Answer Key

Part I Q 1.1
The basic four topologies of feedback amplifiers are:
Voltage-series feedback Series Shunt
Current-series feedback Series Series
Current-shunt feedback Shunt Series
Voltage-shunt feedback Shunt Shunt


Block diagrams and expression for feedback factor () and transfer gain (A):
Voltage Series






Current series



=

(1 pt)
(0.25 pt)
(0.5 pt)
(0.5 pt)
(0.25 pt)
Current shunt

Voltage shunt











=

(0.25 pt)
(0.25 pt)
(0.5 pt)
(0.5 pt)
Part I Q 1.2
Definition of the most useful characteristics of an ideal op amp
1. Input impedance: Ratio of input voltage to input current
2. Output impedance: Ratio of output voltage to output current
3. Open loop gain: Ratio between the output signal to input signal of op-amp without feedback
4. Bandwidth: the range of frequency within which the op-amp can operate relatively with constant
gain
5. CMMR: the ratio between the differential mode gain and the common mode gain of an op-amp
Transfer characteristics: the relationship of the output voltage to the input voltage
7. Input offset voltage: the dc voltage applied at the two input terminals of an op-amp to balance the
amplifier (Vo=0).
8. Output offset voltage: The dc voltage at the output terminal of the op-amp without input signal.
9. Input offset current: The difference current amount between the two input terminal currents of a
balanced op-amp.

1

2
|

=0

10. Input bias current: The average current of the separate dc currents entering the two terminals of a
balanced op-amp.

1
+
2
2

=0

11. Slew rate: The maximum time rate of change of the closed loop op-amp output voltage under the
large signal condition.

=

Comparison of ideal op-amp with practical op-amp characteristics:
Characteristics Ideal Op-amp Practical Op-amp


Transfer Characteristics
Linear: the output is directly
proportional to the input over
the whole range of applied
signal
Nonlinear: operates Linearly over
some range of applied signal and
saturates when it exceeds certain
value.
Ac Parameters
Gain High 10
4

Input impedance High 100 1
Output impedance 0 Low 100
Band width 0-100kHz
Slew rate Infinitely fast Low(short) 1/
Dc parameters
Bias current 0 Low 100
Offset current 0 Low 0.2
Offset Voltage 0 Low 5

Part I Q 1.3
Block diagram of modern commercial op-amps

Diff-Amp
Additional
Gain Amp
Buffer &
Level shifter
Output
driver
V
1
V
2
V
o

Function of each block
Differential amplifier: serves as the input stage to provide the inverting and non inverting inputs
with high input impedance. (1/4)
Additional gain stage: provides more gain to an op-amp by achieving the low output impedance
through the emitter follower stage. (1/4)
Buffer and level shifter stage: is used to adjust the DC voltage so that the output voltage signals
are referred at ground. (1/4)
Output Driver Stage: Serves as an output stage to develop the output signals to drive the external
load. (1/4)

Part I Q 1.4
High CMRR is required for an op-amp because CMRR is a convenient measure of amplifiers
performance by accurately ---- or reject signals that are common to both inputs, so that no common
mode components appear at the output. (1pt)






Part II Q-1
(a) Topology:
Setting I
o

=0 or open circuiting the output terminal causes the feedback current to be
zero. Hence, the sampled signal is current. In addition to this, if one short circuit the
input of the first transistor, all the current coming from the input will flow through
the feedback resistor; consequently, we can realize that the sampled signal is mixed
with the input signal in the form of current (shunt). Therefore, the feedback is
current-shunt.
(b) Basic Amplifier:
Input Circuit:
If we make I
o
=0, R
f
will appear in series with R
e2
Output Circuit:
(see figure 1.1).
If we let V
i
=0 (short circuit the base of the first transistor), causes R
f
to appear in
parallel with R
e2
Note that we should use current source for the feedback is current-shunt.
(see figure 1.1).
The small signal model of the basic amplifier is shown in fig 1.1.
I
s R
S
h
ie2
I
b1
R
F
R
e2
h
ie1
R
1
|
|
R
2
I
o
h
fe1
I
b1
R
C1
R
C2
R
e2
R
F
I
F
I
b2
I
c1
h
fe2
I
b2
R
B2


