Green Nano Architecture Mast R Degree

University of Alexandria Faculty of Engineering Department of Architecture
GREEN NANOARCHITECTURE
Thesis Submitted to the Department of Architecture Faculty of Engineering University of Alexandria in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Science in Architecture
By
Architect
Fahd Abd Elaziz Ahmed Omar Hemeida

B.Sc. of Architecture University of Alexandria
January 2010
Presented by
Fahd Abd Elaziz Ahmed Omar Hemeida

B.Sc. of Architecture, University of Alexandria
For the degree of Master of Science in Architecture
Examiners Committee:
Approved
Prof.Dr. Mohamed Abdelall Ibrahim

(Professor of architecture, department of architecture, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alexandria)
-----------------------------
Prof.Dr. Mohamed Tarek AlSayad

-----------------------------
Prof.Dr. Mohamed Hisham Saudy

(Professor of architecture, department of architecture, Faculty Of Fine Arts, University of Alexandria)
-----------------------------
Prof.Dr. Ibtehal Y. El-Bastawissi

(Vice Dean of Graduate Studies and Research, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alexandria)
-----------------------------
Advisors Committee : Prof.Dr. Mohamed Abdelall Ibrahim

Approved
-----------------------------
Prof.Dr. Osama Mahmoud Abd Elrahman

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Acknowledgment
Acknowledgment
This research project would not have been possible without the support of many people. I wish to submit this research to my supervisor , Prof. Dr. Mohamed Abdelall Ibrahim who , abundantly helpful , offered invaluable assistance , support and guidance. I would also like to convey thanks to the Ministry and the Faculty for providing the financial means and library facilities. I wish to express my love and gratitude to my beloved families and my cute fiancee for their understanding & endless love through the duration of my studies. Finally , very special Thanks to my dear Mom , to my beauty Fiancee and to my smart Sister for always being there for me when I needed them.
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Table of Contents Examiners' Committee.......................................................................................................... I Advisors' Committee............................................................................................................. II Acknowledgement................................................................................................................. III Table of Contents.................................................................................................................. IV List of Figures....................................................................................................................... VIII List of Abbreviations............................................................................................................ XII Abstract................................................................................................................................. XIV Research Structure............................................................................................................... XV Introduction.......................................................................................................................... XVI Research Objectives ............................................................................................................ XVI
CHAPTER ONE - NANOTECHNOLOGY

1.1. Introduction.................................................................................................................. 1.2. Definition of Nano........................................................................................................ 1.2.1. The beginning.................................................................................................... 1.2.2. A Word on Measurements................................................................................. 1.2.3. Nano for Science and Engineering.................................................................... 1.2.4. Nano scale.......................................................................................................... 1.3. Definition of Nanoscience............................................................................................ 1.4. Definition of Nanotechnology..................................................................................... 1.4.1. Introduction........................................................................................................ 1.4.2. History of Nanotechnology................................................................................ 1.4.3. Fundamental concepts........................................................................................ 1.4.3.A. Larger to smaller : a materials perspective........................................ 1.4.3.B. Simple to complex : a molecular prespective.................................... 1.4.3.C. Molecular nanotechnology : a long-term view.................................. 1.4.4. Current research................................................................................................. 1.4.4.A. Nano materials................................................................................... 1.4.4.A.i. Nano material science...................................................... 1.4.4.A.i.i Nanoscale in One Dimension....................... 1.4.4.A.i.ii. Nanoscale in Two Dimension....................... 1.4.4.A.i.iii.Nanoscale in Three Dimension.................... 1.4.4.A.ii. Nanotube Applications.................................................... 1.4.4.A.iii. Nanoparticle Applications............................................... 1.4.4.B. Bottom-up approaches....................................................................... 1.4.4.C. Top-down approaches....................................................................... 1.4.4.D. Functional approaches...................................................................... 1.4.4.E. Speculative......................................................................................... 1.4.5. Tools and techniques......................................................................................... 1.4.6. Nanotechnology Applications............................................................................ 1.4.6.A. Nanotechnology's potential to reduce greenhouse gases................... 1.4.6.B. Nanotechnology in Medicine.............................................................
01 01 02 02 02 03 03 04 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 10 10 11 12 12 14 15 15 16 16 17 18 19 19 21
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Table of Contents 1.4.6.C. Nanotechnology in Electronics.......................................................... 1.4.6.D. Nanotechnology and Space................................................................ 1.4.6.E. Air Pollution and Nanotechnology..................................................... 1.4.6.F. Water Pollution and Nanotechnology................................................. 1.4.6.G. Nanotechnology and Chemical Sensors............................................. 1.4.6.H. Nanotechnology and fabric................................................................ 1.4.7. World Leaders in Nanotechnology Research.................................................... 1.4.8. Distribution of Health-Related Patents by Continent........................................ 1.4.9. Are there risks from nanotechnology?............................................................... 1.5. Conclusion....................................................................................................................
21 22 22 23 23 23 24 24 25 26
CHAPTER TWO - NANOARCHITECTURE

2.1. Introduction.................................................................................................................. 2.2. Digital architecture...................................................................................................... 2.2.1. Digitally grown botanic tower........................................................................... 2.2.2. Dubai Waterfront Hotel..................................................................................... 2.3. Definition of Nanoarchitecture................................................................................... 2.4. Nanotechnology: A Science Impacting Architectural Design.................................. 2.5. Nanotechnology, architecture and future of the built environment....................... 2.6. Form Follows Function............................................................................................... 2.7. Nanoarchitecture application..................................................................................... 2.7.1. Materials............................................................................................................ 2.7.1.A. Self-cleaning Lotus-Effect.............................................................. 2.7.1.B. Self-cleaning: Photocatalysis............................................................. 2.7.1.C. Easy-to-clean (ETC)........................................................................... 2.7.1.D. Air-purifying.............................................................................. 2.7.1.E. Anti-fogging........................................................................... 2.7.1.F. Thermal insulation: VIPs.................... 2.7.1.G. Thermal insulation: Aerogel....................... 2.7.1.H. Temperature regulation: PCMs....................... 2.7.1.I. UV protection..................................................................................... 2.7.1.J. Solar protection.................................................................................. 2.7.1.K. Fire-proof........................................................................................... 2.7.1.L. Anti-graffiti........................................................................................ 2.7.1.M. Anti-reflective.................................................................................... 2.7.1.N. Antibacterial........................................................................................ 2.7.1.O. Anti-fingerprints................................................................................. 2.7.1.P. Scratchproof and abrasion-resistant.................................................... 2.7.1.Q. The holistic application of nanosurfaces in interiors.......................... 2.7.1.R. Next Generation Building Cleaning Solution..................................... 2.7.2. Energy................................................................................................................ 2.7.2.A. Insuladd................................................................................................ 2.7.2.B. Energy Coating..................................................................................... 2.7.2.C. Heat Absorbing Windows....................................................................
28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 37 39 42 45 47 48 49 50 52 52 53 54 56 57 58 59 60 63 66 66 66 67
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Table of Contents 2.7.3. Design................................................................................................................ 2.7.3.A. Nanohouse............................................................................................ 2.7.3.B. Carbon Tower....................................................................................... 2.7.3.C. Aeglis Hyposurface.............................................................................. 2.7.3.D. Nanostudio........................................................................................... 2.7.3.E. The Nano Towers................................................................................. 2.8. Nanoarchitecture risk ................................................................................................. 2.9. Conclusion....................................................................................................................
68 68 69 70 71 71 72 72
CHAPTER THREE GREEN NANOARCHITECTURE

