so 'e can not 0udge of suc% a period of transformation !y its o'n consciousnessC on t%e contrary2 t%is consciousness must !e explained rat%er from t%e contradictions of material life2 from t%e existing conflict !et'een t%e social productive forces and t%e relations of production1 ,o social order ever peris%es !efore all t%e productive forces for '%ic% t%ere is room in it %ave developedC and ne'2 %ig%er relations of production never appear !efore t%e material conditions of t%eir existence %ave matured in t%e 'om! of t%e old society itself1 T%erefore man*ind al'ays sets itself only suc% tas*s as it can solveC since2 loo*ing at t%e matter more closely2 it 'ill al'ays !e found t%at t%e tas* itself arises only '%en t%e material conditions for its solution already exist or are at least in t%e process of formation1H 9D $uring later years %o'ever t%ere 'as a tendency among follo'ers of "arxism to overstress t%e economic aspect and t%us arrive at a distorted understanding in practice1 Engels t%erefore clarified2 HAccording to t%e materialist conception of %istory2 t%e ultimately determining element in %istory is t%e production and reproduction of real life1 "ore t%an t%is neit%er "arx nor I %ave ever asserted1 ?ence if some!ody t'ists t%is into saying t%at t%e economic element is t%e only determining one2 %e transforms t%at proposition into a meaningless2 a!stract2 senseless p%rase1 T%e economic situation is t%e !asis2 !ut t%e various elements of t%e superstructureUUU1also exercise t%eir influence on t%e course of t%e %istorical struggle2 and in many cases preponderate in determining t%eir form<H 9; T%e t%eory of class struggle of "arx emerged out of t%is materialist conception of %istory1 ?e also recognised t%at t%e contradiction !et'een productive forces and relations of production in class society manifests itself as a class contradiction and it is t%is class struggle '%ic% serves as t%e driving force of society1 ?ence descri!ed t%e %istory of class society as a %istory of a class struggle1 As %istorical materialism is an insepara!le2 living organic part of "arxist p%ilosop%y2 it %as evolved into a compre%ensive2 consistent and scientific outloo*1 "arxist p%ilosop%y is not a product of a p%ilosop%ical urge to create a great p%ilosop%ical system1 It %as evolved in t%e course of fig%ting t%e ruling class ideology t%at stood as an o!stacle to t%e immediate political struggle of t%e proletariat1 T%at is '%y "arx and Engels %ad not prepared dialectical and %istorical materialism as a text !oo*1 It 'as founded and developed in t%e course of resolving t%e pro!lems and c%allenges faced !y t%e 'or*ing class movement in t%e diverse social2 economic2 political and %istorical contexts1 It means "arxist p%ilosop%y %ad ta*en !irt% and developed only as a science of revolutionary practice1 "arx and Engels s%o'ed utmost interest in applying t%eir dialectical and %istorical materialism to formulate various tactics to !e adopted !y t%e 'or*ing class in diverse conditions1 &rom Communist League to Second International t%ey used "arxist p%ilosop%y as an ideological 'eapon to fig%t t%e 'rong trends in t%e international 'or*ing class movements particularly against anarc%ism1 T%e tactics '%ic% t%ey formulated for t%e 'or*ing class movement from time to time 'it% t%is scientific 'orld outloo* %ave !een vindicated !y %istory1 Particularly2 Paris Commune %as incontroverti!ly proved t%at t%e "arxist understanding regarding party2 state2 proletarian dictators%ip and suc% ot%er aspects is fully correct1 T%us "arxism stood t%e test of time !y !asing itself on social practice1 ?ence "arxist p%ilosop%y found 'orld'ide acceptance as t%e scientific 'orld outloo* of t%e proletariat1 enin*s Contri!ution to the Develo%ment of &ar'ist Philoso%h" "arx and Engels gave leaders%ip to t%e international 'or*ing class movement at a time '%en !ourgeoisie 'as still a progressive class1 Gn t%e ot%er %and Lenin led t%e international communist movement '%en capitalism 'as in t%e stage of imperialism1 )it% t%e %elp of "arxist p%ilosop%y t%at emerged as creative science of revolutionary practice Lenin analysed t%e particularities of t%e economic political and social conditions of %is time1 Jauts*y and ot%er opportunist leaders of Second

International tried to transform "arxism into a dogma1 &or instance t%ey tried to apply assesments and tactics formulated !y "arx and Engels '%ic% 'ere suita!le to t%e concrete conditions of t%eir time to imperialist stage in a dogmatic manner1 Lenin creatively analysed t%e %istorical2 political2 social and economic conditions of %is time from a dialectical and %istorical materialistic perspective1 ?e also affirmed t%at "arx and Engels too %ad adopted t%e same met%od and to consider assesments and tactics formulated !y t%em to suit t%e t%en existing concrete conditions as universally applica!le ones irrespective of t%e %istorical conditions 'ould amount to a re0ection of t%e essence of "arxist p%ilosop%y as a creative science of revolutionary practice1 In t%e ideological and political struggle carried out !y Lenin against left and rig%t opportunists in Russia as 'ell as international communist movement2 "arxist p%ilosop%y served as t%e s%arpest t%eoretical 'eapon1 In t%e course of t%e development of t%e 'or*ing class movement Lenin furt%er deepened t%e "arxist t%eoretical understanding regarding party2 state2 dictators%ip of proletariat etc12 <t%ese aspects 'ill !e dealt in t%e later c%apters> t%ere!y enric%ing "arxist t%eory as a '%ole1 Lenin ela!orated all aspects of "arxist p%ilosop%y and particularly %is contri!ution to t%eory of *no'ledge and %istorical materialism %ave enric%ed t%em furt%er1 In particular2 %is criticism on emprio criticism '%ic% came to t%e fore as a revisionist trend in p%ilosop%y is of fundamental importance1 &rom t%en on until today it %as served as "arxist criti3ue of t%e modern !ourgeois p%ilosop%ical trends1 ?e considered t%e attac* on "arxism in t%e name of H,e'H p%ilosop%ical trends !ased on modern scientific discoveries as a manifestation of t%e class struggle in t%e p%ilosop%ical front1 ?e proved t%at all t%e H,e'H p%ilosop%ical t%eories 'ere no different from t%e old su!0ective idealism of (er*ely and ?ume1 Lenin t%us defeated most a!ly t%is attac* on "arxism in t%e p%ilosop%ical front1 In t%is process %e creatively developed "arxist p%ilosop%y1 ?is creative contri!ution to "arxist p%ilosop%ical materialism is of utmost importance1 T%e empiricists argued t%at t%e concept of t%e matter itself %ad !ecome o!solete as a result of t%e latest discoveries in modern science1 Lenin realised t%at t%e attac* on t%e category of matter @ very !asis of "arxist p%ilosop%ical materialism @ 'as not at all t%e revision of "arxism in t%e lig%t of ne' scientific advances2 !ut actually an attac* on t%e very foundations of "arxist p%ilosop%y1 ?e incontroverti!ly proved t%at t%e latest discoveries in modern science %ad only furt%er vindicated t%e "arxist definition of matter1 ?e also s%o'ed t%at it 'as p%ysics2 '%ic% confined definition of matter to one of its specific forms2 t%at 'as in crisis !ut not "arxism1 HIt is a!solutely unpardona!le to confuse2 as t%e "ac%ists do2 any particular t%eory of t%e structure of matter 'it% t%e epistemological category2 to confuse t%e pro!lem of t%e ne' properties of ne' aspects of matter <electrons2 for example> 'it% t%e old pro!lem of t%e t%eory of *no'ledge2 'it% t%e pro!lem of t%e sources of our *no'ledge2 t%e existence of o!0ective trut%2 etc1H <p1 497> HT%e ne' p%ysics2H Lenin 'rote2 H%aving found ne' *inds of matter and ne' forms of its motion2 raised t%e old p%ilosop%ical 3uestions !ecause of t%e collapse of t%e old p%ysical concepts1H <p1 9;7> HIn its p%ilosop%ical aspects2 t%e essence of t%e =crisis in modern p%ysics# is t%at t%e old p%ysics regarded its t%eories as =real *no'ledge of t%e materialist 'orld2# i1e12 a reflection of t%e o!0ective reality1 T%e ne' trend in p%ysics regards t%eories only as sym!ols2 signs2 and mar*s for practice2 i1e12 it denies t%e existence of an o!0ective reality independent of our mind and reflected !y it1 1 1 1 11 t%e materialist t%eory of *no'ledge2 instinctively accepted !y t%e earlier p%ysics2 %as !een replaced !y an idealist and agnostic t%eory of *no'ledge2 '%ic%2 against t%e 'is%es of t%e idealists and agnostics2 %as !een ta*en advantage of !y fideism 11111 T%e modern p%ysics consists in t%e latter#s departure from t%e direct2 resolute and irrevoca!le recognition of t%e o!0ective value of its t%eories1H <pp1 9BD B;> H="atter disappears# means t%at t%e limit 'it%in '%ic% 'e %ave %it%erto *no'n matter disappears and

t%at our *no'ledge is penetrating deeperC properties of matter are li*e'ise disappearing '%ic% formally seemed a!solute2 immuta!le2 and primary <impenetra!ility2 inertia2 mass2 etc1> and '%ic% are no' revealed to !e relative and c%aracteristic only of certain states of matter1H <p19DA> HT%e teac%ings of t%e science on t%e structure of t%e matter2 on t%e c%emical composition of food2 on t%e atom and t%e electron2 may and constantly do !ecome o!soleteH <p145B> HT%e electron is as inex%austi!le as t%e atom2 nature is infinite1H <p1 9D9> T%is idea of Lenin in effect !ecame t%e fundamental notion of present day p%ysics2 especially t%e p%ysics of elementary particles1 HT%e concept matter1 1 1 1 1 epistemologically implies not%ing !ut o!0ective reality existing independently of t%e %uman mind and reflected !y it1H <p1 9D4> H"atter is t%at '%ic%2 acting upon our sense organs2 produces sensationsC matter is t%e o!0ective reality given to us in sensation1H <p148D> )it% t%is understanding %e defined matter as follo'sE H"atter is a p%ilosop%ical category denoting t%e o!0ective reality '%ic% is given to man !y %is sensations2 and '%ic% is copied2 p%otograp%ed and reflected !y our sensations '%ile existing independently of t%em1H <p1 46A> T%e a!ove definition %as not only defined t%e most general category of matter in a most scientific manner !ut also irrefuta!ly solved t%e fundamental 3uestion of p%ilosop%y from t%e materialist stand point1 Lenin laid !are t%e real essence of t%e H,e'H2 HT%ird lineH in p%ilosop%y and exposed its fideistic face1 T%is exposition is still relevant today1 HRecent p%ilosop%y is as partisan as 'as p%ilosop%y t'o t%ousand years ago1 T%e contending parties are essentially @ alt%oug% t%is is concealed !y a pseudo erudite 3uac*ery of ne' terms or !y a 'ea* minded non partisans%ip @ materialism and idealism1 T%e latter is nearly a su!tle2 refined form of fideism1H <p1 6B5> H"arx and Engels 'ere partisan in p%ilosop%y from start to t%e finis%2 t%ey 'ere a!le to detect t%e deviations from materialism and concessions to idealism and fideism in every one of t%e =recent# trends1H <p1 667> HT%e genius of "arx and Engels lies precisely in t%e fact t%at during a very long period2 nearly %alf a century2 t%ey developed materialism2 furt%er advanced one fundamental trend in p%ilosop%y1 1 1 1 1 and s%o'ed %o' to apply 1 1 1 1 1 t%is same materialism in t%e sp%ere of t%e social sciences2 mercilessly !rus%ing aside as ru!!is% all nonsense2 pretentious %otc%potc%2 t%e innumera!le attempts to =discover# a =ne'# line in p%ilosop%y2 to invent a =ne'# trend and so fort%1H <p1 66D> HT%e =realists#2 etc12 including t%e =positivists#2 t%e "ac%ists etc12 are all a 'retc%ed mus%C t%ey are a contempti!le middle party in p%ilosop%y2 '%o confuse t%e materialist and idealist trends on every 3uestion1 T%e attempt to escape from t%ese t'o !asic trends in p%ilosop%y is not%ing !ut =conciliatory 3uac*ery#1H <p1 68A> HT%e o!0ective class role of emprio criticism consists entirely in rendering fait%ful service to fideists in t%eir struggle against materialism in general and %istorical materialism in particular1H <p1 6B5> Lenin clearly exposed t%e real essence of t%e reconciliation of religion 'it% modern science and called it as Hcultural fideismH1 HContemporary fideism does not at all re0ect scienceC all it re0ects is t%e =exaggerated claims# of science2 to 'it2 its claim to o!0ective trut%1H <p1 49B> H"odern2 cultural fideism 1 1 1 1 1 does not t%in* of demanding anyt%ing more t%an t%e declaration t%at

t%e concepts of natural science are ='or*ing %ypot%eses1# )e 'ill2 sirs2 surrender science to you scientists provided you surrender epistemology2 p%ilosop%y to us @ suc% is t%e condition for t%e co%a!itation of t%e t%eologians and professors in t%e =advanced# capitalist countries1H <p1 95A> Lenin developed "arxist t%eory of reflection in a creative 'ay1 ?e explained on t%e !asis of modern scientific discoveries t%at matter %as t%e property of !eing reflected and consciousness is t%e %ig%est form of reflection of matter in t%e !rain1 T%e t%eory of reflection of matter developed !y Lenin2 t%e definition %e gave to matter furt%er strengt%end t%e foundations of "arxist p%ilosop%ical materialism2 ma*ing t%em impregna!le to any attac*s from any form of idealism1 T%e revolutionary dialectics 'as furt%er carried a%ead !y Lenin '%o particularly made a deep study of contradictions1 ?e Hcalled contradiction =t%e salt of dialectics# and stated t%at t%e division of t%e Gne and t%e *no'ledge of its contradictory parts is t%e essence of dialectics1H 4A ?e furt%er asserted2 HIn !rief2 dialectics can !e defined as t%e doctrine of t%e unity of opposites1 T%is em!odies t%e essence of dialectics2 !ut it re3uires explanations and development1H44 T%ese =explanations and development# 'as done some t'enty years later !y "ao1 Lenin ela!orated and explained t%e esence of %istorical materialism and enric%ed it !y analysing t%e concrete %istorical p%enomena 'it% !rilliance1 H"arx deepened and developed p%ilosop%ical materialism to t%e full2 and extended t%e congnition of nature to include t%e cognition of human society< ?is historical materialism 'as a great ac%ievement in scientific t%in*ing1 T%e c%aos and ar!itrariness t%at %ad previously reigned in vie's on %istory and politics 'ere replaced !y a stri*ingly integral and %ormonious scientific t%eory2 '%ic% s%o's %o'2 in conse3uence of t%e gro't% of productive forces2 out of one system of social life anot%er and %ig%er system develops @ %o' capitalism2 for instance2 gro's out of feudalism1 H/ust as man+s *no'ledge reflects nature <i1e12 developing matter>2 '%ic% exist independently of %im2 so man+s social #nowle&ge <i1e12 %is various use and doctrines@ p%ilosop%ical2 religious2 political and so fort%> reflects t%e economic system of society1 Political institutions are a superstructure on t%e economic foundation1H <"arx2 Engels "arxism2 p1 D8> ?e explained t%e organic relationst%ip !et'een dialectical materialism and %istorical materialism in t%is 'ay2Hmaterialism in general recognises o!0ectively real !eing <matter> as independent of t%e social consciousness of %umanity1 In !ot% cases consciousness is only t%e reflection of !eing2 at !est an approximately true <ade3uate2 perfectly exact> reflection of it1 &rom t%ese "arxist p%ilosop%y2 '%ic% is cast from a single piece of steel2 you can not eliminate one !asic premise2 one essential part2 'it%out departing from o!0ective trut%2 'it%out falling a prey to !ourgeois reactionary false%ood1H <p1 69D> &ao*s Contri!ution to the Develo%ment of &ar'ist Philoso%h" "ao too li*e Lenin2 adopted t%e met%od of creatively applying "arxist P%ilosop%y to t%e analysis of t%e concrete %istorical2 economic2 political and social conditions and in t%is course %e ela!orated all aspects of "arxist p%ilosop%y1 T%e manner in '%ic% %e too* t%e scientific 'orld outloo* to t%e proletariat of t%e oppressed masses in a !ac*'ord semi feudal2 semi colonial country comprising t%e peasantry as t%e ma0or component2 stands as a model even today1 ?e continued t%e legacy of Lenin2 'aged consistent struggle against all types of revisionism and dogmatic interpretations of "arxism2 and analysed t%e concrete conditions of C%ina 'it% t%e scientific 'orld outloo* of t%e proletariat1 ?e t%ere!y developed t%e general line and t%eory of ,e' $emocratic Revolution for t%e colonial and semi colonial countries1 Li*e Lenin2 "ao also made fundamental contri!ution to t%e development of "arxist p%ilosop%y1 ?is

'or*s suc% as +n Contra&iction2 +n Practice2 Where &o the correct i&eas come from2 +n the han&ling of contra&ictions among the people in particular %ave contri!uted greatly to t%e development of "arxist p%ilosop%y1 "ao#s analysis of contradictions is a fundamental contri!ution to t%e "arxist p%ilosop%y1 T%e met%od %e adopted for studying various contradictions2 t%e relations !et'een t%e contradictions2 and t%e various aspects of t%e contradiction is t%e most scientific1 ?e developed dialectics2 as descri!ed !y Lenin2 as a science of study of opposing aspects of contradictions1 Gn t%e '%ole dialectical motion and development 'ere reflected in t%e analysis of contradiction !y "ao1 "ao made a p%enomenal leap in t%e understanding of contradictions1 ?e summarised %is discoveries in t%e follo'ing manner2 HT%e la' of contradiction in t%ings2 t%at is2 t%e la' of t%e unity of opposites2 is t%e fundamental la' of nature and of society and t%erefore also t%e fundamental la' of t%oug%t11111According to dialectical materialism2 contradiction is present in all processes of o!0ectively existing t%ings and of su!0ective t%oug%t and permeates all t%ese processes from !eginning to endC t%is is t%e universality and a!soluteness of contradiction1 Eac% contradiction and eac% of its aspects %ave t%eir respective c%aracteristicsC t%is is t%e particularity and relativity of contradiction1 In given conditions2 opposites possess identity2 and conse3uently can coexist in a single entity and can transform t%emselves into eac% ot%erC t%is again is t%e particularity and relativity of contradiction1 (ut t%e struggle of opposites is ceaseless2 it goes on !ot% '%en t%e opposites are coexisting and '%en t%ey are transforming t%emselves into eac% ot%er2 and !ecomes especially conspicuous '%en t%ey are transforming t%emselves into one anot%erC t%is again is t%e universality and a!soluteness of contradiction1 In studying t%e particularity and relativity of contradiction2 'e must give attention to t%e distinction !et'een t%e principal contradiction and t%e non principal contradictions and to t%e distinction !et'een t%e principal aspect and t%e non principal aspect of a contradictionC in studying t%e universality of contradiction and t%e struggle of opposites in contradiction2 'e must give attention to t%e distinction !et'een t%e different forms of struggle1H 49 H111forms of struggle2 differ according to t%e differences in t%e nature of t%e contradictions1 Some contradictions are c%aracterised !y open antagonism2 ot%ers are not1 In accordance 'it% t%e concrete development of t%ings2 some contradictions '%ic% 'ere originally non antagonistic develop into antagonistic ones2 '%ile ot%ers '%ic% 'ere originally antagonistic develop into non antagonistic ones1H 46 "ao continued al'ays to develop t%e t%eory of contradictions in practice1 Particularly during t%e period of socialist construction2 "ao gave furt%er clarity on t%e nature and %andling of social contradictions2 particularly regarding contradictions among t%e people1 ?e stressed t%at despite t%e victory of t%e revolution it 'as 'rong to t%in* t%at contradictions no longer existed in C%inese society1 ?e stated2 H)e are confronted 'it% t'o types of social contradictions @ t%ose !et'een ourselves and t%e enemy and t%ose among t%e people1 T%e t'o are totally different in nature111H HT%e contradictions !et'een ourselves and t%e enemy are antagonistic contradictions1 )it%in t%e ran*s of t%e people2 t%e contradictions among t%e 'or*ing people are non antagonistic2 '%ile t%ose !et'een t%e exploited and t%e exploiting classes %ave a non antagonistic as 'ell as an antagonistic aspect1H 48 "ao furt%er gave a detailed exposition of t%e met%ods of %andling t%e contradictions among t%e people in a socialist society1 $uring t%e Cultural Revolution too "ao placed constant stress on t%e correct %andling of contradictions as %e sa' t%is as t%e only guarantee for t%e success of socialism1 T%us it 'as 'arned at t%e ,int% CPC Congress in 47D72 H)e must correctly understand and %andle class contradictions and class struggle2 distinguis% t%e contradictions !et'een ourselves and t%e enemy from t%ose among t%e people2 and %andle t%em correctly1 Gt%er'ise a socialist country li*e ours 'ill turn into its opposite and degenerate2

and a capitalist restoration 'ill ta*e place1H 4B ?e enric%ed t%e "arxist t%eory of *no'ledge in t%e course of ela!orating t%e relations of production and *no'ledge1 ?e vividly explained t%e dialectical relations !et'een t%e perceptual and conceptual stages of *no'ledge1 ?e ela!orated t%e process of development of *no'ledge t%roug% t'o stages on t%e !asis of practice1 It 'as %o'ever "ao '%o ela!orated and refined t%e "arxist t%eory of *no'ledge particularly 'it% regard to t%e relation !et'een *no'ledge and practice 2 !et'een *no'ing and doing1 ?e detailed t%e process of cognition from lo'er to %ig%er levels and its transformation of reality t%roug% practice1 H$iscover t%e trut% t%roug% practice2 and again t%roug% practice verify and develop t%e trut%1 Start from perceptual *no'ledge and actively develop it into rational *no'ledgeC t%en start from rational *no'ledge and actively guide revolutionary practice to c%ange !ot% t%e su!0ective and t%e o!0ective 'orld1 Practice2 *no'ledge2 again practice2 and again *no'ledge1 T%is form repeats itself in endless cycles2 and 'it% eac% cycle t%e content of practice and *no'ledge rises to a %ig%er level1 suc% is t%e '%ole of t%e dialectical materialist t%eory of *no'ledge2 and suc% is t%e dialectical materialist t%eory of t%e unity of *no'ing and doing1H98 (ourgeois intellectuals distort "arxism alleging t%at it is not%ing !ut economic determinism1 (ut "arx and Engels %ad very clearly explained t%e dialectical relations !et'een !ase and superstructure1 "ao clearly pointed out in %is analysis of contradictions t%e dialectical relations !et'een t%ese and also t%e decisive role t%at superstructure play in some situations1 HT%e principal aspect is t%e one playing t%e leading role in t%e contradiction1 T%e nature of a t%ing is determined mainly !y t%e principal aspect of a contradiction2 t%e aspect '%ic% %as gained t%e dominant position1 H(ut t%is situation is not staticC t%e principal and t%e non principal aspects of a contradiction transform t%emselves into eac% ot%er and t%e nature of t%e t%ing c%anges accordinglyUUU HSome people t%in* t%at t%is is not true of certain contradictions1 &or instance2 in t%e contradiction !et'een t%e productive forces and t%e relations of production2 t%e productive forces are t%e principal aspectC in t%e contradiction !et'een t%eory and practice2 practice is t%e principal aspectC in t%e contradiction !et'een t%e economic !ase and t%e superstructure2 t%e economic !ase is t%e principal aspectC and t%ere is no c%ange in t%eir respective positions1 T%is is t%e mec%anical materialist conception2 not t%e dialectical materialist conception1 True2 t%e productive forces2 practice and t%e economic !ase generally play t%e principal and decisive roleC '%oever denies t%is is not materialist1 (ut it must also !e admitted t%at in certain conditions2 suc% aspects as t%e relations of t%e production2 t%eory and t%e superstructure in turn manifest t%emselves in t%e principal and decisive role1H95 T%roug%out t%e period of socialist construction and particularly during t%e Cultural Revolution2 "ao al'ays tried to maintain t%e correct dialectical !alance in approac% !et'een economic !ase and superstructure2 economics and politics1 ?e tried to correct Stalin#s incorrect approac% of totally neglecting t%e superstructure and concentrating only on tec%nology2 !y emp%asising t%e lin*ing of planning 'it% politics in command2 !y loo*ing not only at production relations2 !ut also at t%e superstructure2 at politics2 at t%e role of people1 T%is 'as t%e essence of t%e slogan2 =Grasp Revolution2 Promote Production1# T%us t%e Report of t%e ,int% CPC Congress in 47D7 said2 H=Grasp revolution2 promote production# @ t%is principle is a!solutely correct1 It correctly explains t%e relations%ip !et'een revolution and production2 !et'een consciousness and matter2 !et'een t%e superstructure and t%e economic !asis2 and !et'een t%e relations of production and t%e productive

forces111Politics is t%e concentrated expression of economics1 If 'e fail to ma*e revolution in t%e superstructure2 fail to arouse t%e !road masses of t%e 'or*ers and peasants2 fail to criticise t%e revisionist line2 fail to expose t%e %andful of renegades2 enemy agents2 capitalist roaders in po'er and counter revolutionaries2 and fail to consolidate t%e leaders%ip of t%e proletariat2 %o' can 'e furt%er consolidate t%e socialist economic !ase and furt%er develop t%e socialist productive forcesT T%is is not to replace production !y revolution2 !ut to use revolution to command production2 promote it and lead it for'ard1H97 T%is2 t%erefore2 'as2 under "ao#s guidance2 t%e correct dialectical application of t%e materialist conception of %istory1

Cha%ter BI

Politi63l E6ono52
Contri!ution of &ar' and Engels Contri!ution of enin Contri!ution of &ao Economic a)s of #ocialism

A!sor!ing all t%e rational aspects of t%e German classical p%ilosop%y2 Englis% classical political economy and &renc% revolutionary and socialist doctrines "arx discovered t%e "aterialist Conception of ?istory1 According to t%is revolutionary conception of %istory1 T%e development of civil society is to !e explained on t%e !asis of t%e economic relations and t%eir development1 T%us political economy 'as developed and it !ecame an instrument to reveal t%e relation !et'een people instead of t%at !et'een t%ings <i1e1 t%e exc%ange of one commodity for anot%er> as 'as explained !y t%e !ourgeois economists1 Engels clearly explained t%is E HEconomics deals not 'it% t%ings !ut 'it% relations !et'een persons2 and in t%e last resort !et'een classes1H69 Contri!ution of &ar' and Engels T%e political economy as developed !y "arx repudiating t%e !ourgeois economics 'as aptly exposed !y Lenin1 HIt is t%e ultimate aim 1 1 1 1 1 analysis of t%e commodity1H66 H=It is t%e ultimate aim of t%is 'or*2 to lay !are t%e economic la' of motion of modern society# <t%at is to say2 capitalist2 !ourgeois society>2 says "arx in t%e preface to Capital1 An investigation of t%e relations of production in a given2 %istorically defined society2 in t%eir genesis2 development2 and decline @ suc% is t%e content of "arx#s economic doctrine1 In capitalist society it is t%e production of commodities t%at dominates2 and "arx#s analysis t%erefore !egins 'it% an analysis of t%e commodity1H 69 : Lenin1 H)%ere t%e !ourgeois economists sa' a relation !et'een t%ings <t%e exc%ange of one commodity for anot%er> "arx revealed a relation !et'een people1 T%e exc%ange of commodities expresses t%e tie !et'een individual producers t%roug% t%e mar*et1 "oney signifies t%at t%is tie is !ecoming closer and closer2 insepara!ly !inding t%e entire economic life of t%e individual producers into one '%ole1 Capital signifies a furt%er development of t%is tieE %uman la!our po'er !ecomes a commodity1 T%e 'age 'or*er sells %is la!our po'er to t%e o'ner of t%e land2 factories and instruments of la!our1 T%e 'or*er spends one part of t%e day covering t%e cost of maintaining %imself and %is family <'ages>2 '%ile t%e

ot%er part of t%e day t%e 'or*er toils 'it%out remuneration2 creating for t%e capitalist surplus value2 t%e source of profit2 t%e source of t%e 'ealt% of t%e capitalist class1 HT%e doctrine of surplus value is t%e corner stone of "arx#s economic t%eory1H 66 T%is discovery of surplus value2 '%ic% according to Engels2 'as t%e second important discovery of "arx2 provided t%e exposition of t%e nature of exploitation of t%e 'or*ing class and laid !are t%e source of antagonism !et'een t%e proletariat and t%e !ourgeoisie1 It explained t%is antagonism as t%e principal manifestation of t%e fundamental contradiction of capitalist societyC t%e contradiction !et'een t%e social c%aracter of production and t%e private c%aracter of o'ners%ip1 "arx explained capitalist crises also as anot%er manifestation of t%is fundamental contradiction of capitalism1 Impelled !y t%e pursuit of profit to t%ro' more and more goods on to t%e mar*et2 t%e capitalists endeavour to maintain t%eir rate of profit !y reducing expenditure on 'ages2 '%et%er !y cutting 'age rates or employing fe'er 'or*ers1 (ut !y so doing t%ey reduce t%e purc%asing po'er of t%ose '%o2 toget%er 'it% t%eir families2 ma*e up t%e !ul* of t%e populationC and so t%ey restrict t%e mar*et for t%eir goods1 T%is restriction of t%e mar*et comes into collision 'it% t%e extension of production and resolves itself !y means of a crisis1 HCommerce is at a standstill2 t%e mar*ets are glutted2 products accumulate2 as multitudinous as t%ey are unsalea!le2 %ard cas% disappears2 credit vanis%es2 factories are closed2 t%e mass of 'or*ers are in 'ant of t%e means of su!sistence2 !ecause t%ey %ave produced too muc% of t%e means of su!sistenceC !an*ruptcy follo's upon !an*ruptcy2 execution upon execution111 HIn t%ese crises2 t%e contradiction !et'een socialised production and capitalist appropriation ends in a violent explosion1 T%e circulation of commodities is2 for t%e time !eing2 stopped1 "oney2 t%e means of circulation2 !ecomes a %indrance to circulation1 All t%e la's of production and circulation of commodities are turned upside do'n1 T%e economic collision %as reac%ed its apogee1 T%e mode of production is in re!ellion against t%e mode of exc%ange2 t%e productive forces are in re!ellion against t%e mode of production '%ic% t%ey %ave outgro'n1H 68 T%us t%ese repeated crises of capitalism can only !e solved !y resolving t%e fundamental contradiction of capitalism1 T%e force '%o can resolve t%is contradiction@t%e proletariat@%o'ever %as !een created !y capitalism itself1 T%e process t%roug% '%ic% t%e proletariat resolves t%is contradiction is explained !y "arx in t%e follo'ing oft 3uoted passage from CapitalE HAs soon as t%is process of transformation %as sufficiently decomposed t%e old society from top to !ottom2 as soon as t%e la!ourers are turned into proletarians2 t%eir means of la!our into capital2 as soon as t%e capitalist mode of production stands on its o'n feet2 t%en t%e furt%er socialisation of la!our and furt%er transformation of t%e land and ot%er means of production into socially exploited and2 t%erefore2 common means of production2 as 'ell as t%e furt%er expropriation of private proprietors2 ta*es a ne' form1 T%at '%ic% is no' to !e expropriated is no longer t%e la!ourer 'or*ing for %imself2 !ut t%e capitalist exploiting many la!ourers1 T%is expropriation is accomplis%ed !y t%e action of t%e immanent la's of capitalistic production itself2 !y t%e centralisation of capital1 Gne capitalist al'ays *ills many1 ?and in %and 'it% t%is centralisation2 or t%is expropriation of many capitalists !y fe'2 develop2 on an ever extending scale2 t%e co operative form of t%e la!our process2 t%e conscious tec%nical application of science2 t%e met%odical cultivation of t%e soil2 t%e transformation of t%e instruments of la!our into instruments of la!our only usa!le in common2 t%e economising of all means of production !y t%eir use as t%e means of production of com!ined2 socialised la!our2 t%e entanglement of all peoples in t%e net of t%e 'orld mar*et2 and 'it% t%is2 t%e international c%aracter of t%e capitalistic regime1 Along 'it% t%e constantly diminis%ing num!er of t%e magnates of capital2 '%o usurp and monopolise all advantages of t%is process of transformation2 gro's t%e mass of misery2 oppression2 slavery2 degradation2 exploitationC !ut 'it% t%is too gro's t%e revolt of t%e 'or*ing class2 a class al'ays increasing in num!ers2 and