Fig 1.1 Basic Amplifier Circuit

(0.5 pt)
(0.5 pt)
(0.5 pt) (0.5 pt)
(0.5 pt)
(c)
Feedback parameter:
=

0


=


2

2
+

0
=

2

2
+

=
2.2
2.2+1.2
= 0.65

Transfer gain without feedback:
=

0

2
.

1
.

1
.

=
2
.

1

1
+
2
.
1
.

1

1
+
1

Where

1
=

||(

+
2
)||
1
||
2
and

2
=
2
+
2
.

||
2

Thus,

1
= 0.6||(1.2 + 2.2)||39||12 = 0.48

2
= 12 120 + 120
1.22.2
1.2+2.2
= 94.62
= 120
3
3+94.62
120
0.48
0.48+1.44
= 108
Desensitivity factor
= 1 + = 1 + (0.65)(108) = 71.2
(d) The feedback gain:

=
108
71.2
= 1.52
(e) Feedback input resistance:

=

1
||
1

=
0.48||1.44
71.2
= 5.06

(0.5 pt)
(0.25 pt)
(0.25 pt)
(0.5 pt)
(0.25 pt)
(0.25 pt)
(0.5 pt)
(0.5 pt)
(1 pt)
(0.25 pt)
(0.25 pt)
Part II Q2.
Take =120 and R
c1
=R
c2
-12 V
R
1
=22k
R
3
= 2.2k
R
2
= 2.7k
Q
3 +12 V
i
io
+
-
0.7 v
=100k

The current due to the constant current source circuit shown above is calculated as follows:

2
=

2

1
+
2
24 =
2.7
22 +2.7
24 = 2.62
Now the current i is given by: Taking KVL around loop i:
0.7
3
+2.62 = 0
= 0.87
Assuming

, we have

= 0.87
The input resistors of the two transistors are calculated as:

1
=

2
=
25

2
=
25
0.435
= 57.47
And

1
=

2
=
1

=
1
57.47
= 0.0174
The small signal equivalent circuit of the above figure is as shown below:
V1 V2
re1
V1 V2
RC1 RC2
gm1V1 gm2V2
E
+
-
+
-
Vo1 Vo2
Vo
re2


(2 pt)
a. From the small signal equivalent circuit the output differential voltage is calculated as:

1
=

1
= 0.0174 1 100 = 1.74

2
=

2
= 0.0174 3 100 = 5.22
Hence,

=
2

1
= 3.48

b. The common mode output voltage is:
Vcm
V1
RC1
gm1V1
+
-
Vo1
re1

1
=

= 0.0174 2 100 = 3.48

c. CMRR

=
3.48
2
= 1740

= 0
Hence,
=

=







(1 pt)
(1 pt)
(1 pt)
Part II Q3
V
O
-
+
R
1
V
in2 4 mV
20 k
30 k
R
2
R
3
V
in1
1 mV
10 k
R
f
10 M
+
-
V
2

First, setting
2
to be zero we have an inverting amplifier with output given by

1
=

1

1
=
10
10
1 = 1

Next, by setting only
1
equal to zero, the circuit now resembles a non inverting amplifier whose
output is given by

2
= 1 +

1

2

Where,
2

is the effective voltage at the non inverting input, which is equal to:

=

3

2
+
3

2
=
30
20 +30
4 = 2.4
Substituting this value into the equation of
2
, we get,

2
= 1 +
10
10
2.4 = 2.404

The resulting output signal from both signal sources simultaneously is the sum of the two.

Therefore:

=
1
+
2
= 1 +2.404 = 3.404
(1 pt)
(1 pt)
(1 pt)