3.1. Introduction.................................................................................................................. 3.2. Life cycle design........................................................................................................... 3.3. The green features of sustainable building................................................................ 3.3.1. Criteria............................................................................................................... 3.3.2. Pre-Building Phase: Manufacture...................................................................... 3.3.3. Building Phase: Use........................................................................................... 3.3.4. Post-Building Phase: Disposal........................................................................... 3.4. Using nanotechnology for sustainable production and consumption..................... 3.5. Definition of Green Nanoarchitecture (GNA) .......................................................... 3.6. Green Nanotechnology goals....................................................................................... 3.7. Principles of Green Engineering................................................................................ 3.8. Evaluation of 'green' nanotechnology requires a full life cycle assessment........... 3.9. Nanotechnology , Green building and sustainable design....................................... 3.9.1. Nanotechnology and clean technology.............................................................. 3.9.2. Energy and big things start small....................................................................... 3.9.3. Facing facts ....................................................................................................... 3.10. Green Nanoarchitecture application.......................................................................... 3.10.1. Nano City......................................................................................................... 3.10.1.A. Overview ....................................................................................... 3.10.1.B. Design principles.............................................................................. 3.10.1.B.i. Greencity................................................................. 3.10.1.B.ii. Flexcity................................................................... 3.10.1.B.iii. Complexcity............................................................ 3.10.1.C. Master plan....................................................................................... 3.10.1.C.i. A city of parks and public open space....................... 3.10.1.C.ii. A city of economic opportunity................................. 3.10.1.C.iii. High density nodes..................................................... 3.10.1.C.iv. A city of comprehensive state of the art transit........ 3.10.1.C.v. A city of sustainability and sustenance...................... 3.10.1.C.vi. A city of inclusion......................................................
3.10.1.D. Infrastructure.............................................................................................. 3.10.1.D.i. Power.................................................................................. 3.10.1.D.ii. Water................................................................................... 3.10.1.D.iii. Connectivity........................................................................ 3.10.2. Utopia One: Dubai tall emblem structure.................................................................. 3.10.3. Nano Vent Skin............................................................................................................. 74 74 75 75 76 77 78 78 79 79 80 80 81 81 82 82 82 82 83 83 83 84 84 84 84 85 85 86 86 87 88 88 88 88 89 90
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Table of Contents
3.10.3.A. Scale model................................................................................................ 3.10.3.B. Why Nano ? ............................................................................................... 3.10.3.C. Nano engineered details............................................................................. 3.10.3.D. Wind contact study..................................................................................... 3.10.3.E. NVS_building on site................................................................................. 3.10.3.F. Storage and supply units............................................................................. 3.11. Conclusion................................................................................................................................ Overall Conclusions and Recommendations................................................................................... References........................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................... 90 91 92 93 93 94 94 95 96 99
VII
List of Figures
List Of Figures
( Fig. 1.1 ) ( Fig. 1.2 ) ( Fig. 1.3 ) ( Fig. 1.4 ) ( Fig. 1.5 ) ( Fig. 1.6 ) ( Fig. 1.7 ) ( Fig. 1.8 ) ( Fig. 1.9 ) ( Fig. 1.10 ) ( Fig. 1.11 ) ( Fig. 1.12 ) ( Fig. 1.13 ) ( Fig. 1.14 ) ( Fig. 1.15 ) ( Fig. 1.16 ) ( Fig. 1.17 ) ( Fig. 1.18 ) ( Fig. 1.19 ) ( Fig. 1.20 ) ( Fig. 1.21 ) ( Fig. 1.22 ) ( Fig. 1.23 ) ( Fig. 1.24 ) ( Fig. 1.25 ) ( Fig. 1.26 ) ( Fig. 1.27 ) ( Fig. 2.1 ) ( Fig. 2.2 ) ( Fig. 2.3 ) ( Fig. 2.4 ) ( Fig. 2.5 ) ( Fig. 2.6 ) ( Fig. 2.7 ) ( Fig. 2.8 ) ( Fig. 2.9 ) ( Fig. 2.10 ) ( Fig. 2.11 ) ( Fig. 2.12 ) ( Fig. 2.13 ) ( Fig. 2.14 ) ( Fig. 2.15 ) ( Fig. 2.16 ) This is how nano is represented mathematically. List of metric measures. Images Dennis Kunkel Microscopy, Inc. to show Nanoscale area. Silver and Gold particles have different colors depending on size and shape. Buckminsterfullerene C60 . Scanning tunneling microscope. Principle of scanning tunneling microscopy. Image of reconstruction on a clean Au(100) surface. An example of a molecular self-assembly. An example of a supramolecular assembly. Bulk microstructure of a colloidal crystal. Nanomaterials categorized based on their dimensions. Image of Carbon Nanotube. Image of Nanowires. Image of C60/ fullerenes. Image of geodesic domes by C60/ fullerenes. Image of Nanoparticle. Sarfus image of a DNA biochip elaborated by bottom-up approach. Device transfers energy. Voltage-controlled switch, a molecular electronic device from 1974. Graphical representation of a rotaxane. Crystal structure of rotaxane with a cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) macrocycle. Future nanotechnology car. Typical AFM setup. Summary of environmentally beneficial nanotechnologies. 2004 Distribution of health-related nanotechnology patent activity by country. Global distribution of nanotechnology health-related patents share , by region. Image: Polypeptide Organic Nanotube Nanotechnology BC Crandall. 1st place: Complex at the Centre of the Universe by Staszek Marek, Poland. 2nd Place : The Great Bayan by Sergey Skachkov RUSSIA. 3rd place : Mega Village 2108 by Andrew Barton GREAT BRITAIN. In a Beautiful Place out in the Country Colin Cassidy GREAT BRITAIN Heaven in desert Tolgahan Gngr TURKEY. Botanic tower elevation with its natural inspiration. Botanic tower on site. Dubai waterfront hotel Model view. Tower structure. Interior view. Plans for the future of our built environment. Image: Nanotube Ynse Dreamstime. Fakes laminates that simulate real materials. A microscopic view of a water droplet resting on superhydrophobic and visibly knobbly surface. The surface of self-cleaning material. VIII
List of Figures
( Fig. 2.17 ) ( Fig. 2.18 )
Wood can be given an extremely water-repellent self-cleaning surface. The diagram shows clearly the difference between conventional surfaces and the Lotus-Effect. ( Fig. 2.19.A ) Ara Pacis Museum exterior. ( Fig. 2.19.B ) Ara Pacis interior exhibition halls. ( Fig. 2.19.C ) Ara Pacis Museum. ( Fig. 2.20 ) Before & After: On conventional tiles. ( Fig. 2.21 ) Oleophobic surfaces are resistant against oils and fats. ( Fig. 2.22 ) The diagram shows the basic process:Organic dirt & grime are broken down and decomposed. ( Fig. 2.23 ) TiO2 and PVC coated white membranes in weathering tests. ( Fig. 2.24 ) These roof tiles, which have been on the market for some time, have selfcleaning properties thanks to photocatalysis. ( Fig. 2.25 ) Narita International Airport. ( Fig. 2.26 ) MSV Arena Soccer Stadium. ( Fig. 2.27 ) Roll-out marble impactresistant, fire-resistant, vapour permeable and yet water-repellent & easy-to-clean. ( Fig. 2.28 ) A comparison of ceramic surfaces. ( Fig. 2.29 ) The angle of contact determines the hydrophobic degree of a surface. ( Fig. 2.30 ) Ultra-clean white surfaces of poolside armchairs achieved using water-repellent surface coatings. ( Fig. 2.31 ) Waterclosets of the Science to Business Center Nanotronics & Bio. ( Fig. 2.32 ) Science to Business Center Nanotronics & Bio. ( Fig. 2.33 ) Kaldewei Kompetenz-center. ( Fig. 2.34 ) Exterior faade of Kaldewei Kompetenz-center. ( Fig. 2.35 ) Air-purifying materials such as plasterboard or acoustic panels. ( Fig. 2.36 ) The European Hq. of Hyundai Motors Europe in Offenbach, Germany, is lined with air-purifying plasterboards. ( Fig. 2.37 ) Photocatalytic pavement surfacing. ( Fig. 2.38 ) Jubilee Church, Richard. ( Fig. 2.39 ) Air-purifying paving tiles. ( Fig. 2.40 ) Mirrors with anti-fogging coating do not steam up. ( Fig. 2.41 ) Different sized vacuum insulation panels in storage. ( Fig. 2.42 ) VIP insulation must be made to measure & fitted precisely on site. ( Fig. 2.43 ) Exterior of Seitzstrasse building. ( Fig. 2.44 ) Seitzstrasse building rooftop. ( Fig. 2.45 ) Aerogel in combination with glass. ( Fig. 2.46 ) Glass sample with black edging & aerogel-filled glazing cavity. ( Fig. 2.47 ) School extension. ( Fig. 2.48 ) Close-up of a phase-changing material embedded in glazing. ( Fig. 2.49 ) An opened microcapsule embedded in a concrete carrier matrix & of minute paraffin-filled capsules in their solid state. ( Fig. 2.50 ) Layer composition of a decorative PCM gypsum plaster applied to a masonry substrate. ( Fig. 2.51 ) "Sur Falveng" house for elderly people, faade.
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List of Figures
( Fig. 2.52 ) ( Fig. 2.53 ) ( Fig. 2.54 ) ( Fig. 2.55 ) ( Fig. 2.56 ) ( Fig. 2.57 ) ( Fig. 2.58 ) ( Fig. 2.59 ) ( Fig. 2.60 ) ( Fig. 2.61 ) ( Fig. 2.62 ) ( Fig. 2.63 ) ( Fig. 2.64 ) ( Fig. 2.65 ) ( Fig. 2.66 ) ( Fig. 2.67 ) ( Fig. 2.68 ) ( Fig. 2.69 ) ( Fig. 2.70 ) ( Fig. 2.71 ) ( Fig. 2.72.A ) ( Fig. 2.72.B ) ( Fig. 2.72.C ) ( Fig. 2.73.A ) ( Fig. 2.73.B ) ( Fig. 2.74 ) ( Fig. 2.75 ) ( Fig. 2.76 ) ( Fig. 2.77.A ) ( Fig. 2.77.B ) ( Fig. 2.78.A ) ( Fig. 2.78.B ) ( Fig. 2.78.C ) ( Fig. 2.79 ) ( Fig. 2.80 ) ( Fig. 2.81.A ) ( Fig. 2.81.B ) ( Fig. 2.81.C ) ( Fig. 3.1) ( Fig. 3.2 ) ( Fig. 3.3 )
Electron microscope image of UV-absorbent zinc oxide particles contained within a clear varnish. Electrochromatic glass with an ultra-thin nanocoating. A robust sandwich panel. The gel fill material in the glazing cavity. Interior spaces in the Deutsch Post HQ. Deutsche Post HQ. Germany. The Brandenburg Gate in Berlin. The UEFA headquarter in Nyon, Switzerland. New Centre Ulm, Germany. A Photovoltaic module. Silica glass capsules. An antibacterial material, such as that used for this light switch. Nanoscalar silver particles contained in the glaze applied to ceramic. Operation theatre interior shows the green antibacterial tiles. The critical area around doorknobs. The effect of the antifingerprint coating on this sheet of stainless steel is clearly evident. Abrasion tests indicate a surface's resilience against abrasion and wear and tear. A schematic plan for a hotel room with a general strategic approach for the use of nano functions. A schematic plan for a patient room in a hospital with a general strategic approach for the use of nano functions. A schematic plan for an office room in a bank branch with a general strategic approach for the use of nano functions. A granite wall which has become old and dirty after years of weathering. Before photocatalyst coating is applied on the surface. After 3 months of weathering. Before photocatalyst coating is applied on the surface . After 224 days of weathering. Insuladd paints. Energy coating. Heat absorbing windows. Nanohouse 3D model. Nanohouse model. Section of Carbon Tower. The entrance of Carbon Tower. Carbon Tower model. Aegis Hyposurface. Nanostudio model. The Nano Towers. View between the towers. The canopy at ground level. Three phases of the building material life cycle. Key to the green features of sustainable building materials. Typical life cycle of polymer nanocomposite. X
List of Figures
( Fig. 3.4 ) ( Fig. 3.5 ) ( Fig. 3.6 ) ( Fig. 3.7 ) ( Fig. 3.8 ) ( Fig. 3.9 ) ( Fig. 3.10 ) ( Fig. 3.11 ) ( Fig. 3.12 ) ( Fig. 3.13 ) ( Fig. 3.14 ) ( Fig. 3.15 ) ( Fig. 3.16 ) ( Fig. 3.17 ) ( Fig. 3.18 ) ( Fig. 3.19 ) ( Fig. 3.20 ) ( Fig. 3.21 ) ( Fig. 3.22 ) ( Fig. 3.23 ) ( Fig. 3.24 ) ( Fig. 3.25 ) ( Fig. 3.26 ) ( Fig. 3.27 ) ( Fig. 3.28 ) ( Fig. 3.29 ) ( Fig. 3.30 ) ( Fig. 3.31 ) ( Fig. 3.32 )
Nano City location. Nano City Views. Nano City a city of parks and public open space. Nano City a city of economic opportunity. Nano City high density nodes. Nano City a city of comprehensive state of the art transit. Nano City a city of sustainability and sustenance. Nano City a city of sustainability and sustenance. Power at Nano City. Water resources at Nano City. Nano City Wi Max and 3G connectivity. 'utopia one' tower. 'utopia one' power, through nano technology. Nano Vent-Skin used on highway tunnels to power the lights. Nano Vent-Skin used on road barriers to power the lights. NVS wrapped around train tunnels. Nano Vent-Skin used on existing buildings to supply electricity. Each wind turbine is 25mm long by 10.8mm wide. Images of the model against the sky, testing the final proportions. NVS interacting with Sunlight, Wind and CO2. Nano-structure components. Zoom in showing the scale of nano engineered structures. Nano Vent-Skin wind contact analysis. Nano Vent-Skin wind contact study. NVS View from the beach. NVS Detail side view. NVS Bay view. NVS View from the interior. Storage and supply units.
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Abbreviations
List Of Abbreviations
EPA NM SI NT STM DNA AU PNAS-1981 ACS UC BERKELEY CO FE SEM UCLA C60 EPIL NASA UV ALD NEMS MEMS AFM SAM MBE GHG Mte CO2 UK DTI U.S. S&T CG NA NYC USA CVD TiO2 PVC PTFE ETFE MSV ETC KKC Environmental Protection Agency. Nanometer (nm). Systeme Internationale; International System. Nanotechnology OR NANOTECH. Scanning tunneling microscope. Deoxyribonucleic acid. Gold. Positional assembly to atomic specification. American Chemical Society. University of California, Berkeley. Carbon monoxide molecule. Iron atom. Scanning electron microscope. University of California, Los Angeles. Fullerenes. Elan Pharma International . National Aeronautics and Space Administration. ULTRAVIOLET. Atomic layer deposition. Nanoelectromechanical systems. Microelectromechanical systems. Atomic force microscope. Scanning acoustic microscope. Molecular beam epitaxy. Green House Gas. Millions of tonnes. Carbon dioxide. United Kingdom. Department of Trade and Industry. United States. Science and technology. Computer graphics. Nanoarchitecture. NEW YORK CITY. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. Chemical vapor deposition. Titanium dioxide. Polyvinyl chloride. Poly Tetra Fluoro Ethylene. Ethylene tetrafluoroethylene. Meidericher Spielverein football team. Easy to Clean. Kaldewei Kompetenz-center.
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Abbreviations
SBS VOCs NO VIPs W/mK PCMs SEM Mm o C M M HQ UEFA WWII AR SiO2 TV W.C VOC 3D MIT Km/h Cm BSU IIT GNT GNA LEDs PNCs H2 NSTI Kms NH SW IT BRT 3G HVAC NVS CO2
Sick building symptoms. Volatile organic compounds. Nitrogen Oxide. Vacuum insulation panels. Watt per meter Kelvin. Phase change materials. Scanning electron microscope. Millimeter. Degree Celsius. Square meter. Meter. Headquarters. Union of European Football Association. Second World War. Anti-reflective. Silicondioxide. Television. Water-closet. Volatile Organic Compound. The third dimension. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Kilometres per hour. Centimetre . Ball State University. Illinois Institute of Technology. Green Nanotechnology. Green Nanoarctitecture. Light-emitting diodes. Polymer nanocomposites. Hydrogen. Nano Science and Technology Institute. Kilometers. National highway. State highway. Information technologies. Bus Rapid Transit. 3rd Generation. Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning. Nano Vent-skin. Carbon dioxide.
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
The present thesis casts light on the recent remarkable development in discovering a novelty in the field of technology which has led to the emergence of nano technology. This has become connected with our daily life starting from turbo micro-computer, stain-resistant clothes to the treatment of cancer patients. The manufacture of many of the products on the market depends on nano technology. It is noteworthy that most of these products make the optimum use of acknowledged technology such as scratch- and dust-proof surface .The coming decades are expected to witness an enormous,amazing breakthrough in this technology. The thesis is divided into three parts which review this topic in a serial,scientific method. It starts with the definition of nano technology, what it has introduced to man, and its effects on architecture and the present-day architect's thought. It is summarized as follows: 1- Nano technology: Many novelties are discovered as a result of the scientific research and the continuous development in the field of technology. This helps create a better life for mankind. With this in view,the first chapter discusses the definition of the word nano and then the minute measurements using the nano units scale. The discovery of these minute particles has led to scientific research in nano science. This,in turn, has resulted in the emergence of nano technology. Due to its properties and resultant advantages, this technology has run its course in all fields of life. 2-Nano architecture: Nano architecture combines nano technology with architecture and its versatile effects. This chapter is concerned with the influences of the discovery of nano technology on architecture as well as on the thought of the architect . Nano technology has its influence on properties of substances and energy. This ,in turn,has led to a remarkable influence in the methods of thinking and architectural designs. A review has been made of these differences and enquiries concerning any potential risks or side-effects that may hurt man and the environment. All this urges us to be on our guard .The architectural development in nano technology should create continuity. 3-Green nano architecture: Fear of nano technology has led to taking precautions against its sideeffects on man and the environment. Hence,the importance of the approach of and the insistence on continuity in the employment of new technology in the field of architecture so as to make the green nano architecture a guarantee for benefiting from nano technology and for avoiding its sideeffects on society and the environment. This oriented research has led to promising results for a better future for architecture. These results appear in designing,for whole cities,such as Nano city,have been built on the basis of this technology. It has its effects on the building materials , decoration and energy. This appears in the energy-producing materials. Hence, the achievement of the ends of nano technology and the long- lasting buildings. This ensures a better future for architecture.
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Research Structure Chart
XV
Introduction
INTRODUCTION
[40] [7]
Nanotechnology, the science of manufacturing material at a tiny scale, creates new possibilities to make dramatic improvements to our lives.Yet, the uncertain impacts to health, the environment, and society that may arise with this emerging technology demand our urgent attention. If we want to ensure that the benefits of nanotechnology far exceed any risks, we need an oversight system that assures safety while providing transparency for both businesses and the public. Over the past two years, nanotechnology has moved dramatically from the lab into the marketplace. Today, there are more than 450 manufacturer-identified nanotechnology-enabled products in the commercial market and over 600 raw materials, intermediate components and industrial equipment items used by nano manufacturers (U.S. EPA 2007) and many more are sure to follow, given the large investments in research, development, and commercialization. These products open a wide array of questions concerning the risk of nanomaterials to workers, consumers, and the environment and provide new challenges to regulatory agencies. If we expect to see an effective regulatory system for nanotechnology, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and other players must come together today and take the necessary steps to evaluate different approaches and move forward with a plan of action. A "strong marriage" between nanotechnology and the principles and practices of green chemistry and green engineering "holds the key to building an environmentally sustainable society in the 21st century," concludes Green Nanotechnology: It's Easier Than You Think. The report explores potentially beneficial links between nanotechnology essentially, science and engineering practiced on the molecular scale and green chemistry and engineering, which aim to minimize environmental impacts through resource-conserving and waste-eliminating improvements in processes and products. It concludes with recommendations for proactive federal policy measures to help the fast developing field of nanotechnology to "grow up" green.
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES [44]