disciplined2 united2 organised !y t%e very mec%anism of t%e process of capitalist production itself1 T%e monopoly of capital !ecomes a fetter upon t%e mode of production2 '%ic% %as sprung up and flouris%ed along 'it%2 and under it1 Centralisation of t%e means of production and socialisation of la!our at last reac% a point '%ere t%ey !ecome incompati!le 'it% t%eir capitalist integument1 T%is integument is !urst asunder1 T%e *nell of capitalist private property sounds1 T%e expropriators are expropriated1H 6B T%us "arx presents t%e %istorical tendency of capitalist accumulation@t%e essence of t%e la' of motion of capitalism1 Contri!ution of enin After t%e deat% of "arx and Engels t%e political economy 'as furt%er developed !y Lenin1 "arx and Engels revealed t%e various aspects of capitalism '%en it 'as at t%e stage of free competition1 T%ey exposed t%e fundamental contradiction of capitalism and pointed out its tendencies and future direction1 (ut it 'as not possi!le for t%em to analyse imperialism2 t%e %ig%est stage of capitalism '%ic% 'as yet to !e unfolded1 Lenin furt%er developed t%e "arxist political economy and analysed t%e economic and political essences of imperialism1 HT%e old p%ase of capitalism came to a close to'ards t%e end of t%e nineteent% and t%e !eginning of t%e t'entiet% century2 '%en "arx and Engels 'ere already dead1 It is understanda!le t%e "arx and Engels could only guess at t%e ne' conditions for t%e development of capitalism t%at arose as a result of t%e ne' p%ase of capitalism '%ic% succeeded t%e old p%ase2 as a result of t%e imperialist2 monopoly p%ase of development2 '%en t%e smoot% evolution of capitalism 'as succeeded !y spasmodic2 cataclysmic development of capitalism2 '%en t%e unevenness of development and t%e contradictions of capitalism !ecame particularly pronounced2 and '%en t%e struggle for mar*ets and fields of capital export2 in t%e circumstances of t%e extreme unevenness of development2 made periodical imperialist 'ars for periodic re divisions of t%e 'orld and of sp%eres of influence inevita!le1 H11Lenin11on t%e !asis of t%e fundamental principles in Capital211 made a su!stantiated "arxist analysis of imperialism as t%e last p%ase of capitalism2 and exposed its ulcers and t%e conditions of its inevita!le doom1H 6D : Stalin1 Lenin#s analysis of imperialism in %is 'or* =Imperialism t%e ?ig%est Stage of Capitalism# can !e summarised as follo'sE HImperialism is capitalism in t%at stage of development in '%ic% t%e dominance of monopolies and finance capital %as esta!lis%ed itselfC in '%ic% t%e export of capital %as ac3uired pronounced importanceC in '%ic% t%e division of t%e 'orld among t%e international trusts %as !egunC in '%ic% t%e division of all territories of t%e glo!e among t%e !iggest capitalist po'ers %as !een completed1H 6; HImperialism emerged as t%e development and direct continuation of t%e fundamental c%aracteristics of capitalism in general1 (ut capitalism only !ecame capitalist imperialism at a definite and very %ig% stage of its development2 '%en certain of its fundamental c%aracteristics !egan to c%ange into t%eir opposites2 '%en t%e features of t%e epoc% of transition from capitalism to a %ig%er social and economic system %ad ta*en s%ape and revealed t%emselves all along t%e line1 Economically2 t%e main t%ing in t%is process is t%e displacement of capitalist free competition !y capitalist monopoly1 &ree competition is t%e fundamental c%aracteristic of capitalism2 and of commodity production generallyC monopoly is t%e exact opposite of free competition2111At t%e same time t%e monopolies2 '%ic% %ave gro'n out of free competition2 do not eliminate t%e latter2 !ut exist over it and alongside of it2 and t%ere!y give rise to a num!er of very acute2 intense antagonisms2 frictions and conflicts1 "onopoly is t%e transition from capitalism to a %ig%er system1H 65 H111it follo's t%at 'e must define it as capitalism in transition2 or2 more precisely2 as mori!und capitalism1H 67 H"onopolies2 oligarc%y2 t%e striving for domination instead of striving for li!erty2 t%e exploitation of an

increasing num!er of small or 'ea* nations !y a %andful of t%e ric%est or most po'erful nations : all t%ese %ave given !irt% to t%ose distinctive c%aracteristics of imperialism '%ic% compel us to define it as parasitic or decaying capitalism1H 8A H11uneven development sums up2 as it 'ere2 modern monopolist capitalism on a 'orld 'ide scale1 And proves t%at imperialist 'ars are a!solutely inevita!le under suc% an economic system21H 84 HImperialism is t%e eve of t%e social revolution of t%e proletariat1H 89 T%is analysis of imperialism made !y Lenin at t%e time of t%e )orld )ar I and t%e Gcto!er Revolution remains completely valid to t%is day1 Contri!ution of &ao In t%e course of advancement of class struggle in a country li*e C%ina "ao furt%er developed "arxist political economy1 ?e analysed t%e la' of motion of semi feudal semi colonial economy of C%ina2 and explained c%aracteristic future of t%e monopoly capitalism@ comprador in nature1 T%is variety of capitalism descri!ed !y "ao as comprador !ureaucrat capitalism2 is ne' contri!ution to political economy1 It is lin*ed 'it% !ot% feudalism and imperialism1 "ao expounded t%is semi feudal2 semi colonial relation of production in %is cele!rated article +n New Democracy and called upon t%e people to smas% t%is relation of production to accomplis% peoples# democratic revolution1 In t%e period follo'ing )orld )ar II imperialism c%anged some of its met%ods of exploitation and control and transferred po'er to t%e representatives of monopoly capitalist and feudal classes @ comprador in c%aracter1 T%is resulted in emergence of comprador !ureaucrat capitalism in t%ese countries11 T%is 'as analysed !y t%e CPC under "ao#s leaders%ipE HAfter )orld )ar II t%e imperialists %ave certainly not given up colonialism2 !ut %ave merely adopted a ne' form2 neo colonialism1 An important c%aracteristic of suc% neo colonialism is t%at t%e imperialists %ave !een forced to c%ange t%eir old style of direct colonial rule in some areas Min almost all areas todayN and to adopt a ne' style of colonial rule and exploitation !y relying on t%e agents t%ey %ave selected and trained1 T%e imperialists %eaded !y t%e .nited States enslave or control t%e colonial countries and countries '%ic% %ave already declared t%eir independence !y organising military !locs2 setting up military !ases2 esta!lis%ing =federations# or =communities#2 and fostering puppet regimes1 (y means of economic =aid# or ot%er forms2 t%ey retain t%ese countries as mar*ets for t%eir goods2 sources of ra' material and outlets for t%eir export of capital2 plunder t%e ric%es and suc* t%e !lood of t%e people of t%ese countries1 "oreover2 t%ey use t%e .nited ,ations as an important tool for interfering in t%e internal affairs of suc% countries and for su!0ecting t%em to military2 economic and cultural aggression1 )%en t%ey are una!le to continue t%eir rule over t%ese countries !y =peaceful# means2 t%ey engineer military coups &9etat2 carry out su!version or even resort to direct armed intervention and aggression11 HT%is neo colonialism is a more pernicious and sinister form of colonialism1H 86 )%en revisionists captured t%e CPS. and restored capitalism in t%e Soviet .nion2 t%e CPC under t%e guidance of "ao2 !asing itself on t%e fundamental principles laid do'n in Lenin#s 'or*2 made an analysis of t%e Soviet economy and society and its ruling class1 It identified it as social imperialism socialism in name2 imperialism in essence1 It s%o'ed t%at state monopoly capitalism 'as t%e economic !asis of social imperialism and t%at its =ne' international relations# 'ere not%ing !ut anot%er name for neo colonialism1 Economic a)s of #ocialism T%oug% "arx and Engels2 particularly in t%eir 'or*s2 Critique of the otha Programme and AntiDuhring2 gave some vie's on t%e nature of t%e functioning of t%e socialist economy2 t%ey %o'ever did

not attempt to analyse t%e economic la's of socialism1 As "ao %as said2 Hto *no' t%e la's it is necessary to go t%roug% a process1 T%e vanguard is no exception1H 88 Lenin2 in t%e period after t%e victory of t%e Gcto!er Revolution2 formulated some guidelines for socialist construction1 ?o'ever %e too did not live long enoug% to =go t%roug% a process#2 and devote attention to t%e 3uestion of t%e o!0ective la's of motion of socialism1 It 'as t%us left to Stalin to attempt to discover t%e economic la's of socialism1 In %is Economic Pro"lems of Socialism in the 8SSR %e formulated t%e !asic economic la' of socialism in t%e follo'ing mannerE HT%e essential features and re3uirements of t%e !asic economic la' of socialism mig%t !e formulated roug%ly in t%is 'ay E t%e securing of t%e maximum satisfaction of t%e constantly rising material and cultural re3uirements of t%e '%ole of society t%roug% t%e continuous expansion and perfection of socialist production on t%e !asis of %ig%er tec%ni3ues1H8B "ao pointed out t%at Stalin#s understanding totally neglected t%e superstructure1 T%is error 'as corrected in t%e formulation of t%e !asic economic la' as formulated !y "ao given in t%e S%ang%ai Text!oo* dra'n up during t%e Cultural Revolution1 HT%e o!0ective aim of social production and t%e means to realise it express t%e !asic direction of development of social production and em!ody t%e re3uirements of t%e economic la's of society1 11T%e aim of socialist production is to satisfy t%e ever increasing needs of t%e state and t%e people1 T%is aim is attained !y means of propelling t%e development of tec%nology and production t%roug% revolution1 T%erefore2 to sum up !riefly2 t%e ma0or c%aracteristics and re3uirements of t%e fundamental economic la' of socialism areE to opportunely ad0ust and transform t%e relations of production and t%e superstructureC to steadily raise t%e level of tec%nologyC to develop socialist production 'it% greater2 faster2 !etter2 and more economical resultsC to satisfy t%e ever increasing needs of t%e state and t%e people2 and create t%e material conditions for t%e ultimate elimination of classes and t%e realisation of communism1H8D T%us t%roug% a process of social practice "ao furt%er developed it1 Anot%er o!0ective economic la' of socialism is t%e la' of !alanced <proportionate> development of t%e national economy2 or t%e la' of planned development1 T%is la' demands t%at t%e various mutually dependent !ranc%es of production and enterprises maintain proper proportions among t%emselves and supply '%at t%ey produce to ot%ers to satisfy eac% ot%er#s needs1 Gt%er'ise2 social production 'ill !e o!structed or even disrupted1 Stalin explains its !asis and applica!ility in t%e follo'ing mannerE HT%e la' of !alanced development of t%e national economy arose in contradistinction to t%e la' of competition and anarc%y of production under capitalism1 It arose from t%e socialisation of t%e means of production2 after t%e la' of competition and anarc%y of production %ad lost its validity1 It !ecame operative !ecause a socialist economy can !e conducted only on t%e !asis of t%e economic la' of !alanced development of t%e national economy1 T%at means t%at t%e la' of !alanced development of t%e national economy ma*es it possi!le for our planning !odies to plan social production correctly1 (ut possi!ility must not !e confused 'it% actuality1 T%ey are t'o different t%ings1 In order to turn t%e possi!ility into actuality2 it is necessary to study t%is economic la'2 to master it2 to learn to apply it 'it% full understanding2 and to compile suc% plans as fully reflect t%e re3uirements of t%is la'1H 8; T%e la' of value '%ic% operates under capitalism also operates to certain extent under socialism1 T%is is !ecause socialist production is2 to a certain extent2 !ot% direct social production and also commodity production1 H)%erever commodities and commodity production exist2 t%ere t%e la' of value must also exist1H 85

HT%e su!stance of t%e la' of value isE <4> t%e value of commodities is determined !y t%e socially necessary la!our time expended on t%eir productionC <9> commodity exc%ange must !e !ased on t%e principle of e3uivalent values1 H)%at t%e la' of value em!odies is !ourgeois rig%t2 t%e !asic content of '%ic% in socialist society is not t%at muc% different from '%at it 'as in t%e old society1 (ut under different social economic systems2 t%e la' of value 'ill assume different forms and exert different effects on production1 111H HAs far as t%e '%ole of socialist production is concerned2 planning is primary and price is secondary1 T%at is to say2 in t%e allocation of social la!our among various production sectors2 '%at and %o' muc% to produce are regulated !y t%e state plan2 '%ic% reflects t%e re3uirements of t%e fundamental economic la' of socialism and t%e la' of planned development of t%e national economy1 T%e state plan plays a primary and decisive role1 T%e la' of value is still useful2 !ut it plays only a secondary and supportive role1H 87 T%ese t%en are t%e o!0ective economic la's of socialism and t%eir relation and relative importance in t%e social processes and operation of socialist society1 Lastly2 '%at is t%e o!0ective %istorical tendency of t%e development of socialist societyT HT%e t%eory of socialist political economy advanced !y "arxism Leninism "aoism scientifically analyses t%e la's of motion of t%e formation and development of socialist relations of production1 It also reveals t%e %istorical necessity of socialist society developing into communist society111 H111In socialist society2 pu!lic o'ners%ip of t%e means of production %as !een esta!lis%ed2 t%e la!ouring people %ave !ecome masters of society and enterprises2 and "arxism %as !ecome t%e guiding t%oug%t of society1 In t%ese respects2 socialist society possesses elements of communism1 ?o'ever2 socialist society is merely t%e first stage of communist society1 11111H HT%e %istorical tas* of t%e proletariat in t%e socialist period is to persevere in exercising all round dictators%ip over t%e !ourgeoisie in all sp%eres and at all stages of development of t%e revolution2 t%oroug%ly defeat t%e !ourgeoisie2 a!olis% all classes and class distinctions generally2 a!olis% all t%e relations of production on '%ic% t%ey rest2 a!olis% all t%e social relations t%at correspond to t%ese relations of production2 revolutionise all t%e ideas t%at result from t%ese social relations2 and propel socialist society to'ard a %ig%er and more mature communist society1 T%erefore2 socialist society constitutes t%e necessary preparation for communist society2 and communist society is2 in turn2 an o!0ective trend of development of socialist society1H BA

Cha%ter BII

So6i3lis5
+: #CIE/TIFIC #OCIA I#& Theor" of Class #truggle #ocialism in One Countr" ;: T(E #OCIA I#T #TATE The Dictatorshi% of the Proletariat The Peo%le*s Democratic Dictatorshi% <: #OCIA I#T CO/#TR=CTIO/

The Russian E'%erience Socialist Industrialisation Collectivisation of Agriculture Victory of Socialism and Preliminary Conditions for Transition to Communism Errors in Russian Experience The Chinese E'%erience General Line and Step !y Step Collectivisation "ao#s $evelopment of $ialectical Approac% to Socialist Construction Great Leap &or'ard and t%e (irt% of People#s Communes Struggle against t%e Capitalist Roaders -: T(E $REAT PRO ETARIA/ C= T=RA RE8O =TIO/ Ca%italist Restoration of the #oviet =nion> (istorical essons The Cultural Revolution> A Form Found Ane) The Targets of the Revolution &ass6 ine in the Revolution (istorical Relevance of the Cultural Revolution

+: #CIE/TIFIC #OCIA I#&

Theor" of Class #truggle H)%en feudalism 'as overt%ro'n2 and =free# capitalist society appeared on God#s eart%2 it at once !ecame apparent t%at t%is freedom meant a ne' system of oppression and exploitation of t%e 'or*ing people1 Various socialist doctrines immediately !egan to arise as a reflection of and protest against t%is oppression1H B4 T%is socialism2 'as2 Hin its essence2 t%e direct product of t%e recognition2 on t%e one %and2 of t%e class antagonisms existing in t%e society of today !et'een proprietors and non proprietors2 !et'een capitalists and 'age 'or*ersC on t%e ot%er %and2 of t%e anarc%y existing in production1H B9 (ut it H'as utopian socialism1 It criticised capitalist society2 it condemned and damned it2 it dreamed of its destruction2 it indulged in fancies of !etter order and endeavoured to convince t%e ric% of t%e immorality of exploitation1H B6 HTo ma*e a science of socialism2 it %ad first to !e placed upon a real !asis1H B8 T%is real !asis 'as provided !y "arx#s doctrine of t%e class struggle1 $eveloping on t%e description of classes and class struggle given !y !ourgeois economists and %istorians2 "arx provedE H4> t%at t%e existence of classes is only !ound up 'it% particular %istorical p%ases in t%e development of production2 9> t%at t%e class struggle necessarily leads to t%e dictators%ip of t%e proletariat2 6> t%at t%is dictators%ip itself only constitutes t%e transition to t%e a!olition of all classes and to a classless society1H
BB

H&rom t%at time for'ard socialism 'as no longer an accidental discovery of t%is or t%at ingenious !rain2 !ut t%e necessary outcome of t%e struggle !et'een t'o %istorically developed classes : t%e proletariat and t%e !ourgeoisie1 Its tas* 'as no longer to manufacture a system of society as perfect as possi!le2 !ut to examine t%e %istorico economic succession of events from '%ic% t%ese classes and t%eir antagonism %ad of necessity sprung2 and to discover in t%e economic conditions t%e means of ending t%e conflict1H BD Socialism !ecame a science1 #ocialism in One Countr"

In %is Principles of Communism2 Engels replied as follo's to t%e 3uestion '%et%er t%e proletarian revolution is possi!le in one country aloneE H,o1 Large scale industry2 already !y creating t%e 'orld mar*et2 %as so lin*ed up all t%e peoples of t%e eart%2 and especially t%e civilised peoples2 t%at eac% people is dependent on '%at %appens to anot%er1 &urt%er2 in all civilised countries large scale industry %as so levelled social development t%at in all t%ese countries t%e !ourgeoisie and t%e proletariat %ave !ecome t%e t'o decisive classes of society and t%e struggle !et'een t%em t%e main struggle of t%e day1 T%e communist revolution 'ill t%erefore !e not merely national oneC it 'ill !e a revolution ta*ing place simultaneously in all civilised countries2 t%at is2 at least in England2 America2 &rance and Germany1 In eac% of t%ese countries it 'ill develop more 3uic*ly or more slo'ly according to '%et%er t%e country %as a more developed industry2 more 'ealt%2 and a more considera!le mass of productive forces1H D4 T%is understanding 'as modified to some extent in later years '%en "arx and Engels referred to t%e possi!ility of victory of t%e revolution first in one or a fe' countries and even t%e necessity of =t%e victorious proletariat# %aving to fig%t =defensive 'ars# D9 against t%e !ourgeoisie of ot%er countries1 ?o'ever t%e general vie' 'as t%at victory in one country 'as not possi!le1 It 'as only under t%e ne' conditions of imperialism t%at Lenin made a clear revaluation of t%e earlier understanding1 HT%e development of capitalism proceeds extremely unevenly in different countries1 It cannot !e ot%er'ise under commodity production1 &rom t%is it follo's irrefuta!ly t%at socialism cannot ac%ieve victory simultaneously in all countries1 It 'ill ac%ieve victory first in one or several countries2 '%ile t%e ot%ers 'ill for some time remain !ourgeois or pre !ourgeois1H D6 Stalin summarised t%e Leninist understanding in t%is 'ayE H&ormerly2 t%e victory of t%e revolution in one country 'as considered impossi!le2 on t%e assumption t%at it 'ould re3uire t%e com!ined action of t%e proletarians of all or at least of a ma0ority of t%e advanced countries to ac%ieve victory over t%e !ourgeoisie1 ,o' t%is point of vie' no longer fits in 'it% t%e facts1 ,o' 'e must proceed from t%e possi!ility of suc% a victoryC for t%e uneven and spasmodic c%aracter of t%e development of t%e various capitalist countries under t%e conditions of imperialism2 t%e development 'it%in imperialism of catastrop%ic contradictions leading to inevita!le 'ars2 t%e gro't% of t%e revolutionary movement in all countries of t%e 'orld@all t%is leads2 not only to t%e possi!ility2 !ut also to t%e necessity of t%e victory of t%e proletariat in individual countries1 1111 HAfter consolidating its po'er and leading t%e peasantry in its 'a*e t%e proletariat of t%e victorious country can and must !uild a socialist society1H D8 T%us it 'as asserted t%at it 'as possi!le for t%e proletariat to ma*e revolution2 consolidate its po'er2 and !uild socialism in a single country1 H(ut2H Stalin goes on2 Hdoes t%is mean t%at it 'ill t%ere!y ac%ieve t%e complete and final victory of socialism2 i1e12 does it mean t%at 'it% t%e forces of only one country it can finally consolidate socialism and fully guarantee t%at country against intervention and2 conse3uently2 also against restorationT ,o2 it does not1 &or t%is t%e victory of t%e revolution in at least several countries is needed1H D8 &urt%er2 it 'as assessed2 revolution in t%e era of imperialism 'ould not necessarily !rea* out first in t%e most advanced countriesC Ht%e c%ain of t%e imperialist front must2 as a rule2 !rea* '%ere t%e lin*s are 'ea*er and2 at all events2 not necessarily '%ere capitalism is more developed2 '%ere t%ere is suc% and suc% a percentage of proletarians and suc% and suc% a percentage of peasants2 and so on1HDB T%is 'as t%e actual process of %istory and t%e proletariat 'as successful in some of t%e relatively more !ac*'ard countries of t%e 'orld1 T%us t%is 'as also '%ere t%e principles of socialist construction %ad to !e 'or*ed out in practice

;: T(E #OCIA I#T #TATE

The Dictatorshi% of the Proletariat T%e conception of t%e proletariat organised as a ruling class 'it% its State2 'as given at t%e time of t%e =Communist "anifesto# itself1 "arx and Engels t%en said2 H11t%e first step in t%e revolution !y t%e 'or*ing class2 is to raise t%e proletariat to t%e position of ruling class2 to 'in t%e !attle of democracy1H HT%e proletariat 'ill use its political supremacy to 'rest2 !y degrees2 all capital from t%e !ourgeoisie2 to centralise all instruments of production in t%e %ands of t%e State2 i1e12 of t%e proletariat organised as t%e ruling classC and to increase t%e total of productive forces as rapidly as possi!le1H DD "arx2 '%ile analysing t%e class struggles in &rance of 4585 BA2 clarified t%at t%e essence of t%e proletarian state 'as t%e dictators%ip of t%e proletariat1 In %is =Criti3ue of t%e Got%a Programme# %e asserted2 H(et'een capitalist and communist society lies t%e period of t%e revolutionary transformation of t%e one into t%e ot%er1 Corresponding to t%is also a political transition period in '%ic% t%e state can !e not%ing !ut t%e revolutionary dictators%ip of t%e proletariat1HD; ?e also pointed out t%at t%e dictators%ip of t%e proletariat 'as an essential aspect of %is doctrine of t%e class struggle2 '%ic% differentiated it from t%e understanding of classes and class struggle given !y !ourgeois sc%olars1 It 'as on t%e !asis of t%is understanding given !y "arx2 t%at Lenin gave %is famous definition of a "arxistE HT%ose '%o recognise only t%e class struggle are not yet "arxistsC t%ey may !e found to !e still 'it%in t%e !ounds of !ourgeois t%in*ing and !ourgeois politics1 To confine "arxism to t%e t%eory of t%e class struggle means curtailing "arxism2 distorting it2 reducing it to somet%ing accepta!le to t%e !ourgeoisie1 Gnly %e is a "arxist '%o extends t%e recognition of t%e class struggle to t%e recognition of t%e dictators%ip of t%e proletariat1 T%is is '%at constitutes t%e most profound distinction !et'een t%e "arxist and t%e ordinary petty <as 'ell as !ig> !ourgeois1 T%is is t%e touc%stone on '%ic% t%e real understanding and recognition of "arxism s%ould !e tested1H D5 T%is definition of a "arxist starts !asically from t%e "arxist understanding of t%e stateC HAccording to "arx2 t%e state is an organ of class rule2 an organ for t%e oppression of one class !y anot%erCH D7 : Lenin1 It is a Hspecial apparatus for t%e systematic application of force and t%e su!0ugation of people !y force111a special category of people '%o are separated out to rule ot%ers and '%o2 for t%e sa*e and purpose of rule2 systematically and permanently %ave at t%eir disposal a certain apparatus of coercion2 an apparatus of violence2 suc% as is represented 111 !y t%e armed detac%ments of troops t%e prisons and t%e ot%er means of su!0ugating t%e 'ill of ot%ers !y force1H ;A T%us every form of class society is a dictators%ip of t%e ruling class1 T%e so called democracy of t%e capitalists is actually Ha dictators%ip of t%e !ourgeoisie mas*ed !y parliamentary form1H ;4 It follo's t%at all attempts to use t%e apparatus of t%e !ourgeois state2 '%ic% serves to protect !ourgeois rig%ts2 for t%e purpose of a!olis%ing t%ose rig%ts2 are doomed to failure1 (ased on t%is understanding Lenin furt%er developed t%e understanding of t%e dictators%ip of t%e proletariat1 T%e starting point in t%is understanding is t%at t%e dictators%ip of t%e proletariat is a!ove all t%e instrument of t%e proletarian revolution1 HT%e revolution can defeat t%e !ourgeoisie2 can overt%ro' its po'er2 even 'it%out t%e dictators%ip of t%e proletariat1 (ut t%e revolution 'ill !e una!le to crus% t%e resistance of t%e !ourgeoisie2 to maintain its victory and to pus% for'ard to t%e final victory of socialism unless2 at a certain stage in its development2 it creates a special organ in t%e form of t%e

dictators%ip of t%e proletariat as its principal mainstay1H ;9 T%us t%e proletarian dictators%ip is a!solutely essential to complete t%e t%ree main tas*s t%at face t%e revolution immediately after victoryE !rea*ing t%e resistance of t%e old ruling classes2 commencing socialist construction2 and arming t%e revolution against t%e external imperialist enemy1 T%e second fundamental aspect of t%e Leninist understanding of t%e dictators%ip is as t%e rule of t%e proletariat over t%e !ourgeoisie1 &rom t%is arise t'o conclusionsE &irst2 H.nder t%e dictators%ip of t%e proletariat2 democracy is proletarian democracy2 t%e democracy of t%e exploited ma0ority2 !ased on t%e restriction of t%e rig%ts of t%e exploiting minority and directed against t%is minority1 HSecond conclusionE T%e dictators%ip of t%e proletariat cannot arise as t%e result of t%e peaceful development of t%e !ourgeois society and of !ourgeois democracyC it can arise only as t%e result of t%e smas%ing of t%e !ourgeois state mac%ine2 t%e !ourgeois army2 t%e !ourgeois !ureaucratic apparatus2 t%e !ourgeois police1H ;6 T%is second conclusion 'as ac*no'ledged !y "arx and Engels as a lesson of t%e Paris Commune2 '%ose experience proved t%at Ht%e 'or*ing class cannot simply lay %old of t%e ready made State mac%inery and 'ield it for its o'n purposesH ;82 it %ad to smas% it1 (ut it 'as Lenin '%o time and again reminded t%at Ht%e proletarian revolution is impossi!le 'it%out t%e forci!le destruction of t%e !ourgeois state mac%ine and t%e su!stitution for it of a ne' one1H ;B T%e t%ird fundamental aspect of t%e Leninist understanding is regarding soviet po'er as t%e state form of t%e dictators%ip of t%e proletariat1 "arx too %ad dealt 'it% t%is 3uestion of t%e form of t%e proletarian state1 ?e analysed t%e Paris Commune 'it% its c%aracteristics as a democratic elected organ2 'it%out any special salaries or privilegesC as a 'or*ing not parliamentary !ody2 !ot% executive and legislature at t%e same time1 ?o'ever it 'as Lenin '%o ans'ered t%is 3uestion t%roug% t%e adoption of t%e Soviet form t%ro'n up first !y t%e 47AB Russian revolution1 T%e soviets 'ere all em!racing mass organisations of t%e 'or*ers2 peasants and soldiers2 as 'ell as t%e most po'erful organs of t%e revolutionary struggle of t%e masses1 T%eir union into one common state organisation constituted soviet po'er1 (y its very structure soviet po'er facilitated t%e tas* of t%e proletariat leading t%e ot%er sections of t%e oppressed masses2 of freeing t%e armed forces from !ourgeois control and of setting up a state organisation '%ic% could smas% t%e !ourgeois state mac%ine1 (esides t%e soviet form of proletarian state po'er also %ad all t%e positive features of t%e Paris commune1 T%us2 Ht%e Paris Commune 'as t%e em!ryo of t%is formC Soviet po'er is its development and culmination1H ;D The Peo%le*s Democratic Dictatorshi% (asing %imself on t%e "arxist Leninist understanding of t%e state and t%e dictators%ip of t%e proletariat2 "ao ela!orated t%e t%eory regarding t%e form of t%e state in t%e revolutions in t%e colonial countries1 Gn t%e !asis of t%e t%eory of ,e' $emocracy2 %e formulated t%e understanding of t%e ne' democratic repu!lic1 HT%is ne' democratic repu!lic 'ill !e different from t%e old European American form of capitalist repu!lic under !ourgeois dictators%ip '%ic% is t%e old democratic form and already out of date1 Gn t%e ot%er %and2 it 'ill also !e different from t%e socialist repu!lic of t%e Soviet type under t%e dictators%ip of t%e proletariat '%ic% is already flouris%ing in t%e .1S1S1R12 and '%ic%2 moreover2 'ill !e esta!lis%ed in all t%e capitalist countries and 'ill undou!tedly !ecome t%e dominant form of state and governmental structure in all t%e industrially advanced countries1 ?o'ever2 for a certain %istorical period2 t%is form is not suita!le for t%e revolutions in t%e colonial and semi colonial countries1 $uring t%is period2 t%erefore2 a t%ird form of state must !e adopted in t%e revolutions of all colonial and semi colonial countries2 namely2 t%e ne' democratic repu!lic1 T%is form suits a certain %istorical period and is t%erefore transitionalC nevert%eless2 it is a form '%ic% is necessary and cannot !e dispensed 'it%1H

HT%us t%e numerous types of state system in t%e 'orld can !e reduced to t%ree !asic *inds according to t%e class c%aracter of t%eir political po'erE <4> repu!lics under !ourgeois dictators%ipC <9> repu!lics under t%e dictators%ip of t%e proletariatC and <6> repu!lics under t%e 0oint dictators%ip of several revolutionary classes1 11H HT%e t%ird *ind is t%e transitional form of state to !e adopted in t%e revolutions of t%e colonial and semi colonial countries1 Eac% of t%ese revolutions 'ill necessarily %ave specific c%aracteristics of its o'n2 !ut t%ese 'ill !e minor variations on a general t%eme1 So long as t%ey are revolutions in colonial and semi colonial countries2 t%eir state and governmental structure 'ill of necessity !e !asically t%e same2 i1e12 a ne' democratic state under t%e 0oint dictators%ip of several anti imperialist classes1H ;; T%is state 'as finally esta!lis%ed in t%e form of t%e People#s $emocratic $ictators%ip1 Gn t%e eve of victory of t%e C%inese revolution2 "ao explained t%e essence of t%e people#s democratic dictators%ip in t%e follo'ing mannerE H)%o are t%e peopleT At t%e present stage in C%ina2 t%ey are t%e 'or*ing class2 t%e peasantry2 t%e ur!an petty !ourgeoisie and t%e national !ourgeoisie11 T%ese classes2 led !y t%e 'or*ing class and t%e Communist Party2 unite to form t%eir o'n state and elect t%eir o'n governmentC t%ey enforce t%eir dictators%ip over t%e running dogs of imperialism : t%e landlord class and !ureaucrat !ourgeoisie2 as 'ell as t%e representatives of t%ose classes2 t%e Juomintang reactionaries and t%eir accomplices : suppress t%em2 allo' t%em only to !e%ave t%emselves and not to !e unruly in 'ord or deed2 if t%ey spea* or act in an unruly 'ay2 t%ey 'ill !e promptly stopped and punis%ed1 $emocracy is practised 'it%in t%e ran*s of t%e people2 '%o en0oy t%e rig%ts of freedom of speec%2 assem!ly2 association and so on1 T%e rig%t to vote !elongs only to t%e people2 not to t%e reactionaries1 T%e com!ination of t%ese t'o aspects2 democracy for t%e people and dictators%ip over t%e reactionaries2 is t%e people#s democratic dictators%ip1H ;5 Regarding t%e relations%ip !et'een t%e various classes among t%e people2 "ao ela!orated as follo's2 HT%e people#s democratic dictators%ip2 led !y t%e proletariat and !ased on t%e 'or*er peasant alliance2 re3uires t%at our Party conscientiously unite t%e entire 'or*ing class2 t%e entire peasantry and t%e !road masses of revolutionary intellectualsC t%ese are t%e leading and !asic forces of t%e dictators%ip1 )it%out t%is unity2 t%e dictators%ip cannot !e consolidated1 It is also re3uired t%at our Party unite 'it% as many as possi!le of t%e representatives of t%e ur!an petty !ourgeoisie and national !ourgeoisie '%o can co operate 'it% us and 'it% t%eir intellectuals and political groups2 so t%at2 during t%e revolutionary period2 'e can isolate t%e counter revolutionary forces and completely overt%ro' !ot% t%e counter revolutionary and imperialist forces in C%ina and so t%at2 after t%e victory of t%e revolution2 'e can speedily restore and develop production2 cope 'it% foreign imperialism2 steadily transform C%ina from an agricultural into an industrial country and !uild C%ina into a great socialist state1H ;7