1. Identified nanotechnology as the separation line between the present and the future, that reveals the secrets of the impact on the Domains of life . 2. Clarify the importance of nanotechnology to the field of Architecture and the integration between them to show the nanoarchitecture and focus on the influence in architecture and the architect thinking in the design of buildings . 3. Meditation for the better by using nanotechnology to achieve sustainability in architecture
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CHAPTER ONE
NANOTECHNOLOGY
N A N O T E C H N O L O G Y
CHAPTER ONE
NANOTECHNOLOGY
1.1. INTRODUCTION [8] [3]

If one were to ask at random people to identify the most pressing present and future global challenges with potential technological fixes, the list might include cheap and clean energy, increased demand for potable water, reduced environmental pollution, world hunger, national security, and cures for diseases such as cancer. Ask those same people what nanotechnology is and youre likely to get one of two responses by far the most common : I think it has something to do with tiny little machines that swim through your body and fix things? (Foresight and Governance Project 2003) This is likely to change in the next couple of years, because only one field of technical research promises to develop solutions for all the aforementioned challenges. That field is nanotechnology. Nanotechnology is an exciting area of scientific development which promises more for less. It offers ways to create smaller, cheaper, lighter and faster devices that can do more and cleverer things, use less raw materials and consume less energy. It represents a whole new method of manufacturing, which achieves control at the atomic scale. It is better described as a collection of technologies which are genuinely disruptive that is, they will render many existing technologies and processes obsolete and create entirely new types of products. Over the coming years and decades, nanotechnologies are set to make an enormous impact on manufacturing and service industries, on electronics, information technology, and on many other areas of life, from medicine to energy conservation. Just how large this impact will be is not easily quantifiable, but some forecasts have placed the worldwide market for nanotechnologyrelated products at around 105 billion by 2005 and 700 billion by 2010 . Nanotechnology has been described as a new industrial revolution.
1.2. DEFINITION OF NANO [24]

Over the past decade a new term has entered the English vocabulary and that word is nano We hear the word in movies. It is mentioned on television and in newspapers and magazines. Futurists say it will pave the way for unimaginable new possibilities. There are many different opinions about where this new field will take us, but everyone agrees that this science and the new technologies that come from it have the possibility of significantly impacting our world.
CHAPTER KEY : NANO , NANO SCALE , NANOSCIENCE , NANOTECHNOLOGY . 1
CHAPTER ONE
NANOTECHNOLOGY
1.2.1. The beginning [24] To begin, "nano" is actually a prefix that comes from the Greek word for dwarf. It simply means one billionth. So, one nanometer (1nm) is one billionth of a meter. There are three important "nano" terms to consider when you're trying to understand the increasing news coverage and scientific developments in the field of nanotechnology. These terms are:Nanoscale , Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. 1.2.2. A Word on Measurements [24] Scientists and much of the world outside of the United States measure mass, length, and volume using the metric system . Here is a list of metric measures to help those who are not familiar with this system. 1.2.3. Nano for Sience and Engineering [9] Nano-, the SI prefix meaning 10-9 - Nanometre, one billionth of a metre . -Nanosecond, one billionth of a second . Nanotechnology, extremely small technology at the nanometre scale . Nanoengineering, system of engineering on the nano ( Fig.1.2 ) List of metric (very small) scale . measures. [24] Nanotube, a nanometre-scale tube-like structure . Nanoprobe, real devices for seeing very small objects or fictional device used by the Borg (Star Trek) . Nanobe, tiny filamental structures first found in some rocks and sediments . Nanobacteria, a possible class of cell-walled microorganisms with a size much smaller than the generally accepted lower limit size for life . Nanoplankton, plankton ranging in size from 2 to 20 micrometres . Nano (text editor), a text editor originally designed to be a clone of Pico .
( Fig.1.1 ) This is how nano is represented mathematically. Ten to the negative 9th equals one billionth or 1/1,000,000,000. [24]
CHAPTER ONE
NANOTECHNOLOGY
1.2.4. Nano scale [10] Nanoscale objects have at least one dimension (height, length, depth) that measures between 1 and 999 nanometers (1-999 nm). As stated previously, a nanometer is one billionth of a meter. Everyone struggles to imagine this very small scale, but you can get an idea through comparison. Let's look at some commonplace objects. Pick up a book and look at the thickness of an individual page. The average page is about 100,000 nanometers thick. Remember, to be considered nanoscale the object must have one dimension between 1 and 999 nanometers, so this is definitely not within the nanoscale range. A very fine human hair is about 10,000 nanometers wide, which is the smallest dimension we can see with the naked eye.
( Fig.1.3 ) Images Dennis Kunkel Microscopy, Inc. to show Nanoscale area . [10]
Although technically nanoscale objects are within the 1-999 nm range, often when people refer to something as being at the nanoscale, they are speaking about objects smaller than 100 nanometers.
1.3. DEFINITION OF NANOSCIENCE [11]

The area of science where the dimensions play a critical role (in the range of 1 to 100 nanometers). When objects are below 100 nanometers in size they can exhibit unexpected chemical and physical properties. For example, you could cut a block of gold into smaller and smaller pieces and it would still have the same color, melting temperature, etc. But at certain ranges of the nanoscale, gold particles behave differently. The image below shows how gold nanoparticles of different shapes and sizes are different colors. The chemical properties (reactivity, flammability, etc.) and the physical properties (melting point, conductivity, etc.) can all change at the nanoscale. So, the properties are dependent on the size of the material. Size-dependent properties are the major reason that nanoscale objects have such amazing potential.
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( Fig.1.4 ) Silver and Gold particles have different colors depending on size and shape. Northwestern University . [11]
1.4. DEFINITION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY [12]