<: #OCIA I#T CO/#TR=CTIO/

The Russian E'%erience Around t%e time of t%e Gcto!er Revolution t%ere 'ere t'o types of pseudo "arxist vie's 'it% regard to t%e !uilding of socialism1 Gne 'as t%e vie' represented !y t%e "ens%evi*s and ot%ers t%at since capitalism %ad not advanced sufficiently and concentrated t%e means of production2 particularly in agriculture2 t%e proletariat s%ould not capture po'er2 !ut 'ait till capitalism %ad created t%e conditions for t%e simultaneous socialisation of all t%e means of production1 T%e ot%er vie' represented !y t%e =Left# Communists and ot%ers 'as t%at po'er s%ould !e captured and all t%e means of production immediately socialised even !y means of expropriating t%e small and

medium producers1 Lenin2 in a struggle against t%ese t'o trends2 dre' up t%e correct pat% for socialist construction1 Stalin2 in 47B92 summarised it as follo'sE HLenin#s ans'er may !e !riefly summed up as follo'sE a > &avoura!le conditions for t%e assumption of po'er s%ould not !e missed:t%e proletariat s%ould assume po'er 'it%out 'aiting until capitalism succeeded in ruining t%e millions of small and medium individual producers1 !> T%e means of production in industry s%ould !e expropriated and converted into pu!lic propertyC c> As to t%e small and medium individual producers2 t%ey s%ould !e gradually united in producers# co operatives2 i1e12 in large agricultural enterprises2 collective farmsC d> Industry s%ould !e developed to t%e utmost and t%e collective farms s%ould !e placed on t%e modern tec%nical !asis of large scale production2 not expropriating t%em2 !ut on t%e contrary generously supplying t%em 'it% first class tractors and ot%er mac%inesC e> In order to ensure an economic !ond !et'een to'n and country2 !et'een industry and agriculture2 commodity production <exc%ange t%roug% purc%ase and sale> s%ould !e preserved for a certain period2 it !eing t%e form of economic tie 'it% t%e to'n '%ic% is alone accepta!le to t%e peasants2 and Soviet trade : state2 co operative2 and collective farm : s%ould !e developed to t%e full and t%e capitalists of all types and descriptions ousted from trading activity1 HT%e %istory of socialist construction in our country %as s%o'n t%at t%is pat% of development2 mapped out !y Lenin2 %as fully 0ustified itself1H 5A T%oug% t%e first t'o steps2 t%e seiFure of po'er and t%e =expropriation of t%e expropriators#2 'as completed in t%e first fe' mont%s itself2 t%e process of socialist construction could not !e ta*en up immediately !ecause of t%e extremely difficult conditions of all sided enemy attac* faced !y t%e first proletarian state1 It %ad to go t%roug% a process of emergency measures called =)ar Communism# during t%e civil 'ar2 up to 479A1 After victory in t%e civil 'ar2 t%ere 'as a period of economic restoration2 during '%ic% concessions 'ere given to certain sections under t%e ,e' Economic Policy <,EP>1 T%us t%is period from t%e revolution up to 479B 'as mainly a period of consolidation and preparation1 T%e ,istory of the CPS8.60 descri!es t%e political essence of t%is period as follo'sE HIn Gcto!er 474; t%e 'or*ing class %ad van3uis%ed capitalism politically2 !y esta!lis%ing its o'n political dictators%ip1 Since t%en t%e Soviet Government %ad !een ta*ing every measure to s%atter t%e economic po'er of capitalism and to create conditions for t%e !uilding of a Socialist economic system1 T%ese measures 'ere E t%e expropriation of t%e capitalists and landlordsC t%e conversion of t%e land2 factories2 mills2 rail'ays and t%e !an*s into pu!lic propertyC t%e adoption of t%e ,e' Economic Policy C t%e !uilding up of a state o'ned Socialist industryC and t%e application of Lenin#s co operative plan1 ,o' t%e main tas* 'as to proceed to !uild a ne'2 Socialist economic system all over t%e country and t%us smas% capitalism economically as 'ell1H 54 #ocialist Industrialisation> T%e Soviet .nion 'as at t%at time still a relatively !ac*'ard agrarian country 'it% t'o t%irds of t%e total production coming from agriculture and only one t%ird from industry1 &urt%er !eing t%e first socialist state2 t%e 3uestion of !eing economically independent of imperialism 'as of central importance1 T%erefore t%e pat% of socialist construction %ad to firstly concentrate on socialist industrialisation1 In Stalin#s 'ords2 HT%e conversion of our country from an agrarian into an industrial country a!le to produce t%e mac%inery it needs !y its o'n efforts:t%at is t%e

essence2 t%e !asis of our general line1H 59 T%us t%e main focus 'as on %eavy industry '%ic% 'ould produce mac%ines for ot%er industries and for agriculture1 T%is policy 'as a ma0or success and !uilt a strong industrial !ase independent of imperialism1 It also ena!led t%e defence of t%e socialist !ase in t%e 'orld 'ar II1 Also industry expanded at a pace several times faster t%an t%e most advanced imperialist countries t%us proving t%e immense superiority of t%e socialist system1 ?o'ever2 Hdue to special emp%asis on priority development of %eavy industry2 agriculture 'as neglected in t%e plans1H56 T%us 0ust !efore t%e )orld )ar II2 industrial production 'as 7A515O of t%e industrial production 0ust !efore t%e )orld )ar I1 ?o'ever t%e corresponding figure for grain production 'as only 4451DO1 T%is s%o'ed a retarded gro't% of agriculture as compared to industry1 Similarly2 H!et'een 479B and 47B5 production of t%e means of production in t%e Soviet .nion increased 4A6 times2 '%ile consumer goods increased 4B1D times1H 56 "ao2 in %is Critique of So2iet Economics2 criticised t%is emp%asis and called for concurrent promotion of industry and agriculture as 'ell as lig%t and %eavy industry1 Collectivisation of Agriculture> T%e preliminary step in t%is process 'as ta*en in t%e restoration period itself 'it% t%e initiation of co operatives among small and medium peasants1 ?o'ever due to t%e resistance of t%e *ula*s <ric% farmers> t%ere 'as not muc% advancement in t%is process1 &urt%er t%e *ula*s %ad ta*en a position of active opposition and sa!otage of t%e socialist construction process1 HT%ey refused en masse to sell to t%e Soviet state t%eir grain surpluses2 of '%ic% t%ey %ad considera!le %oards1 T%ey resorted to terrorism against t%e collective farmers2 against Party 'or*ers and government officials in t%e countryside2 and !urned do'n collective farms and state granariesH 58 In 479;2 due to t%is sa!otage2 t%e mar*eted s%are of t%e %arvest 'as only 6;O of t%e pre 'ar figure1 T%us t%e Party2 in t%at year too* t%e decision to launc% an offensive to !rea* t%e resistance of t%e *ula*s1 Relying on t%e poor peasants and allying 'it% t%e middle peasants2 t%e Party 'as a!le to ac%ieve success in grain purc%asing and ta*e a%ead t%e collectivisation process1 ?o'ever t%e ma0or advance came from t%e end of 47971 It is descri!ed in t%e ,istory of the CPS8.60 in t%e follo'ing mannerE HPrior to 47972 t%e Soviet Government %ad pursued a policy of restricting t%e *ula*s1 1111 T%e effect of t%is policy 'as to arrest t%e gro't% of t%e *ula* class2 some sections of '%ic%2 una!le to 'it%stand t%e pressure of t%ese restrictions2 'ere forced out of !usiness and ruined1 (ut t%is policy did not destroy t%e economic foundations of t%e *ula*s as a class2 nor did it tend to eliminate t%em1 T%is policy 'as essential up to a certain time2 t%at is2 as long as t%e collective farms and state farms 'ere still 'ea* and una!le to replace t%e *ula*s in t%e production of grain1H HAt t%e end of 47972 'it% t%e gro't% of t%e collective farms and t%e state farms2 t%e Soviet Government turned s%arply from t%is policy to t%e policy of eliminating t%e *ula*s2 of destroying t%em as a class1 It repealed t%e la's on t%e renting of land and t%e %iring of la!our2 t%us depriving t%e *ula*s !ot% of land and of %ired la!ourers1 It lifted t%e !an on t%e expropriation of t%e *ula*s1 It permitted t%e peasants to confiscate cattle2 mac%ines and ot%er farm property from t%e *ula*s for t%e !enefit of t%e collective farms1 T%e *ula*s 'ere expropriated1 T%ey 'ere expropriated 0ust as t%e capitalists %ad !een expropriated in t%e sp%ere of industry in 47452 'it% t%is difference2 %o'ever2 t%at t%e *ula*s# means of production did not pass into t%e %ands of t%e state2 !ut into t%e %ands of t%e peasants united in t%e collective farms1H HT%is 'as a profound revolution21111H HT%is revolution2 at one !lo'2 solved t%ree fundamental pro!lems of Socialist constructionE a> It eliminated t%e most numerous class of exploiters in our country2 t%e *ula* class2 t%e mainstay of

capitalist restorationC !> It transferred t%e most numerous la!ouring class in our country2 t%e peasant class2 from t%e pat% of individual farming2 '%ic% !reeds capitalism2 to t%e pat% of co operative2 collective2 Socialist farmingC c> It furnis%ed t%e Soviet regime 'it% a Socialist !ase in agriculture: t%e most extensive and vitally necessary2 yet least developed2 !ranc% of national economy1H 5B T%is step !y step plan 'as adopted for t%e implementation of t%is policy1 $epending on t%e conditions in various regions different rates of collectivisation 'ere esta!lis%ed and t%e targeted year for completion of t%e collectivisation 'as fixed1 T%e production of tractors2 %arvesters and ot%er agricultural mac%inery 'as increased manifold1 State loans to collective farms 'ere dou!led in t%e first year itself1 T%e process of collectivisation despite some errors2 advanced rapidly to'ards success1 8ictor" of #ocialism and Preliminar" Conditions for Transition to Communism> )it% t%e victory of t%e collectivisation movement2 t%e Party announced t%e victory of socialism1 In /anuary 47662 Stalin announced t%at2 HT%e victory of Socialism in all !ranc%es of t%e national economy %ad a!olis%ed t%e exploitation of man !y man1H 5D In /anuary 47682 t%e 4;t% Party Congress Report declared t%at2 Ht%e socialist form of social and economic structure@no' %olds undivided s'ay and is t%e sole commanding force in t%e '%ole national economy1H 5; T%e a!sence of any antagonistic classes 'as later repeatedly stressed '%ile presenting t%e Constitution in 476D and in later Political Reports1 In %is Economic Pro"lems of Socialism in the 8SSR2 Stalin furt%er asserted t%at2 t%e antit%esis !et'een to'n and country2 and !et'een mental and p%ysical la!our2 t%at "arx and Engels %ad tal*ed a!out2 %ad !een a!olis%ed2 and t%at2 t%e antagonism of interests !et'een t%em %ad disappeared1 )%at remained %o'ever 'as t%e need to eliminate t%e essential distinction !et'een agriculture and industry: i1e12 to a!olis% Ht%e fact t%at '%ereas in industry 'e %ave pu!lic o'ners%ip of t%e means of production and t%e product of industry2 in agriculture 'e %ave not pu!lic2 !ut group2 collective farm o'ners%ipH 55 C and t%e need to eliminate t%e essential distinction !et'een mental and p%ysical la!our: i1e12 to raise Ht%e cultural and tec%nical level of t%e 'or*ers to t%at of t%e tec%nical personnelH551 In t%e same 'or* %e made t%e important formulation as to t%e !asic condition necessary for advancing to'ards communismE HIn order to pave t%e 'ay for a real2 and not declaratory transition to communism2 at least t%ree !asic preliminary conditions %ave to !e satisfied1 41 It is necessary2 in t%e first place2 definitely to ensure2 11 a continuous expansion of all social production2 'it% a relatively %ig%er rate of expansion of t%e production of means of production1 T%e relatively %ig%er rate of expansion of production of means of production is necessary not only !ecause it %as to provide t%e e3uipment !ot% for its o'n plants and for all t%e ot%er !ranc%es of t%e national economy2 !ut also !ecause reproduction on an extended scale !ecomes altoget%er impossi!le 'it%out it1 91 It is necessary2 in t%e second place2 !y means of gradual transitions carried out to t%e advantage of t%e collective farms2 and2 %ence2 of all society2 to raise collective farm property to t%e level of pu!lic property2 and2 also !y means of gradual transitions2 to replace commodity circulation !y a system of products exc%ange2 under '%ic% t%e central government2 or some ot%er social economic centre2 mig%t control t%e '%ole product of social production in t%e interests of society1 111 61 It is necessary2 in t%e t%ird place2 to ensure suc% a cultural advancement of society as 'ill secure for all mem!ers of society t%e all round development of t%eir p%ysical and mental a!ilities2 so t%at t%e mem!ers of society may !e in a position to receive an education sufficient to ena!le t%em to !e active agents of social development2 and in a position freely to c%oose t%eir occupations and not !e tied all

t%eir lives2 o'ing to t%e existing division of la!our2 to some one occupation1 111 HT%ese are t%e !asic conditions re3uired to pave t%e 'ay for t%e transition to communism1H 57 Errors in Russian E'%erience> T%e Russian experience in socialist construction 'as of central importance to t%e international proletariat2 and particularly to all countries '%ere t%e proletariat seiFed po'er1 "ao made an analysis of t%e Russian experience and pointed certain errors in t%e practice2 as 'ell as in Stalin#s formulations1 "ao pointed out t%e follo'ing principal errors in t%e Russian experienceE 4> ,ot giving due importance to t%e contradiction !et'een t%e production relations and productive forces1 "ao pointed out t%at even HStalin said t%at t%e socialist society#s production relations completely conformed to t%e development of t%e production forcesC %e negated contradictions1H 7A T%oug% Stalin corrected t%is understanding !efore %is deat%2 it 'as reflected in t%e prolonged coexistence of t'o types of o'ners%ip1 T%us "ao s%o'ed t%at Hprolonged coexistence of o'ners%ip !y t%e '%ole people 'it% o'ners%ip !y t%e collectives is !ound to !ecome less and less adapta!le to t%e development of t%e productive forces111T%e contradiction !et'een t%e productive forces and t%e production relations unfold 'it%out interruption1H 74 "ao also felt t%at t%oug% %e recognised t%is pro!lem2 HEssentially2 Stalin did not discover a 'ay to ma*e t%e transition from collective to pu!lic o'ners%ip1H 79 9> ,ot giving importance to t%e mass line during socialist construction1 "ao pointed out t%at in t%e earlier period mass line 'as adopted2 !ut Hafter'ard2 '%en t%ey MStalin and t%e PartyN %ad realised some gains t%is 'ay2 t%ey !ecame less reliant on t%e masses1H 76 HStalin emp%asised only tec%nology2 tec%nical cadre1 ?e 'anted not%ing !ut tec%nology2 not%ing !ut cadreC no politics2 no masses1H 78 6> ,eglecting t%e class struggle1 H)%en discussing t%e socialist economy2 Stalin said t%e post revolutionary reform 'as a peaceful reform proceeding from t%e top to t%e !ottom levels1 ?e did not underta*e t%e class struggle from t%e !ottom to t%e top2 !ut introduced peaceful land reform in Eastern Europe and ,ort% Jorea2 'it%out struggling against t%e lando'ners or t%e rig%tists2 only proceeding from t%e top to t%e !ottom and struggling against t%e capitalists1 )e proceed from t%e top to t%e !ottom2 !ut 'e also add t%e class struggle from t%e !ottom to t%e top2 settling t%e roots and lin*ing toget%er1H 7A 8> Im!alance in t%e relation !et'een %eavy industry on one side and lig%t industry and agriculture on t%e ot%er1 Also failing to find t%e principal contradiction 'it%in %eavy industry1 B> H"istrust of t%e peasants1H 79 (esides dra'ing t%ese lessons from Stalin and t%e Russian experience2 "ao learnt from t%e C%inese experience1 ?e t%us made immense progress in t%e "arxist t%eory of socialist construction1 The Chinese E'%erience T%e implementation of t%e ne' democratic economic programme started even !efore nation 'ide victory of t%e revolution1 T%us in %is report $he Present Situation an& +ur $as#s 2 of $ecem!er 478;2 '%en t%e People#s Li!eration Army %ad gone on t%e offensive2 "ao outlined t%e economic tas*s for t%at period1 HConfiscate t%e land of t%e feudal class and turn it over to t%e peasants1 Confiscate monopoly capital2 %eaded !y C%iang Jai s%e*2 T1 V1 Soong2 ?1?1Jung and C%en Li fu2 and turn it over to t%e ne' democratic state2 Protect t%e industry and commerce of t%e national !ourgeoisie1 T%ese are t%e t%ree ma0or economic policies of t%e ne' democratic revolution1H 7B T%ese policies 'ere immediately ta*en up for implementation in t%e vast areas of ,ort%ern C%ina '%ic% 'ere under revolutionary control and t%e agrarian reform 'as completed t%ere !y mid 47BA1 Su!se3uently t%e agrarian reform programme 'as completed in t%e remainder of t%e country1

$eneral ine and #te%6!"6#te% Collectivisation> In 47B42 t%e party adopted '%at came to !e *no'n as t%e general line for socialist construction1 It 'as formulated as follo'sE HT%e general line of t%e C%inese Communist Party for t%e period of transition from capitalism to socialism is !asically to accomplis% t%e industrialisation of C%ina toget%er 'it% t%e socialist transformation of agriculture2 %andicrafts2 and capitalist industry and commerce1 T%is transition period 'ill cover roug%ly eig%teen years2 t%at is2 t%e t%ree years of re%a!ilitation plus t%e span of t%ree five year plans1H 7D In accordance 'it% t%is general line2 a =step !y step# plan 'as dra'n up for t%e socialist transformation of agriculture1 HT%e first step 'as to call on t%e peasants2 in accordance 'it% t%e principles of voluntary participation and mutual !enefit2 to organise agricultural producers# mutual aid teams2 '%ic% %ad only certain rudiments of socialism and comprised only a fe' to a doFen or so %ouse%olds eac%1 T%e second step %as !een to call on t%e peasants2 li*e'ise in accordance 'it% t%e principles of voluntary participation and mutual !enefit2 to organise small agricultural producersH co operatives on t%e !asis of t%ese mutual aid teams2 co operatives '%ic% are semi socialist in nature and are c%aracterised !y t%e pooling of land as s%ares and !y unified management1 T%en t%e t%ird step 'ill !e to call on t%e peasants2 in accordance 'it% t%e same principles2 to com!ine furt%er on t%e !asis of t%ese small semi socialist co operatives and organise large fully socialist agricultural producers# cooperatives1H 7; T%e first step of mutual aid teams %ad started in t%e revolutionary !ases !efore t%e nation 'ide victory itself1 T%e second step to'ards elementary co operatives too* place in t%e years 47B6 BB1 T%e t%ird step of transition to advanced co operatives came a!out in 47BD1 T%ere 'as a literal upsurge of socialist transformation in t%e countryside1 Simultaneously2 in t%e early mont%s of 47BD2 a related movement rapidly completed t%e transfer to !y t%e '%ole people of C%ina#s industry and commerce far a%ead of sc%edule1 &ao*s Develo%ment of Dialectical A%%roach to #ocialist Construction> T%e general line 'as !asically reliant on t%e Soviet model of socialist construction1 T%e emp%asis on industry and particularly on %eavy industry 'as t%e central direction of t%e &irst &ive Kear Plan of 47B6 B;1 &urt%er t%ere 'as a tendency to uncritically adopt all Soviet policies1 )it% t%e rise of modern revisionism in t%e CPS.2 t%e revisionist tendencies in t%e CPC 'ere immediately strengt%ened and in 47BD a campaign 'as started from 'it%in t%e party to =oppose ras% advances#: i1e12 to stall t%e process of socialisation1 At t%e same time t%e revisionist t%eory of productive forces gained ascendancy 'it%in t%e party2 'it% t%e prime representative !eing t%e party general secretary2 Liu S%ao c%i1 T%e representatives of t%is trend too up%eld t%e J%rus%c%evites2 negated t%e class struggle and concentrated attention to'ards !uilding modern productive forces2 primarily t%roug% %eavy industry1 Realising t%e revisionist danger "ao immediately launc%ed a struggle to defeat t%ese trends '%ic% at t%at time controlled t%e party1 ?is first step in t%is struggle 'as %is speec% of April 47BD2 =Gn t%e Ten "a0or Relations%ips#1 In t%is speec%2 "ao for t%e first time made a clear cut criti3ue of t%e Soviet pattern of socialist economic construction1 )%ile referring to t%e relations%ip !et'een %eavy industry on t%e one %and and lig%t industry and agriculture on t%e ot%er2 "ao stressed t%at H)e %ave done !etter t%an t%e Soviet .nion and a num!er of East European countries1 111T%eir lop sided stress on %eavy industry to t%e neglect of agriculture and lig%t industry results in a s%ortage of goods on t%e mar*et and an unsta!le currency1H75 Similarly %e criticised t%e Soviet policy of =s3ueeFing t%e peasants too %ard#1 ?e also attac*ed t%e dogmatists 'it%in t%e CPC '%o Hcopy everyt%ing indiscriminately and transplant mec%anicallyH '%ile Hlearning from t%e experience of t%e Soviet .nion and ot%er socialist countries1H 77 ?e also criticised t%ose '%o 'ere follo'ing t%e example of J%rus%c%ev in indiscriminately criticising Stalin1 ?e up%eld Stalin as a great "arxist 'it% ;AO ac%ievements1 T%us t%roug% t%is extensive criti3ue of t%e Soviet revisionists and t%e mista*es in Soviet socialist construction2 "ao led t%e struggle against t%e t%en dominant revisionist line of productive forces 'it%in t%e CPC1

?o'ever t%e !iggest contri!ution of "ao#s speec% 'as its ma0or advancement of t%e understanding of t%e process of socialist construction and socialist planning1 (y presenting t%e pro!lems of socialist construction as ten ma0or relations%ips2 "ao !roug%t dialectics and contradictions to t%e centre of t%e process of !uilding socialist society1 ?e s%o'ed %o' socialist construction involved not merely t%e mec%anical implementation of targets of production and distri!ution2 !ut a dialectical understanding of t%e main contradictions in t%e process2 and t%e mo!ilising of all t%e positive forces to ac%ieve socialism1 T%us %e said2 HIt is to focus on one !asic policy t%at t%ese ten pro!lems are !eing raised2 t%e !asic policy of mo!ilising all positive factors2 internal and external2 to serve t%e cause of socialism1H 4AA HT%ese ten relations%ips are all contradictions1 T%e 'orld consists of contradictions1 )it%out contradictions t%e 'orld 'ould cease to exist1 Gur tas* is to %andle t%ese contradictions correctly1H 4A4 "ao follo'ed it up t%e next year 'it% %is 'or* =Gn t%e Correct ?andling of Contradictions Among t%e People#1 In it %e continued t%e development of t%e dialectical understanding of t%e process of socialist construction1 Primarily %e also placed t%e class struggle at t%e very core of t%e process1 ?e asserted t%at t%e Hclass struggle is !y no means over11 t%e 3uestion of '%ic% 'ill 'in out2 socialism or capitalism2 is not really settled yet1H 4A9 T%is mar*ed t%e !eginning of a nation 'ide Rectification "ovement2 t%e Anti Rig%tist "ovement1 $reat ea% For)ard and the Birth of Peo%le*s Communes> )it% t%e progress of t%e rectification movement2 t%e rig%tists in t%e party 'ere t%ro'n on t%e defensive1 T%is led2 in 47B52 to a rectification of t%e erroneous Hproductive forces t%eoryH '%ic% %ad dominated t%e Eig%t% Party Congress in47BD1 T%e prime mover of t%is t%eory2 Liu S%ao c%i2 'as forced to admit at t%e Second Session of t%e Eig%t% Party Congress in "ay 47B52 t%at2 HT%e experience of t%e rectification campaign and t%e anti rig%tist struggle once again s%o's t%at t%roug%out t%e transition period2 t%at is2 !efore completion of t%e !uilding of a socialist society2 t%e main contradiction inside our country is and remains t%at !et'een t%e proletariat and t%e !ourgeoisie2 !et'een t%e socialist road and t%e capitalist road111 HT%e spring of 47B5 'itnessed t%e !eginning of a leap for'ard on every front in our socialist construction1 Industry2 agriculture and all ot%er fields of activity are registering greater and more rapid gro't%1H4A6 Aside from rapid gro't% %o'ever2 t%e Great Leap &or'ard 'as a ma0or c%ange in t%e priorities of t%e earlier plans and general line1 T%e industrial policy of H'al*ing on t'o legsH 'as introduced1 T%roug% implementation of t%is policy it 'as tried to c%ange t%e soviet model of over dependence on !ig industrial pro0ects and to !ring a!out a dialectical !alance !et'een %eavy and lig%t industries encouraging simultaneous development of agriculture2 %eavy and lig%t industry1 It aimed at reducing t%e gap !et'een to'n and countryside2 !et'een 'or*er and peasant2 and !et'een 'or*er and peasant on t%e one %and and t%e intellectual and manager on t%e ot%er %and1 It aimed at not merely a economic revolution !ut a tec%nological2 political2 social and cultural revolution to transform t%e city and countryside1 In 47B5 started t%e !uilding of t%e people#s communes1 HT%ey 'ere formed !y t%e amalgamation of neig%!ouring co operatives in order to underta*e large scale pro0ects suc% as flood control2 'ater conservancy2 afforestation2 fis%eries2 and transport1 In addition2 many communes set up t%eir o'n factories for ma*ing tractors2 c%emical fertilisers2 and ot%er means of production1H 4A8 T%e movement to set up people#s communes gre' very rapidly1 T%e CC of t%e CPC announced in its famous )u%an Resolution of $ecem!er2 47B5 t%at H)it%in a fe' mont%s starting in t%e summer of 47B52 all of t%e more t%an ;8A2AAA agricultural producers# co operatives in t%e country2 in response to t%e ent%usiastic demand of t%e mass of peasants2 reorganised t%emselves into over 9D2AAA people#s communes1 Gver 49A million %ouse%olds2 or more t%an 77 percent of all C%ina#a peasant %ouse%olds of various

nationalities2 %ave 0oined t%e people#s communes1H on to sayE

4AB

Summing up t%e political essence2 t%e CC 'ent

HT%e people#s commune is t%e !asic unit of t%e socialist social structure of our country2 com!ining industry2 agriculture2 trade2 education2 and military affairsC at t%e same time it is t%e !asic organisation of t%e socialist state po'er1 "arxist Leninist t%eory and t%e initial experience of t%e people#s communes in our country ena!le us to foresee no' t%at t%e people#s communes 'ill 3uic*en t%e tempo of our socialist construction and constitute t%e !est form for realising2 in our country2 t%e follo'ing t'o transitions1 H&irstly2 t%e transition from collective o'ners%ip to o'ners%ip !y t%e '%ole people in t%e countrysideC and2 HSecondly2 t%e transition from socialist to communist society1 It can also !e foreseen t%at in t%e future communist society2 t%e people#s commune 'ill remain t%e !asic unit of our social structure1H 4AB T%us t%e commune movement represented a tremendous advance '%ic% !asically completed t%e process of collectivisation of agriculture1 ?o'ever t%e expectation of t%e commune ta*ing a%ead t%e process of t%e transition to full pu!lic o'ners%ip and communism could not !e fulfilled to t%at extent1 Also attempts at setting up ur!an communes could not !e consolidated1 In t%e earliest period of t%e commune movement during t%e Great Leap2 t%ere 'ere certain =left# errors1 T%us in &e!ruary 47B72 "ao#s speec% at C%eng c%o'2 pointed out2 HAfter t%e communes 'ere set up in t%e autumn of 47B52 for a '%ile t%ere !le' up a =communist 'ind#1 It consisted mainly of t%ree elementsE t%e first 'as t%e levelling of t%e poor and t%e ric% !rigades2 t%e second 'as t%at capital accumulation !y t%e commune 'as too great and t%e commune#s demand for la!our 'it%out compensation 'as too great and t%e t%ird 'as t%e =communisation# of all *inds =property#1H 4AD T%ese errors 'ere soon corrected1 T%e production !rigade <former advanced co operative>2 'as *ept as t%e !asic accounting unit2 and in 47D92 t%is 'as !roug%t to an even lo'er level2 t%at of t%e production team1 T%oug% t%e perspective remained al'ays of raising t%e level of o'ners%ip and accounting to %ig%er levels2 as a process of greater socialisation and transition to'ards communism2 t%is did not ac%ieve success1 T%e !asic accounting and o'ners%ip unit continued till 47;D2 to remain at t%is lo'est level @ t%e production team1 #truggle against the Ca%italist Roaders> T%oug% t%e =left# errors 'ere soon corrected2 t%e %old of t%e capitalist roaders2 led !y Liu S%ao c%i2 remained strong 'it%in t%e party#s %ig%er levels1 T%e t'o line struggle 'as represented in direct and indirect 'ays1 In /uly 47B72 Peng Te% %uai2 t%en $efence "inister2 launc%ed a direct attac* on t%e Great Leap &or'ard2 criticising '%at %e called its Hpetty !ourgeois fanaticismH and desire Hto enter into communism at one stepH 4A; "ao repulsed t%ese attac*s and defended t%e politics of t%e Great Leap1 ?o'ever2 t%oug% Peng 'as defeated2 t%e ot%er capitalist roaders continued t%eir attac*s t%roug% indirect means1 Gne met%od 'as t%roug% veiled defence of Peng and attac*s on "ao in t%e media1 T%is 'as t%roug% articles and also t%roug% plays and cultural performances intending to s%o' %o' Peng 'as an uprig%t comrade '%o %ad !een victimised1 T%e ot%er met%od 'as to stall or divert t%e implementation of *ey policies decided at t%e %ig%est levels1 A principal example 'as sa!otage of t%e programme of socialist education and t%e decision to launc% a Cultural Revolution2 ta*en !y t%e Tent% Plenum of t%e CC in 47D91 T%oug% t%is 'as formally agreed to !y t%e capitalist roaders2 t%ey ensured t%roug% t%eir control 'it%in t%e party structure2 to ensure t%at t%ere 'as no mass mo!ilisation1 T%ey Hsoug%t to orient t%e Cultural Revolution in t%e direction of academic and ideological de!ate rat%er t%an class struggleH 4A5

"ao2 t%roug%out t%is period <47B7 DA>2 foug%t t%e !attle at various levels1 ?e realised on t%e !asis of t%e Russian experience2 t%e very real danger of t%e restoration of capitalism1 ?e2 t%erefore2 on t%e !asis of a ma0or study of t%e politics and economics of J%rus%c%evite revisionism2 dre' t%e t%eoretical lessons of t%is experience for t%e education of t%e C%inese and t%e international proletariat1 T%roug% a Critique of So2iet Economics and an analysis of >hrushche29s Phoney Communism an& its ,istorical -essons for the Worl&2 %e tried to inculcate in t%e party cadre t%e t%eoretical foundations for a fig%t against revisionism and restoration1 ?o'ever %e mainly tried to dra' t%e masses into t%e struggle to defend and develop socialism and prevent restoration of capitalism1 (esides %is earlier mentioned programme for socialist education2 %e also gave slogans for socialist emulation of t%e Tac%ai and Tac%#ing experiences as model experiences in !uilding socialism1 (ut '%en all attempts to mo!ilise t%e masses 'ere diverted !y t%e party !ureaucracy2 "ao succeeded after tremendous efforts in unleas%ing t%e energies of t%e masses t%roug% t%e Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution1 It 'as t%e culmination in practice of "ao#s development of t%e "arxist principles of socialist construction1