1.4.1. Introduction [12] Nanotechnology, shortened to "Nanotech", is the study of the control of matter on an atomic and molecular scale. Generally, nanotechnology deals with structures of the size 100 nanometers or smaller, and involves developing materials or devices within that size. Nanotechnology is very diverse, ranging from novel extensions of conventional device physics, to completely new approaches based upon molecular self-assembly, to developing new materials with dimensions on the nanoscale, even to speculation on whether we can directly control matter on the atomic scale. For example, if you take aluminum and cut it in half, it is still aluminum. But if you keep cutting aluminum in half until it has demensions on the nano scale, it becomes unstable, becomming highly reactive. This is because the molecular structure was changed. There has been much debate on the future of implications of nanotechnology. Nanotechnology has the potential to create many new materials and devices with wide-ranging applications, such as in medicine, electronics, and energy production. On the other hand, nanotechnology raises many of the same issues as with any introduction of new technology, including concerns about the toxicity and environmental impact of nanomaterials , and their potential effects on global economics, as well as speculation about various doomsday scenarios. These concerns have led to a debate among advocacy groups and governments on whether special regulation of nanotechnology is warranted.
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1.4.2. History of Nanotechnology [12] The first use of the concepts in 'nano-technology' (but pre-dating use of that name) was in "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom," a talk given by physicist Richard Feynman at an American Physical Society meeting at Caltech on December 29, 1959. Feynman described a process by which the ability to manipulate individual atoms and molecules might be developed, using one set of precise tools to build and operate another proportionally smaller set, so on down to the needed scale. In the course of this, he noted, scaling issues would arise from the changing magnitude of various physical phenomena: gravity would become less important, surface tension and Van der Waals attraction would become more important, etc. This basic idea appears plausible, and exponential assembly enhances it with parallelism to produce a useful quantity of end products. The term "nanotechnology" was defined by Tokyo Science University Professor Norio Taniguchi in a 1974 paper as follows: "'Nano-technology' mainly consists of the processing , the separation , the consolidation, and the deformation of materials by one atom or by one molecule. " In the 1980s the basic idea of this definition was explored in much more depth by Dr. K. Eric Drexler, who promoted the technological significance of nanoscale phenomena and devices through speeches and the books Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology (1986) and Nanosystems: Molecular Machinery, Manufacturing, and Computation, and so the term acquired its current sense. Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology is considered the first book on the topic of nanotechnology. Nanotechnology and nanoscience got started in the early 1980s with two major developments: the birth of cluster science and the invention of the scanning tunneling microscope (STM).
( Fig.1.5 ) Buckminsterfullerene C60, also known as the buckyball, is the simplest of the carbon structures known as fullerenes. Members of the fullerene family are a major subject of research falling under the nanotechnology umbrella. [12]
( Fig.1.6 ) Scanning tunneling microscope , with eddy current damping developed in our group. [12]
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( Fig.1.7 ) Principle of scanning tunneling microscopy: Applying a negative sample voltage yields electron tunneling from occupied states at the surface into unoccupied states of the tip. Keeping the tunneling current constant while scanning the tip over the surface, the tip height follows a contour of constant local density of states . [12] This development led to the discovery of fullerenes in 1985 and carbon nanotubes a few years later. In another development, the synthesis and properties of semiconductor nanocrystals was studied; this led to a fast increasing number of metal oxide nanoparticles of quantum dots. The atomic force microscope was invented six years after the STM was invented. In 2000, the United States National Nanotechnology Initiative was founded to coordinate Federal nanotechnology research and development. 1.4.3. Fundamental concepts
[12]
One nanometer (nm) is one billionth, or 109, of a meter. By comparison, typical carbon-carbon bond lengths, or the spacing between these atoms in a molecule, are in the range 0.120.15 nm, and a DNA double-helix has a diameter around 2 nm. On the other hand, the smallest cellular life-forms, the bacteria of the genus Mycoplasma, are around 200 nm in length. To put that scale in another context, the comparative size of a nanometer to a meter is the same as that of a marble to the size of the earth. Or another way of putting it: a nanometer is the amount a man's beard grows in the time it takes him to raise the razor to his face.
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Two main approaches are used in nanotechnology. In the "bottom-up" approach, materials and devices are built from molecular components which assemble themselves chemically by principles of molecular recognition. In the "top-down" approach, nano-objects are constructed from larger entities without atomic-level control. Areas of physics such as nanoelectronics, nanomechanics and nanophotonics have been evolved during the last decades to provide a basic scientific foundation of nanotechnology. 1.4.3.A. Larger to smaller : a materials perspective
[12]
A number of physical phomomena become pronounced as the size of the system decreases. These include statistical mechanical effects, as well as quantum mechanical effects, for example the quantum size effect where the electronic properties of solids are altered with great reductions in particle size. This effect does not come into play by going from macro to micro dimensions. However, it becomes dominant when the nanometer size range is reached.Additionally, a number of physical (mechanical, electrical, optical, etc.) properties change when compared to macroscopic systems. One example is the increase in surface area to volume ratio altering mechanical, thermal and catalytic properties of materials.Diffusion and reactions at nanoscale, nanostructures materials and nanodevices with fast ion transport are generally referred to nanoionics. Novel mechanical properties of nanosystems are of interest in the nanomechanics research. The catalytic activity of nanomaterials also opens potential risks in their interaction with biomaterials.
( Fig.1.8 ) Image of reconstruction on a clean Au(100) surface, as visualized using scanning tunneling microscopy. The positions of the individual atoms composing the surface are visible. [12]
Materials reduced to the nanoscale can show different properties compared to what they exhibit on a macroscale, enabling unique applications. For instance, opaque substances become transparent (copper); stable materials turn combustible (aluminum); solids turn into liquids at room temperature (gold); insulators become conductors (silicon). A material such as gold, which is chemically inert at normal scales, can serve as a potent chemical catalyst at nanoscales. Much of the fascination with nanotechnology stems from these quantum and surface phenomena that matter exhibits at the nanoscale.
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[12]
1.4.3.B. Simple to complex : a molecular perspective Modern synthetic chemistry has reached the point where it is possible to prepare small molecules to almost any structure. These methods are used today to produce a wide variety of useful chemicals such as pharmaceuticals or commercial polymers. This ability raises the question of extending this kind of control to the nextlarger level, seeking methods to assemble these single molecules into supramolecular assemblies consisting of many molecules arranged in a well defined manner. These approaches utilize the concepts of molecular self-assembly and/or supramolecular chemistry to automatically arrange themselves into some useful conformation through a bottom-up approach. The concept of molecular recognition is especially important: molecules can be designed so that a specific conformation or arrangement is favored due to noncovalent intermolecular forces. The Watson-Crick basepairing rules are a direct result of this, as is the specificity of an enzyme being targeted to a single substrate, or the specific folding of the protein itself. Thus, two or more components can be designed to be complementary and mutually attractive so that they make a more complex and useful whole. Such bottom-up approaches should be able to produce devices in parallel and much cheaper than top-down methods, but could potentially be overwhelmed as the size and complexity of the desired assembly increases. Most useful structures require complex and thermodynamically unlikely arrangements of atoms. Nevertheless, there are many examples of self-assembly based on molecular recognition in biology, most notably Watson-Crick basepairing and enzyme-substrate interactions. The challenge for nanotechnology is whether these principles can be used to engineer novel constructs in addition to natural ones.
( Fig.1.9 ) An example of a molecular self-assembly through hydrogen bonds reported by Meijer and coworkers. [12]
( Fig.1.10 ) An example of a supramolecular assembly reported by Atwood and coworkers in Science 2005, 309, 2037. [12]
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1.4.3.C. Molecular nanotechnology : a long-term view [12] Molecular nanotechnology, sometimes called molecular manufacturing, is a term given to the concept of engineered nanosystems (nanoscale machines) operating on the molecular scale. It is especially associated with the concept of a molecular assembler, a machine that can produce a desired structure or device atom-by-atom using the principles of mechanosynthesis. Manufacturing in the context of productive nanosystems is not related to, and should be clearly distinguished from, the conventional technologies used to manufacture nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes and nanoparticles. When the term "nanotechnology" was independently coined and popularized by Eric Drexler (who at the time was unaware of an earlier usage by Norio Taniguchi), it referred to a future manufacturing technology based on molecular machine systems. The premise was that molecular scale biological analogies of traditional machine components demonstrated molecular machines were possible: by the countless examples found in biology, it is known that sophisticated, stochastically optimised biological machines can be produced. It is hoped that developments in nanotechnology will make possible their construction by some other means, perhaps using biomimetic principles. However, Drexler and other researchers have proposed that advanced nanotechnology, although perhaps initially implemented by biomimetic means, ultimately could be based on mechanical engineering principles, namely, a manufacturing technology based on the mechanical functionality of these components (such as gears, bearings, motors, and structural members) that would enable programmable, positional assembly to atomic specification (PNAS-1981). The physics and engineering performance of exemplar designs were analyzed in Drexler's book Nanosystems. In general it is very difficult to assemble devices on the atomic scale, as all one has to position atoms are other atoms of comparable size and stickiness. Another view, put forth by Carlo Montemagno , is that future nanosystems will be hybrids of silicon technology and biological molecular machines. Yet another view, put forward by the late Richard Smalley, is that mechanosynthesis is impossible due to the difficulties in mechanically manipulating individual molecules. This led to an exchange of letters in the ACS publication Chemical & Engineering News in 2003. Though biology clearly demonstrates that molecular machine systems are possible, nonbiological molecular machines are today only in their infancy. Leaders in research on nonbiological molecular machines are Dr. Alex Zettl and his colleagues at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratories and UC Berkeley. They have constructed at least three distinct molecular devices whose motion is controlled from the desktop with changing voltage: a nanotube nanomotor, a molecular actuator, and a nanoelectromechanical relaxation oscillator.
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An experiment indicating that positional molecular assembly is possible was performed by Ho and Lee at Cornell University in 1999. They used a scanning tunneling microscope to move an individual carbon monoxide molecule (CO) to an individual iron atom (Fe) sitting on a flat silver crystal, and chemically bound the CO to the Fe by applying a voltage. 1.4.4. Current research
[12]
1.4.4.A. Nano materials [12] This includes subfields which develop or study materials having unique properties arising from their nanoscale dimensions . Interface and Colloid Science has given rise to many materials which may be useful in nanotechnology, such as carbon nanotubes and other fullerenes, and various nanoparticles and nanorods. Nanoscale materials can also be used for bulk applications; most present commercial applications of nanotechnology are of this flavor. Progress has been made in using these materials for medical applications; see Nanomedicine. Nanoscale materials are sometimes used in solar cells which combat the cost of traditional Silicon solar cells. 1.4.4.A.i. Nano material science [4] Nanomaterials are not simply another step in the miniaturization of materials. They often require very different production approaches. There are several processes to create nanomaterials, classified as top-down and bottom-up. Although many nanomaterials are currently at the laboratory stage of manufacture, a few of them are being commercialised. Below we outline some examples of nanomaterials and the range of nanoscience that is aimed at understanding their properties. As will be seen, the behaviour of some nanomaterials is well understood, whereas others present greater challenges.
( Fig.1.11 ) Bulk microstructure of a colloidal crystal composed of submicrometre amorphous hydrated colloidal silica. SEM Micrograph: R.M. Allman III, UCLA (1983). [12]
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( Fig.1.12 ) Nanomaterials categorized based on their dimensions. [4] 1.4.4.A.i.i Nanoscale in One Dimension [4] Thin films, layers and surfaces One-dimensional nanomaterials, such as thin films and engineered surfaces, have been developed and used for decades in fields such as electronic device manufacture, chemistry and engineering. In the silicon integrated-circuit industry, for example, many devices rely on thin films for their operation, and control of film thicknesses approaching the atomic level is routine. Monolayers (layers that are one atom or molecule deep) are also routinely made and used in chemistry. The formation and properties of these layers are reasonably well understood from the atomic level upwards, even in quite complex layers (such as lubricants). Advances are being made in the control of the composition and smoothness of surfaces, and the growth of films. Engineered surfaces with tailored properties such as large surface area or specific reactivity are used routinely in a range of applications such as in fuel cells and catalysts. The large surface area provided by nanoparticles, together with their ability to self assemble on a support surface, could be of use in all of these applications. Although they represent incremental developments, surfaces with enhanced properties should find applications throughout the chemicals and energy sectors. The benefits could surpass the obvious economic and resource savings achieved by higher activity and greater selectivity in reactors and separation processes, to enabling small-scale distributed processing (making chemicals as close as possible to the point of use). There is already a move in the chemical industry towards this. Another use could be the small-scale, on-site production of high value chemicals such as pharmaceuticals.
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1.4.4.A.i.ii. Nanoscale in Two Dimensions [4] Two dimensional nanomaterials such as tubes and wires have generated considerable interest among the scientific community in recent years. In particular, their novel electrical and mechanical properties are the subject of intense research. Carbon nanotubes The discovery of carbon nanotubes in 1991 opened up a new era in materials science. These incredible molecules have an array of fascinating electronic, magnetic and mechanical properties. They are at least 100 times stronger than steel, but only one-sixth as heavy so nanotube fibres could strengthen any material. Also, nanotubes can conduct heat and electricity far better than copper, and are already being used in polymers to control or enhance conductivity, and in antistatic packaging. Nanowires Nanowires are extremely narrow threads (less than 50 nm wide). They have potential to be used in nanoscale electrical devices. The vision is of electronic chips so small and cheap that they could be used in almost any way. In biology, they could form the heart of extremely sensitive biosensors, identifying molecules associated with disease or the binding of chemicals to a drug target. 1.4.4.A.i.iii. Nanoscale in Three Dimensions [4] C60/fullerenes In 1996, Sir Harry Kroto, Rick Smalley and Robert Curl won a Nobel Prize for their synthesis of a new form of carbon, C60, which they named buckminsterfullerene in
( Fig. 1.13 ) Image of Carbon Nanotube [25]
( Fig. 1.14 ) Image of Nanowires [26]
( Fig. 1.15 ) Image of C60/ fullerenes. [27]