-: T(E $REAT PRO ETARIA/ C= T=RA RE8O =TIO/

Ca%italist Restoration in the #oviet =nion> (istorical essons T%e Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution 'as t%e ans'er of "arxism to t%e o!stacles and sa!otage of t%e process of socialist construction created !y t%e J%rus%c%evites and t%e capitalist roaders1 )%ile dra'ing t%e %istorical lessons from J%rus%c%ev#s p%oney communism2 t%e CPC under "ao2 %ad stressed certain =t%eories and policies# on t%e 3uestion of prevention of t%e restoration of capitalism1 Among ot%er points2 t%e CPC %ad emp%asised t%e follo'ing E Happly t%e "arxist Leninist la' of t%e unity of opposites to t%e study of socialist societyHC Hsocialist revolution on t%e economic front <in t%e o'ners%ip of t%e means of production> is insufficient !y itself and cannot !e consolidated1 T%ere must !e a t%oroug% socialist revolution on t%e political and ideological fronts111$uring t%e %istorical period of socialism it is necessary to maintain t%e dictators%ip of t%e proletariat and carry t%e socialist revolution t%roug% to t%e end if t%e restoration of capitalism is to !e prevented2 socialist construction carried for'ard and t%e conditions created for t%e transition to communismH C Hin !ot% socialist revolution and socialist construction it is necessary to ad%ere to t%e mass line2 !oldly to arouse t%e masses and to unfold mass movements on a large scaleHC H'%et%er in socialist revolution or in socialist construction2 1 11t%e proletariat and its vanguard must 111rely on t%e truly dependa!le forces t%at firmly ta*e t%e socialist road2 'in over all allies t%at can !e 'on over2 and unite 'it% t%e masses of t%e people2 '%o constitute 7B per cent of t%e population2 in a common struggle against t%e enemies of socialism1HC Hit is necessary to conduct extensive socialist education movements repeatedly in t%e cities and t%e countryside1 In t%ese continuous movements for educating t%e people 'e must !e good at organising t%e revolutionary class forces2 1111it is necessary to 'age a s%arp2 tit for tat struggle against t%e anti socialist2 capitalist and feudal forces1H4A7 The Cultural Revolution> A Form Found Ane) T%ese =t%eories and policies# formed t%e t%eoretical !asis of t%e great struggles of t%e Cultural Revolution1 As "ao furt%er analysed t%e experiences of socialist construction !ot% in t%e Soviet .nion and in C%ina2 it !ecame clear t%at t%e capitalist roaders 'it%in t%e party itself 'ere t%e most dangerous source of t%e restoration of capitalism1 It 'as also clear t%at ideological struggle confined 'it%in t%e party 'ould not settle t%e issue unless ta*en to t%e masses1 T%e 3uestions of '%o 'ere t%e friends and

enemies of t%e revolution 'ere clearC t%e 3uestion 'as of t%e form2 t%e met%od1 T%e ,int% Party Congress of 47D7 descri!ed t%is 3uestion in t%e follo'ing mannerE HAs C%airman "ao pointed out in %is tal* in &e!ruary 47D;E =In t%e past 'e %ave 'aged struggles in rural areas2 in factories2 in t%e cultural field2 and 'e carried out t%e socialist education movement1 (ut all t%is failed to solve t%e pro!lem2 !ecause 'e did not find a form2 a met%od2 to arouse t%e !road masses to expose our dar* aspect openly2 in an all round 'ay2 and from !elo'1# H,o' 'e %ave found t%is form: it is t%e great proletarian cultural revolution1 It is only !y arousing t%e masses in t%eir %undreds of millions to air t%eir vie's freely2 'rite !ig c%aracter posters2 and %old great de!ates2 t%at t%e renegades2 enemy agents2 and capitalist roaders in po'er2 '%o %ave 'ormed t%eir 'ay into t%e Party2 can !e exposed and t%eir plots to restore capitalism smas%ed1H 44A The Targets of the Revolution T%us from t%e very !eginning2 "ao directed t%e struggle against t%e capitalist roader %ead3uarters 'it%in t%e party1 T%us =t%e signal for t%e Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution# 'as given !y Kao )en yuan#s article2 '%ic% "ao %ad to get pu!lis%ed from S%ang%ai2 !ecause t%e party aut%orities in Pe*ing 'ould not allo' its pu!lication as it 'as critical of t%ose in control1 As t%e movement started !uilding up "ao gave clear direction t%roug% t%e CC circular of "ay 4Dt% 47DD2 '%ic% %e personally initiated1 T%e direction 'as clearly against t%e !ourgeoisie 'it%in t%e party1 It stated E HT%ere are a num!er of t%ese representatives of t%e !ourgeoisie in t%e Central Committee and in t%e Party2 government and ot%er departments at t%e central as 'ell as t%e provincial2 municipal2 and autonomous region level1 HT%ose representatives of t%e !ourgeoisie '%o %ave snea*ed into t%e Party2 t%e government2 t%e army2 and various cultural circles are a !unc% of counter revolutionary revisionists1 Gnce conditions are ripe2 t%ey 'ill seiFe political po'er and turn t%e dictators%ip of t%e proletariat into a dictators%ip of t%e !ourgeoisie1 Some of t%em 'e %ave already seen t%roug%2 ot%ers 'e %ave not1 Some are still trusted !y us and are !eing trained as our successors2 persons li*e J%rus%c%ev2 for example2 '%o are still nestling !eside us1 Party committees at all levels must pay full attention to t%is matter1H 444 T%is 'as repeated again in t%e Elevent% Plenum =$ecision of t%e Central Committee of t%e CPC concerning t%e Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution# E HT%e main target of t%e present movement is t%ose 'it%in t%e party '%o are in aut%ority and are ta*ing t%e capitalist road1H 449 &ass ine in the Revolution T%e ot%er important aspect of t%e Cultural Revolution 'as t%e advancement and practical implementation of "ao#s mass line1 It 'as aimed2 not merely at eliminating t%e elements %ostile to socialism2 !ut to ena!le t%e 'or*ing class to =exercise leaders%ip in everyt%ing#2 to =place politics in command of administration#2 and to ensure t%at everyone serving as an official s%ould =remain one of t%e common people#1 In order to ac%ieve t%ese aims it 'as necessary to launc% an all out offensive against !ourgeois ideology in suc% a 'ay t%at t%e masses 'ould !e actively involved1 T%us2 t%e Elevent% Plenum resolution instructed2 HIn t%e great proletarian Cultural Revolution2 t%e only met%od is for t%e masses to li!erate t%emselves2 and any met%od of doing t%ings on t%eir !e%alf must not !e used1 HTrust t%e masses2 rely on t%em and respect t%eir initiative1 Cast out fear1 $on#t !e afraid of disorder1 1111 Let t%e masses educate t%emselves in t%is great revolution and learn to distinguis% rig%t and 'rong and !et'een correct and incorrect 'ays of doing t%ings1H 446

As t%e masses entered in full strengt% in t%e revolution t%ey even created a ne' organisational form@ t%e revolutionary committee1 It 'as !ased on t%e =t%ree in one# com!ination E t%at is2 its mem!ers2 '%o 'ere elected2 su!0ect to recall2 and directly responsi!le to t%e people2 'ere dra'n from t%e Party2 t%e People#s Li!eration Army2 and t%e mass organisations1 T%ey sprung up at all levels2 from t%e factory or commune to t%e organs of provincial and regional government2 and t%eir function 'as to provide t%e lin* t%roug% '%ic% t%e masses could participate directly in t%e running of t%e country1 "ao said2 HT%is great Cultural Revolution2 using t%e great democratic met%ods of t%e proletarian dictators%ip2 %as mo!ilised t%e masses from !elo'1 At t%e same time2 it puts into practice t%e grand alliance of t%e proletarian revolutionaries2 t%e t%ree 'ay alliance !et'een t%e revolutionary masses2 t%e PLA2 and t%e revolutionary cadres1H 448 T%is t%ree in one organ of po'er ena!led proletarian political po'er to stri*e deep roots among t%e masses1 $irect participation !y t%e revolutionary masses in t%e running of t%e country and t%e enforcement of revolutionary supervision from !elo' over t%e organs of political po'er at various levels played a very important role in ensuring t%at leading groups at all levels ad%ered to t%e mass line1 T%us t%is strengt%ening of t%e dictators%ip of t%e proletariat2 'as also t%e most extensive and deepest exercise in proletarian democracy yet ac%ieved in t%e 'orld1 (istorical Relevance of the Cultural Revolution .nder t%e initial s'eep of t%e Cultural Revolution2 t%e !ourgeois %ead3uarters 'it%in t%e Party 'as effectively smas%ed2 and most of t%e leading capitalist roaders li*e Liu S%ao c%i and Teng ?siao ping and t%eir supporters 'ere stripped off t%eir party posts and forced to do self criticism !efore t%e masses1 It 'as a great victory '%ic% not only inspired t%e C%inese masses2 !ut also created a 'ave of revolutionary ent%usiasm among communist revolutionaries t%roug%out t%e 'orld1 After t%e set!ac* of J%rus%c%evite modern revisionism2 "aoism %ad proved t%e vitality of "arxism and its a!ility to find t%e ans'ers to t%e ne' c%allenges !eing faced !y t%e international proletariat1 T%e Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution %ad s%o'n t%at "arxism %ad an ans'er to t%e enemy2 i1e12 capitalist restoration1 T%is advance in "arxism2 led to t%e consolidation of numerous revolutionary groups and parties t%roug%out t%e 'orld on t%e !asis of "arxism Leninism "aoism2 and t%e launc%ing of revolutionary struggles under t%eir leaders%ip1 ?o'ever "ao 'arned2 HT%e present Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution is only t%e firstC t%ere 'ill inevita!ly !e many more in t%e future1 T%e issue of '%o 'ill 'in in t%e revolution can only !e settled over a long %istorical period1 If t%ings are not properly %andled2 it is possi!le for a capitalist restoration to ta*e place at any time in t%e future1H 44B &urt%er %e reminded t%e ,int% Party Congress in 47D72 H)e %ave 'on a great victory1 (ut t%e defeated class 'ill continue to struggle1 Its mem!ers are still a!out and it still exists2 t%erefore 'e cannot spea* of t%e final victory2 not for decades1 )e must not lose our vigilance1 &rom t%e Leninist point of vie'2 t%e final victory in one socialist country not only re3uires t%e efforts of t%e proletariat and t%e !road masses at %ome2 !ut also depends on t%e victory of t%e 'orld revolution and t%e a!olition of t%e system of exploitation of man !y man on t%is eart% so t%at all man*ind 'ill !e emancipated1 Conse3uently2 it is 'rong to tal* a!out t%e final victory of t%e revolution in our country lig%t %eartedlyC it runs counter to Leninism and does not conform to facts1H 44B "ao#s 'ords proved true 'it%in a s%ort time1 &irst in 47;4 Lin Piao2 t%en vice c%airman2 conspired to seiFe po'er t%roug% assassinating "ao and staging a military coup1 T%is 'as foiled t%roug% t%e alertness of t%e revolutionaries in t%e party1 Later %o'ever2 arc% revisionists li*e Teng 'ere re%a!ilitated !ac* to %ig% positions 'it%in t%e party and state apparatus during t%e later years of t%e Cultural Revolution1 It 'as t%ese renegades '%o engineered t%e coup to ta*e over t%e party and lead it on t%e pat% of capitalist restoration immediately after t%e deat% of "ao1 It 'as t%ey '%o sa!otaged and

t%en formally announced t%e end of t%e Cultural Revolution1 T%is coup and capitalist restoration %o'ever cannot repudiate t%e validity of t%e trut% of t%e Cultural Revolution1 Rat%er it2 in a 'ay2 confirms "ao#s t%eses on t%e nature of socialist society and t%e need to continue t%e revolution under t%e dictators%ip of t%e proletariat1 T%e Cultural Revolution is a scientific tool developed in t%e struggle against capitalist restoration and in t%e t%eoretical struggle to develop "arxism Leninism "aoism1 Its scientific validity %as !een esta!lis%ed in t%e cruci!le of t%e practice of t%e C%inese Revolution1 Its efficacy as a 'eapon to mo!ilise t%e vast masses in t%e struggle against t%e danger of capitalist restoration in a socialist country %as also !een proved1 ?o'ever2 as "ao %imself pointed out2 no 'eapon can provide a guarantee of final victory1 T%us2 t%e fact t%at t%e capitalist roaders %ave ac%ieved a temporary victory does not in any 'ay diminis% t%e o!0ective trut% of t%e necessity and effectivity of t%is 'eapon in t%e fig%t for socialist construction and t%e defence of socialism1 T%e Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution is one of t%e foremost contri!utions of "arxism Leninism "aoism to t%e arsenal of t%e international proletariat1 It represents t%e implementation in practice of "ao#s greatest contri!ution to "arxism: t%e t%eory of continuing revolution under t%e dictators%ip of t%e proletariat to consolidate socialism2 com!at modern revisionism and prevent t%e restoration of capitalism1 Its significance for t%e international proletariat is immeasura!le in today#s 'orld '%ere all t%e socialist !ases %ave !een lost due to t%e mac%inations of t%e !ourgeoisie 'it%in t%e communist party itself1 T%erefore t%e time %as come to revise Lenin#s definition of a "arxist1 Today2 HT%ose '%o recognise only t%e class struggle and t%e dictators%ip of t%e proletariat are not yet "arxists111111only %e is a "arxist '%o extends t%e recognition of t%e class struggle and t%e dictators%ip of t%e proletariat to t%e recognition of t%e continuous revolution in t%e super structure *eeping t%e aim of t%e consummation of t%e 'orld revolution and !uilding communist society as early as possi!le1H 44D

Cha%ter BIII

T36ti6s o9 the Cl3ss Stru88le o9 the Prolet3ri3t

+: BA#IC PRI/CIP E# &ar'*s Theoretical Basis eninist Tactical Princi%les The Three &agic Wea%ons ;: BO=R$EOI#6DE&OCRATIC RE8O =TIO/ A/D PRO ETARIA/6#OCIA I#T RE8O =TIO/ <: TACTIC# I/ T(E ABO8E T(REE #TA$E# OF RE8O =TIO/ The Worker6Peasant Alliance eadershi% of the Proletariat enin9s Thesis on /ational and Colonial 4uestion Enrichment and Develo%ment of the eninist Thesis on =nited Front !" &ao -: FOR&# OF #TR=$$ E Forms of Armed Revolution &ao9s Theor" of Protracted Peo%le*s War 2: TACTIC# D=RI/$ WAR 7ust and =nCust Wars Tactics during Im%erialist War

&ao*s Develo%ment of the ine on World War and Peace

+: BA#IC PRI/CIP E#
&ar'9s theoretical !asis Lenin t%us explained t%e !asis of "arx#s tactics of class struggleE HGnly an o!0ective consideration of t%e sum total of reciprocal relations of all t%e classes of a given society 'it%out exception2 and2 conse3uently2 a consideration of t%e o!0ective stage of development of t%at society and of t%e reciprocal relations !et'een it and ot%er societies2 can serve as a !asis for correct tactics of t%e advanced class1 At t%e same time2 all classes and all countries are regarded not statically2 !ut dynamically2 i1e12 not in a state of immo!ility2 !ut in motion <t%e la's of '%ic% derive from t%e economic conditions of existence of eac% class>1 "otion2 in its turn2 is regarded not only from t%e standpoint of t%e past2 !ut also from t%e standpoint of t%e future2 and2 moreover2 not in accordance 'it% t%e vulgar conception of t%e =evolutionists#2 '%o see only slo' c%anges2 !ut dialectically1H 44; &urt%er tactics must !e !ased on t%e e!!s and flo's of t%e movement1 T%us2 HAt eac% stage of development2 at eac% moment2 t%e tactics of t%e proletariat must ta*e account of t%is o!0ectively inevita!le dialectics of %uman %istory2 on t%e one %and utilising t%e periods of political stagnation or of sluggis%2 so called =peaceful# development in order to develop t%e class consciousness2 strengt% and fig%ting capacity of t%e advanced class2 and2 on t%e ot%er %and2 conducting all t%is 'or* of utilisation to'ards t%e =final aim# of t%e movement of t%is class and to'ards t%e creation in it of t%e a!ility to accomplis% t%e practical solution of great tas*s in t%e great days in '%ic% =t'enty years are em!odied#H 44;2 i1e12 in periods of revolutionary crisis1 &inally2 HT%e Communist "anifesto set fort% t%e fundamental "arxist principle on t%e tactics of t%e political struggleE =T%e Communists fig%t for t%e attainment of t%e immediate aims2 for t%e momentary interests of t%e 'or*ing class C !ut in t%e movement of t%e present2 t%ey also represent and ta*e care of t%e future of t%at movement1#H 44; eninist Tactical Princi%les $uring t%e period of t%e domination of t%e Second International2 Ht%ere 'ere fragmentary and detac%ed ideas a!out tactics and strategy2 !ut no tactics or strategy as suc%11 HGnly in t%e su!se3uent period2 t%e period of direct action !y t%e proletariat2 t%e period of proletarian revolution2 '%en t%e 3uestion of overt%ro'ing t%e !ourgeoisie !ecame a 3uestion of immediate practical actionC '%en t%e 3uestion of t%e reserves of t%e proletariat <strategy> !ecame one of t%e most !urning 3uestions C '%en all forms of struggle and of organisation2 parliamentary and extra parliamentary <tactics>2 %ad 3uite clearly manifested t%emselves : only in t%is period could an integral strategy and ela!orated tactics for t%e struggle of t%e proletariat !e 'or*ed out1 It 'as precisely in t%is period t%at Lenin !roug%t out into t%e lig%t of day t%e !rilliant ideas of "arx and Engels on tactic and strategy t%at %ad !een suppressed !y t%e opportunists of t%e Second International1 (ut Lenin did not confine %imself to restoring particular tactical propositions of "arx and Engels1 ?e developed t%em furt%er and supplemented t%em 'it% ne' ideas and propositions2 com!ining t%em all into a system of rules and guiding principles for t%e leaders%ip of t%e class struggle of t%e proletariat1 Lenin#s pamp%lets2 suc% as What 1s $o 6e Done;2 $wo $actics2 1mperialism2 $he State an& Re2olution2 $he Proletarian Re2olution an& the Renega&e >auts#y 2 =-eft-Wing9 Communism2 undou!tedly constitute priceless contri!utions to t%e general treasury of "arxism2 to its revolutionary arsenal1 T%e strategy and tactics of Leninism constitute t%e science of leaders%ip in t%e revolutionary struggle of t%e proletariat1H 445 : Stalin2 %oun&ations of -eninism1

Stalin systematically defined and formulated Lenin#s teac%ings1 ?e explained2 HStrategy is t%e determination of t%e direction of t%e main !lo' of t%e proletariat at a given stage of t%e revolution2 t%e ela!oration of a corresponding plan for t%e disposition of t%e revolutionary forces <main and secondary reserves>2 t%e fig%t to carry out t%is plan t%roug%out t%e given stage of t%e revolution1H
445

HTactics are t%e determination of t%e line of conduct of t%e proletariat in t%e comparatively s%ort period of t%e flo' or e!! of t%e movement2 of t%e rise or decline of t%e revolution2 t%e fig%t to carry out t%is line !y means of replacing old forms of struggle and organisation !y ne' ones2 old slogans !y ne' ones2 !y com!ining t%ese forms2 etc11 HTactics deal 'it% t%e forms of struggle and t%e forms of organisation of t%e proletariat2 'it% t%eir c%anges and com!inations1 $uring a given stage of t%e revolution tactics may c%ange several times2 depending on t%e flo' or e!!2 t%e rise or decline2 of t%e revolution1H 447 Lenin %ad summed up t%e experiences of t%e proletariat in t%e Russian Revolution and dra'n lessons of international significance to t%e proletariat in %is 'or*2 = -eft-Wing9 Communism2 '%ic% %e prepared2 in particular2 for t%e Comintern1 Stalin summarised t%e tactical principles in it as follo'sE a> t%e principle t%at t%e nationally peculiar and nationally specific features in eac% separate country must unfailingly !e ta*en into account !y t%e Comintern '%en dra'ing up guiding directives for t%e 'or*ing class movement of t%e country concernedC !> t%e principle t%at t%e Communist Party of eac% country must unfailingly avail itself of even t%e smallest opportunity of gaining a mass ally for t%e proletariat2 even if a temporary2 vacillating2 unsta!le and unrelia!le allyC c> t%e principle t%at unfailing regard must !e paid to t%e trut% t%at propaganda and agitation alone are not enoug% for t%e political education of t%e vast masses2 t%at '%at is re3uired for t%at is t%e political experience of t%e masses t%emselves1H49A The Three &agic Wea%ons "ao scientifically applied and developed "arxist Leninist principles in concrete class struggles of t%e C%inese Revolution1 ?e applied dialectics to t%e development of t%e forms of organisation and forms of struggle of t%e revolution and advanced t%e t%eory of t%e dialectical relations%ip !et'een t%em in t%e course of t%e revolution in colonial and semi colonial countries1 ?e summed it up in a most simple and significant manner in %is t%eory of t%e t%ree magic 'eapons of t%e ,e' $emocratic Revolution@ Party2 People#s Army and t%e united front1 ?e expressed t%eir relations%ip in t%e follo'ing mannerE Ht%e united front and armed struggle are t%e t'o !asic 'eapons for defeating t%e enemy1 T%e united front is a united front for carrying on armed struggle1 And t%e Party is t%e %eroic 'arrior 'ielding t%e t'o 'eapons2 t%e united front and t%e armed struggle2 to storm and s%atter t%e enemy#s positions1 T%at is %o' t%e t%ree are related to eac% ot%er1H494 "ao also developed t%e tactical and organisational principles governing eac% of t%e t%ree magic 'eapons1 ?e dre' up t%e la's governing t%e strategy and tactics of t%e armed struggle and 3ualitatively developed t%e "arxist science of 'ar1 ?e summed up t%e la's governing t%e united front and too* "arxist understanding regarding t%is too to a ne' level1 ?e also made significant contri!utions to t%e understanding of Party !uilding1

;: Bourgeois6Democratic Revolution and Proletarian6#ocialist Revolution

T%e "arxist t%eory of class struggle distinguis%es !et'een t%e !ourgeois revolution and t%e proletarian

revolution1 T%ey are distinguis%ed !y t%e different tas*s or aims '%ic% are underta*en in eac%1 T%e tas* of t%e !ourgeois revolution is2 in t%e economic sp%ere2 t%e a!olition of feudalism or t%e remnants of feudalism and t%e esta!lis%ment of conditions for t%e free development of capitalismC and in t%e political sp%ere2 t%e a!olition of all remnants of a!solutism and autocracy and t%e esta!lis%ment of parliamentary democracy 'it% e3ual !ourgeois rig%ts for all citiFens1 In vie' of t%is political tas*2 t%e !ourgeois revolution is often called t%e !ourgeois democratic revolution2 or simply t%e democratic revolution1 T%e tas* of t%e proletarian revolution is2 in t%e economic sp%ere2 to a!olis% capitalist o'ners%ip and esta!lis% pu!lic socialist o'ners%ip of t%e means of productionC and in t%e political sp%ere2 to esta!lis% proletarian democracy2 t%e dictators%ip of t%e proletariat1 In vie' of t%is tas* it is t%e socialist revolution1 "arx taug%t t%at t%e proletarian revolutionaries# tas* of advancing to t%e socialist revolution 'as insepara!le from t%e tas* of carrying t%roug% t%e !ourgeois democratic revolution1 &or t%e socialist revolution could not !e victorious except on condition t%at t%e fig%t 'as 'aged for democracy and against feudalism and a!solutism1 T%erefore it 'as asserted in t%e =Communist "anifesto#2 t%at t%e Communists <in Germany> 'ould Hfig%t 'it% t%e !ourgeoisie '%enever it acts in a revolutionary 'ay2 against t%e a!solute monarc%y2 t%e feudal s3uirearc%y2 and t%e petty !ourgeoisie1H B; T%is support for t%e !ourgeoisie 'as %o'ever not intended to allo' capitalism to continue for a long period of time1 T%us t%e Communists2 'ould2 '%ile fig%ting along 'it% t%e !ourgeoisie2 Hnever cease for a single instant2 to instil into t%e 'or*ing class t%e clearest possi!le recognition of t%e %ostile antagonism !et'een !ourgeoisie and proletariat2 in order t%at t%e 11'or*ers may straig%t'ay use2 as so many 'eapons against t%e !ourgeoisie2 t%e social and political conditions t%at t%e !ourgeoisie must necessarily introduce along 'it% its supremacy2 and in order t%at2 after t%e fall of t%e reactionary classes2 11t%e fig%t against t%e !ourgeoisie itself may immediately !egin1H B; Lenin furt%er developed t%e t%eory of proletarian revolution on t%e !asis of an analysis of t%e conditions of imperialism1 T%e main conclusions of Lenin#s t%eory of proletarian revolution 'ere summarised !y Stalin as follo'sE H11t%e first conclusionE intensification of t%e revolutionary crisis 'it%in t%e capitalist countries and gro't% of t%e elements of an explosion on t%e internal2 proletarian front in t%e =metropolises1# H11t%e second conclusionE intensification of t%e revolutionary crisis in t%e colonial countries and gro't% of t%e elements of revolt against imperialism on t%e external2 colonial front1 H11t%e t%ird conclusionE t%at under imperialist 'ars cannot !e averted2 and t%at a coalition !et'een t%e proletarian revolution in Europe and t%e colonial revolution in t%e East in a united 'orld front of revolution against t%e 'orld front of imperialism is inevita!le1 HT%e front of capital 'ill !e pierced '%ere t%e c%ain of imperialism is 'ea*est2 for t%e proletarian revolution is t%e result of t%e !rea*ing of t%e c%ain of t%e 'orld imperialist front at its 'ea*est lin*CH B5 T%us Lenin !roug%t out t%e lin* and !asic unity !et'een t%e proletarian revolutions in t%e imperialist countries and t%e ant imperialist national li!eration revolutionary struggles in t%e colonial countries1 "ao2 !asing %imself on Lenin#s t%eory of proletarian revolution2 clarified it furt%er t%roug% t%e t%eory of ,e' $emocracy1 Referring to t%e conditions after t%e out!rea* of )orld )ar I and t%e Gcto!er Socialist Revolution2 %e explained t%at2 HIn t%is era2 any revolution in a colony or semi colony t%at is directed against imperialism2 i1e12 against t%e international !ourgeoisie or international capitalism2 no longer comes 'it%in t%e old category of t%e !ourgeois democratic 'orld revolution2 !ut 'it%in t%e ne' category2 it is no longer part of t%e old

!ourgeois2 or capitalist2 'orld revolution2 !ut is part of t%e ne' 'orld revolution2 t%e proletarian socialist 'orld revolution1 Suc% revolutionary colonies and semi colonies can no longer !e regarded as allies of t%e counter revolutionary front of 'orld capitalismC t%ey %ave !ecome allies of t%e revolutionary front of 'orld socialism1H B7 Gn t%is !asis %e ela!orated t%e politics2 economy and culture of ,e' $emocracy1 Later2 on t%e !asis of an analysis of t%e conditions in t%e period follo'ing t%e )orld )ar II2 "ao furt%er advanced t%e Leninist t%esis of revolution !rea*ing out at t%e 'ea*est lin* in t%e imperialist c%ain1 T%us in t%e famous /une 48t% 47D6 CPC letter to t%e CPS. regarding t%e general line of t%e international communist movement2 it 'as asserted2 HT%e various types of contradictions in t%e contemporary 'orld are concentrated in t%e vast areas of Asia2 Africa and Latin AmericaC t%ese are t%e most vulnera!le areas under imperialist rule and t%e storm centres of 'orld revolution dealing direct !lo's at imperialism1H DA T%us "ao not only s%o'ed %o' t%e anti imperialist revolutions of t%e colonial countries 'ere an integral part of t%e )orld Socialist Revolution2 %e also pointed t%at t%ey 'ould deal t%e decisive !lo's in t%is revolution1

<: Tactics in the a!ove three stages of revolution

T%e !asic principles of strategy and tactics stated !y "arx2 Engels2 Lenin2 Stalin and "ao %ad evolved in t%e course of t%e advancement of 'orld revolution1 Starting 'it% t%e !ourgeois democratic revolutions until t%e mid 47t% century follo'ed !y t%e Paris Commune and Russian and C%inese revolutions2 t%e "arxist understanding regarding t%e strategy and tactics2 party2 .&2 forms of struggles2 attitude to'ards nationality 3uestion2 stand point on 'ar etc12 %ave undergone significant c%anges2 t%ey enric%ed 'it% every advance made in t%e 'orld revolution and t%roug% creative application of "arxist t%eory to t%e concrete conditions of a particular revolution1 "ore specifically2 t%e t%ree stages mentioned a!ove t%e (ourgeois Revolution2 t%e Socialist and ,e' $emocratic Revolutions @ %ad given !irt% to specific strategy and tactics in t%e countries '%ere t%e respective revolutions occured1 "arx and Engels2 living under conditions of developing capitalism t%at sa' t%e unfolding of t%e !ourgeois democratic revolutions in Europe2 recognised t%at t%e proletariat 'as t%e ne'2 rising2 revolutionary force2 t%at it 'as still too 'ea* to ta*eover t%e leaders%ip of t%e revolution1 T%e tactics of t%e proletariat t%en 'as to advance 'it% t%e revolutionary section of t%e !ourgeoisie to overt%roug% feudal reaction2 and t%en continue t%e fig%t against t%e !ourgeoisie for esta!lis%ing t%e 'or*ing class state1 "arx and Engels clearly spelt out t%eir approac% to'ards t%e various classes and class organisations of t%e period1 T%us in t%e Communist "anifesto t%ey declared t%eir readiness to ally and support t%ose sections of t%e !ourgeoisie '%o 'ere ready to fig%t t%e feudal reactionaries and t%e conservative !ourgeoisie1 Similarly2 in t%eir =Address of t%e Central Committee to t%e Communist League#2 in 45BA2 t%ey clearly laid do'n t%eir tactical approac% to t%eir allies : t%e petty !ourgeois democratsE HT%e relation of t%e revolutionary 'or*ers# party to t%e petty !ourgeois democrats is t%isE it marc%es toget%er 'it% t%em against t%e faction '%ic% it aims at overt%ro'ing2 it opposes t%em in everyt%ing '%ere!y t%ey see* to consolidate t%eir position in t%eir o'n interests1111 H111)%ile t%e democratic petty !ourgeois 'is% to !ring t%e revolution to a conclusion as 3uic*ly as possi!le2 and 'it% t%e ac%ievement2 at most2 of t%e a!ove demands2 it is our interest and our tas* to ma*e t%e revolution permanent2 until all more or less possessing classes %ave !een forced out of t%eir position of dominance2 until t%e proletariat %as con3uered state po'er2 and t%e association of proletarians2 not only in one country !ut in all t%e dominant countries of t%e 'orld2 %as advanced so far t%at competition among t%e proletarians of t%ese countries %as ceased and t%at at least t%e decisive

productive forces are concentrated in t%e %ands of t%e proletarians1 &or us t%e issue cannot !e t%e alteration of private property !ut only its anni%ilation2 not t%e smoot%ing over of class antagonisms !ut t%e a!olition of classes2 not t%e improvement of existing society !ut t%e foundation of a ne' one1H 496 Simultaneously2 %o'ever "arx sa' t%e 'ea*ness and unrelia!ility of t%e !ourgeoisie1 ?e Hdeclared t%at t%e cause of t%e failure of t%e Revolution of 4585 'as t%at t%e !ourgeoisie %ad preferred peace 'it% slavery to t%e mere prospect of a fig%t for freedom1H498 As t%e proletariat started gro'ing in strengt%2 t%e !ourgeois started fearing revolution from t%e proletariat more t%an its desire to overt%ro' t%e feudal reactionaries1 T%us2 in 45;A2 Engels pointed out2 in t%e case of Germany2 t%e !ourgeoisie %ad started allying 'it% reactionaries li*e t%e monarc%y2 t%e !ig feudal no!ility2 t%e /un*ers and even t%e priests1 HAnd t%e more t%e proletariat developed2 t%e more it felt as a class and acted as a class2 t%e more faint %earted did t%e !ourgeois !ecome1H 49B T%us t%e revolutionary potential of t%e !ourgeoisie started reducing rapidly and 'it% it t%e possi!ility of it providing consistent leaders%ip in any revolutionary up%eaval1 Also t%e proletariat could not merely play t%e role of supporter in t%e !ourgeois democratic revolution1 The Worker6Peasant Alliance Engels 'ent on to point out t%at t%e proletariat %ad to see* its allies1 ?e pointed to t%e petty !ourgeois artisans and s%op*eepers as unrelia!le allies2 '%o nevert%eless2 %ad Hvery good elements among t%em2 '%o 0oin t%e 'or*ers of t%eir o'n accord1H 49B T%e lumpen proletariat2 '%ic% some 'or*er leaders used2 Engels re0ected as Ht%e 'orst of all t%e possi!le allies1H 49B ?e pointed out t%at t%e small peasants 'ere relia!le allies of t%e proletariat !ecause t%eir class interests and salvation lay only 'it% t%e proletariat1 &urt%er t%e farm la!ourers 'ere t%e Hmost numerous and most natural alliesH of t%e proletariatC it 'as a most urgent tas* Hto galvanise and dra' into t%e movement t%is class1H 49B T%is idea of a 'or*er peasant alliance %ad earlier emerged from "arx2 in 45BD2 in a letter to Engels1 It 'as again reasserted in 457B !y Engels in %is 1ntro&uction to 'ar39s Class Struggles in %rance2 '%en %e pointed out t%at no lasting victory 'as possi!le for t%e Socialists in Germany and &rance unless t%ey 'on over t%e peasantry1 It 'as %o'ever Lenin '%o developed to t%e fullest t%is understanding of t%e 'or*er peasant alliance and !rilliantly put it into practice during t%e course of t%e Russian Revolution1 ?e explained in a clear cut manner t%at it 'as t%e peasantry primarily '%o due to t%eir material conditions 'ere !ound to !e t%e natural allies of t%e proletariat in t%e revolution1 Stalin summarises t%e Leninist understanding as follo'sE HT%e 3uestion is as follo'sE Are t%e revolutionary potentialities latent in t%e peasantry !y virtue of certain conditions of its existence already ex%austed2 or notC and if not2 is t%ere any %ope2 any !asis2 for utilising t%ese potentialities for t%e proletarian revolution2 for transforming t%e peasantry2 t%e exploited ma0ority of it2 from t%e reserve of t%e !ourgeoisie '%ic% it 'as during t%e !ourgeois revolutions in t%e )est and still is even no'2 into a reserve of t%e proletariat2 into its allyT HLeninism replies to t%is 3uestion in t%e affirmative2 i1e12 it recognises t%e existence of revolutionary capacities in t%e ran*s of t%e ma0ority of t%e peasantry2 and t%e possi!ility of using t%ese in t%e interests of t%e proletarian dictators%ip1 111 H?ence t%e practical conclusion t%at t%e toiling masses of t%e peasantry must !e supported in t%eir struggle against !ondage and exploitation2 in t%eir struggle for deliverance from oppression and poverty1 11)%at 'e %ave in mind %ere is support for a movement or struggle of t%e peasantry '%ic% directly or indirectly2 facilitates t%e emancipation movement of t%e proletariat2 '%ic%2 in one 'ay or anot%er2 !rings grist to t%e mill of t%e proletarian revolution2 and '%ic% %elps to transform t%e

peasantry into a reserve and ally of t%e 'or*ing class1H 49D eadershi% of the Proletariat HT%e !ourgeois revolution in t%e )est <(ritain2 &rance2 Germany2 Austria> too* 11a different road1 T%ere2 %egemony in t%e revolution !elonged not to t%e proletariat2 '%ic% !y reason of its 'ea*ness did not and could not represent an independent political force2 !ut to t%e li!eral !ourgeoisie1 T%ere t%e peasantry o!tained its emancipation from feudal regimes2 not at t%e %ands of t%e proletariat2 '%ic% 'as numerically 'ea* and unorganised2 !ut at t%e %ands of t%e !ourgeoisie111T%ere t%e peasantry acted as t%e reserve of t%e !ourgeoisie1H 49; ?o'ever as t%e class struggle advanced t%e proletariat in many countries !ecame an independent political force1 Simultaneously2 t%e li!eral !ourgeoisie lost its revolutionary spirit1 In t%is context t%e 3uestion of t%e leaders%ip of t%e proletariat over t%e democratic revolution came to t%e fore1 ?o'ever t%e reformist and revisionist leaders of t%e Second International refused to accept t%is reality and continued to opportunistically accept as dogma2 t%e leaders%ip of t%e !ourgeoisie over t%e !ourgeois democratic revolution1 ?o'ever during t%e Russian !ourgeois democratic revolution of 47AB2 in %is famous 'or*2 T'o Tactics of Social $emocracy in t%e $emocratic Revolution2 Lenin pointed out2 HT%e outcome of t%e revolution depends on '%et%er t%e 'or*ing class 'ill play t%e part of a su!sidiary to t%e !ourgeoisie2 a su!sidiary t%at is po'erful in t%e force of its onslaug%t against t%e autocracy !ut impotent politically2 or '%et%er it 'ill play t%e part of leader of t%e people#s revolution1H 495 &urt%er in %is draft resolutions for t%e &ift% Party Congress in47A;2 %e insisted2 HGnly t%e proletariat can !ring t%e democratic revolution to its consummation2 t%e condition !eing t%at t%e proletariat2 as t%e only t%oroug%ly revolutionary class in modern society2 leads t%e mass of t%e peasantry and imparts political consciousness to its struggle against landed proprietors%ip and t%e feudal state1H 497 T%us2 Lenin pointed out in an une3uivocal manner2 t%at t%e %egemony of t%e proletariat over t%e democratic revolution2 'it% t%e 'or*er peasant alliance under t%e leaders%ip of t%e proletariat2 'as t%e !asis@t%e condition@for t%e success of t%e revolution1 ?e also spelt out t%e relations%ip of t%e proletariat 'it% all t%e ot%er principal classes during t%e course of t%e democratic and proletarian revolution1 T%ese alliances %ave !een summarised !y Stalin2 in t%e form of t%e fundamental slogans1 T%us t%e fundamental slogan for t%e !ourgeois democratic stage of t%e revolution 'as2 H=Toget%er 'it% t%e '%ole of t%e peasantry2 against t%e tsar and t%e landlords2 '%ile neutralising t%e !ourgeoisie2 for t%e victory of t%e !ourgeois democratic revolution1# H 46A T%us in t%is stage2 t%e '%ole of t%e peasantry2 including t%e ric% peasantry2 'ere to !e considered as allies in t%e !attle against t%e feudal lords1 T%e !ourgeoisie2 t%e former leader of t%e revolution2 'as %o'ever to !e neutralised !y 'inning over t%e leaders%ip of t%e ot%er sections of t%e toiling masses@ primarily t%e peasantry@from under its %egemony1 ?o'ever in t%e next stage of t%e proletarian revolution t%e class alignments c%anged1 T%e ric% peasant2 !eing a rural !ourgeois2 'as an enemy of socialism1 Also t%e vacillations of t%e middle peasantry %ad to !e neutralised in t%is !attle1 T%us t%e fundamental slogan representing t%e relations%ip of t%e various classes to t%e proletariat and to t%e revolution 'as2 H=Toget%er 'it% t%e poor peasantry2 against capitalism in to'n and country2 '%ile neutralising t%e middle peasantry2 for t%e po'er of t%e proletariat1H 46A

T%us in t%e !attle for socialism it 'as t%e masses of t%e poor peasantry '%o 'ere t%e staunc% allies of t%e proletariat2 as t%eir material conditions 'ere suc% t%at t%ey could easily see t%at t%eir interests !est lay 'it% t%e proletarian revolution1 enin9s Thesis On The /ational And Colonial 4uestion In t%e context of t%e upsurge of t%e national li!eration struggles in t%e early part of t%e t'entiet% century2 and particularly t%e formation of ne' Communist Parties in t%e colonies and semi colonies2 t%e 3uestion of t%e tactics of t%e proletariat in t%e anti imperialist struggles came to t%e forefront1 Lenin laid t%e t%eoretical !asis for t%is2 in %is T%eses on t%e ,ational and Colonial -uestion presented !efore t%e Second Congress of t%e Comintern2 in 479A1 Ta*ing into account t%e peculiar conditions in t%ese countries2 Lenin proposed an alliance 'it% t%e national !ourgeoisies of t%ese countries in t%e fig%t against imperialism for national li!eration1 T%us %is T%eses stated2 Ht%e Communist International must enter into a temporary alliance 'it% !ourgeois democracy in colonial and !ac*'ard countries2 !ut must not merge 'it% it and must under all circumstances up%old t%e independence of t%e proletarian movement even if in its most rudimentary formCH 464 T%e essence of t%is understanding 'as also t%e !asis of t%e Comintern#s &ourt% Congress call2 in 47992 for an anti imperialist united front1 It stated2 Hin t%e colonial East t%e slogan t%at must !e emp%asised at t%e present time is t%at of t%e anti imperialist united front1 T%e expediency of t%is slogan follo's from t%e prospect of a prolonged and protracted struggle 'it% 'orld imperialism '%ic% demands t%e mo!ilisation of all revolutionary elements1H469 ?o'ever it also stressed2 HT%e 'or*ers# movement in t%e colonial and semi colonial countries must first of all 'in for itself t%e position of an independent revolutionary factor in t%e anti imperialist front as a '%ole1 Gnly '%en its importance as an independent factor is recognised and its political independence secured2 are temporary agreements 'it% !ourgeois democracy permissi!le and necessary1H 469 T%us Lenin laid t%e !asis for t%e formation of united fronts to ac%ieve national li!eration from imperialism in t%e colonies and semi colonies1 T%is understanding 'as t%e !asis for t%e formation of t%e united front of t%e C%inese Communist Party 'it% t%e Juomintang in 47961 Enrichment and Develo%ment of the eninist Thesis on =nited Front !" &ao "ao applied t%e Leninist T%esis to t%e concrete conditions of C%ina1 In 479D2 %e presented %is !rilliant class analysis of C%inese Society1 It 'as a model of a correct analysis of t%e situation faced !y most colonial and semi colonial countries1 It correctly differentiated t%e various categories 'it%in t%e peasantry and t%e attitude of eac% to'ards t%e revolution1 It also differentiated t%e comprador and non comprador sections of t%e !ourgeoisie and determined t%e attitude of t%e proletariat to'ards eac% of t%em1 It ans'ered t%e 3uestion of t%e enemies2 and t%e relia!le and vacillating allies of t%e revolution1 It said2 HTo sum up2 it can !e seen t%at our enemies are all t%ose in league 'it% imperialism : t%e 'arlords2 t%e !ureaucrats2 t%e comprador class2 t%e !ig landlord class and t%e reactionary section of t%e intelligentsia attac%ed to t%em1 T%e leading force in our revolution is t%e industrial proletariat1 Gur closest friends are t%e entire semi proletariat and petty !ourgeoisie1 As for t%e vacillating middle !ourgeoisie2 t%eir rig%t 'ing may !ecome our enemy and t%eir left 'ing may !ecome our friend2 !ut 'e must !e constantly on or guard and not let t%em create confusion 'it%in our ran*s1H 466 T%is correct analysis 'as %o'ever not accepted !y t%e leaders%ip of t%e CPC1 Also due to errors in estimation of t%e Comintern and Stalin2 t%e CPC 'as dominated !y various =left# '%o committed various errors in t%eir approac% to t%e classes in t%e united front1 It 'as only in 476B2 after "ao#s leaders%ip 'as again esta!lis%ed over t%e party2 t%at a correct approac% 'as again adopted to t%e united front1 In t%at period %o'ever due to t%e particular situation of t%e /apanese aggression a call 'as given

for forming an anti /apanese united front '%ic% even included certain sections of t%e comprador and landlords '%o 'ere ready to fig%t /apanese imperialism1 $uring t%is period of t%e anti /apanese united front2 in 47672 "ao made a compre%ensive summing up of t%e experience of t%e united front of various types and formulated t%e la's governing t%e united frontE HIn t%e last eig%teen years2 t%e united front of t%e C%inese proletariat 'it% t%e !ourgeoisie and ot%er classes %as developed under t%ree different sets of circumstances or t%roug% t%ree different stagesE t%e &irst Great Revolution from 4798 to 479;2 t%e )ar of Agrarian Revolution from 479; to 476;2 and t%e present )ar of Resistance Against /apan1 T%e %istory of t%e t%ree stages %as confirmed t%e follo'ing la'sE H<4> T%e C%inese national !ourgeoisie 'ill ta*e part in t%e struggle against imperialism and t%e feudal 'arlords at certain times and to a certain extent2 !ecause foreign oppression is t%e greatest oppression to '%ic% C%ina is su!0ected1 T%erefore2 at suc% times2 t%e proletariat s%ould form a united front 'it% t%e national !ourgeoisie and maintain it as far as possi!le1 <9> In ot%er %istorical circumstances2 t%e C%inese national !ourgeoisie 'ill vacillate and defect !ecause of its economic and political fla!!iness1 T%erefore t%e composition of C%ina#s revolutionary united front 'ill not remain constant at all times2 !ut is lia!le to c%ange1 At one time t%e national !ourgeoisie may ta*e part in it2 at anot%er it may not1 <6> T%e C%inese !ig !ourgeoisie2 '%ic% is comprador in c%aracter2 is a class '%ic% directly serves imperialism and is fostered !y it1 ?ence t%e comprador C%inese !ig !ourgeoisie %as al'ays !een a target of t%e revolution1 ?o'ever2 different groups 'it%in t%is !ig !ourgeoisie are !ac*ed !y different imperialist po'ers2 so t%at '%en contradictions among t%ese po'ers !ecome s%arper and '%en t%e edge of t%e revolution is mainly directed against a particular po'er2 t%e !ig !ourgeois groups dependent upon t%e ot%er po'ers may 0oin t%e struggle against t%at particular suc% times2 in order to 'ea*en t%e enemy and add to its o'n reserves2 t%e C%inese proletariat may form a united front 'it% t%ese groups and s%ould maintain it as far as possi!le2 provided it is advantageous to t%e revolution1 <8> T%e comprador !ig !ourgeoisie continues to !e most reactionary even '%en it 0oins t%e united front alongside t%e proletariat in struggling against t%e common enemy1 It stu!!ornly opposes any ideological2 political and organisational development of t%e proletariat and t%e proletarian party2 tries to impose restrictions on t%em and employs disruptive tactics suc% as deception2 !landis%ments2 =corrosion# and savage attac*s against t%emC moreover2 it does all t%is to prepare for capitulating to t%e enemy and splitting t%e united front1 <B> T%e peasantry is t%e firm ally of t%e proletariat1 <D> T%e ur!an petty !ourgeoisie is a relia!le ally1H 468 T%ese la's t%us in a very precise manner give t%e t%eoretical and practical foundation of t%e united front1 T%oug% "ao presented t%em t%en as t%e la's of t%e C%inese united front2 t%ey %ave universal significance for t%e revolutions of all t%e colonies and t%e semi colonies1 After t%e victory in t%e Anti /apanese )ar and t%e Civil 'ar against C%iang Jai s%e*2 and t%e esta!lis%ment of t%e People#s Repu!lic2 t%e essence of t%ese la's 'ere again ela!orated !y "ao in 47BD2 '%ile summing up t%e experiences of t%e CPC relevant to similar countries =oppressed !y imperialism and feudalism#1 )%ile spea*ing to representatives of Latin American Communist Parties2 %e said2 HT%e peasants are t%e c%ief ally of t%e proletariat1 111 HT%e comprador !ourgeoisie is al'ays a running dog of imperialism and a target of t%e revolution1 $ifferent groups of t%e comprador !ourgeoisie !elong to t%e monopoly capitalist groups of different imperialist countries suc% as t%e .nited Stared2 (ritain and &rance1 In t%e struggle against t%e various comprador groups it is necessary to exploit t%e contradictions !et'een imperialist countries2 first coping 'it% one of t%em and stri*ing at t%e c%ief immediate enemy1 &or instance2 in t%e past t%e C%inese comprador !ourgeoisie consisted of pro (ritis%2 pro .1S1 and pro /apanese groups1 $uring t%e

)ar of Resistance Against /apan 'e exploited t%e contradiction !et'een (ritain and t%e .nited States on t%e one %and and /apan on t%e ot%er2 first stri*ing do'n t%e /apanese aggressors and t%e comprador group depending on t%em1 T%en 'e turned round to deal !lo's at t%e .1S1 and (ritis% aggressor forces and !ring do'n t%e pro .1S1 and pro (ritis% comprador groups1 T%e landlord class also consists of different factions1 T%e most reactionary landlords are fe' in num!er2 and t%ose '%o are patriotic and favour fig%ting imperialism s%ould not !e lumped toget%er 'it% t%em '%en 'e stri*e1 "oreover2 a distinction must !e made !et'een t%e !ig and small landlords1 $on#t stri*e at too many enemies at a time2 stri*e at a fe'2 and even 'it% !ig landlords deal your !lo's only at t%e most reactionary %andful1 To stri*e at everyone may seem very revolutionary2 !ut actually it causes great %arm1 HT%e national !ourgeoisie is an opponent of ours1 T%ere is a saying in C%ina2 =Gpponents al'ays meet1# Gne experience of t%e C%inese revolution is t%at caution is needed in dealing 'it% t%e national !ourgeoisie1 )%ile it is opposed to t%e 'or*ing class2 it is also opposed to imperialism111 HT%roug%out t%e %istorical period of t%e struggle against imperialism and feudalism2 'e must 'in over and unite 'it% t%e national !ourgeoisie so t%at it 'ill side 'it% t%e people against imperialism1 Even after t%e tas* of opposing imperialism and feudalism is in t%e main accomplis%ed2 'e must still *eep our alliance 'it% t%e national !ourgeoisie for a certain period1 T%is 'ill !e advantageous in dealing 'it% imperialist aggression2 in expanding production and sta!ilising t%e mar*et and also in 'inning over and remoulding !ourgeois intellectuals1 H11To'ards t%e national !ourgeoisie a policy of =!ot% unity and struggle# s%ould !e adopted1 .nite 'it% t%em in t%e common fig%t against imperialism and support all t%eir anti imperialist 'ords and deeds2 '%ile 'aging an appropriate struggle against t%eir reactionary2 anti 'or*ing class and anti Communist 'ords and deeds1 It is 'rong to !e one sidedC struggle 'it%out unity is a =Left# deviationist mista*e and unity 'it%out struggle is a Rig%t deviationist mista*e1111 HIn countries under t%e oppression of imperialism and feudalism t%e political party of t%e proletariat s%ould raise t%e national !anner and must %ave a programme of national unity !y '%ic% to unite 'it% all t%e forces t%at can !e united2 excluding t%e running dogs of imperialism1 Let t%e '%ole nation see %o' patriotic t%e Communist Party is2 %o' peace loving and %o' desirous of national unity1 T%is 'ill %elp isolate imperialism and its running dogs2 and t%e !ig landlord class and t%e !ig !ourgeoisie too1H
46B

T%is t%us is t%e "arxist !asis and understanding of t%e united front in colonies and semi colonies2 as developed !y "ao1

-: FOR&# OF #TR=$$ E
&orms of struggle2 '%ic% are an important component of t%e tactics of t%e class struggle of t%e proletariat2 varying in accordance 'it% t%e varying conditions in individual countries2 e!! and flo' of t%e movement2 t%e strengt% of t%e su!0ective forces2 and so on1 &orms of struggle may !e peaceful or violent2 !loody or !loodless2 legal or illegal2 parliamentary or extra parliamentary2 so on and so fort%1 T%at depend on t%e concrete %istorical conditions1 As descri!ed !y Lenin2 t%e "arxist approac% to t%e 3uestion of forms of struggle s%ould !e as follo's E H)%at are t%e fundamental demands '%ic% every "arxist s%ould ma*e of an examination of t%e 3uestion of t%e forms of struggleT In t%e first place2 "arxism differs from all primitive forms of socialism !y t%e fact t%at it does not !ind t%e movement to any one particular form of struggle1 It admits t%e most varied forms of struggleC and it does not =invent# t%em2 !ut only generalises2 organises2 gives conscious expression to t%ose forms of struggle of t%e revolutionary classes '%ic% arise of t%emselves in t%e course of t%e movement1 A!solutely %ostile to all a!stract formulas and to all doctrinaire recipes2 "arxism demands an attentive attitude to t%e mass struggle in progress2 '%ic%2 as

t%e movement develops2 as t%e class consciousness of t%e masses gro's2 as economic and political crises !ecome acute2 continually gives rise to ne' and more varied met%ods of defence and offence1 "arxism2 t%erefore2 positively does not renounce any form of struggle1 .nder no circumstances does "arxism confine itself to t%e forms of struggle t%at are possi!le and t%at exist at t%e given moment only2 recognising as it does t%at ne' forms of struggle2 un*no'n to t%e participants of t%e given period2 inevita!ly arise as t%e given social situation c%anges1 In t%is respect "arxism learns2 if 'e may so express it from mass practice2 and ma*es no claim '%atever to teac% t%e masses forms of struggle invented !y =systematisers# in t%e seclusion of t%eir studies1 111111 HIn t%e second place2 "arxism demands an a!solutely %istorical examination of t%e 3uestion of t%e forms of struggle1 To treat t%e 3uestion apart from t%e concrete %istorical situation means failing to understand t%e A(C of dialectical materialism1 At different stages of economic evolution2 depending on differences in political2 national cultural2 living and ot%er conditions2 different forms of struggle come to t%e fore and !ecome t%e principal forms of struggleC and in connection 'it% t%is2 t%e secondary2 auxiliary forms of struggle undergo c%ange in t%eir turn1 To attempt to ans'er yes or no to t%e 3uestion '%et%er any particular means of struggle s%ould !e used2 'it%out ma*ing a detailed examination of t%e concrete situation of t%e given stage of its development2 means completely to a!andon t%e "arxist position1 HT%ese are t%e t'o principal t%eoretical precepts !y '%ic% 'e must !e guided1H 46D "arx and Engels gave utmost importance to t%e violent overt%roug% of t%e social conditions1 As explained in t%e concluding paragrap% of t%e Communist "anifesto2 HT%e Communists disdain to conceal t%eir vie's and aims1 T%ey openly declare t%at t%eir ends can !e attained only !y t%e forci!le overt%ro' of all existing social conditions1 Let t%e ruling classes trem!le at a Communistic revolution1 T%e proletarians %ave not%ing to lose !ut t%eir c%ains1 T%ey %ave a 'orld to 'in1H 46; T%us t%e founders of "arxism 'ere clear t%at t%e transition from capitalism to socialism could not !e a peaceful transition2 i1e12 transition to socialism !y t%e parliamentary road2 t%e road proposed !y revisionists li*e (ernstein2 Jauts*y and J%rus%c%ev1 It is '%ile replying to t%e revisionists t%at Lenin spo*e of2 Hcivil 'ar2 'it%out '%ic% not a single one of t%e great revolutions of %istory %as ta*en place2 and 'it%out '%ic% not a single serious "arxist %as conceived t%e transition from capitalism to socialism1H 465 T%e great revolutions t%at Lenin %ere spo*e of included t%e !ourgeois democratic revolutions '%ere one exploiting class overt%re' anot%er1 T%erefore it 'as all t%e more clear t%at t%is principle 'ould !e all t%e more applica!le to a revolution aiming to a!olis% exploitation altoget%er1 Stalin presented t%e 3uestion of t%e proletarian revolution in t%e follo'ing mannerE HTo t%in* t%at suc% a revolution can !e carried out peacefully2 'it%in t%e frame'or* of !ourgeois democracy2 '%ic% is adapted to t%e rule of t%e !ourgeoisie2 means t%at one %as eit%er gone out of one#s mind and lost normal %uman understanding2 or %as grossly and openly repudiated t%e proletarian revolution1H 467 "ao too emp%asised t%at po'er flo's t%roug% t%e !arrel of t%e gun1 ?e said2 HExperience in t%e class struggle in t%e era of imperialism teac%es us t%at it is only !y t%e po'er of t%e gun t%at t%e 'or*ing class and t%e la!ouring masses can defeat t%e armed !ourgeoisie and landlordsC in t%is sense 'e may say t%at only 'it% guns can t%e '%ole 'orld !e transformed1 )e are advocates of t%e a!olition of 'ar2 'e do not 'ant 'arC !ut 'ar can only !e a!olis%ed t%roug% 'ar2 and in order to get rid of t%e gun it is necessary to ta*e up t%e gun1H 48A Forms of Armed Revolution HT%e seiFure of po'er !y armed force2 t%e settlement of t%e issue !y 'ar2 is t%e central tas* and t%e

%ig%est form of revolution1 T%is "arxist Leninist principle of revolution %olds good universally2 for C%ina and for all ot%er countries1 H(ut '%ile t%e principle remains t%e same2 its application !y t%e party of t%e proletariat finds expression in varying 'ays according to t%e varying conditions1 Internally2 capitalist countries practise !ourgeois democracy <not feudalism> '%en t%ey are not fascist or not at 'arC in t%eir external relations2 t%ey are not oppressed !y2 !ut t%emselves oppress2 ot%er nations1 (ecause of t%ese c%aracteristics2 it is t%e tas* of t%e party of t%e proletariat in t%e capitalist countries to educate t%e 'or*ers and !uild up strengt% t%roug% a long period of legal struggle2 and t%us prepare for t%e final overt%ro' of capitalism1 In t%ese countries2 t%e 3uestion is one of a long legal struggle2 of utilising parliament as a platform2 of economic and political stri*es2 of organising trade unions and educating t%e 'or*ers1 T%ere t%e form of organisation is legal and t%e form of struggle !loodless <non military>111 T%e one 'ar t%ey 'ant to fig%t is t%e civil 'ar for '%ic% t%ey are preparing1 (ut t%is insurrection and 'ar 'ould not !e launc%ed until t%e !ourgeoisie !ecomes really %elpless2 until t%e ma0ority of t%e proletariat are determined to rise in arms and fig%t2 and until t%e rural masses are giving 'illing %elp to t%e proletariat1 And '%en t%e time comes to launc% suc% an insurrection and 'ar2 t%e first step 'ill !e to seiFe t%e cities2 and t%en advance into t%e countryside2 and not t%e ot%er 'ay a!out1 All t%is %as !een done !y Communist Parties in capitalist countries2 and it %as !een proved correct !y t%e Gcto!er Revolution in Russia1 HC%ina is different %o'ever1 T%e c%aracteristics of C%ina are t%at s%e is not independent and democratic !ut semi colonial and semi feudal2 t%at internally s%e %as no democracy !ut is under feudal oppression and t%at in %er external relations s%e %as no national independence !ut is oppressed !y imperialism1 It follo's t%at 'e %ave no parliament to ma*e use of and no legal rig%t to organise t%e 'or*ers to stri*e1 (asically2 t%e tas* of t%e Communist Party %ere is not to go t%roug% a long period of legal struggle !efore launc%ing insurrection and 'ar2 and not to seiFe t%e !ig cities first and t%en occupy t%e countryside2 !ut t%e reverse1 11 HIn C%ina 'ar is t%e main form of struggle and t%e army is t%e main form of organisation1 Gt%er forms suc% as mass organisation and mass struggle are also extremely important and indeed indispensa!le and in no circumstances to !e overloo*ed2 !ut t%eir purpose is to serve t%e 'ar1 (efore t%e out!rea* of a 'ar all organisation and struggle are in preparation for t%e 'ar2 as in t%e period from t%e "ay 8t% "ovement of 4747 to t%e "ay 6At% "ovement of 479B1 After 'ar !rea*s out2 all organisation and struggle are co ordinated 'it% t%e 'ar eit%er directly or indirectly2 111111H 488 T%e a!ove o!servation of "ao is a summation of t%e experiences gained !y t%e proletariat for over a century of class struggles1 T%at t%e revolution in t%e capitalist country '%ere !ourgeois democratic revolution is completed 'ill ta*e t%e form of armed insurrection %as !een !ornout !y %istorical experiences1 T%e principles governing t%e armed insurrection 'ere 'ritten in great detail !y "arx '%ile analysing t%e various !ourgeois revolutions in '%ic% t%e proletariat played a crucial role in t%e 47t% century1 Lenin summarised "arx#s principles in t%e follo'ing mannerE H(ut armed insurrection is a special form of political struggle2 one su!0ect to special la's '%ic% must !e attentively pondered over1 Jarl "arx expressed t%is trut% in a remar*a!ly clear cut 'ay '%en %e 'rote t%at armed =insurrection is an art 3uite as muc% as 'ar1# HGf t%e principal rules of t%is art2 "arx noted t%e follo'ingE 4> ,ever play 'it% insurrection2 !ut2 '%en !eginning it2 firmly realise t%at you must go to t%e end1 9> Concentrate a great superiority of forces at t%e decisive point2 at t%e decisive moment2 ot%er'ise t%e enemy2 '%o %as t%e advantage of !etter preparation and organisation2 'ill destroy t%e insurgents1