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honour of Buckminster Fuller, the architect who pioneered the geodesic dome (as seen at the Eden Project in Cornwall, left). C60 molecules are also called buckyballs. In architecture, geodesic domes are known for their strength and lightness. The same is true of buckyballs. When fired at a stainless steel plate at 15 000 mph, they just bounce off it. And when compressed to 70 per cent of their original size, they become twice as hard as diamond. Their chemistry can also be manipulated. A version in which all of the carbon atoms are combined with hydrogen (a fuzzyball) is more slippery than Teflon just right for coating bowling balls. Nanoparticle In nanotechnology, a particle is defined as a small object that behaves as a whole unit in terms of its transport and properties. It is further classified according to size: In terms of diameter, fine particles cover a range between 100 and 2500 nanometers, while ultrafine particles, on the other hand, are sized between 1 and 100 nanometers. Similarly to ultrafine particles, nanoparticles are sized between 1 and 100 nanometers, though the size limitation can be restricted to two dimensions. Nanoparticles may or may not exhibit size-related properties that differ significantly from those observed in fine particles or bulk materials .
( Fig. 1.16 ) Image of geodesic domes by C60/ fullerenes. [28]
Nanoclusters have at least one dimension between 1 and 10 nanometers and a narrow size distribution. Nanopowders are agglomerates of ultrafine particles, nanoparticles, or nanoclusters. Nanometer sized single crystals, or single-domain ultrafine particles, are often referred to as nanocrystals. The term NanoCrystal is a registered trademark of Elan Pharma International (EPIL) used in relation to EPILs proprietary milling process and nanoparticulate drug formulations. Nanoparticle research is currently an area of intense scientific research, due to a wide variety of potential applications in biomedical, optical, and electronic fields. The National Nanotechnology Initiative has led to generous public funding for nanoparticle research in the United States. It is going to play an altruistic role in the future of this World.
( Fig. 1.17 ) Image of Nanoparticle. [29]
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1.4.4.A.ii Nanotube Applications [30] The properties of carbon nanotubes have caused researchers and companies to consider using them in several fields. For example, because carbon nanotubes have the highest strength to weight ratio of any known material, researchers at NASA are combining nanotubes with other materials into composites that can be used to build lightweight spacecraft. Another property of nanotubes is that they can easily penetrate membrances such as cell walls. In fact, nanotubes with long, narrow shape make them look like miniature needles, so it makes sense that they can function like a needle at the cellular level. Medical researchers are using this property by attaching molecules that are attracted to cancer cells to nanotubes to deliver drugs directly to the diseased cells. Another interesting property of nanotubes is that their electrical resistance changes significantly when other molecules attach themselves to the carbon atoms. Companies are using this property to develop sensors that can detect chemical vapors such as carbon monoxide or biological molecules. These are just a few of the potential uses of carbon nanotubes. The following survey of carbon nanotube applications introduces these and many other uses. A survey of carbon nanotube applications under development: Researchers and companies are working to use carbon nanotubes in various fields. The list below introduces many of these uses. - Strong, lightweight composites of carbon nanotubes and other materials that can be used to build lightweight spacecraft. - Cables made from carbon nanotubes are strong enough to be used for the Space Elevator to drastically reduce the cost of lifting people and materials into orbit. - Taking advantage of nanotubes ability to enter cancer cells by attaching targeting molecules which have an affinity to cancer cells as well as anti-cancer drugs to the nanotubes which safety transports an anti-cancer drug through the bloodstream to the tumor. - Stronger bicycle components made by adding carbon nanotubes to a matrix of carbon fibers. - Improving the healing process for broken bones by providing a carbon nanotube scaffold for new bone material to grow on. - Sensors using carbon nanotube detection elements capable of detecting a range of chemical vapors. These sensors depend upon the fact that the resistance of a carbon nanotube changes in the presence of a chemical vapor. - Static dissipative plastic molding compounds containing nanotubes that can be used to make parts such as automobile fenders that can be electrostatically painted. - Carbon nanotubes used to direct electrons to illuminate pixels, resulting in a lightweight, millimeter thick "nanoemissive" display panel. - Using carbon nanotubes to improve the efficiency of organic solar cells. - Printable electronics devices using nanotube "ink" in inkjet printers - Transparent, flexible electronic devices using arrays of nanotubes.
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1.4.4.A.iii. Nanoparticle Applications [30] The properties of many conventional materials change when formed from nanoparticles. This is typically because nanoparticles have a greater surface area per weight than larger particles; they are therefore more reactive to certain other molecules. A survey of nanoparticle applications under development: Nanoparticles are used in many fields, the list below introduces many of those uses. - Pallidium nanoparticles used in chemical vapor sensors to detect hydrogen gas. - Quantum Dots (crystalline nanoparticles) that identify the location of cancer cells in the body. - Iron nanoparticles used to clean up carbon tetrachloride pollution in ground water - Silicate nanoparticles used to provide a barrier to gasses (for example oxygen), or moisture in a plastic film used for packaging. This could reduce the possibility of food spoiling or drying out. - Zinc oxide nanoparticles dispersed in industrial coatings to protect wood, plastic and textiles from exposure to UV rays. - Silicon dioxide crystalline nanoparticles filling gaps between carbon fibers strengthen tennis racquets. - Silver nanoparticles in fabric that kill bacteria making clothing odor-resistant. - Titanium oxide nanoparticles used as a photocatalyst to remove germs and other pollutants from air - Manganese oxide nanoparticles used as a catalyst for removal of volatile organic compounds in industrial air emissions - Zinc oxide nano-wires used as detection elements in sensors capable of detecting a range of chemical vapors. 1.4.4.B. Bottom-up approaches [12] These seek to arrange smaller components into more complex assemblies. - DNA nanotechnology utilizes the specificity of Watson-Crick basepairing to construct well-defined structures out of DNA and other nucleic acids. - Approaches from the field of "classical" chemical synthesis also aim at designing molecules with welldefined shape (e.g. bis-peptides) ( Fig. 1.18 ) Sarfus image of a DNA biochip elaborated by bottom-up approach. [12]
- More generally, molecular self-assembly seeks to use concepts of supramolecular chemistry, and molecular recognition in particular, to cause single-molecule components to automatically arrange themselves into some useful conformation.
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1.4.4.C. Top-down approaches [12] These seek to create smaller devices by using larger ones to direct their assembly. Many technologies descended from conventional solid-state silicon methods for fabricating microprocessors are now capable of creating features smaller than 100 nm, falling under the definition of nanotechnology. Giant magnetoresistance-based hard drives already on the market fit this description , as do atomic layer deposition (ALD) techniques. Peter Grnberg and Albert Fert received the Nobel Prize in Physics for their discovery of Giant magnetoresistance and contributions to the field of spintronics in 2007. Solid-state techniques can also be used to create devices known as nanoelectromechanical systems or NEMS, which are related to microelectromechanical systems or MEMS.
( Fig. 1.19 ) This device transfers energy from nano-thin layers of quantum wells to nanocrystals above them, causing the nanocrystals to emit visible light. [12]
Atomic force microscope tips can be used as a nanoscale "write head" to deposit a chemical upon a surface in a desired pattern in a process called dip pen nanolithography. This fits into the larger subfield of nanolithography. Focused ion beams can directly remove material, or even deposit material when suitable precursor gases are applied at the same time. For example, this technique is used routinely to create sub-100 nm sections of material for analysis in Transmission electron microscopy. 1.4.4.D. Functional approaches [12] These seek to develop components of a desired functionality without regard to how they might be assembled. Molecular electronics seeks to develop molecules with useful electronic properties. These could then be used as single-molecule components in a nanoelectronic device. For an example see rotaxane.
( Fig. 1.20 ) Voltage-controlled switch, a molecular electronic device from 1974. [12]
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Synthetic chemical methods can also be used to create what forensics call synthetic molecular motors, such as in a so-called nanocar. 1.4.4.E. Speculative [12] These subfields seek to anticipate what inventions nanotechnology might yield, or attempt to propose an agenda along which inquiry might progress. These often take a big-picture view of nanotechnology, with more emphasis on its societal implications than the details of how such inventions could actually be created. Molecular nanotechnology is a proposed approach which involves manipulating single molecules in finely controlled, deterministic ways. This is more theoretical than the other subfields and is beyond current capabilities. Nanorobotics centers on self-sufficient machines of some functionality operating at the nanoscale. There are hopes for applying nanorobots in medicine , but it may not be easy to do such a thing because of the several drawbacks of such devices. Nevertheless, progress on innovative materials and methodologies has been demonstrated with some patents granted about new nanomanufacturing devices for future commercial applications, which also progressively helps in the development towards nanorobots with the use of embedded nanobioelectronics concept. Programmable matter based on artificial atoms seeks to design materials whose properties can be easily, reversibly and externally controlled. Due to the popularity and media exposure of the term nanotechnology, the words picotechnology and femtotechnology have been coined in analogy to it, although these are only used rarely and informally. ( Fig. 1.23 ) Future nanotechnology car. [12]
( Fig. 1.21 ) Graphical representation of a rotaxane, useful as a molecular switch. [12]
( Fig. 1.22 ) Crystal structure of rotaxane with a cyclobis(paraquat-pphenylene) macrocycle. [12]
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1.4.5. Tools and techniques [12] There are several important modern developments. The atomic force microscope (AFM) and the Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) are two early versions of scanning probes that launched nanotechnology. There are other types of scanning probe microscopy, all flowing from the ideas of the scanning confocal microscope developed by Marvin Minsky in 1961 and the scanning acoustic microscope (SAM) developed by Calvin Quate and coworkers in the 1970s, that made it possible to see structures at the nanoscale. The tip of a scanning probe can also be used to manipulate nanostructures (a process called positional assembly). Feature-oriented scanning-positioning methodology suggested by Rostislav Lapshin appears to be a promising way to implement these nanomanipulations in automatic mode. However, this is still a slow process because of the low scanning velocity of the microscope. Various techniques of nanolithography such as optical lithography ,X-ray lithography dip pen nanolithography, electron beam lithography or nanoimprint lithography were also developed. Lithography is a top-down fabrication technique where a bulk material is reduced in size to a nanoscale pattern.
( Fig. 1.24 ) Typical AFM setup. A microfabricated cantilever with a sharp tip is deflected by features on a sample surface, much like in a phonograph but on a much smaller scale. A laser beam reflects off the backside of the cantilever into a set of photodetectors, allowing the deflection to be measured and assembled into an image of the surface. [12]
Another group of nanotechnological techniques includes those used for fabrication of nanowires, those used in semiconductor fabrication such as deep ultraviolet lithography, electron beam lithography, focused ion beam machining, nanoimprint lithography, atomic layer deposition, and molecular vapor deposition, and further including molecular self-assembly techniques such as those employing di-block copolymers. However, all of these techniques preceded the nanotech era, and are extensions in the development of scientific advancements rather than techniques which were devised with the sole purpose of creating nanotechnology and which were results of nanotechnology research. The top-down approach anticipates nanodevices that must be built piece by piece in stages, much as manufactured items are made. Scanning probe microscopy is an important technique both for the characterization and synthesis of nanomaterials. Atomic force microscopes and scanning tunneling microscopes can be used to look at surfaces and to move atoms around. By designing different tips for these microscopes, they can be used for carving out structures on surfaces and to help guide self-assembling structures. By using, for example, feature-oriented scanningCHAPTER KEY : NANO , NANO SCALE , NANOSCIENCE , NANOTECHNOLOGY . 18
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positioning approach, atoms can be moved around on a surface with scanning probe microscopy techniques. At present, it is expensive and time-consuming for mass production but very suitable for laboratory experimentation. In contrast, bottom-up techniques build or grow larger structures atom by atom or molecule by molecule. These techniques include chemical synthesis, self-assembly and positional assembly. Another variation of the bottom-up approach is molecular beam epitaxy or MBE. Researchers at Bell Telephone Laboratories like John R. Arthur. Alfred Y. Cho, and Art C. Gossard developed and implemented MBE as a research tool in the late 1960s and 1970s. Samples made by MBE were key to the discovery of the fractional quantum Hall effect for which the 1998 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded. MBE allows scientists to lay down atomicallyprecise layers of atoms and, in the process, build up complex structures. Important for research on semiconductors, MBE is also widely used to make samples and devices for the newly emerging field of spintronics. Newer techniques such as Dual Polarisation Interferometry are enabling scientists to measure quantitatively the molecular interactions that take place at the nano-scale. However, new therapeutic products, based on responsive nanomaterials, such as the ultradeformable, stress-sensitive Transfersome vesicles, are under development and already approved for human use in some countries. 1.4.6. Nanotechnology Applications
[30]
1.4.6.A. Nanotechnology's potential to reduce greenhouse gases
[31]
Green House Gas (GHG) reduction was taken as the major factor in targeting environmentally beneficial nanotechnologies. Five nanotechnological applications were subject to detailed investigation: fuel additives, solar cells, the hydrogen economy, batteries and insulation.
1) Fuel additives:
2) Solar cells:
Nanoparticle additives have been shown to increase the fuel efficiency of diesel engines by approximately 5% which could result in a maximum savinga of 2 3 millions of tonnes (Mte) per annum of CO2 in the UK. This could be implemented immediately across the UK diesel powered fleet. However this must be tempered by concerns about the health impact of free nanoparticles in diesel exhaust gases. Recommendations include: Comprehensive toxicological testing and subsidized independent performance tests to validate environmental benefit. The high prices of solar cells are inhibiting their installation into distributed power generation, preventing increased energy generation from renewables. Nanotechnology may deliver more benefits in significantly decreasing the cost of production of solar cells.
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3) The hydrogen economy:
4) Batteries and supercapacitors:
Conservatively, if a distributed solar generation grid met 1% of our electricity demand, approximately 1.5 Mte per annum of CO2 could be saved. The major barrier to this technology is the incorporation of the nanotechnology into the solar cell, not the nanotechnology itself. The UK is one of the world leaders in understanding the fundamental physics of solar cells, but we lack the skills that allow us to transfer our science base into workable prototypes. Recommendations include: Develop programmes and facilities for taking fundamental research through to early stage prototypes where established mechanisms can be employed to commercialise new technologies. Develop centre of excellence in photovoltaics (either from existing centres or completely new) which allows cross fertilisation of ideas from different scientific disciplines. Hydrogen powered vehicles could eliminate all noxious emissions from road transport, which would improve public health. If the hydrogen were generated via renewable means or using carbon capture and storage, all CO2 emissions from transport could be eliminated (132 Mte per annum). Using current methods of hydrogen generation, significant savings in carbon dioxide (79 Mte per annum) can be made. The hydrogen economy is estimated to be 40 years away from potential universal deployment. Nanotechnology is central to developing efficient hydrogen storage (which is likely to be the largest barrier to wide scale use). Nanotechnology is also a lead candidate in improving the efficiency of the fuel cells and in developing a method for renewable hydrogen production. Although we do not have, in global terms, a substantial automotive R&D base, the international nature of these companies will allow ready integration of UK innovation into transport. Recommendations include: Consider the use of public procurement to fund hydrogen powered urban public transport to create a market and infrastructure for hydrogen powered transport. Continue to fund large demonstration projects and continue R&D support. Recent advances in battery technology have made the range and power of electric vehicles more practical. Issues still surround the charge time. Nanotechnology may provide a remedy to this problem by allowing electric vehicles to be recharged in much more quickly. If low carbon electricity generation techniques are used, CO2 from private transport could be eliminated (resulting in a maximum potential saving of 64 Mte per annum) or, using the current energy mix, maximum savings of 42 Mte per annum of carbon dioxide could be made. Without nanotechnology, electric vehicles are likely to remain a niche market due to the issues of charge time. Significant infrastructural investment will be required to develop recharging stations throughout the UK. Recommendations include: Fiscal incentives to purchasers such as the congestion charge scheme, fast track schemes for commercialisation and cultivation of links with automotive multinationals.
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5) Insulation.
Cavity and loft insulation are cheap and effective; however, there are not easy methods for insulating solid walled buildings, which currently make up approximately one third of the UKs housing stock. Nanotechnology may provide a solution which, if an effective insulation could be found with similar properties to standard cavity insulation, could result in emission reductions equivalent to a maxim potential of 3 Mte per year. Ultra thin films on windows to reduce heat loss already exist on the market. There are claims that nano-enabled windows are up to twice as efficient as required by current building standards. However, industry believes that significant further insulative savings in glass maybe made instead using aerogels, which themselves are nanostructures. Recommendations include: Fund a DTI Technology Programme call on novel insulation material for solid walled buildings and include in government estate procurement specifications highly insulating nanotechnology based windows.
Impact of Infrastructural Benefit (Mte Timescale for nanotech changes 2 CO2 per Implementain area 1 annum) 3 tion (yrs) 4 Fuel efficiency Critical Low <3 <5 Insulation Moderate Low <3 38 Photovoltaics High Moderate c.6 >5 Electricity storage High High 1042 1040 Hydrogen Economy Critical Very high 29120 2040 [31] ( Fig.1.25 ) Summary of environmentally beneficial nanotechnologies. 1 Impact of nanotechnology describes the effect nanotechnology is likely to have in the area compared to other technologies. 2 Infrastructural changes indicate the effort bring the nanotechnology to market. 3 Benefit is the estimate of the maximum potential CO2 saving by implementing the technology. 4 Timescale for implementation is the projected distance (in years) before the technology will be fully implemented. 1.4.6.B. Nanotechnology in Medicine [30] Applications of nanotechnology in medicine currently being developed involve employing nano particles to deliver drugs, heat, light or other substances to specific cells in the human body. Engineering particles to be used in this way allow the detection and/or treatment of diseases or injuries within the targeted cells, thereby minimizing the damage to healthy cells in the body. The longer range future of nanotechnology in medicine is referred to as nanomedicine. This involves the use of manufactured nano-robots to make repairs at the cellular level.
Application
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1.4.6.C. Nanotechnology in Electronics [30] How can nanoelectronics improve the capabilities of electronic components? Nanoelectronics holds some answers for how we might increase the capabilities of electronic devices while we reduce their weight and power consumption. Some of the nanoelectronics areas under development, which you can explore in more detail by following the links provided in the next section, include:

Improving display screens on electronic devices. This involves reducing power consumption while decreasing the weight and thickness of the screens. Increasing the density of memory chips. Researchers are developing a type of memory chip with a projected density of one terabyte of memory per square inch or greater. Reducing the size of transistors used in integrated circuits.
1.4.6.D. Nanotechnology and Space [30] Nanotechnology may hold the key to making space-flight more practical. Advancements in nanomaterials make lightweight solar sails and a cable for the space elevator possible. By significantly reducing the amount of rocket fuel required, these advances could lower the cost of reaching orbit and traveling in space. In addition, new materials combined with nanosensors and nanorobots could improve the performance of spaceships, spacesuits, and the equipment used to explore planets and moons, making nanotechnology an important part of the final frontier. 1.4.6.E. Air Pollution and Nanotechnology [30] How can nanotechnology reduce air pollution? There are two major ways in which nanotechnology is being used to reduce air pollution: catalysts, which are currently in use and constantly being improved upon; and nano-structured membranes, which are under development. Catalysts can be used to enable a chemical reaction (which changes one type of molecule to another) at lower temperatures or make the reaction more effective. Nanotechnology can improve the performance and cost of catalysts used to transform vapors escaping from cars or industrial plants into harmless gases.That's because catalysts made from nanoparticles have a greater surface area to interact with the reacting chemicals than catalysts made from larger particles. The larger surface area allows more chemicals to interact with the catalyst simultaneously, which makes the catalyst more effective. Nanostructured membranes, on the other hand, are being developed to separate carbon dioxide from industrial plant exhaust streams. The plan is to create a method that can be implemented in any power plant without expensive retrofitting.
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1.4.6.F. Water Pollution and Nanotechnology [30] How can nanotechnology be used to reduce water pollution? Nanotechnology is being used to develop solutions to three very different problems in water quality. One challenge is the removal of industrial water pollution, such as a cleaning solvent called TCE, from ground water. Nanoparticles can be used to convert the contaminating chemical through a chemical reaction to make it harmless. Studies have shown that this method can be used successfully to reach contaminates dispersed in underground ponds and at much lower cost than methods which require pumping the water out of the ground for treatment. The challenge is the removal of salt or metals from water. A deionization method using electrodes composed of nano-sized fibers shows promise for reducing the cost and energy requirements of turning salt water into drinking water. The third problem concerns the fact that standard filters do not work on virus cells. A filter only a few nanometers in diameter is currently being developed that should be capable of removing virus cells from water. 1.4.6.G. Nanotechnology and Chemical Sensors [30] Nanotechnology can enable sensors to detect very small amounts of chemical vapors. Various types of detecting elements, such as carbon nanotubes, zinc oxide nanowires or palladium nanoparticles can be used in nanotechnology-based sensors. Because of the small size of nanotubes, nanowires, or nanoparticles, a few gas molecules are sufficient to change the electrical properties of the sensing elements. This allows the detection of a very low concentration of chemical vapors. 1.4.6.H. Nanotechnology and Fabric [30] How can nanotechnology improve fabric? Making composite fabric with nano-sized particles or fibers allows improvement of fabric properties without a significant increase in weight, thickness, or stiffness as might have been the case with previously-used techniques. For example incorporating nano-whiskers into fabric used to make pants produces a lightweight water and stain repellent material.
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1.4.7. World Leaders in Nanotechnology Research [41] Whilst commentators have suggested that the U.S. does not dominate nanotechnology research or have a commanding lead as it was for other S&T (science and technology ) megatrends , it would appear that the U.S. has a very strong position in health-related nanotechnology. However, the 2004 data shows China catching up to the U.S. in health-related nanotechnology patenting, with 123 patents, compared with 128 for the U.S. Third placed Germany produced 39 patents .
( Fig.1.26 ) 2004 Distribution of health-related nanotechnology patent activity by country [41]
1.4.8. Distribution of Health-Related Patents by Continent [41] When we look at the distribution of health-related patents, by continent , we see little separating Europe (36.7%), North America (34.2%) and Asia (28.8%). The large involvement of Asia suggests that nanotechnology may be the first widespread technology in which Asian countries have a foundational role. Competition, arising from a relatively evenly distribution of patents across the three continents will probably lead to a more rapid development of nanotechnology but may do little for partnership outside these regions .
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Few or no patents are held in Oceania (0.2%) South America (0.1%) and Africa (0%). This furthers our earlier claims that a nano-divide may exist within the developing world highlighting the continental divide in health-related nanotechnology patenting.
( Fig.1.27 ) Global distribution of nanotechnology health-related patents share , by region. [41] 1.4.9. Are there risks from nanotechnology? [13]
Some engineered nanoparticles, including carbon nanotubes, although offering tremendous opportunities also may pose risks which have to be addressed sensibly in order that the full benefits can be realized. We have all learned how to handle electricity, gas, steam and even cars, airplanes and mobile phones in a safe manner because we need their benefits. The same goes for engineered nanoparticles. Mostly they will be perfectly safe, embedded within other materials, such as polymers. There is some possibility that free nanoparticles of a specific length scales may pose health threats if inhaled, particularly at the manufacturing stage. Industry and government are very conscious of this, are funding research into identifying particles that may pose a hazard to health or the environment, and how these risks may be quantified, and minimized over the whole lifecycle of a given nanoparticle. There is no doubt that nanotechnology has great potential to bring benefits to society over a wide range of applications, but it is recognized that care has to be taken to ensure these advances come about in as safe a manner as possible.
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1.5. CONCLUSION [14]

It would be difficult to deny the potential benefits of nanotechnology and stop development of research related to it since it has already begun to penetrate many different fields of research. However, nanotechnology can be developed using guidelines to insure that the technology does not become too potentially harmful. As with any new technology, it is impossible to stop every well funded organization which may seek to develop the technology for harmful purposes. However, if the researchers in this field put together an ethical set of guidelines (e.g., Molecular Nanotechnology Guidelines6) and follow them, then we should be able to develop nanotechnology safely while still reaping its promised benefits.
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N A N O A R C H I T E C T U R E
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2. NANOARCHITECTURE
2.1. INTRODUCTION [15] Nanotechnology will have profound effects on the way we live. Already, developments are underway for newfound uses. For the architecture profession, nanotechnology will greatly impact construction materials and their properties. Materials will behave in many different ways as we are able to more precisely control their properties at the nano-scale. Carbon nanotubes are a great example of how useful materials are being developed. This material is said to be one hundred times stronger than steel because of its ( Fig. 2.1 ) Image: Polypeptide molecular perfection as explained in the paper Year Organic Nanotube 2050: Cities in the Age of Nanotechnology by Peter Nanotechnology BC Crandall [15] Yeadon. In addition, because carbon atoms can bond with other matter; such material can be an insulator, semi-conductor or conductor of electricity. As a result, carbon nanotubes will have significant influence on the architecture industry as such materials can act as a switchable conduit, a light source, a generator of energy and even a conveyor of matter. As materials gain such transient features, architectural design and construction will evolve. By transforming the essential properties of matter, nanotechnology will be able to change the way we build. For instance, structures will be constructed from the bottom-up because materials like carbon nanotubes can self-assemble. Nanotechnology will profoundly affect the industry of architecture at all scales; and, interior design, building design and city design will all benefit. Architecture will have the ability to function at more optimum levels revolutionizing the way inhabitants live. In the book, Nanotechnology: Molecular Speculations on Global Abundance, architectural uses that will arise as a result of the nanotechnology revolution are explained. Windows with variable transparency, walls with variable transparency and mood/context sensitive clothing are all included. Generally speaking, nanotechnology will give architecture superior interactive functions as occupants select and communicate what transient states they would like to experience. As new materials and construction methods emerge, the advent of everyday use of nanotechnology will definitely unleash the designers imagination.
CHAPTER KEY : DIGITAL ARCHITECTURE , NANOARCHITECTURE , (N.A.) APPLICATION
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2.2. DIGITAL ARCHITECTURE [16]

CG artists provide other-worldly inspiration for architecture. Inspiration comes from many places but more often than not, it comes from the inspired. Perhaps this is why CGSociety and NVIDIA held their artspace|Architecture and Landscape Digital Design competition earlier this year.While more typically associated with the worlds of gaming and cinematic effects, hundreds of CG designers had a go at showing us what future and other-worldly landscapes could look like, if we just used a little more imagination. More and more, gaming is about telling a story and the more dramatic the better. The NVArt competition allowed digital artists to inject life into stationary structures, adding narrative to help define the structures and to stretch the technical boundaries of design. But while by today's abilities the designs are unlikely to reach fruition, they also exhibit a strong regard for contemporary architectural considerations. In the third place, citing inspiration from Zaha Hadid, is 'Mega Village 2108'. This spiral design reaches up from a single-point base, defying gravity as it heads horizontally across a valley-scape. The design's artist explains that advances in technology could allow similar structures to exist in the future: In the near future new materials like carbon nano tubes make new kinds of buildings possible, 50 times stronger and many times lighter than steel. "This mega village houses half a million people , With a very small footprint and the majority of travel in and out done by air, this building has very little negative impact in the surrounding environment, says Xdroo. One of several designs which did not receive a prize but did receive a notable mention was 'Solaric Glass Anemone Structure II'. This design is certainly one of the most awe-inspiring, bestowing a wonderfully realistic sheen onto the dark glass clover
( Fig. 2.2 ) 1st place: Complex at the Centre of the Universe by Staszek Marek, Poland. [16]
( Fig. 2.3 ) 2nd Place : The Great Bayan by Sergey Skachkov RUSSIA. [16]
( Fig. 2.4 ) 3rd place : Mega Village 2108 by Andrew Barton GREAT BRITAIN. [16]
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petal-like design. Inspired by nature, the structure represents an oxymoron in an overbearing black anemone design with smooth, rounded spines.With a nearly concealed entrance at the mouth of the structure the Anemone is perhaps the greatest example of art replicating life in the competition. Combining the concepts of technology and nature in a masterplan snippet is '5:45 to Santa Monica: now boarding!'. This design features the use of nano technology in creating man-made structures which are symbiotic with nature. The world I am presenting is a result of symbiotic relationship between organisms that we could help evolve and grow to provide us with structural support, shelter, a framework for our living and working spaces without destroying them in the process as we have been doing for centuries. Bridging the virtual world and reality, artspace, Architecture and Landscape Digital Art Competition showcases a world of inspiration for architects and designers alike whilst also creating a space for debate and discussion. The designs showcase a fusion of fantasy and reality with a futuristic understanding of architecture and upcoming technology. 2.2.1. DIGITALLY GROWN BOTANIC TOWER [17] ARCHITECT PROJECT LOCATION BUILDING TYPE DENNIS DOLLENS BARCELONA MIXED USE
( Fig. 2.5 ) In a Beautiful Place out in the Country Colin Cassidy GREAT BRITAIN. [16]
( Fig. 2.6 ) Heaven in desert Tolgahan Gngr TURKEY. [16]
The project illustrated here, beginning with the red sequence of generative elements, shows these early prototype growths as elements of experimental botanic architecture considered for a site near Soleris existing Arcologies. Modeled after a living plants roots, the digital roots seen in the illustrations anchor the building and then develop into a branching building frame, astatically but structurally allied to an engineered building frame. ( Fig. 2.7 ) Botanic tower elevation with its natural inspiration. [17]
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At the tip of the roots and the tip of the branches, the structure grows water storage tanks underground, then, at the skyline, leaves are hybridized into solar panels. For building access and circulation a series of seedpods are morphed into a double, spiraling stairway; while a second set of flower pods are morphed into domestic or office space. In an elemental way, this project becomes an experiment not only in generative forms based on plant attributes, it illustrates one of the potential design paths open for developing bio-related typologies for bio-architecture. Most importantly, unlike most new digital architecture, it is not a digital shell supported by existing building techniques and old construction technologies.
( Fig. 2.8 ) Botanic tower on site. [17]
The Arizona Tower begins to align its own digital production and formal logic with its inherited botanic form reinterpreted and grown with computational systems for digital production with natural, non-toxic, biomimetic materials. 2.2.2. DUBAI WATERFRONT HOTEL [1] ARCHITECT PROJECT LOCATION BUILDING TYPE JERRY TATE ARCHITECTS DUBAI, UAE HOTEL
This proposal for a high-rise hotel tower in Dubai reconceives the arrangement and construction of a skyscraper by observing the fundamental concepts of structure, circulation and environmental conditioning that are found in nature. The forms of individual modules were derived from studies of insect exoskeletons and wing structures. Mimicking the complexity of a natural ecosystem there are no abrupt transitions between discrete spaces.
( Fig. 2.9 ) DUBAI WATERFRONT HOTEL Model view. [1]
Instead a smooth transformation between module variants produces a multifarious range of 'alternative' or unique spaces, able to accommodate the wide range of functions in a hotel.
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( Fig. 2.10 ) Tower structure. [1]
( Fig. 2.11 ) Interior view. [1]
2.3. DEFINITION OF NANO ARCHITECTURE [32]
Nanotechnology + Architecture = Nano Architecture The biggest plans for the future of our built environment are actually very, very small. The eight billion dollar per year nanotechnology industry has already begun to transform our buildings and how we use them; if its potential becomes reality, it could transform our world in ways undreamed of. ( Fig. 2.12 ) Plans for the future of Nanotechnology has the potential to radically alter our our built environment. [32] built environment and how we live. It is potentially the most transformative technology we have ever faced, generating more research and debate than nuclear weapons, space travel, computers or any of the other technologies that have shaped our lives. It brings with it enormous questions, concerns and consequences. It raises hopes and fears in every aspect of our lives social, economic, cultural, political, and spiritual. Yet its potential to transform our built environment remains largely unexplored. What, for instance, is the future of building if each of us possesses thermoprotectant skins that shelter us from the elements? How do we interact with our environment, and with each other, if walls and roofs become paper-thin, permeable, or even invisible?
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2.4. NANOTECHNOLOGY: A SCIENCE IMPACTING ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN [18]