6> Gnce t%e insurrection %as !egun2 you must act 'it% t%e greatest determination2 and !y all means2 'it%out fail2 ta*e t%e offensive1 =T%e defensive is t%e deat% of every armed rising1# 8> Kou must try to ta*e t%e enemy !y surprise and seiFe t%e moment '%en %is forces are scattered1 B> Kou must strive for daily <one mig%t say %ourly2 if it is t%e case of one to'n> successes2 %o'ever small2 and at all costs retain t%e =moral ascendancy1# H"arx summed up t%e lessons of all revolutions in respect to armed insurrection in t%e 'ords of =$anton2 t%e greatest master of revolutionary tactics yet *no'nE &e l9au&ace2 &e l9au&ace2 encore &e l9au&aceA9 <(oldness2 !oldness and again !oldness>1H 48B Lenin also2 on t%e eve of t%e Gcto!er revolution2 '%ile preparing for t%e insurrection2 gave t%e "arxist understanding of t%e conditions for t%e success of an insurrection1 ?e saidE HTo !e successful2 insurrection must rely not upon conspiracy and not upon a party2 !ut upon t%e advanced class1 T%at is t%e first point1 Insurrection must rely upon a revolutionary upsurge of t%e people1 T%at is t%e second point1 Insurrection must rely upon suc% a turning point in t%e %istory of t%e gro'ing revolution at '%ic% t%e activity of t%e advanced ran*s of t%e people is at its %eig%t2 and at '%ic% t%e vacillations in t%e ran*s of t%e enemy and in t%e ran*s of t%e 'ea*2 %alf %earted and irresolute friends of t%e revolution are strongest1 T%at is t%e t%ird point11111 H1 once t%ese conditions are present2 to refuse to treat insurrection as an art is to !etray "arxism and to !etray t%e revolution1H48D &ao9s Theor" of Protracted Peo%le*s War "ao applied t%e principles of dialectical materialism2 and particularly of contradictions2 to t%e study of 'ar and particularly to C%ina#s revolutionary 'ar1 ?e t%us summed up t%e c%aracteristics of t%e revolutionary 'ar and also determined t%e 3uestions of principle governing t%e strategy and tactics of t%e 'ar1 T%ese principles are of great relevance to t%e revolutions in all colonial and semi colonial countries1 "ao sums up as follo'sE H11 T%e four principal c%aracteristics of C%ina#s revolutionary 'ar areE a vast semi colonial country '%ic% is unevenly developed politically and economically and '%ic% %as gone t%roug% a great revolutionC a !ig and po'erful enemyC a small and 'ea* Red Army C and t%e agrarian revolution1 T%ese c%aracteristics determine t%e line for guiding C%ina#s revolutionary 'ar as 'ell as many of its strategic and tactical principles1 It follo's from t%e first and fourt% c%aracteristics t%at it is possi!le for t%e C%inese Red Army to gro' and defeat its enemy1 It follo's from t%e second and t%ird c%aracteristics t%at it is impossi!le for t%e C%inese Red Army to gro' very rapidly or defeat its enemy 3uic*lyC in ot%er 'ords2 t%e 'ar 'ill !e protracted and may even !e lost if it is mis%andled1 HT%ese are t%e t'o aspects of C%ina#s revolutionary 'ar1 T%ey exist simultaneously2 t%at is2 t%ere are favoura!le factors and t%ere are difficulties1 T%is is t%e fundamental la' of C%ina#s revolutionary 'ar2 from '%ic% many ot%er la's ensue1 11111H In 478B CPC Resolution on Certain =uestions in the ,istory of +ur Party2 summarises "ao#s military line as follo'sE HComrade "ao Tse tung#s military line proceeds from t'o fundamental points1 &irst2 our army is and can !e an army of only one *indC it must !e an instrument su!ordinate to t%e ideological leaders%ip of t%e proletariat and serving t%e struggle of t%e people and t%e !uilding of revolutionary !ase ares1 Second2 our 'ar is and can !e a 'ar of only one *indC it must !e a 'ar in '%ic% 'e recognise t%at t%e enemy is strong and 'e are 'ea*2 t%at t%e enemy is !ig and 'e are small2 and in '%ic% t%erefore 'e

fully utilise t%e enemy#s 'ea*nesses and our strong points and fully rely on t%e strengt% of t%e masses for survival2 victory and expansion1 &rom t%e first point2 it follo's t%at t%e Red Army must fig%t '%ole %eartedly for t%e line2 programme and policies of t%e Party2 t%at is2 for all t%e manifold interests of t%e '%ole people2 and must com!at t%e tendencies to'ards 'arlordism '%ic% run counter to t%is1 T%erefore2 t%e Red Army must oppose t%e purely military point of vie' and t%e roving re!el ideology2 according to '%ic% t%e military does not o!ey t%e political2 or even commands t%e politics1 T%e Red Army must simultaneously s%oulder t%e t%reefold tas* of fig%ting2 doing mass 'or* and raising funds <'%ic% at present means production>C doing mass 'or* means !ecoming a propagandist and organiser for t%e Party and for t%e people#s political po'er and means %elping t%e local people in land distri!ution <at present2 t%e reduction of rent and interest> and in esta!lis%ing armed forces2 organs of political po'er2 and Party organisations2 %ence2 in its relations 'it% t%e government and t%e people2 it is re3uired t%at t%e Red Army scrupulously respect t%e organs of t%e people#s political po'er and t%e mass organisations2 strengt%en t%eir prestige and strictly o!serve t%e T%ree "ain Rules of $iscipline and t%e Eig%t Points for Attention1 )it%in t%e army it is necessary to esta!lis% a correct relations%ip !et'een officers and men and to %ave !ot% an appropriate democratic life and an aut%oritative military discipline !ased on political consciousness1 In t%e 'or* among t%e enemy troops2 it is necessary to %ave a correct policy for disintegrating enemy forces and 'inning over prisoners1 &rom t%e second point of departure2 it follo's t%at t%e Red Army %ad to recognise t%at2 during t%e period of t%e Agrarian Revolutionary )ar2 guerilla 'arfare and mo!ile 'arfare of a guerilla c%aracter 'ere t%e main forms of 'arfare2 and must recognise t%at only a people#s 'ar2 in '%ic% t%e main forces are integrated 'it% regional forces2 t%e regular army 'it% guerrilla units and people#s militia2 and t%e armed masses 'it% t%e unarmed masses2 can !ring victory over an enemy many times stronger t%an ourselves1 ?ence2 in strategy2 t%e Red Army must oppose a 'ar of 3uic* decision2 and in tactics2 must oppose protracted fig%tingC in strategy2 it must ad%ere firmly to protracted 'arfare and in tactics2 to 3uic* decisionsC in campaigns and !attles it must oppose t%e use of t%e fe' to defeat t%e many and must ad%ere firmly to t%e use of t%e many to defeat t%e fe'1 T%e Red Army must t%erefore carry out t%e follo'ing strategic and tactical principlesE H$ivide our forces to arouse t%e masses2 concentrate our forces to deal 'it% t%e enemy1 HT%e enemy advances2 'e retreatC t%e enemy camps2 'e %arassC t%e enemy tires2 'e attac*C t%e enemy retreats2 'e pursue1 To extend sta!le !ase areas2 employ t%e policy of advancing in 'avesC '%en pursued !y a po'erful enemy2 employ t%e policy of circling around1 HLure t%e enemy in deep1 HConcentrate superior forces2 pic* out of t%e enemy#s 'ea* spots2 and fig%t '%en you are sure of 'iping out part2 or t%e greater part2 of t%e enemy in mo!ile 'arfare2 so as to crus% t%e enemy forces one !y one1H 485 T%ese principles2 representing "ao#s valua!le contri!ution to t%e science of "arxism and 'ar %ave !ecome t%e !asis and guide for revolutionary 'ar in t%e colonies and semi colonies1

2: TACTIC# D=RI/$ WAR

7ust and =nCust Wars H1)it% reference to 'ars2 t%e main t%esis of dialectics2 111111 is t%at ='ar is simply t%e continuation of politics !y ot%er <i1e12 violent> means#1 Suc% is t%e formula of Clause'itF2 one of t%e greatest 'riters on t%e %istory of 'ar2 '%ose t%in*ing 'as stimulated !y ?egel1 And it 'as al'ays t%e standpoint of "arx and Engels2 '%o regarded any 'ar as t%e continuation of t%e politics of t%e po'ers concerned@and t%e various classes 'it%in t%ese countries in a definite period1H487 Lenin1

H&rom t%e point of vie' of "arxism2 t%at is2 of modern scientific socialism2 t%e main issue in any discussion !y socialists on %o' to assess t%e 'ar and '%at attitude to adopt to'ards it is t%isE '%at is t%e 'ar !eing 'aged for2 and '%at classes staged and directed it1 )e "arxists do not !elong to t%at category of people '%o are un3ualified opponents of all 'ar1 )e sayE our aim is to ac%ieve a socialist system of society2 '%ic%2 !y eliminating t%e division of man*ind into classes2 !y eliminating all exploitation of man !y man and nation !y nation2 'ill inevita!ly eliminate t%e very possi!ility of 'ar1 (ut in t%e 'ar to 'in t%e socialist system of society 'e are !ound to encounter conditions under '%ic% t%e class struggle 'it%in eac% given nation may come up against a 'ar !et'een t%e different nations2 a 'ar conditioned !y t%is very class struggle1 T%erefore2 'e cannot rule out t%e possi!ility of revolutionary 'ars2 i1e12 'ars arising from t%e class struggle2 'ars 'aged !y revolutionary classes2 'ars '%ic% are of direct and immediate revolutionary significance1H 4BA HT%e Great &renc% Revolution us%ered in a ne' epoc% in t%e %istory of man*ind1 &rom t%at time do'n to t%e Paris Commune2 i1e12 !et'een 4;57 and 45;42 one type of 'ar 'as of a !ourgeois progressive c%aracter2 'aged for national li!eration1 In ot%er 'ords2 t%e overt%ro' of a!solutism and feudalism2 t%e undermining of t%ese institutions2 and t%e overt%ro' of alien oppression2 formed t%e c%ief content and %istorical significance of suc% 'ars1 T%ese 'ere t%erefore progressive 'arsC during suc% 'ars2 all %onest and revolutionary democrats2 as 'ell as all socialists2 al'ays 'is%ed success to t%at country <i1e12 t%at !ourgeoisie> '%ic% %ad %elped to overt%ro' or undermine t%e most !aneful foundations of feudalism2 a!solutism and t%e oppression of ot%er nations1 111 H111)%en2 in spea*ing of t%e 'ars of suc% periods2 socialists stressed t%e legitimacy of =defensive# 'ars2 t%ey al'ays %ad t%ese aims in mind2 namely revolution against medievalism and serfdom1 (y a =defensive# 'ar socialists %ave al'ays understood a =0ust# 'ar in t%is particular sense111 It is only in t%is sense t%at socialists %ave al'ays regarded 'ars =for t%e defence of t%e fat%erland#2 or =defensive# 'ars2 as legitimate2 progressive and 0ust1H 4B4 T%us if t%e colonies 'aged 'ar against t%eir imperialist masters it 'ould !e a 0ust progressive 'ar1 T%us %e said2 in 474B2 H&or example2 if tomorro'2 "orocco 'ere to declare 'ar on &rance2 or India on (ritain2 or Persia or C%ina on Russia2 and so on2 t%ese 'ould !e =0ust#2 =defensive# 'ars2 irrespective of '%o 'ould !e t%e first to attac*C any socialist 'ould 'is% t%e oppressed2 dependent and une3ual states victory over t%e oppressor2 slave %olding and predatory =Great# Po'ers1 H(ut imagine a slave %older '%o o'ns 4AA slaves 'arring against anot%er '%o o'ns 9AA slaves2 for a more =0ust# redistri!ution of slaves1 T%e use of t%e term of a =defensive# 'ar2 or a 'ar =for t%e defence of t%e fat%erland#2 'ould clearly !e %istorically false in suc% a case and 'ould in practice !e s%eer deception of t%e common people2 petty !ourgeois2 and t%e ignorant2 !y t%e astute slave %olders1H 4B4 T%us t%e 'ars 'aged !y imperialist po'ers 'ere compared to 'ars !et'een slave %olders for a so called 0ust re division of slaves2 and 'ere t%erefore %istorically reactionary and totally un0ust1 T%us socialists are against 'ars 'aged !y imperialism and against t%e slogan Hdefence of t%e fat%erlandH given !y t%e imperialist !ourgeoisie1 ?o'ever says Lenin2 in474D2 H)e are not at all against =defence of t%e fat%erland# in general2 not against =defensive 'ars# in general1 11111 )e are against defence of t%e fat%erland and defensive position in t%e imperialist 'ar of 4748 4D Mi1e12 )orld )ar IN and in ot%er imperialist 'ars2 typical of t%e imperialist epoc%1 (ut in t%e imperialist epoc% t%ere may !e also =0ust#2 =defensive#2 revolutionary 'ars namely <4> national2 <9> civil2 <6> socialist and suc%li*e1H 4B9 In t%is manner Lenin developed "arx#s t%eory of 0ust and un0ust 'ar1 "arx during t%e era of !ourgeois revolution supported t%e 'ars 'aged !y t%e t%en revolutionary !ourgeoisie against feudal reaction as progressive2 revolutionary and 0ust1 T%e guiding principle 'as t%erefore support to t%ose 'ars t%at 'ould fig%t feudal reaction2 ta*e a%ead t%e !ourgeois revolution2 and t%us facilitate t%e pat% to socialism1 In t%e era of imperialism and proletarian revolution2 Lenin similarly categorised as

revolutionary and 0ust2 all 'ars 'aged !y t%e proletariat : '%et%er 'aged 'it%in a country as civil 'ar or as a socialist 'ar for defence of a socialist !aseC and all 'ars 'aged !y oppressed nations : national li!eration 'ars1 ?ere too t%e guiding principle 'as t%e need to carry for'ard t%e )orld Socialist Revolution1 Tactics during Im%erialist War &ollo'ing from t%e a!ove understanding2 during )orld )ar I2 Lenin presented t%e "arxist tactics in t%e follo'ing mannerE HT%e 'ar %as undou!tedly created a most acute crisis and %as immeasura!ly increased t%e distress of t%e masses1 T%e reactionary nature of t%is 'ar2 and t%e un!lus%ing lies told !y t%e !ourgeoisie of all countries to conceal t%eir predatory aims 'it% =national# ideology are2 on t%e !asis of an o!0ectively revolutionary situation2 inevita!ly creating revolutionary moods among t%e masses1 It is our duty to %elp t%e masses !ecome conscious of t%ese moods2 deepen t%em and give t%em s%ape1 T%is tas* finds correct expression only in t%e sloganE convert t%e imperialist 'ar into a civil 'arC all consistently 'aged class struggles in 'artime and all seriously conducted =mass action# tactics inevita!ly lead to t%is1 It is impossi!le to foretell '%et%er a po'erful revolutionary movement 'ill flare up in connection 'it%2 during or after t%e first or t%e second imperialist 'ar of t%e Great Po'ersC in any case it is our !ounden duty to 'or* systematically and uns'ervingly in t%is direction1 11 HA revolutionary class cannot !ut 'is% for t%e defeat of its government in a reactionary 'ar2 and cannot fail to see t%at t%e latter#s military reverses must facilitate its overt%o'1H 4B6 T%us Ht%e socialists of all t%e !elligerent countries s%ould express t%eir 'is% t%at all t%eir =o'n# governments 'ould !e defeated1 11 it is a statement of t%is *ind t%at 'ould !e in *eeping 'it% t%e innermost t%oug%ts of every class conscious 'or*er2 and !e in line 'it% our activities for t%e conversion of t%e imperialist 'ar into a civil 'ar1H 4B6 HT%e temper of t%e masses in favour of peace often expresses t%e !eginning of protest2 anger and a realisation of t%e reactionary nature of t%e 'ar1 It is t%e duty of all Social $emocrats to utilise t%at temper1 T%ey 'ill ta*e a most ardent part in any movement and in any demonstration motivated !y t%at sentiment2 !ut t%ey 'ill not deceive t%e people 'it% admitting t%e idea t%at a peace 'it%out annexations2 'it%out oppression of nations2 'it%out plunder2 and 'it%out t%e em!ryo of ne' 'ars among t%e present governments and ruling classes2 is possi!le in t%e a!sence of a revolutionary movement111 )%oever 'ants a lasting and democratic peace must stand for civil 'ar against t%e governments and t%e !ourgeoisie1H 4B6 T%ese t%us 'ere t%e tactics of t%e revolutionary "arxists during )orld )ar I1 T%ey 'ere %o'ever re0ected !y all t%e leaders%ips of t%e revisionist parties of t%e Second International1 T%e (ols%evi*s 'ere t%e only ones to implement t%ese tactics and 'ere successful in ac%ieving t%e victory of t%e Great Gcto!er Socialist Revolution1 $uring t%e period of )orld )ar II2 Stalin and t%e T%ird International2 adopted t%e !asis of t%e same "arxist Leninist principles to arrive at t%e tactics of t%e proletariat during t%e 'ar1 T%us at t%e Sevent% Congress of t%e Comintern in 476B2 as t%e 'ar danger 'as increasing t%e resolution on t%e danger of a ne' 'orld 'ar saidE HT%e communists2 '%ile fig%ting also against t%e illusion t%at 'ar can !e eliminated '%ile t%e capitalist system still exists2 are exerting and 'ill exert every effort to prevent 'ar1 S%ould a ne' imperialist 'orld 'ar !rea* out2 despite all efforts of t%e 'or*ing class to prevent it2 t%e communists 'ill strive to lead t%e opponents of 'ar2 organised in t%e struggle for peace2 to t%e struggle for t%e transformation of t%e imperialist 'ar into civil 'ar against t%e fascist instigators of 'ar2 against t%e !ourgeoisie2 for t%e

overt%ro' of capitalism1111 HAt t%e present %istorical 0uncture2 '%en on one sixt% part of t%e glove t%e Soviet .nion defends socialism and peace for all %umanity2 t%e most vital interests of t%e 'or*ers and toilers of all countries demand t%at in pursuing t%e policy of t%e 'or*ing class2 in 'aging t%e struggle for peace2 t%e struggle against imperialist 'ar !efore and after t%e out!rea* of %ostilities2 t%e defence of t%e Soviet .nion must !e considered paramount1 HIf t%e commencement of a counter revolutionary 'ar forces t%e Soviet .nion to set t%e )or*ers# and Peasants# Red Army in motion for t%e defence of socialism2 t%e communists 'ill call upon all toilers to 'or*2 'it% all t%e means at t%eir disposal and at any price2 for t%e victory of t%e Red Army over t%e armies of t%e imperialists1H 4B8 T%is 'as t%e !asis for t%e tactics of t%e proletariat '%en t%e 'ar !ro*e out in 47671 In t%e period up to /une 47842 !efore t%e Soviet .nion 'as attac*ed and forced into t%e 'ar2 t%e 'ar 'as a reactionary2 un0ust2 imperialist 'ar and t%e proletariat#s tactics 'ere to turn t%e 'ar into civil 'ar1 After t%e attac* and t%e involvement of t%e Soviet Red Army2 t%e nature of t%e 'ar c%anged for t%e proletariat and all toilers of t%e 'orld1 T%eir fat%erland2 t%e land of socialism2 'as under attac* and its defence !ecame paramount1 T%us t%e 'ar !ecame a 0ust2 progressive and defensive 'ar for saving and developing t%e forces of socialism2 against t%e attac*s of t%e forces of imperialism1 &ao*s Develo%ment of the ine on World War and Peace Immediately after )orld )ar II in 478D2 "ao gave t%e follo'ing understanding as to t%e possi!ility of a t%ird 'orld 'arE HI t%in* t%e American people and t%e peoples of all countries menaced !y .1S1 aggression s%ould unite and struggle against t%e attac*s of t%e .1S1 reactionaries and t%eir running dogs in t%ese countries1 Gnly !y victory in t%is struggle can a t%ird 'orld 'ar !e avoidedC ot%er'ise it is unavoida!le1H 4BB T%e essence of t%is understanding t%at only people#s struggles against imperialism and revolution can prevent t%e t%ird 'orld 'ar continues to !e t%e !asis of t%e "arxist understanding1 T%us '%en J%rus%c%ev came out 'it% %is revisionist understanding of peace2 t%e CPC under t%e guidance of "ao2 gave t%e follo'ing understanding on t%e 3uestionE HSince )orld )ar II2 people every'%ere %ave !een vigorously demanding 'orld peace1 "ore and more people %ave come to understand t%at to defend 'orld peace it is imperative to 'age struggles against t%e imperialist policies of aggression and 'ar1 H"arxist Leninists t%roug%out t%e 'orld are duty !ound to treasure t%e peace sentiments of t%e people and to stand in t%e forefront of t%e struggle for 'orld peace1 T%ey are duty !ound to struggle against t%e imperialists# policies of aggression and 'ar2 to expose t%eir deceptions and defeat t%eir plans for 'ar1 T%ey are duty !ound to educate t%e people2 raise t%eir political consciousness and guide t%e struggle for 'orld peace in t%e proper direction1H 4BD H111 our difference 'it% t%e leaders of t%e CPS. on t%e 3uestion of 'ar and peace is one !et'een t'o different lines@ '%et%er or not to oppose imperialism2 '%et%er or not to support revolutionary struggles2 '%et%er or not to mo!ilise t%e people of t%e 'orld against t%e imperialist 'ar plans and '%et%er or not to ad%ere to "arxism Leninism1 HLi*e all ot%er genuine revolutionary parties2 t%e Communist Party of C%ina %as al'ays !een in t%e forefront of t%e struggle against imperialism and for 'orld peace1 )e %old t%at to defend 'orld peace it is necessary constantly to expose imperialism and to arouse and organise t%e people in struggle against t%e imperialists %eaded !y t%e .nited States2 and it is necessary to place reliance on t%e gro't% of t%e strengt% of t%e socialist camp2 on t%e revolutionary struggles of t%e proletariat and 'or*ing people of all countries2 on t%e li!eration struggles of t%e oppressed nations2 on t%e struggles of all peace loving

peoples and countries and on t%e !road united front against .1S1 imperialism and its lac*eys1 H11)it% t%is line2 it is possi!le ceaselessly to raise t%e political consciousness of t%e people and to expand t%e struggle for 'orld peace in t%e rig%t direction1 H)it% t%is line2 it is possi!le constantly to strengt%en t%e forces for 'orld peace 'it% t%e socialist camp as t%eir core and stri*e at and 'ea*en t%e imperialist forces for 'ar1 H)it% t%is line2 it is possi!le to turn to account all availa!le factors2 including t%e contradictions !et'een .1S1 imperialism and t%e ot%er imperialist po'ers2 and to isolate .1S1 imperialism to t%e fullest extent1 H)it% t%is line2 it is possi!le to smas% t%e nuclear !lac*mail practised !y .1S1 imperialism and defeat its plan for launc%ing a ne' 'orld 'ar1 HT%is is t%e line for t%e people of all countries to 'in !ot% victory in revolution and 'orld peace1 It is t%e sure and effective road in defence of 'orld peace1H 4B; Refuting J%rus%c%ev#s propaganda t%at support to national li!eration and revolutionary civil 'ars 'ould provo*e a nuclear 'orld 'ar2 t%e CPC and "ao2 presented t%e correct approac% of t%e socialist !ase to revolutionary struggles as 'ell as to t%e nuclear 3uestion1 HT%e Communist Party of C%ina %as al'ays %eld t%at t%e socialist countries s%ould actively support t%e peoples# revolutionary struggles2 including 'ars of national li!eration and revolutionary civil 'ars1 To fail to do so 'ould !e to renounce t%eir proletarian internationalist duty1 At t%e same time2 'e %old t%at t%e oppressed peoples and nations can ac%ieve li!eration only !y t%eir o'n resolute revolutionary struggle and t%at no one else can do it for t%em1 H)e %ave al'ays maintained t%at socialist countries must not use nuclear 'eapons to support t%e peoples# national li!eration and revolutionary civil 'ars and %ave no need to do so1 H)e %ave al'ays maintained t%at t%e countries must ac%ieve and maintain nuclear superiority1 Gnly t%is can prevent t%e imperialists from launc%ing a nuclear 'ar and %elp !ring a!out t%e complete pro%i!ition of nuclear 'eapons1 H)e consistently %old t%at in t%e %ands of a socialist country2 nuclear 'eapons must al'ays !e defensive 'eapons for resisting imperialist nuclear t%reats1 A socialist country a!solutely must not !e t%e first to use nuclear 'eapons2 not s%ould it in any circumstances play 'it% t%em or engage in nuclear !lac*mail and nuclear gam!ling1H 4B5 T%us "ao2 !asing %imself on t%e principles formulated !y "arx and Lenin2 developed t%e principles for t%e proletariat to understand and act in t%e conditions follo'ing )orld )ar II1

Cha%ter BI8

The P3rt2
&ar' and Engels on the Working Class Part" The Part" of a /e) T"%e Democratic Centralism &ass6 ine T)o6 ine #truggle

T%e concept of a 'or*ing class party capa!le of providing leaders%ip to revolution2 too* s%ape during

t%e time of "arx and EngelsC it under'ent continuous development in t%e course of Paris Commune2 Russian and C%inese revolution and ot%er revolutionsC and too* 3ualitative leaps during t%e times of Lenin and "ao1 It 'as mainly in t%e fig%t against t%e opportunist trends in t%e international communist movements <!ot% left and rig%t> t%at "arx2 Lenin and "ao developed and enric%ed t%e concept of t%e communist party1 &ar' and Engels on the Working Class Part" In t%e initial period '%en t%e 'or*ing class 'as a 'ea* political force2 "arx and Engels concentrated mainly on uniting t%e various dispersed 'or*ing class forces and forming an independent 'or*ing class party independent of t%e parties of ot%er classes1 T%us t%e Communist "anifesto proclaimed2 HT%e Communists do not form a separate party opposed to ot%er 'or*ing class parties1 HT%ey %ave no interests separate and apart from t%ose of t%e proletariat as a '%ole1H 4B7 T%e rules of t%e &irst International founded !y "arx stated2 HT%e 'or*ing class can act as a class only !y esta!lis%ing a distinct political party2 opposed to all t%e old parties formed !y t%e possessing classes1H 4DA T%us t%e founders of "arxism2 primarily %ad t%e tas* of t%e =formation of t%e proletariat into a class#2 of fusing "arxism 'it% t%e proletariat2 of t%e formation of a party 'it% =no interests separate and apart from t%ose of t%e proletariat as a '%ole#1 It 'as according to t%ese considerations t%erefore t%at t%e Provisional Rules2 or Constitution of t%e &irst International !egan H'it% a pream!le calling for organisation2 as follo'sE H=T%at t%e emancipation of t%e 'or*ing classes must !e con3uered !y t%e 'or*ing classes t%emselvesC t%at t%e struggle for t%e emancipation of t%e 'or*ing classes means not a struggle for class privileges and monopolies2 !ut for t%e e3ual rig%ts and duties2 and t%e a!olition of all class ruleC H=T%at t%e economical su!0ection of t%e man of la!our to t%e monopoliFer of t%e means of la!our2 t%at is2 t%e source of life2 lies at t%e !ottom of servitude in all its forms2 of all social misery2 mental degradation2 and political dependenceC H=T%at t%e economical emancipation of t%e 'or*ing classes is t%erefore t%e great end to '%ic% every political movement oug%t to !e su!ordinated as a meansC H=T%at all efforts aiming at t%at great end %ave %it%erto failed for t%e 'ant of solidarity !et'een t%e manifold divisions of la!our in eac% country2 and from t%e a!sence of a fraternal !ond of union !et'een t%e 'or*ing classes of different countriesC H=T%at t%e emancipation of la!our is neit%er a local nor a national2 !ut a social pro!lem2 em!racing all countries in '%ic% modern society exists2 and depending for its solution on t%e concurrence2 practical and t%eoretical2 of t%e most advanced countriesC H=T%at t%e present revival of t%e 'or*ing classes in t%e most industrious countries of Europe2 '%ile it raises a ne' %ope2 gives solemn 'arning against a relapse into t%e old errors and calls for t%e immediate com!ination of t%e still disconnected movements1#H 4D4 T%us t%e prime organisational considerations of "arx and Engels at t%at period 'ere t%e ='ant of solidarity# !et'een t%e =still disconnected movements# and t%erefore t%e need to unite t%em at t%e national and international level1 ?o'ever2 from t%e very !eginning2 t%ey put for'ard2 in a preliminary form2 t%e concepts of t%e Communists as t%e vanguard2 as t%e advanced detac%ment of t%e proletariat1 T%e Communist "anifesto t%erefore stated2

HT%e Communists2 t%erefore2 are on t%e one %and2 practically2 t%e most advanced and resolute section of t%e 'or*ing class parties of every country2 t%at section '%ic% pus%es for'ard all ot%ersC on t%e ot%er %and2 t%eoretically2 t%ey %ave over t%e great mass of t%e proletariat t%e advantage of clearly understanding t%e line of marc%2 t%e conditions2 and t%e ultimate general results of t%e proletarian movement1H 4B7 It 'as "arx '%o dre' t%e Inaugural Address and Provisional Rules2 t%e first programme and constitution of T%e &irst International1 A continuous struggle %ad to !e 'aged against various 'rong trends in t%e International '%ic% gre' stronger during 45DAs1 Sections of t%e International 'ere created in several countries of )estern Europe1 As noted !y "arx %imself2 HT%e International 'as founded in order to replace t%e socialist or semi socialist sects !y real organisation of t%e 'or*ing class for struggle1 1 1 1 T%e %istory of t%e international 'as a continual struggle of t%e General Council against t%e sects and against amateur experiments2 '%ic% soug%t to assert t%emselves 'it%in t%e International against t%e real movement of t%e 'or*ing class1H <-uoted in &oster )illiam L12 ,istory of the $hree 1nternationals2 p1 8B> T%e ma0or trends against '%ic% "arx and Engels %ad to 'age a constant and !itter struggle 'ere E Anarc%ism led !y (a*unin and ot%er leaders '%o claimed ad%erence to Proud%anC (lan3uist trend led !y Luis (lan3ui2 t%e &renc% 'or*ing class leader2 '%ic% relied more on conspiratorial met%ods1 All t%ese too* active part in t%e Paris Commune of 45;42 !ut most of t%ese trends deteriorated or t%e active elements 'ent over to "arxism convinced !y t%e !rilliant analysis put fort% !y "arx regarding t%e reasons for t%e Commune+s failure1 The Part" of a /e) T"%e $ue to t%e efforts of "arx and Engels 'or*ing class parties accepting a "arxist ideological !asis 'ere formed in most capitalist countries !y t%e turn of t%e century1 ?o'ever t%ese parties '%ic% gre' in t%e relatively peaceful period follo'ing t%e Paris Commune developed various 'rong trends particularly in t%e period of t%e ascendancy of t%e opportunists 'it%in t%e Second International1 T%ese parties 'ere oriented !asically to'ards parliamentary struggle1 As Stalin descri!es t%em2 t%ey 'ere Hunfit for t%e revolutionary struggle of t%e proletariat2 t%at t%ey <'ere> not militant parties of t%e proletariat2 leading t%e 'or*ers to po'er2 !ut election mac%ines adapted for parliamentary elections and parliamentary struggle1 11t%e party at t%at time 'as really an appendage and su!sidiary of t%e parliamentary group111under suc% circumstances and 'it% suc% a party at t%e %elm t%ere could !e no 3uestion of preparing t%e proletariat for revolution1H 4D9 &urt%er2 matters c%anged radically 'it% t%e da'n of imperialism and 'it% intense revolutionary struggles1 HT%e ne' period is one of open class collisions2 of revolutionary action !y t%e proletariat2 of proletarian revolution2 a period '%en forces are !eing directly mustered for t%e overt%ro' of imperialism and t%e seiFure of po'er !y t%e proletariat1 In t%is period t%e proletariat is confronted 'it% ne' tas*s2 t%e tas*s of reorganising all party 'or* on ne'2 revolutionary linesC of educating t%e 'or*ers in t%e spirit of revolutionary struggle for po'erC of preparing and moving up reservesC of esta!lis%ing an alliance 'it% t%e proletarians of neig%!ouring countriesC of esta!lis%ing firm ties 'it% li!eration movement in t%e colonies and dependent countries2 etc1 etc1 To t%in* t%at t%ese ne' tas*s can !e performed !y t%e old Social $emocratic Parties2 !roug%t up as t%ey 'ere in t%e peaceful conditions of parliamentarism2 is to doom oneself to %opeless despair2 to inevita!le defeat1 If2 'it% suc% tas*s to s%oulder2 t%e proletariat remained under t%e leaders%ip of t%e old parties2 it 'ould !e completely unarmed1 111 H?ence t%e necessity for a ne' party2 a militant party2 a revolutionary party2 one !old enoug% to lead t%e proletarians in t%e struggle for po'er2 sufficiently experienced to find its !earings amidst t%e complex conditions of a revolutionary situation2 and sufficiently flexi!le to steer clear of all su!merged

roc*s in t%e pat% to its goal1 H)it%out suc% a party it is useless even to t%in* of overt%ro'ing imperialism2 of ac%ieving t%e dictators%ip of t%e proletariat1 HT%is ne' party is t%e party of Leninism1H 4D9 Stalin also outlined t%e specific features of t%e party of a ne' typeE H4> T%e Party MisN t%e advanced detac%ment of t%e 'or*ing class1H T%is means2 t%at HT%e Party is t%e political leader of t%e 'or*ing classH2 it is Ht%e General Staff of t%e proletariatH2 and also t%at it His an insepara!le part of t%e 'or*ing class1H H9> T%e Party MisN t%e organised detac%ment of t%e 'or*ing class1H T%is means t%at Ht%e Party is not merely t%e sum total of Party organisations1H It His at t%e same time a single system of t%ese organisations2 t%eir formal union into a single '%ole2 'it% %ig%er and lo'er leading !odies2 'it% su!ordination of t%e minority to t%e ma0ority2 'it% practical decisions !inding on all mem!ers of t%e Party1H H6> T%e Party MisN t%e %ig%est form of class organisation of t%e proletariat11 T%is does not mean2 of course2 t%at non Party organisations2 trade unions2 co operatives2 etc12 s%ould !e officially su!ordinated to t%e Party leaders%ip1 It only means t%at t%e mem!ers of t%e Party '%o !elong to t%ese organisations and are dou!tlessly influential in t%em s%ould do all t%ey can to persuade t%ese non Party organisations to dra' nearer to t%e Party of t%e proletariat in t%eir 'or* and voluntarily accept its political leaders%ip1H H8> T%e Party MisN an instrument of t%e dictators%ip of t%e proletariat1 11t%e proletariat needs t%e Party not only to ac%ieve t%e dictators%ipC it needs it still more to maintain t%e dictators%ip2 to consolidate and expand it in order to ac%ieve t%e complete victory of socialism1111(ut from t%is it follo's t%at '%en classes disappear and t%e dictators%ip of t%e proletariat 'it%ers a'ay2 t%e Party also 'ill 'it%er a'ay1H HB> T%e Party MisN t%e em!odiment of unity of 'ill2 unity incompati!le 'it% t%e existence of factions1H HD> T%e Party !ecomes strong !y purging itself of opportunist elements1H 4D6 Suc% a ne' type of Party2 Lenin insisted 'ould %ave to !e !ased on a solid core of professional revolutionaries1 ?is 'ordsE HI assertE <4> t%at no revolutionary movement can endure 'it%out a sta!le organisation of leaders maintaining continuityC <9> t%at t%e !roader t%e popular mass dra'n spontaneously into t%e struggle2 forming t%e !asis of t%e movement and participating in it2 t%e greater t%e need for suc% an organisation and t%e more solid it must !e 111C <6> t%at t%e organisation must consist c%iefly of people professionally engaged in revolutionary activityC <8> t%at in an autocratic state2 t%e more 'e confine mem!ers%ip of suc% an organisation to professional revolutionaries trained in t%e art of com!ating t%e political police2 t%e more difficult it 'ill !e to uneart% t%e organisation and <B> t%e greater t%e num!er of people from t%e 'or*ing class and ot%er social classes '%o 'ill !e a!le to 0oin t%e movement and 'or* actively in it1H 4D8 T%e party of a ne' type as expounded a!ove !y Stalin 'as developed !y Lenin in t%e course of struggle against t%e opportunism of t%e Second International2 against t%e peaceful evolutionary t%eories put fort% !y (ernstein2 "artov2 )oolmar /aures2 "ac $onald and ot%er so called leaders of Social $emocracy and la!our movements2 '%o only advocated t%e formation of legal parties and opposed t%e need to form secret and militant revolutionary parties fit enoug% to overt%ro' t%e exploiting ruling classes and seige political po'er1 Lenin+s Where to "egin; <47A4> and What is to "e &one; <47A9> laid out an ela!orate plan for !uilding a

revolutionary party and laid !are t%e roots of t%e opportunist p%ilosop%y of t%e Economists t%at soug%t to ma*e t%e 'or*ing class an apendage of t%e !ourgeoisie1 T%e de!ate of t%e Economists 'as follo'ed !y t%e emergence of t%e ne' opportunist trend of "ens%ivism against '%ic% Lenin %ad to 'age a !itter !attle from t%e time of t%e Second Party Congress in 47A61 T%e struggle on t%e formulation of party rules 'as an important struggle at t%e Congress1 )%ile "artov2 Axelrod2 Trots*y and ot%ers 'ere for a loose and amorp%ous party !y argueing t%at party mem!ers%ip s%ould !e given to any one '%o accepts t%e party programme2 and pays %is or %er financial o!ligations2 alt%oug% %e or s%e is not 'illing to !e a mem!er of a party unit i1e1 a!iding t%e constitution and carrying out t%e responsi!ilities entrusted !y t%e party1 Lenin2 in %is famous 'or* +ne Step %orwar&/ $wo Steps 6ac#war& 'ritten in 47A82 t%oroug%ly exposed t%e "ens%evi* principles of party organisation and laid t%e t%eoretical !asis for t%e !uilding of a revolutionary proletarian party1 T%e organisational principles expounded in t%is 'or* later !ecame t%e organisational foundation of t%e (ols%evi* Party and t%e parties of t%e ne' type1 Democratic Centralism T%e organisational structure of t%e Communist Party is !uilt on t%e principles of democratic centralism1 Lenin explained t%e t%eoretical !asis for t%is understanding in t%e follo'ing mannerE H)e %ave already more t%an once enunciated our t%eoretical vie's on t%e importance of discipline and %o' t%is concept is to !e understood in t%e party of t%e 'or*ing class1 )e defined it as unity of action2 freedom of discussion and criticism1 Gnly suc% discipline is 'ort%y of t%e democratic party of t%e advanced class1 T%e strengt% of t%e 'or*ing class lies in organisation1 .nless t%e masses are organised2 t%e proletariat is not%ing1 Grganisation : it is everyt%ing1 Grganisation means unity of action2 unity in practical operations111 T%erefore t%e proletariat does not recognise unity of action 'it%out freedom to discuss and criticise1H 4DB T%us '%en Lenin2 in 479A2 drafted t%e conditions of admission to t%e T%ird International2 %e included t%e condition t%at2 HParties !elonging to t%e Communist International must !e !ased on t%e principle of democratic centralism1H 4DD In 47942 t%e T%ird Congress in its t%eses on t%e organisation and structure of t%e Communist Party2 explained democratic centralism as follo'sE H$emocratic centralisation in t%e Communist Party organisation must !e a real synt%esis2 a fusion of centralism and proletarian democracy1 T%is fusion can !e ac%ieved only on t%e !asis of constant activity2 constant common struggle of t%e entire Party organisation1 Centralisation in t%e Communist Party organisation does not mean formal and mec%anical centralisation !ut a centralisation of Communist activities2 t%at is to say2 t%e formation of a strong leaders%ip2 ready for 'ar and at t%e same time capa!le of adapta!ility11 HIn t%e organisation of t%e old2 non revolutionary la!our movement2 t%ere %as developed an all pervading dualism of t%e same nature as t%at of t%e !ourgeois state2 namely2 t%e dualism !et'een t%e !ureaucracy and t%e =people#1 .nder t%is !aneful influence of !ourgeois environment t%ere %as developed a separation of functions2 a su!stitution of !arren formal democracy for t%e living association of common endeavour and t%e splitting up of t%e organisation into active functionaries and passive masses1 Even t%e revolutionary la!our movement inevita!ly in%erits t%is tendency to dualism and formalism to a certain extent from t%e !ourgeois environment1 HT%e Communist Party must fundamentally overcome t%ese contrasts !y systematic and persevering political and organising 'or* and !y constant improvement and revision1 H11111 Centralisation s%ould not merely exist on paper1 (ut !e actually carried out2 and t%is is possi!le of

ac%ievement only '%en t%e mem!ers at large 'ill feel t%is aut%ority as a fundamentally efficient instrument in t%eir common activity and struggle1 Gt%er'ise2 it 'ill appear to t%e masses as a !ureaucracy 'it%in t%e Party and2 t%erefore2 li*ely to stimulate opposition to all centralisation2 to all leaders%ip2 to all stringent discipline1 Anarc%ism is t%e opposite pole of !ureaucracy1 H"erely formal democracy in t%e organisation cannot remove eit%er !ureaucratic or anarc%ical tendencies2 '%ic% %ave found fertile soil on t%e !asis of 0ust t%at democracy1 T%erefore2 t%e centralisation of t%e organisation2 i1e12 t%e aim to create a strong leaders%ip2 cannot !e successful if its ac%ievement is soug%t on t%e !asis of formal democracy1 T%e necessary preliminary conditions are t%e development and maintenance of living associations and mutual relations 'it%in t%e Party !et'een t%e directing organs and mem!ers2 as 'ell !et'een t%e Party and t%e masses of t%e proletariat outside t%e Party1H 4D; T%us t%e T%ird International placed t%e greatest importance on real2 and not formal democracy2 as t%e !asis for t%e correct implementation of democratic centralism1 ?o'ever in practice t%ere 'ere often serious deviations in many Communist Parties1 "ao2 '%ile fig%ting against suc% deviations 'it%in t%e CPC2 made a dialectical presentation of t%e understanding of democratic centralism2 t%at 'as a significant contri!ution to t%e "arxist t%eory of organisational principles1 In a tal* given in 47D92 "ao saidE HI said in 47B; t%at 'e s%ould create =a political situation in '%ic% 'e %ave !ot% unity of 'ill and personal ease of mind and liveliness1# )e s%ould create suc% a political situation !ot% inside and outside t%e Party1 Gt%er'ise it 'ill !e impossi!le to arouse t%e ent%usiasm of t%e masses1 )e cannot overcome difficulties 'it%out democracy1 Gf course2 it is even more impossi!le to do so 'it%out centralism1 (ut if t%ere#s no democracy t%ere 'on#t !e any centralism1 H)it%out democracy t%ere can#t !e correct centralism !ecause centralism can#t !e esta!lis%ed '%en people %ave divergent vie's and don#t %ave unity of understanding1 )%at is meant !y centralismT &irst2 t%ere must !e concentration of correct ideas1 .nity of understanding2 of policy2 plan2 command and action is attained on t%e !asis of concentrating correct ideas1 T%is is unity t%roug% centralism1 (ut if all t%ose concerned are still not clear a!out t%e pro!lems2 if t%eir opinions are still unexpressed or t%eir anger is still not vented2 %o' can you ac%ieve t%is unity t%roug% centralismT )it%out democracy2 it is impossi!le to sum up experience correctly1 )it%out democracy2 'it%out ideas coming from t%e masses2 it is impossi!le to formulate good lines2 principles2 policies or met%ods1 HGur centralism is centralism !uilt on t%e foundation of democracy1 Proletarian centralism is centralism 'it% a !road democratic !ase1 T%e Party committees at all levels are t%e organs '%ic% exercise centralised leaders%ip1 (ut leaders%ip !y t%e Party committee means collective leaders%ip2 not ar!itrary decision !y t%e first secretary alone1 )it%in Party committees2 democratic centralism alone s%ould !e practised1 T%e relations%ip !et'een t%e first secretary and t%e ot%er secretaries and committee mem!ers is one of t%e minority !eing su!ordinate to t%e ma0ority1 Ta*e t%e Standing committee or t%e Political (ureau of t%e Central Committee !y 'ay of example1 It often %appens t%at '%en I say somet%ing2 regardless of '%et%er it is correct or incorrect2 if t%e ot%ers don#t agree2 I must accede to t%eir opinion !ecause t%ey are t%e ma0ority111 H.nless 'e fully promote people#s democracy and inner Party democracy and unless 'e fully implement proletarian democracy2 it 'ill !e impossi!le for C%ina to %ave true proletarian centralism1 )it%out a %ig% degree of democracy it is impossi!le to %ave a %ig% degree of centralism and 'it%out a %ig% degree of centralism it is impossi!le to esta!lis% a socialist economy1 And '%at 'ill %appen to our country if 'e fail to esta!lis% a socialist economyT It 'ill turn into a revisionist state2 indeed a !ourgeois state2 and t%e dictators%ip of t%e proletariat 'ill turn into a dictators%ip of t%e !ourgeoisie2 and a reactionary2 fascist dictators%ip at t%at1 T%is is a 3uestion '%ic% very muc% deserves our vigilance

and I %ope our comrades 'ill give it a good deal of t%oug%t1 H)it%out democratic centralism2 t%e dictators%ip of t%e proletariat cannot !e consolidated1 To practise democracy among t%e people and to exercise dictators%ip over t%e enemies of t%e people t%ese t'o aspects are not to !e separated1 111 1 )it%out !road democracy for t%e people2 it is impossi!le for t%e dictators%ip of t%e proletariat to !e consolidated or for political po'er to !e sta!le1 )it%out democracy2 'it%out arousing t%e masses and 'it%out supervision !y t%e masses2 it is impossi!le to exercise effective dictators%ip over t%e reactionaries and !ad elements or to remould t%em effectivelyC t%ey 'ill continue to ma*e trou!le and may stage a come!ac*1 )e must !e vigilant on t%is 3uestion and I %ope comrades 'ill give it a good deal of t%oug%t too1H 4D5 T%us in t%e dialectical relations%ip !et'een democracy and centralism2 "ao s%o'ed t%at t%e correct met%od 'as =first democracy2 t%en centralism#1 ?e also s%o'ed t%e crucial importance of democratic centralism !ot% inside and outside t%e party1 ?e s%o'ed %o' correct democratic centralism 'as essential for t%e consolidation of t%e dictators%ip of t%e proletariat2 and2 t%erefore2 t%e esta!lis%ment of socialism and t%e prevention of t%e restoration of capitalism1 &ass6line "arxism %as al'ays stressed t%e a!solute necessity of t%e Party#s close lin*s 'it% t%e masses1T%is 'as stressed !y "arx and Engels and one of t%e essential features of t%e Leninist party1 T%us t%e ,istory of the CPS8 .60 concludes !y dra'ing a %istoric lesson of t%e utmost need for close connections 'it% t%e massesE HLastly2 t%e %istory of t%e Party teac%es us t%at unless it %as 'ide connections 'it% t%e masses2 unless it constantly strengt%ens t%ese connections2 unless it *no's %o' to %ear*en to t%e voice of t%e masses and understand t%eir urgent needs2 unless it is prepared not only to teac% t%e masses !ut to learn from t%e masses2 a party of t%e 'or*ing class cannot !e a real mass party capa!le of leading t%e 'or*ing class millions and all t%e la!ouring people1 HA party is invinci!le if it is a!le2 as Lenin says2 =to lin* itself 'it%2 to *eep in close touc% 'it%2 and to a certain extent if you li*e2 to merge 'it% t%e !roadest masses of t%e toilers2 primarily 'it% t%e proletariat2 !ut also 'it% t%e non proletarian toiling masses1# <Lenin2 Collecte& Wor#s2 Russ2 ed12 Vol1 RRV2 p1 4;81> HA party peris%es if it s%uts itself up in its narro' party s%ell2 if it severs itself from t%e masses2 if it allo's itself to !e covered 'it% !ureaucratic rust1 H=)e must ta*e it as t%e rule2# Comrade Stalin says2 =t%at as long as t%e (ols%evi*s maintain connection 'it% t%e !road masses of t%e people t%ey 'ill !e invinci!le1 And2 on t%e contrary2 as soon as t%e (ols%evi*s sever t%emselves from t%e masses and lose t%eir connection 'it% t%em2 as soon as t%ey !ecome covered 'it% !ureaucratic rust2 t%ey 'ill lose all t%eir strengt% and !ecome a mere cip%er1111 H=I t%in* t%at t%e (ols%evi*s remind us of t%e %ero of Gree* myt%ology2 Antaeus1 T%ey2 li*e Antaeus2 are strong !ecause t%ey maintain connection 'it% t%eir mot%er2 t%e masses2 '%o gave !irt% to t%em2 suc*led t%em and reared t%em1 And as long as t%ey maintain connection 'it% t%eir mot%er2 'it% t%e people2 t%ey %ave every c%ance of remaining invinci!le1 H=T%at is t%e clue to t%e invinci!ility of (ols%evi* leaders%ip1# </1 Stalin2 Defects in Party Wor#1>H 4D7 "ao2 starting from t%ese !asic standpoints2 developed t%e concept of mass line to a 3ualitatively ne' level1 At t%e p%ilosop%ical level %e s%o'ed %o' it 'as an essential aspect of t%e "arxist t%eory of *no'ledge1 At t%e political and organisational levels2 %e s%o'ed %o' it 'as t%e correct political line and also %o' it 'as t%e essential organisational line of inner party relations1

HIn all t%e practical 'or* of our Party2 all correct leaders%ip is necessarily =from t%e masses2 to t%e masses#1 T%is meansE ta*e t%e ideas of t%e masses <scattered and unsystematic ideas> and concentrate t%em <t%roug% study turn t%em into concentrated and systematic ideas>2 t%en go to t%e masses and propagate and explain t%ese ideas until t%e masses em!race t%em as t%eir o'n2 %old fast to t%em and translate t%em into action2 and test t%e correctness of t%ese ideas in suc% action1 T%en once again concentrate ideas from t%e masses and once again go to t%e masses so t%at t%e ideas are persevered and carried t%roug%1 And so on2 over and over again in an endless spiral2 'it% t%e ideas !ecoming more correct2 more vital and ric%er eac% time1 Suc% is t%e "arxist t%eory of *no'ledge1H 4;A T%e 478B CPC Resolution on Certain =uestions in the ,istory of +ur Party2 explainsE HAs Comrade "ao Tse tung says2 t%e correct line s%ould !e =from t%e masses2 to t%e masses#1 To ensure t%at t%e line really comes from t%e masses and particular t%at it really goes !ac* to t%e masses2 t%ere must !e close ties not only !et'een t%e Party and t%e masses outside t%e Party <!et'een t%e class and t%e people>2 !ut a!ove all !et'een t%e Party#s leading !odies and t%e masses 'it%in t%e Party <!et'een t%e cadres and t%e ran* and t%e file>C in ot%er 'ords t%ere must !e a correct organisational line1 T%erefore2 0ust as in eac% period of t%e Party#s %istory Comrade "ao Tse tung %as laid do'n a political line representing t%e interests of t%e masses2 so %e %as laid do'n an organisational line serving t%e political line and maintaining ties 'it% t%e masses !ot% inside and outside t%e Party1H 4;4 HT%e concept of a correct relations%ip !et'een t%e leading group and t%e masses in an organisation or in a struggle2 t%e concept t%at correct ideas on t%e part of t%e leaders%ip can only !e =from t%e masses2 to t%e masses#2 and t%e concept t%at t%e general call must !e com!ined 'it% particular guidance '%en t%e leaders%ip#s ideas are !eing put into practice : t%ese concepts must !e propagated every'%ere : in order to correct t%e mista*en vie'points among our cadres on t%ese 3uestions1 "any comrades do not see t%e importance of2 or are not good at2 dra'ing toget%er t%e activists to form a nucleus of leaders%ip2 and t%ey do not see t%e importance of2 or are not good at2 lin*ing t%is nucleus of leaders%ip closely 'it% t%e masses2 and so t%eir leaders%ip !ecome !ureaucratic and divorced from t%e masses1 "any comrades do not see t%e importance of2 or are not good at2 summing up t%e experience of mass struggles2 !ut fancying t%emselves clever2 are fond of voicing t%eir su!0ectivist ideas2 and so t%eir ideas !ecome empty and impractical1 "any comrades rest content 'it% ma*ing a general call 'it% regard to a tas* and do not see t%e importance of2 or are not good at2 follo'ing it up immediately 'it% a particular and concrete guidance2 and so t%eir call remais on t%eir lips2 or on paper or in t%e conference room2 and t%eir leaders%ip !ecome !ureaucratic1 11111'e must correct t%ese defects and learn to use t%e met%ods of com!ining t%e leaders%ip 'it% t%e particular in our study2 in t%e c%ec* up on 'or* and in t%e examination of cadres# %istoriesC and 'e must also apply t%ese met%ods in all our future 'or*1 HTa*e t%e ideas of t%e masses and concentrate t%em2 t%en go to t%e masses2 persevere in t%e ideas and carry t%em t%roug%2 so as to form correct ideas of leaders%ip : suc% is t%e !asic met%od of leaders%ip1H4;A (riefly2 t%is is t%e essence of "ao#s mass line1 T)o6 ine #truggle T%is is anot%er aspect of t%e Party2 regarding '%ic% "ao greatly developed "arxist understanding and t%eory1 T%e essence of "ao#s understanding follo'ed from Leninist understanding of t%e unity of 'ill of t%e Party1 Stalin presented t%is understanding as follo'sE H1111 iron discipline in t%e Party is inconceiva!le 'it%out unity of 'ill2 'it%out complete and a!solute unity of action on t%e part of all mem!ers of t%e Party1 T%is does not mean2 of course2 t%at t%e possi!ility of conflicts of opinion 'it%in t%e Party is t%ere!y precluded1 Gn t%e contrary2 iron discipline

does not preclude !ut presupposes criticism and conflict of opinion 'it%in t%e Party1 11111 (ut after a conflict of opinion %as !een closed2 after criticism %as !een ex%austed and a decision %as !een arrived at2 unity of 'ill and unity of action of all Party mem!ers are t%e necessary conditions 'it%out '%ic% neit%er Party unity nor iron discipline in t%e Party is conceiva!le1111 H1 from t%is it follo's t%at t%e existence of factions is compati!le neit%er 'it% t%e Party#s unity nor 'it% its iron discipline1H 4;9 "ao totally agreed 'it% t%e incompati!ility of factions in a proletarian party1 ?o'ever %e presented t%e 3uestion in a different manner1 In 476;2 "ao 'roteE H111 as long as classes exist2 contradictions !et'een correct and incorrect ideas in t%e Communist Party are reflections 'it%in t%e Party of class contradictions1 At first2 'it% regard to certain issues2 suc% contradictions may not manifest t%emselves as antagonistic1 (ut 'it% t%e development of t%e class struggle2 t%ey may gro' and !ecome antagonistic1 T%e %istory of t%e Communist Party of t%e Soviet .nion s%o's us t%at t%e contradictions !et'een t%e correct t%in*ing of Lenin and Stalin and t%e fallacious t%in*ing of Trots*y2 (u*%arin and ot%ers did not at first manifest t%emselves in an antagonistic form2 !ut t%at later t%ey did develop into antagonism1 T%ere are similar cases in t%e %istory of t%e C%inese Communist Party1 At first t%e contradictions !et'een t%e correct t%in*ing of many of our Party comrades and t%e fallacious t%in*ing of C%en Tu %siu2 C%ang Juo tao and ot%ers also did not manifest t%emselves in an antagonistic form2 !ut later t%ey did develop into antagonism1 At present t%e contradiction !et'een correct and incorrect t%in*ing in our Party does not manifest itself in an antagonistic form2 and if comrades '%o %ave committed mista*es can correct t%em2 it 'ill not develop into antagonism1 T%erefore2 t%e Party must on t%e one %and 'age a serious struggle against erroneous t%in*ing2 and on t%e ot%er give t%e comrades '%o %ave committed errors ample opportunity to 'a*e up1 T%is !eing t%e case2 excessive struggle is o!viously inappropriate1 (ut if t%e people '%o %ave committed errors persist in t%em and aggravate t%em2 t%ere is t%e possi!ility t%at t%is contradiction 'ill develop into antagonism1H 4;6 T%us "ao#s approac%2 !ased on dialectical materialism 'as to see incorrect opinions 'it%in t%e Communist Party as t%e reflection of alien classes in society1 T%us as long as t%e class struggle continued in society t%ere 'as !ound to !e its reflection in t%e ideological struggle 'it%in t%e Party1 ?is approac% to'ards t%ese contradictions too 'as different1 ?e sa' t%em as non antagonistic contradictions initially '%ic% t%roug% =serious struggle# 'e s%ould try to rectify1 )e s%ould give ample opportunity to rectify and only if t%e people committing errors =persist# or =aggravate t%em#2 t%en t%ere 'as t%e possi!ility of t%e contradiction !ecoming antagonistic1 T%is 'as a correction of Stalin#s presentation '%ic% sa'2 HT%e t%eory of =defeating# opportunist elements !y ideological struggle 'it%in t%e Party2 t%e t%eory of =overcoming# t%ese elements 'it%in t%e confines of a single party2 is a rotten and dangerous t%eory2 '%ic% t%reatens to condemn t%e Party to paralysis and c%ronic infirmity211 Gur Party succeeded in ac%ieving internal unity and unexampled co%esion of its ran*s primarily !ecause it 'as a!le in good time to purge itself of t%e opportunist pollution2 !ecause it 'as a!le to rid its ran*s of Li3uidators and "ens%evi*s1H 4;8 Suc% a presentation refused t%e possi!ility of a non antagonistic contradiction and treated t%e struggle against opportunism as an antagonistic contradiction from t%e very !eginning1 $ra'ing lessons from t%e same %istorical experience2 "ao presented t%e met%ods of inner Party struggle in t%e follo'ing manner1 In a tal* at a )or*ing Conference in 47D92 %e said2 HAll leading mem!ers of t%e Party must promote inner Party democracy and let people spea* out1 )%at are t%e limitsT Gne is t%at Party discipline must !e o!served2 t%e minority !eing su!ordinate to t%e ma0ority and t%e entire mem!ers%ip to t%e Central Committee1 Anot%er limit is t%at no secret faction must !e organised1 )e are not afraid of open opponents2 'e are only afraid of secret opponents1 Suc% people do

not spea* t%e trut% to your face2 '%at t%ey say is only lies and deciet1 T%ey don#t express t%eir real intention1 As long as a person doesn#t violate discipline and doesn#t engage in secret factional activities2 'e s%ould allo' %im to spea* out and s%ouldn#t punis% %im if %e says 'rong t%ings1 If people say 'rong t%ings2 t%ey can !e criticised2 !ut 'e s%ould convince t%em 'it% reason1 )%at if t%ey are still not convincedT As long as t%ey a!ide !y t%e resolutions and t%e decisions ta*en !y t%e ma0ority2 t%e minority can reserve t%eir opinions1H4;B It 'as t%us according to t%is understanding t%at even during t%e Cultural Revolution2 in Gcto!er 47DD2 "ao suggested t%at even t%e c%ief capitalist roaders li*e Liu S%ao c%i and Teng ?siao ping s%ould !e allo'ed to reform t%emselves1 ?e said2 HLiu and Teng acted openly2 not in secret2 t%ey 'ere not li*e P#eng C%en1 In t%e past C%en Tu %siu2 C%ang Juo tao2 )ang "ing2 Lo Lung c%ang2 Li Li san all acted openlyC t%at#s not so serious1 11111111t%ose '%o are secretive 'ill come to no good end1 T%ose '%o follo' t%e 'rong line s%ould reform2 !ut C%en2 )ang and Li did not reform1 HCli3ues and factions of '%atever description s%ould !e strictly excluded1 T%e essential t%ing is t%at t%ey s%ould reform2 t%at t%eir ideas s%ould conform2 and t%at t%ey s%ould unite 'it% us1 T%en t%ings 'ill !e all rig%t1 )e s%ould allo' Liu and Teng to ma*e revolution and to reform t%emselves1 111111 )e s%ouldn#t condemn Liu S%ao c%i out of %and1 If t%ey %ave made mista*es t%ey can c%ange2 can#t t%eyT )%en t%ey %ave c%anged it 'ill !e all rig%t1 Let t%em pull t%emselves toget%er2 and t%ro' t%emselves courageously into t%eir 'or*1H 4;D "ao#s understanding t%us 'as on t%e clear !asis t%at as long as class struggle existed in society t%ere 'as !ound to !e t%e t%e class struggle in t%e Party2 i1e12 t%e t'o line struggle1 T%erefore it 'as only correct t%at t%is struggle s%ould !e foug%t out openly according t%e principles of democratic centralism1 T%is contrasted 'it% Stalin#s understanding a!out '%ic% "ao commented in %is a!ove mentioned tal*2 HIn 476D Stalin tal*ed a!out t%e elimination of class struggle2 !ut in 4767 %e carried out anot%er purge of counter revolutionaries1 )asn#t t%at class struggle tooT H 4;; It 'as clear t%erefore t%at "ao t%roug% %is understanding and implementation of t%e concept of t'o line struggle attempted to !ring a!out a correct dialectical approac% to classes2 class struggle and inner party struggle1

Cha%ter B8

The N3tion3l /uestion

&ar'ist =nderstanding Regarding Earl" /ationalit" &ovements eninist inking of the /ational and Colonial 4uestion /ational i!eration #truggles

&ar'ist =nderstanding Regarding Earl" /ationalit" &ovements T%e earliest national movements arose in )estern Europe1 T%e !ourgeoisie in t%eir fig%t against t%e old unsta!le feudal monarc%ies2 set up modern independent states '%ic% 'ere in most cases single nation states E t%at is to say2 eac% country 'as occupied !y a single people spea*ing a common language1 Lenin explained t%e material !asis of t%ese movementsE HT%roug%out t%e 'orld2 t%e period of t%e final victory of capitalism over feudalism %as !een lin*ed up 'it% national movements1 &or t%e complete victory of commodity production2 t%e !ourgeoisie must capture t%e %ome mar*et2 and t%ere must !e politically united territories '%ose population spea* a single language2 'it% all o!stacles to t%e development of t%at language and to its consolidation in literature eliminated1 T%erein is t%e economic foundation of national movements1 Language is t%e most important means of %uman intercourse1 .nity and unimpeded development of language are t%e most

important conditions for genuinely free and extensive commerce on a scale commensurate 'it% modern capitalism2 for a free and !road grouping of t%e population in all its various classes and2 lastly2 for t%e esta!lis%ment of a close connection !et'een t%e mar*et and eac% and every proprietor2 !ig or little2 and !et'een seller and !uyer1 HT%erefore2 t%e tendency of every national movement is to'ards t%e formation of national states2 under '%ic% t%ese conditions of modern capitalism are !est satisfied1H 4;5 In t%e '%ole of )estern Europe2 only on t%e (ritis% Isles2 'as t%ere a national minority large enoug% to give rise to a struggle for independence1 T%e Englis% failed to consolidate t%eir con3uest of Ireland2 and during t%e eig%teent% century t%ere arose an Iris% national movement1 "arx and Engels lived in t%is period2 '%en t%e national movements of East Europe 'ere yet to emerge2 and t%e upsurge of struggles against imperialism 'ere yet to !ecome a reality1 T%ey t%us did not devote muc% attention to developing "arxist t%eory on t%e national 3uestion1 "arx %o'ever formulated t%e !asic stand in relation to t%e Iris% -uestion !y calling on t%e Englis% proletariat to support t%e national struggle of t%e Iris% people and oppose its national oppression1 "arx and Engels too* t%e position t%at2 t%e li!eration of Ireland 'as a condition for t%e victory of t%e Englis% 'or*ing class1 A resolution of t%e &irst International drafted !y "arx said HA people '%ic% enslaves ot%ers forges its o'n c%ainsH 4;7 T%e next p%ases of nationality movements came in Eastern Europe2 'it% t%e spread of capitalism2 and t%e 'ea*ening of t%e Austro ?ungarian and Russian empires1 It 'as during t%is period t%at Stalin2 in 47462 made t%e first systematic "arxist presentation on t%e national 3uestion1 ?e defined a nation as Ha %istorically evolved2 sta!le community of people2 !ased upon t%e common possession of four principal attri!utes2 namely E a common language2 a common territory2 a common economic life2 and a common psyc%ological ma*e up manifesting itself in common specific features of national culture1H 45A &urt%er %e sa' a nation as Hnot merely a %istorical category !ut a %istorical category !elonging to a definite epoc%2 t%e epoc% of rising capitalism1H 454 Stalin concentrated %is analysis on t%e multinational states of Eastern Europe '%ic% 'ere t%en experiencing a gro't% of capitalist relations1 &urt%er since "arxism %ad at t%at time not yet made a complete analysis of imperialism2 %is analysis could not sufficiently explain t%e national 3uestion of t%e colonies and semi colonies1 Colonies do not 3ualify as nations under Stalin#s definition1 Colonies and semi colonies did not really possess an integrated economy given t%eir dependent economic status1 And e3ually inapplica!le 'as t%e concept of =rising capitalism# to t%e position of t%ese societies1 eninist inking of the /ational and Colonial 4uestion T%e development of a t%eory '%ic% does apply to colonies and semi colonies 'as !egun !y Lenin only t'o years after t%e pu!lication of Stalin#s article1 It 'as 'it% t%e development of t%e t%eory of imperialism t%at t%is came a!out1 T%us2 in t%e 'ords of StalinE HLeninism laid !are t%is crying incongruity2 !ro*e do'n t%e 'all !et'een '%ites and !lac*s2 !et'een Europeans and Asians2 !et'een t%e =civiliFed# and =unciviliFed# slaves of imperialism2 and t%us lin*ed t%e national 3uestion 'it% t%e 3uestion of t%e colonies1 T%e national 3uestion 'as t%ere!y transformed from a particular and internal state pro!lem into a general and international pro!lem2 into a 'orld pro!lem of t%e li!eration of t%e oppressed peoples in t%e dependent countries and colonies from t%e yo*e of imperialism1H 459 Lenin explained t%e situation regarding t%e self determination of nations and t%e tas*s of t%e proletariat in t%e face of different situations in different countries1 ?e divided t%e countries of t%e 'orld into Ht%ree main typesE H&irst2 t%e advanced capitalist countries of )estern Europe and t%e .nited States of America1 In t%ese countries t%e !ourgeois2 progressive2 national movements came to an end long ago1 Every one of t%ese