We live in an age where scientific progress continues to transform human lifestyle. This is evermore true when it comes to the progress being made in the field of nanotechnology. This science stands to change and advance the practice of design in a multitude of ways where architectural progress is being made at the molecular level. The paper NanoBioBuilding: Nanotechnology, Biotechnology, and the Future of Building by Dr. George Elvin states that architects and other designers will become increasingly ignorant of the composition and consequences of the materials they use. He explains that some designers are familiar with self- ( Fig. 2.13 ) Image: Nanotube | Ynse cleaning windows and smog-eating concrete, but | Dreamstime. [18] only a handful of designers could state that titanium dioxide nanoparticles are responsible for these behavioral materials. This is why it is so important for designers to keep informed of scientific developments. A design area that will be influenced by nanotechnology is the smart environment. Here, tiny embedded nanosensors will make architectural features responsive. Communication will occur between object and object, between occupant and object, between object and environment and between occupant and environment. As new materials gain more transient properties, objects and architectural features will impact the process of design by making fields of interaction a major focus. By working on fields of interaction architecture professionals will have some framework by which to design for dynamic environments. Since smart architecture will be changing states and communicating heavily, architects will likely focus on relationships as much as they focus on designed forms during the design stage. It is likely that both forms and their relationships will make up rule-based systems by which smart architectural spaces can function. The science of nanotechnology continues to progress and the design field stands to benefit. As nanotechnology develops, new architectural techniques will surface. It is my belief that design creativity will reach new heights as innovative nanomaterials and nanosensors come together to give designers a renewed palette.
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2.5. NANOTECHNOLOGY, ARCHITECTURE AND FUTURE OF THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT [33]

Small Plans addresses questions about nanotechnology and the built environment at three levels. First, what role does nanotechnology play today in architecture? Many nano-engineered materials are already available to architects and builders, and are beginning to transform our buildings, what we can do in them, and what they can do for us. Looking further ahead, new nanotechnologies now in research and development will likely have a huge impact on building within the next twenty to fifty years. Carbon nanotubes, for example, could bring unprecedented strength and flexibility to our buildings, leading to new forms, new functions, and new relationship between people, building and environment. On the far horizon, the full impact of nanotechnology on our lives and our environment into the next century and beyond is almost unimaginable. Theromprotectant skins, invisible walls and self-replicating structures are all well within the realm of possibility; the social, ethical and environmental effects are equally unimaginable and yet real. Perhaps this is the promise and the peril of nanotechnology , that its consequences are so extreme and yet so near, as billions of dollars pour into new research and development every year and new advances pour out. The real danger in nanotechnology is not rampant self-replicating viruses or nanobots overunning the planet; the real danger is that, as most of us experienced wit cloning, we will awake one day to find that a technological revolution has already occurred, without our knowledge or our consent, and without us even taking time to determine what we think about it, how we feel about it, or to share those thoughts and feelings in the discourse critical to a reasoned advance in technology. That day is coming sooner than we think. With its dawn will come new challenges and new relationships between people, buildings and environment. Today is the day to reflect and to discuss what those new challenges and relationships could be. Winston Churchill was not thinking about nanotechnology when he said we shape our buildings and our buildings shape us, but its power to transform us and our buildings brings new urgency to the shaping. Nanotechnology gives unprecedented power to the architects and engineers shaping our world, and the result could be buildings that shape us, as well as our relationships with each other and our environment, in ways that Churchill never could have envisioned.
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The aim of Small Plans is to kick-start your thinking about nanotechnology and its potential impact on the buildings that shape you, not by forecasting the future , this technology is much too unpredictable for that , but by laying out a realm of possibilities for nanotechnology, architecture and the future of the built environment. These possibilities become almost infinite as we try to extrapolate the impact if nanotechnology fifty or one hundred years from now, so these long-range scenarios are tempered by a closer look at the more immediate impact of nanotechnology and the potential impact of technologies now in research and development. At each stage the personal, social, ethical and environmental consequences are explored because these are the real and significant questions that nanotechnology raises. Nanotechnology will transform our built environment; it is essential that we use it to shape one that is healthier, more comfortable and more humane. Without forethought, dialogue and debate we may awake one day to find that we have already been shaped by it.
2.6. Form Follows Function? [2]

In architecture two fundamentally different design approaches prevail when dealing with materials and surfaces: A-Honesty of Materials what you see is what you get: This approach is favoured by those architects for whom authenticity is a priority and who value high-quality materials such as natural stone or solid woods. B-Fakes artificial surfaces that imitate natural materials: For the most part, fake materials are chosen for cost reasons. Wood, whether in the form of veneer or synthetic wood-effect plastics, is considerably cheaper than solid wood. Even concrete or venerable walls can be had en plastique.
(Fig.2.14) Fakes laminates that simulate real materials. Real wood exhibits other haptic, acoustic and sensory properties than wood imitations. [2]
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Artificial surfaces are brought to perfection the grain can be tailored to appear exactly as desired, the color matches the sample precisely and does not change over the course of time. More and more patinated surfaces are being created that exhibit artificial aging: instant patinas precisely controllable. Certain design approaches prefer the provocation of deliberate artificiality. In future, a third option will be available: C-Functional nanosurfaces, emancipated from underlying materials: The properties of such ultra-thin surfaces can differ entirely from the material they enclose and can be transparent and completely invisible. Also possible are nanocomposites with new properties: nano particles or other nanomaterials are integrated into conventional materials so that the characteristics of the original material are not only improved but can be accorded new functional properties or even be made multifunctional. Surface materials that are customized to have specific functional properties are set to become the norm, heralding a switch from catalogue materials to made-to-measure materials with definable combination of properties a perfectly modular system. Nanomaterials can extend our design possibilities. The aging process becomes a question of time frame it can set in earlier or later according to the material chosen. Likewise, aesthetic, functional and emotional qualities can be expressed more easily it is simply a matter of choice. As such, "Form Follows Function applies more than ever and for all kinds of building tasks.
2.7. NANO ARCHITECTURE APPLICATION [34]