=great# nations oppresses ot%er nations in t%e colonies and 'it%in its o'n country1 T%e tas*s of t%e proletariat of t%ese ruling nations are t%e same as t%ose of t%e proletariat in England in t%e nineteent% century in relation to Ireland1 HSecondly2 Eastern EuropeE Austria2 t%e (al*ans and particularly Russia1 ?ere it 'as t%e t'entiet% century t%at particularly developed t%e !ourgeois democratic national movements and intensified t%e national struggle1 T%e tas*s of t%e proletariat in t%ese countries : in regard to t%e consummation of t%eir !ourgeois democratic reformation2 as 'ell as in regard to assisting t%e socialist revolution in ot%er countries : cannot !e ac%ieved unless it c%ampions t%e rig%t of nations to self determination1 In t%is connection t%e most difficult !ut most important tas* is to merge t%e class struggle of t%e 'or*ers in t%e oppressing nations 'it% t%e class struggle of t%e 'or*ers in t%e oppressed nations1 HT%irdly2 t%e semi colonial countries2 li*e C%ina2 Persia2 Tur*ey2 and all t%e colonies2 '%ic% %ave a com!ined population amounting to a !illion1 In t%ese countries t%e !ourgeois democratic movements %ave eit%er %ardly !egun2 or are far from %aving !een completed1 Socialists must not only demand t%e unconditional and immediate li!eration of t%e colonies 'it%out compensation : and t%is demand in its political expression signifies not%ing more nor less t%an t%e recognition of t%e rig%t to self determination : !ut must render determined support to t%e more revolutionary elements in t%e !ourgeois democratic movements for national li!eration in t%ese countries and assist t%eir re!ellion and if need !e2 t%eir revolutionary 'ar against t%e imperialist po'ers t%at oppress t%em1H456 T%is t%esis t%us summarised t%e stand of t%e revolutionaries as une3uivocal advocation to t%e rig%t of self determination and total support to t%e struggle for national li!eration1 To t%e criticism t%at t%e proletariat is internationalist and favours t%e merger of nations2 Lenin explained t%e material !asis and t%e proletariat#s standpoint1 T%us Lenin pointed out2 H$eveloping capitalism *no's t'o %istorical tendencies in t%e national 3uestion1 T%e first is t%e a'a*ening of national life and national movements2 t%e struggle against all national oppression2 and t%e creation of national states1 T%e second is t%e development and gro'ing fre3uency of international intercourse in every form2 t%e !rea* do'n of national !arriers2 t%e creation of t%e international unity of capital2 of economic life in general2 of politics2 science2 etc1 H(ot% tendencies are a universal la' of capitalism1 T%e former predominates in t%e !eginning of its development2 t%e latter c%aracterises a mature capitalism t%at is moving to'ards its transformation into socialist society1 T%e "arxists# national programme ta*es !ot% tendencies into account2 and advocates firstly2 t%e e3uality of nations and languages and t%e impermissi!ility of all privileges in t%is respect <and also t%e rig%t of nations to self determination2 111>C secondly2 t%e principle of internationalism and uncompromising struggle against contamination of t%e proletariat 'it% !ourgeois nationalism2 even of t%e most refined *ind1H458 T%us2 Lenin says2 HT%e aim of socialism is not only to a!olis% t%e present division of man*ind into small states and all national isolationC not only to !ring t%e nations closer to eac% ot%er2 !ut also to merge t%em1H45B T%is merger of nations cannot %o'ever !e ac%ieved !y t%e forced merger of nationsC it can only !e ac%ieved !y t%em ac%ieving full freedom and merging in a voluntary union1 T%us2 H/ust as man*ind can ac%ieve t%e a!olition of classes only !y passing t%roug% t%e transition period of t%e dictators%ip of t%e oppressed class2 so man*ind can ac%ieve t%e inevita!le merging of nations only !y passing t%roug% t%e transition period of complete li!eration of all t%e oppressed nations2 i1e12 t%eir freedom to secede1H 45B T%is applied all t%e more to t%e proletarian state1 T%at is '%y '%en Lenin presented t%e Revision of t%e Party Programme in Gcto!er 474;2 %e insisted2 H)e 'ant free unificationC t%at is '%y 'e must recognise t%e rig%t to secede1 )it%out freedom to secede2 unification cannot !e called free1H 45D

/ational i!eration #truggle Gn t%e !asis of t%e Leninist understanding of t%e ,ational -uestion2 it is clear t%at in t%e colonies and semi colonies2 it is imperialism t%at generates nationalism1 HIn colonial and semi colonial nations t%ere is no epoc% of rising capitalism2 i1e12 no epoc% dominated !y a rising domestic !ourgeoisie1 $omination is exercised !y foreign monopolists and t%e !ig !ourgeoisie '%ic% is depending upon it2 i1e12 t%e !ourgeoisie is comprador in nature1 H.nder t%ese circumstances2 t%e nation is not t%e outcome of a struggle 'aged primarily !y a rising !ourgeoisie against t%e fetters of feudalism1 It is t%e outcome mainly of an anti imperialist struggle 'aged !y all t%e oppressed classes2 primarily of t%e toiling masses1 In order to ac%ieve victory in t%is struggle2 t%e esta!lis%ment of t%e %egemony of t%e 'or*ing class is a %istorical necessity1 HT%us colonial nationalism and t%e national li!eration struggle 'ould lead not to a form of =mature capitalism# !ut to socialism1 T%erefore2 it is not a part of t%e old !ourgeois democratic revolution2 !ut of t%e ne' democratic revolution2 t%e essence of '%ic% is agrarian revolution1H 45; T%ese national li!eration struggles and democratic revolutions of t%e ne' type %ave !ecome t%e main trend in t%e period after Lenin1 $ra'ing attention to t%is trend "ao says2 HA 'ea* nation can defeat a strong2 a small nation can defeat a !ig1 T%e people of a small country can certainly defeat oppression !y a !ig country2 if only t%ey dare to rise in struggle2 dare to ta*e up arms2 and grasp in t%eir o'n %ands t%e destiny of t%eir country1 T%is is a la' of %istory1H 455 Anot%er aspect of t%is trend is t%e gro'ing to life and t%e upsurge of t%e national li!eration struggles of t%e nations 'it%in t%e multi national states formed in t%e semi colonies1 HAfter Lenin2 particularly from t%e second 'orld 'ar period2 t'o important t%ings %ave ta*en place in t%e colonial and semi colonial countries1 &irst is t%at t%e national movement %as !ecome a t%ing of t%e present2 t%e second is t%eat many of t%e colonial countries2 instead of !ecoming free democracies2 'ere c%anged into states '%olly dependent upon t%e imperialists economically2 financially and militarily2 under t%e guise of politically dependent states1 )%en 'e say t%at national movement %as !ecome a t%ing of t%e present2 'e mean t%at national formation %ave ta*en place in !ac*'ard multinational colonies and semi colonial countries1 Since t%ese colonial countries 'ere c%anged into semi colonial countries2 t%e ne'ly emerged nations are not only su!0ected to t%e domination of t%e ruling !ig !ourgeois national c%auvinists of t%eir o'n countries '%o control t%eir central governments1 T%erefore2 t%e ne'ly emerged oppressed nations of t%e multinational semi colonial countries are suffering under dou!le yo*e1 ?ence2 along 'it% t%e tas* of li!erating t%e country from imperialists t%e tas* of fig%ting for t%e rig%t to self determination of t%ese oppressed nations of t%ese countries also comes to t%e forefront1H 45; ?o' t%e proletariat in t%ese countries and nations grasps t%e national 3uestion2 according to "arxist principles2 and %o' it implements t%is understanding2 is of crucial importance to t%e success of revolution not only in t%ese countries !ut also to t%e progress of 'orld socialist revolution1

CO/C =#IO/

MLM is Not 3 Do853 but 3 $ui1e to A6tion

HT%e "arxist Leninist t%eory must not !e regarded as a collection of dogmas2 as a catec%ism2 as a sym!ol of fait%2 and t%e "arxists t%emselves as pedants and dogmatists1 H"astering t%e "arxist Leninist t%eory does not at all mean learning all its formulas and conclusions !y %eart and clinging to t%eir every letter1 To master t%e "arxist Leninist t%eory 'e must first of all learn to distinguis% !et'een its letter and su!stance1

H"astering t%e "arxist Leninist t%eory means assimilating t%e su!stance of t%is t%eory and learning to use it in t%e solution of t%e practical pro!lems of t%e revolutionary movement under t%e varying conditions of t%e class struggle of t%e proletariat1 H"astering t%e "arxist Leninist t%eory means !eing a!le to enric% t%is t%eory 'it% t%e ne' experience of t%e revolutionary movement2 'it% ne' propositions and conclusions2 it means !eing a!le to develop it and advance it 'it%out %esitating to replace : in accordance 'it% t%e su!stance of t%e t%eory : suc% of its propositions and conclusions as %ave !ecome anti3uated !y ne' ones corresponding to t%e ne' %istorical situation1 HT%e "arxist Leninist t%eory is not a dogma !ut a guide to action1H

REFERE/CE#
Part I > (istor" of the Develo%ment of & &
41 &oster )illiam L12 ,istory of the $hree 1nternationals2 p1 4B1 <cited !y G1 G!ic%*in2 So2iet -iterature2 82 p1 4642 "osco'2 47B6C also similar formulation in ,istory of CPS8 .602 p1 6BB1> 91 Stalin2 Pro"lems of -eninism2 p1 61 <from %oun&ations of -eninism> 61 Lenin/ $hree Sources an& $hree Components of 'ar3ism 81 "arx Engels2 Selecte& Wor#s2 p1 4591 <"arx2 Preface to $he Crtique of Political Economy> B1 "arx Engels2 Selecte& Wor#s2 p1 B5B1 < from t%e %orewor& to -u&wig %euer"ach<<<!y Engels> D1 same as a!ove1 ;1 "arx Engels Lenin2 +n ,istorical 'aterialism2 p1 461 <from $heses on %euer"ach !y "arx> 51 "arx2 Wages/ Price an& Profit2 p1 ;51 71 Lenin2 'ar3-Engels-'ar3ism2 p1 ;;1 <$he ,istorical Destiny of the Doctrine of >arl 'ar30 4A1 &oster )illiam L12 ,istory of the $hree 1nternationals2 pp1 46; 651 441 Lenin2 'ar3-Engels-'ar3ism2 pp1 ;; ;51 491 "arx Engels2 Selecte& Correspon&ence2 p1 66;1 461 "arx Engels2 Selecte& Wor#s2 p1 8971 < from Speech at the ra2esi&e of >arl 'ar3 > 481 &oster )illiam L12 ,istory of the $hree 1nternationals2 pp1 474 791 4B1 Lenin2 'ar3-Engels-'ar3ism2 p1 ;51 4D1 same as a!ove2 p1 ;71 4;1 ,istory of the CPS8.602 p1 7B1 4;a T%e T%ree People#s Principles 'ere t%e principles and t%e programme put for'ard !y Sun Kat sen on t%e 3uestion of nationalism2 democracy and people#s liveli%ood in C%ina#s !ourgeois democratic revolution1 In 4798 Sun restated t%e t%ree principlesE ,ationalism as opposed to imperialism and pro peasants and 'or*ers# movementC alliance 'it% Russia and co operation 'it% communist party1 451 &oster )illiam L12 ,istory of the $hree 1nternationals2 p1 9961 471 Lenin2 'aterialism an& Empirio-Criticism2 p1 71 9A1 Lenin2 +n @ust an& 8nBust Wars2 p1 4B1 < from $as#s of Re2olutionary Social-Democracy in the European War > 941 Lenin2 Selecte& Wor#s in two Volumes2 Vol1 I2 Part 92 p18841< from 1mperialism/ the ,ighest Stage of Capitalism >

991 Lenin2 $he State an& Re2olution2 p1 51 961 ,istory of the CPS8.602 p1 9691 981 Stalin2 Pro"lems of -eninism2 p1 41< %oun&ations of -eninism> 9B1 ,istory of the CPS8 .602 p1 9791 9D1 same as a!ove2 p1 64A1 9;1 Stalin2 Pro"lems of -eninism2 p1 5A51 < from +n the Draft Constitution of the 8SSR > 951 Stalin2 Selecte& Writings2 Vol1 II2 p1 661 < from Report to the Eighteenth Congress of the CPS8 .60 > 971 $egras /ane2 Ed12 $he Communist 1nternational C Documents2 Vol III2 p1 6B71 6A1 C1C12 CPI <"L> <P)>2 Political Resolution2 "ay 47582 pp1 48 4B1 641 $egras /ane2 Ed12 $he Communist 1nternational C Documents2 Vol1III2 p1 68;1 691 C1C12 CPI <"L> <P)>2 Political Resolution2 "ay 47582 p1 9A1 661 $egras /ane2 Ed12 $he Communist 1nternational-Documents2 Vol1 III2 p1 8;41 681 Same as a!ove2 p1 8;;1 6B1 Same as a!ove2 p1 85A 6D1 ?o Jan c%i%2 ,istory of the 'o&ern Chinese Re2olution2 p1 B61 6;1 "ao2 Selecte& Wor#s2 Vol1 VIII2 p1 6671 < from Speech at the $enth Plenum of the Eighth Central Committee > 651 "ao2 Selecte& Wor#s2 Vol1 IV2 p1 8991 <from +n the People9s Democratic Dictatorship> 671 Rao "( Ed12 Documents of the ,istory of the Communist Party of 1n&ia2 Vol1 VII2 p1 D441 8A1 Eighth National Congress of the CPC .Documents02 p1 551 841 same as a!ove2 pp1 447 4941 891 "ao2 Selecte& Wor#s2 Vol1 V2 p1 8A71 <from +n the Correct ,an&ling of Contra&ictions among the People > 861 "ao2 Selecte& Wor#s2 Vol1 IR2 p1 9591 <from Speech at the closing ceremony of the Ele2enth Plenum of the Eighth Central Committee > 881 same as a!ove2 p1 8981 <from Directi2es Regar&ing Cultural Re2olution > 8B1 $e!ray Regis2 Re2olution in the Re2olution; p1 7D1 8D1 same as a!ove2 p1 8451 8;1 same as a!ove2 p1 6991 <from $al# at a meeting of the Central Cultural Re2olution roup >

Part II > The Com%onent Parts of & &

41 "arx Engels Lenin2 +n Dialectical 'aterialism2 p1 691 < $heses on %euer"ach2 "arx> 91 same as a!ove2 pp1 4D6 D81< from -u&wig %euer"ach<<<2 Engels> 61 "ao2 Selecte& Wor#s2 Vol1 VI2 p1 9941 <from Dialectical 'aterialism > 81 Lenin2 'ar3-Engels-'ar3ism2 p1 71 <from >arl 'ar3> B1 same as a!ove2 p1 441 D1 "arx Engels Lenin2 +n Dialectical 'aterialism2 p1 4991 <from Dialectics of Nature/ Engels> ;1 same as a!ove2 p1 B51 <from Preface to Anti-Duhring > 51 "arx2 Capital2 Vol1 I2 pp1 47 9A1

71 same as a!ove2 p1 9A1 4A1 Guest $avid2 -ectures on 'ar3ist Philosophy2 p1 881 441 "arx Engels Lenin2 +n Dialectical 'aterialism2 p1 65A1<from Philosophical Note"oo#s/ Lenin> 491 "ao2 Selecte& Wor#s2 Vol1 I2 pp1 68B 8D1 <from +n Contra&ictions > 461 same as a!ove2 p1 6881 481 "ao2 Selecte& Wor#s2 Vol1 V2 pp1 658 5B1 <from +n the Correct ,an&ling of Contra&ictions among the People> 4B1 T%omson George2 %rom 'ar3 to 'ao $se-tung2 p1 4BA1 4D1 ,istory of the CPS8 .602 p1 4461 4;1 Lenin2 'aterialism an& Empirio-Criticism2 p1 4471 451 Lenin2 'ar3-Engels-'ar3ism2 p1 68B1 <from +n the =uestion of Dialectics> 471 "arx Engels Lenin2 +n Dialectical 'aterialism2 p1 6;51 <from Philosophical Note"oo#s/ Lenin > 9A1 Lenin2 'aterialism an& Empirio-Criticism2 p1 4991 941 "arx Engels Lenin2 +n Dialectical 'aterialism2 p1 971 < from $heses on %euer"ach/ "arx > 991 Lenin2 'aterialism an& Empirio-Criticism2 pp1 49D 9;1 961 Stalin2 Pro"lems of -eninism2 p1 9A1 <%oun&ations of -eninism > 981 "ao2 Selecte& Wor#s2 Vol1 I2 p1 6A51 <from +n Practice > 9B1 Engels2 Anti-Duhring2 p1 6961 9D1 "arx Engels2 Selecte& Wor#s2 pp1 454 591 <from preface to A Contri"ution to the Critique of Political Economy/ "arx > 9;1 same as a!ove2 p1 D591 < from Engels letter to @< 6loch > 951 "ao2 Selecte& Wor#s2 Vol1 I2 pp1 6662 66B 6D1 <from +n Contra&iction > 971 T%omson George2 %rom 'ar3 to 'ao $se-tung2 pp1 4DA D41 6A1 "ao2 Selecte& Wor#s2 Vol1 VIII2 p1 8A51 <from Rea&ing Notes on the So2iet $e3t :Political Economy9 > 641 'aoist Economics an& the Re2olutionary Roa& to Communism2 p141 691 Lenin2 'ar3-Engels-'ar3ism2 p1 451 <from >arl 'ar3 > 661 same as a!ove2 pp1 ;A ;41 <from $he $hree Sources an& $hree Component Parts of 'ar3ism> 681 Engels2 Anti-Duhring2 pp1 668 6B1 6B1 "arx2 Capital2 Vol1 I2 pp1 ;D9 D61 6D1 Stalin2 Collecte& Wor#s2 Vol1 R2 pp1 75 771 <from 1nter2iew with the %irst American -a"our Delegation> 6;1 Lenin2 Selecte& Wor#s in $wo Volumes2 Vol1 I2 Part 92 p1B9B1 <from 1mperialism/ the ,ighest Stage of Capitalism > 651 same as a!ove2 pp1 B96 981 671 same as a!ove2 p1 BDD1 8A1 same as a!ove2 p1 BD81 841 same as a!ove2 p1 86D1 891 same as a!ove2 p1 8841 861 $he reat De"ate2 p1 4851 881 "ao2 Selecte& Wor#s2 Vol1 VIII2 p1 6;;1 <from Rea&ing Notes on the So2iet $e3t :Political Economy9> 8B1 Stalin2 Selecte& Writings2 Vol1 II2 p1 64;1 <from Economic Pro"lems of Socialism in the 8SSR > 8D1 'aoist Economics an& the Re2olutionary Roa& to Communism2 p1 4941 8;1 Stalin2 Selecte& Writings2 Vol1 II2 p1 9791 <from Economic Pro"lems of Socialism in the 8SSR >

851 same as a!ove2 p1 6A41 871 'aoist Economics an& the Re2olutionary Roa& to Communism2 p1 486248B1 BA1 same as a!ove2 pp1 9D; D51 B41 Lenin2 'ar3-Engels-'ar3ism2 p1 ;91 <from $he $hree Sources an& $hree Component Parts of 'ar3ism > B91 Engels2 Anti-Duhring2 p1 9B1 B61 Lenin2 'ar3-Engels-'ar3ism2 p1 ;91 B81 Engels2 Anti-Duhring2 p1 971 BB1 "arx Engels2 Selecte& Wor#s2 p1 DD71 <from 'ar39s letter to >ugelman > BD1 Engels2 Anti-Duhring2 p1 651 B;1 "arx Engels2 Selecte& Wor#s2 p1 D91 <from Communist 'anifesto > B51 Stalin2 Pro"lems of -eninism2 pp1 98 9B29;1 < %oun&ations of -eninism > B71 "ao2 Selecte& Wor#s2 Vol1 II2 pp1 686 881 <from +n New Democracy > DA1 $he reat De"ate2 p1 71 D41 "arx Engels2 Collecte& Wor#s2 Vol1 D2 pp1 6B4 B91 < from Principles of Communism/ Engels > D91 "arx Engels2 Selecte& Wor#s2 p1 D;51 <from Engels letter to C< Schmi&t > D61 "arx Engels Lenin2 +n the Dictatorship of the Proletariat2 p1 47D1 <from $he 'ilitary Programme of the Proletarian Re2olution/ Lenin> D81 Stalin2 Pro"lems of -eninism2 pp1 6D 6;1 <%oun&ations of -eninism0 DB1 same as a!ove2 p1971 DD1 "arx Engels2 Selecte& Wor#s2 p1 B91 < from 'anifesto of the Communist Party > D;1 "arx Engels Lenin2 +n the Dictatorship of the Proletariat2 p1 4991 <from Critique of the otha Programme/ "arx > D51 Lenin2 $he State an& Re2olution2 p1 6B1 D71 same as a!ove2 p1 441 ;A1 Lenin2 'ar3-Engels-'ar3ism2 pp1 BA5 A71 < from $he State > ;41 "arx Engels Lenin2 +n the Dictatorship of the Proletariat2 p1 86A1 <from $he Dictatorship/ Lenin > ;91 Stalin2 Pro"lems of -eninism2 pp1 65 671 < %oun&ations of -eninism> ;61 same as a!ove2 pp1 88 8B1 ;81 "arx Engels2 Selecte& Wor#s2 p1 691 <from t%e Preface to $he ()DE erman E&ition of the Communist 'anifesto > ;B1 as 3uoted in Stalin2 Pro"lems of -eninism2 p1 8;1 ;D1 Stalin2 Pro"lems of -eninism2 p1B41 <%oun&ations of -eninism > ;;1 "ao2 Selecte& Wor#s2 Vol1 II2 pp1 6BA B41 < from +n New Democracy > ;51 "ao2 Selecte& Wor#s2 Vol1 IV2 pp1 84; 451 <from +n the People9s Democratic Dictatorship > ;71 same as a!ove2 pp1 6;9 ;61 <from Report to the Secon& Plenary Session of the Se2enth Central Committee of the CPC > 5A1 Stalin2 Selecte& Writings2 Vol1 II2 pp1 97D 7;1 <from Economic Pro"lems of Socialism in the 8SSR > 541 ,istory of the CPS8.602 p1 9;61 591 same as a!ove2 p1 9;D1 561 "ao2 Selecte& Wor#s2 Vol1 VIII2 pp1 65A 541 <from Rea&ing Notes on the So2iet $e3t :Political Economy9 > 581 ,istory of the CPS8.602 p1 9791

5B1 same as a!ove2 pp1 6A8 AB1 5D1 same as a!ove2 p1 6471 5;1 Stalin2 Pro"lems of -eninism2 p1 D7;1 < Report to the Se2enteenth Party Congress on the Wor# of the Central Committee of the CPsu.60 > 551 Stalin2 Selecte& Writings2 Vol1 II2 pp1 6A; A51 <from Economic Pro"lems of Socialism in the 8SSR > 571 same as a!ove2 pp1 665 8A1 7A1 "ao2 Selecte& Wor#s2 Vol1 VIII2 p1 7B1 <from Speeches at the secon& Session of the Eighth Party Congress of the CPC > 741 same as a!ove2 pp1 6D4 D91 <from Rea&ing Notes on the So2iet $e3t :Political Economy9 > 791 same as a!ove2 p1 8691 <from Concerning :Economic Pro"lems of Socialism in the 8SSR > 761 same as a!ove2 p1 84D1 <from Rea&ing Notes on the So2iet $e3t :Political Economy9> 781 same as a!ove2 p1 89;1 <from Concerning :Economic Pro"lems of Socialism in the 8SSR > 7B1 "ao2 Selecte& Wor#s2 Vol1 IV2 p1 4D;1 <&rom $he Present Situation an& +ur $as#s > 7D1 "ao2 Selecte& Wor#s2 Vol1 V2 p1 96B1 <from Prefaces to Socialist 8psurge in China9s Countrysi&e > 7;1 same as a!ove2 p1 4771 < from +n the Co-operati2e $ransformation of Agriculture > 751 same as a!ove2 p1 95B1 < from +n the $en 'aBor Relationships > 771 same as a!ove2 p1 6A61 4AA1 same as a!ove2 p1 9581 4A41 same as a!ove2 p1 6AD1 4A91 same as a!ove2 p1 8A71 <from on $he Correct ,an&ling of Contra&ictions among the People > 4A61 Selden "ar*2 Ed12 $he People9s Repu"lic of China - A Documentary ,istory of Re2olutionary Change 2 p1 6571 <from Report on the wor# of the CC of the CPC> 4A81 T%omson George2 Capitalism an& After2 p1 44;1 4AB1 Selden "ar*2 Ed12 $he People9s Repu"lic of China-A Documentary ,istory of Re2olutionary Change2 pp1 8AB2 8A;1 4AD1 "ao2 Selecte& Wor#s2 Vol1 VIII2 p1 4;;1 <from Speech at Cheng-Chow > 4A;1 Selden "ar*2 Ed1 $he People9s Repu"lic of China<<<2 p1 8;71 <from -etter of +pinion2 /uly 482 47B72 !y Peng Te% %uai> 4A51 "ao2 Selecte& Wor#s2 Vol1 IR2 p1 9861 < note to Down with the Prince of ,ell/ -i"erate the -ittle De2il > 4A71 $he reat De"ate2 pp1 6DD D51 44A1 T%omson George2 %rom 'ar3 to 'ao $se-tung2 pp1 4BD B;1 4441 same as a!ove2 pp14BB BD1 4491 "ao2 Selecte& Wor#s2 Vol1 IR2 pp1 9592956295D1 <from Speech at the Closing Ceremony of the Ele2enth Plenum of the Eighth Central Committee> 4461 same as a!ove2 p1 95B1 4481 same as a!ove2 p1 8941 <from Directi2es Regar&ing the Cultural Re2olution> 44B1 same as a!ove2 pp1 8452 8951 44D1 CC Resolution2 %ight against the 'o&ern Re2isionist Deng Clique2P1 491 44;1 Lenin2 'ar3-Engels-'ar3ism2 pp1 65 8A1 < from >arl 'ar3 > 4451 Stalin2 Pro"lems of -eninism2 pp1 ;7 5A1 <%oun&ations of -eninism> 4471 same as a!ove2 pp1 592 581 49A1 Stalin2 +n the +pposition2 p1 ;6B1 <&rom Notes on Contemporary $hemes> 4941 "ao2 Selecte& Wor#s2 Vol1 II2 p1 97B1 <from 1ntro&ucing $he Communist>

4991 "ao2 Selecte& Wor#s2 Vol1 I 2 p1 461 <from Analysis of the Classes in Chinese Society > 4961 "arx Engels Lenin2 +n ,istorical 'aterialism2 pp1 449 461 <from A&&ress of the Central Committee to the Communist -eague2 "arx and Engels> 4981 Lenin2 'ar3-Engels-'ar3ism2 p1 841 < from >arl 'ar3 > 49B1 "arx Engels2 Selecte& Wor#s2 pp1 967 841 <from Preface to the Peasant War in ermany2 Engels > 49D1 Stalin2 Pro"lems of -eninism2 p1 B81 <%oun&ations of -eninism > 49;1 same as a!ove2 pp1 BB BD1 4951 Lenin2 Selecte& Wor#s in T'o Volumes2 Vol1 I2 Part 92 p1 461 <from $wo $actics of Social Democracy in the Democratic Re2olution > 4971 -uoted in T%omson George2 %rom 'ar3 to 'ao $se-tung2 p1 8A1 46A1 Stalin2 Pro"lems of -eninism2 pp1 96;2 9671 < from $he Party9s $hree %un&amental Slogans on the Peasant =uestion > 4641 Lenin2 +n the National an& Colonial =uestions2 p1 9;1 4691 $egras /ane2 $he Communist 1nternational- Documents2 Vol1 I2 p1 67A1 4661 "ao2 Selecte& Wor#s2 Vol1 I2 p1 471 <from Analysis of the Classes in Chinese Society > 4681 "ao2 Selecte& Wor#s2 Vol1 II2 pp1 955 571 <from 1ntro&ucing $he Communist> 46B1 "ao2 Selecte& Wor#s2 Vol1 V2 pp1 69B2 69; 971 <from Some E3periences in +ur Party ,istory > 46D1 Lenin2 'ar3-Engels-'ar3ism2 pp1 45B 5;1 < from uerrilla Warfare> 46;1 "arx Engels2 Selecte& Wor#s2 p1 D61 <from Communist 'anifesto > 4651 Lenin2 'ar3-Engels-'ar3ism2 p1 88B1 < from Prophetic Wor&s > 4671 Stalin2 Pro"lems of -eninism2 p1 4;41< from Concerning =uestions of -eninism > 48A1 "ao2 Selecte& Wor#s2 Vol1 II2 p1 99B1 <from Pro"lems of War an& Strategy> 4841 $he reat De"ate2 pp1 6A8 AB1 4891 $egras /ane2 Ed12 $he Communist 1nternational-Documents2 Vol1 I2 pp1 4B424B6 B81 4861 Lenin2 Collecte& Wor#s2 Vol1 9D2 p1 B92 3uoted in Lenin Stalin "ao2 +n Strategy an& $actics of the Proletarian 'o2ement2 P1 4A51 4881 "ao2 Selecte& Wor#s2 Vol1 II2 pp1 947 941 <from Pro"lems of War an& Strategy >1 48B1 Lenin2 'ar3-Engels-'ar3ism2 p1 88A1 < from A&2ice of an +n loo#er>1 48D1 same as a!ove2 p1 869 < from 'ar3ism an& 1nsurrection >1 48;1 "ao2 Selecte& Wor#s2 Vol1 I2 pp1 477 9AA <from Pro"lems of Strategy in China9s Re2olutionary War >1 4851 Lenin Stalin "ao2 +n Strategy an& $actics of the Proletarian 'o2ement2 pp1 96A 691 4871 Lenin2 +n @ust an& 8nBust Wars2 p1 9B1 <from $he Collapse of the Secon& 1nternational > 4BA1 same as a!ove2 p1 581 <from War an& Re2olution > 4B41 Lenin2 Socialism an& War2 pp1 4A 441 4B91 Lenin2 +n @ust an& 8nBust Wars2 p1 B91 <from letter to Fino2ie2 > 4B61 Lenin2 Socialism an& War2 pp1 9B 9D1 4B81 $egras /ane2 Ed12 $he Communist 1nternational-Documents2 Vol1III2 pp1 6;; ;51 4BB1 "ao2 Selecte& Wor#s2 Vol1 IV2 p1 4AA1 <from tal#s with the American Correspon&ent Anna -ouise Strong > 4BD1 $he reat De"ate2 p1 4;61 4B;1 same as a!ove2 pp1 475 771 4B51 same as a!ove2 p1 4741

4B71 "arx Engels2 Selecte& Wor#s2 p1 8D1 < from $he Communist 'anifesto > 4DA1 -uoted in Confort% "aurice2 Rea&ers ui&e to the 'ar3ist Classics2 P1 D51 4D41 -uoted in &oster )illiam L12 ,istory of the $hree 1nternationals2 Vol1 I2 P1 89 861 4D91 Stalin2 Pro"lems of -eninism2 pp1 7; 771 <%oun&ations of -eninism > 4D61 same as a!ove2 pp1 77 4441 4D81 Lenin2 +n the Proletarian Party of a New $ype2 pp1 6B 6D1 <from What is to "e Done> 4DB1 -uoted in T%omson George2 %rom 'ar3 to 'ao $se-tung2 p1 781 4DD1 $egras /ane2 Ed12 $he Communist 1nternational - Documents2 Vol1 I2 p1 4;41 4D;1 /ans%a*ti !oo*let2 pp1 B; B71 4D51 "ao2 Selecte& Wor#s2 Vol1 VIII2 pp1 64; 991 < from $al# at an Enlarge& Wor#ing Conference Con2ene& "y the CC of the CPC > 4D71 ,istory of the CPS8 .602 pp1 6D9 D61 4;A1 "ao2 Selecte& Wor#s2 Vol1 III2 pp1 447 9A1 <from Some =uestions concerning 'etho&s of -ea&ership > 4;41 Lenin Stalin "ao2 +n Strategy an& $actics of the Proletarian 'o2ement2 p1 9681 4;91 Stalin2 Pro"lems of -eninism2 pp1 4A7 4A1 <%oun&ations of -eninism> 4;61 "ao2 Selecte& Wor#s2 Vol1 I2 pp1 688 8B1 <from +n Contra&iction > 4;81 Stalin2 Pro"lems of -eninism2 pp1 449 461 <%oun&ations of -eninism> 4;B1 "ao2 Selecte& Wor#s2 Vol1 VIII2 pp1 669 661 <from $al# at an Enlarge& Wor#ing Conference con2ene& "y the CC of the CPC > 4;D1 "ao2 Selecte& Wor#s2 Vol1 IR2 p1 6A41 <from $al# at the Report 'eeting > 4;;1 same as a!ove2 p1 6A61 4;51 Lenin2 $he Right of Nations to Self-Determination2 pp1 5 71 4;71 -uoted in Confort% "aurice2 Rea&ers ui&e to 'ar3ist Classics2p1 46;1 45A1 Stalin2 $he National =uestion an& -eninism2 p1 B1 4541 Stalin2 'ar3ism an& the National =uestion2 p1 451 4591 Stalin2 Pro"lems of -eninism2 p1 D61 <from %oun&ations of -eninism > 4561 Lenin2 +n the National an& Colonial =uestions2 T%ree Articles2 pp1 44 461 4581 Lenin2 Critical Remar#s on the National =uestion2 p1 4D1 45B1 Lenin2 +n the National an& Colonial =uestions2 T%ree Articles2 p1 D1 45D1 As 3uoted in T%omson George2 %rom 'ar3 to 'ao $se-tung2 p1 B71 45;1 People9s War2 ,o1 B2 /une 47592 pp1 6B 6D1 4551 "ao2 Peoples of the worl&/ unite an& &efeat the 8<S< aggressors an& all their running-&ogs2 "ay 9A2 47;A1 -uoted in T%omson George2 &rom "arx to "ao Tse tung2 p1 D91