Nanotechnology, the ability to manipulate matter at the scale of less than one billionth of a meter, has the potential to transform the built environment in ways almost unimaginable today. Nanotechnology is already employed in the manufacture of everyday items from sunscreen to clothing, and its introduction to architecture is not far behind. On the near horizon, it may take building enclosure materials (coatings, panels and insulation) to dramatic new levels of performance in terms of energy, light, security and intelligence. Even these first steps into the world of nanotechnology could dramatically alter the nature of building enclosure and the way our buildings relate to environment and user. At mid-horizon, the development of carbon nanotubes and other breakthrough materials could radically alter building design and performance. The entire distinction between structure and skin, for example, could disappear as ultralight, super-strong materials functioning as both structural skeleton and enclosing skin are developed.
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2.7.1. MATERIALS [2] 2.7.1.A. Self-cleaning: Lotus-Effect: [2] -Microscopically rough, not smooth. -Hydrophobic water trickles off. This is one of the best-known means of designing surfaces with nonmaterials. The name LotusEffect is evocative, conjuring up associations of beads of water droplets, and therefore the effect is often confused with Easy-to-clean surfaces or with photocatalysis, which is also self-cleaning. Self-cleaning surfaces were investigated back in the 1970s by the botanist Wilhelm Barthlott. He examined a self cleaning effect that can be observed not only in Lotus leaves. They exhibit a microscopically rough waterrepellent (hydrophobic) surface, which is covered with tiny knobbles or spikes so that there is little contact surface for water to settle on. Due to this microstructure surfaces that are already hydrophobic are even less wettable. The effect of the rough surface is strengthened still further by a combination of wax (which is also hydrophobic) on the tips of the knobbles on the Lotus leaves and self-healing mechanisms, which results in a perfect, super-hydrophobic serf cleaning surface. Artificial lotus surfaces, created with the help of nanotechnology, do not as yet have any selfhealing capabilities, but they can offer an effective means of self-cleaning when properly applied. The Lotus-Effect is most well suited for surfaces that are regularly exposed to sufficient quantities of water, e.g. rainwater. Small quantities of water often lead to water droplet runways forming or drying stains, which may leave a surface looking dirtier rather than cleaner. Without the presence of water, the use of such surfaces makes little sense. (Fig.2.17) Wood can be given an extremely water-repellent self-cleaning surface. By creating nanostructures similar to those of the Louts plant on the surface of the wood, the contact area between water & wood is minimized and surface adhesion reduced. Water rolls off instead of penetrating the wood. [2]
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(Fig.2.15) A microscopic view of a water droplet resting on superhydrophobic and visibly knobbly surface. [2]
(Fig.2.16) The surface of self-cleaning material is covered with 5-10 micrometer high knobbles, here enlarged, which themselves are covered with a nanostructure and have waxy tips. [2]
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In all areas not subject to mechanical wear and tear, the Lotus- Effect drastically reduces the cleaning requirement and surfaces that are regularly exposed to water remain clean. The advantages are self-evident: a cleaner appearance and considerably reduced maintenance demands. In the following pages is an example for the use of the self-cleaning Lotus Effect applied on a building surface for a better optimal use and low maintenance faades:
(Fig.2.18) The diagram shows clearly the difference between conventional surfaces and the Lotus-Effect. [2]
Ara Pacis Museum, Rome, Italy: Richard Meier & Partners, NYC, USA Architecture Lotusan, self-cleaning paint (Lotus-Effect) Product Sto Manufacturer 2006 Opened After ten years of construction and political debate, the Pacis Museum is now home to an archaeological highlight in Rome. A tripartite building complex consists of an entrance gallery with an urban square in front, the main building with the exhibits, conference rooms and restaurant as well as further areas with space for temporary exhibitions, library and offices. The monument itself, the Pax Augusta, is now contained within a transparent glazed part of the building and protected against damage from the environment. The remainder of the building is characterized by large blocks of travertine, typical for Rome, and surfaces clad in white as typical Meiers architecture. Here self-cleaning coating has been invisibly integrated into the white surfaces to ensure the durability of their color. In the heavily polluted city, it would not otherwise have stood much chance of remaining white for long.
(Fig.2.19.A) Ara Pacis Museum exterior. [2]
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(Fig.2.19.C) Ara Pacis interior exhibition halls. [2]
(Fig.2.19.B) Ara Pacis Museum. [2]
2.7.1.B. Self-cleaning: Photocatalysis: [2] -Hydrophobic surfaces. -Deposited dirt is broken down and lies loose on the surface. -A water film washes dirt away. -UV light and water are required. -Reduces maintenance requirements. Photocatalytic self-cleaning is probably the most widely used nano-function in building construction. There are numerous buildings around the world that make use of this function. Its primary effect is that it greatly reduces the extent of dirt adhesion on surfaces. It is important to note that the term self-cleaning in this context is misleading and does not mean, as commonly assumed , that a surface need not be cleaned at all. The interval between cleaning cycles can, however, be extended significantly, a fact that is particularly relevant in the context of facility management. Fewer detergents are required, resulting in less environmental pollution and less wear and tear of materials. Likewise reduced cleaning cycles lead to savings in personnel costs and the fact that the dirt adheres less means that it is also easier to remove. A further advantage is that light transmission for glazing and translucent membrane is improved as daylight is obscured less by surface dirt and grime. Energy costs for lighting can be reduced accordingly.
(Fig.2.20) Before & After: On conventional tiles, water forms droplets that dry leaving behind dirt deposits. On the hydrophilic surfaces of photocatalytic tiles, water forms a film that runs off taking any loose dirt deposits with it. [2]
(Fig.2.21) Oleophobic surfaces are resistant against oils and fats. [2]
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For the function to work, UV light present in normal daylight is sufficient to activate the photcatalytic reaction. Organic dirt on the surface of a material is decomposed with the help of a catalyst usually titanium dioxide which has been used in all kinds of products. At a nanoscalar dimension, titanium appears no longer white but transparent, and its also hydrophilic. Photocatalytic surface coatings are often applied to faade panels made of glass or ceramics or to membranes. As the self-cleaning effect doesnt function without water, eaves should be designed so that they do not prevent rainwater or dew from reaching the faade. It is also necessary in glazing to abstain from the use of silicon-based seals because the oils they contain transfer to the glass and are incompatible with the surface coating, rendering it partially hydrophobic and resulting in unsightly streaking. In production, it is only economical for massproduced glass as the coating is usually applied in the factory using chemical vapor deposition (CVD), a vacuum coating technique in which an ultra-thin coating is applied in vapor form. Such coatings cannot be retrofitted. However, this does not limit its application exclusively to large buildings; it can be equally appropriate for example for conservatories and winter gardens. In road buildings , the transparent coating can also be used ; for example , for noise barriers. Tiles with baked-on durable coatings are available for use both indoors and outdoors. Likewise, concrete, can also be equipped with a self-cleaning surface. Photocatalytic glass can be combined with other typically functions such as solar-protection glass. The market for self-cleaning coatings is expanding most rapidly in Kapan, where it has become common practice in many cases for new glazed facades. Photocatalysis can also be used to achieve airpurifying, water-purifying as well as antimicrobial properties.
(Fig.2.22) The diagram shows the basic process: Organic dirt & grime is broken down and decomposed. Until now UV light, such as present in sunlight, is necessary to initiate photocatalysis. When water impacts on the surface, it spreads to form a film washing away the loose dirt. The result: clean surfaces. [2]
(Fig.2.23) TiO2 and PVC coated white membranes in weathering tests. The difference is readily apparent: after 5 months the former is still white, the latter grey & unsightly. [2]
(Fig.2.24) These roof tiles, which have been on the market for some time, have self-cleaning properties thanks to photocatalysis. [2]
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An interesting application is the exploitation of the cooling effect of evaporating water. The canvas and steel roofing as well as the windows of a trade fair pavilion in Japan (Expo 2005) were equipped with a photocatalytic TiO2 coating and subjected to a constant stream of water. Duo to the hydrophilic property of the surface, the water immediately formed a thin film, which evaporates quickly absorbing in the process ambient warmth and thereby reducing the indoor temperature. Initial estimates suggest a potential energy reduction of between 10-20% in comparison to conventional air conditioning. Narita International Airport of Tokyo, Terminal 1, Chiba, Japan: Nikken Sekkei Ltd., Japan Architecture Ever Fine Coat/TiO2 photocatalytic self-cleaning membrane Product Taiyo Kogyo Corporation Manufacturer 2006 Opened 6.250m2 Area
In 2006, The Narita International Airport underwent comprehensive renovation. In the process large were covered with textile. Membranes offer protection against the weather and therefore improving comfort for the passengers. As the membranes are equipped with a photocatalytic self-cleaning coating, the cost of cleaning and maintenance is kept to a minimum. In central areas of Tokyo, the use of selfcleaning awnings has been common practice for several years and they have proven to remain much cleaner than their conventional counterparts. Although conventional surface coating, glass, PTFE or ETFE materials are also self-cleaning, they are not able to stop dirt deposits from accumulating. (Fig.2.25) Narita International Airport. [2]
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MSV Arena Soccer Stadium, Duisburg, Germany: ar.te.plan, Burkhard Grimm, Michael Stehle, Dortmund, Germany Architecture Pilkington Activ, photocatalytic self-cleaning glass Product Pilkington Deutschland AG/Pilkington Group Manufacturer 2004 Opened 18.0000m2 traffic area Area A new soccer stadium was built in the centre of the Ruhr conurbation to house 30.000 fans of the MSV, the Duisburg soccer club. More than 15.000m3 of concrete were used, 3500 tons of steel reinforcement, around 30 steel pylons and last but not least 7.500m2 of turf (heated from beneath) were laid and an almost 40m2 large screen was erected. 1.500m2 of glass were needed for the impressive 120m wide glass and aluminum faade. By using a photocatalytic self-cleaning glass, the cleaning interval could be lengthened considerably. In addition to its self-cleaning function, the glass wall also offers solar protection and noise insulating properties.
(Fig.2.26) MSV Arena Soccer Stadium. [2] 2.7.1.C. Easy-to-clean (ETC): [2] -Smooth surfaces with reduced surface attraction. -Surface repellence without using the Lotus-Effect. So-called easy-to-clean (ETC) surfaces are waterrepellent and accordingly are often confused with other self-cleaning functions such as the Lotus Effect. However, unlike the latter, easy-to-clean surfaces are smooth rather than rough. These surfaces have a lower force of surface attraction due to a decrease in their surface energy, resulting in reduced surface adhesion. This causes water to be repelled, forming droplets and running off. Easy-to clean surfaces are therefore hydrophobic, and often also oleophobic.
(Fig.2.27) Roll-out marble impactresistant, fire-resistant, vapour permeable and yet water-repellent & easy-to-clean. The product consists of 4 layers: 1-flexible polymer matting as backing 2-colored ceramic material is applied 3-optional printing 4-ceramised top coat [2]
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This function is used for coating ceramic sanitary installations and shower cubicle glazing. Wood, metal, masonry, concrete, leather as well as textiles are likewise candidates for hydrophobic coatings. Easy-to-clean surfaces are less susceptible to dirt accumulation (dirtrepellent). The benefit: stress-free and easy cleaning saves time and costs. Water droplets are not always beneficial and can have disadvantageous effects: the drying time is correspondingly longer and this should be taken into consideration for particular areas of application. It is therefore necessary to consider where and how the easy-to-clean function should best be employed; it is that droplets dry individually, leaving behind dirt residues. (Fig.2.28) A comparison of ceramic surfaces left without ETC coating, right with ETC coating. Flexible ETC ceramic wall coverings, similar to wallpapers, can withstand direct exposure to water, such as that in a shower cubicle thanks to their highly water-repellent surface. [2]
(Fig.2.30) The angle of contact determines the hydrophobic degree of a surface. The contact angle describes the degree of wetting, and is a function of the relative surface tensions of the solids, water and air. [2]
(Fig.2.29) Ultra-clean white surfaces of poolside armchairs achieved using water-repellent surface coatings. [2]
Science to Business Center Nanotronics & Bio, Marl, Germany: Henn Architekten, Munich, Germany Architecture ccflex, nanoceramic wall covering Product At the time of construction Degussa, today Evonik Manufacturer 2005 Completion The research center was conceived and built for Degussa, Creavis. With its transparent faade, clear forms and material and color concept, the architecture embodies the company philosophy: the transfer of know-how from science to business.
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Degussa benefits from being able to sue their inhouse products: various parts of the interior feature a particularly robust nanoceramic wall covering. It is flexible, impact-resistant and is vapor permeable whilst water-repellent. It can be applied similar to a normal wallpaper and is available in rolls. Beyond conventional applications, it can also be used in areas where conventional wallpaper would be inappropriate, for instance, as a replacement for wall tiles in toilet areas. The water-repellent surface, together with a water repellent adhesive to protect the joins, means that this product can be used in all manner of water areas. In this respect, it compares favorably with wall tiles. Thanks to a slightly mottled coloring, the joins are practically invisible, giving the impression of a homogeneous uninterrupted surface. (Fig.2.31) Waterclosets of the Science to Business Center Nanotronics & Bio. [2]
(Fig.2.32) Science to Business Center Nanotronics & Bio. [2] Kaldewei Kompetenz-center (KKC), Ahlen, Germany: Bolles + Wilson, Munster, Germany Architecture Product Kaldewei steel-enamel with self-cleaning Perl-Effekt, easy-to-clean surface Kaldewei Manufacturer 2005 Opened Kaldewei is unique among bath manufacturers in that it has its own in-house enamel development and production facilities. By wrapping its building in a veillike faade of colored steel-enamel panel elements, behind which the existing melting facilities can be seen, the company expresses itsbrand through architecture. (Fig.2.33) Kaldewei Kompetenz-center. [2]
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The enameled faade panels are colored in the companys typical color palette and are partially equipped with an easy-to-clean coating. This coating is otherwise used in the manufacture of bathtubs to further improve the ease with which one can clean the already low-maintenance material. 2.7.1.D. Air-purifying: [2] - Pollutants and odors are broken down into their constituent parts. -Does not replace ventilation, but improves air quality. Though not able to completely purify air, the use of nanomaterials makes it possible to improve the quality of air. It enables unpleasant odors and pollutants to be eradicated. Nanotechnology makes it possible to chemically decompose odors into their harmless constituent parts.Here the molecules are cracked, giving off steam and carbon dioxide. This approach can also be used to counteract the sick building symptoms (SBS). Indoors, air purification technology is increasingly being used for textiles and paints. It should be noted that although it is possible to improve the quality of air, this doesnt necessarily make it good. Other factors such as oxygen content and relative humidity also contribute to the air quality and should not be neglected when using airpurifying products. Yet outdoors, the air-purifying capacity of photocatalytic concrete for example provides a possible means of combating existing pollutants. Recently, building faades, road surfaces and alike, equipped with appropriate coatings, are being implemented in test installations to counteract the effect of industrial and vehicle exhausts. Applications are air-purifying paving stones, road surfaces and paints. (Fig.2.34) Exterior faade of Kaldewei Kompetenz-center. [2]
(Fig.2.35) Air-purifying materials such as plasterboard or acoustic panels. [2]
(Fig.2.36) The European Hq. of Hyundai Motors Europe in Offenbach, Germany, is lined with air-purifying plasterboards. [2]
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As with indoor air environments, outdoor air purification applications are only a supporting measure for tackling symptoms and are an adequate means of reducing existing pollution. They do not eradicate the cause of pollution but can be used to reduce smog and improve the outdoor air quality. The question is whether a noticeable difference to the quality of air can be made with the use of air-purifying surfaces, and how significant this effect actually is. With regard to reducing air pollutants, greater attention should be given to avoiding their emission in the first place. However, it will take a while before environmental protection aims are fully realized. Until then, once their effectiveness has been demonstrated, air purifying surfaces may offer a possible interim solution. It remains to be seen whether one day the extensive use of such surfaces will become standard practice in urban conurbations.
(Fig.2.37) Photocatalytic pavement surfacing. [2]
Jubilee Church, La Chiesa del Dio Padre Misericordioso, Rome, Italy: Richard Meier & Partners, New York, NY, USA Architecture TX Millenium, TX Active, photocatalytic cement Product Italcementi Manufacturer 2003 Completion Three giant sails reaching up to 36m into the sky give this church and community centre its unmistakable appearance. Made of prefabricated highdensity concrete, their white color is achieved by adding Carrara marble and TiO2 to the mixture. The photocatalytic self-cleaning additive enables the architect to achieve his trademark white coloring in an urban environment that is heavily polluted by car exhaust gases. The building not only remains clean, the large surface area of the sails also helps combat pollution by reducing the amount of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and nitrogen oxide in the air considerably.
(Fig.2.38) Jubilee Church, Richard. [2]

Meier.
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Paving for Leien Boulevard, Antwerp, Belgium: 51N4E Space Producers, Antwerp, Belgium Architecture Air-purifying paving tiles Product With integrated technology from Mitsubishi Manufacturer 48.000m2 Area A decorative paving tile was developed for central Antwerp with a multiangular form whose shape is derived from Moorish patterns. The paving element, which wasnt realized for this project, is equipped with further functionality: with the help of sunlight and oxidative catalysis, it is able to convert environmental pollutants such as NO into inert nitric acid ions. In this way, large areas of the urban realm have the potential to be used to reduce pollution levels in inner cities. As such the paving tiles represent an exemplary combination of decoration and function. 2.7.1.E. Anti-fogging: [2] -Clarity for steamed-up surfaces Due to nanotechnology a permanently clear view is now possible without the use of electricity. The solution is an ultra-thin coating of nanoscalar TiO2, which exhibits a high surface energy and therefore greater moisture attraction. On hydrophilic surfaces moisture forms an ultra-thin film instead of water droplets. It still settles on the surface but remains invisible. The film is transparent, creating a fog-free clear appearance. Bathroom mirrors are obvious candidates for such coating, as are glass surfaces in airconditioned rooms in the tropics, which tend to cloud as soon (Fig.2.40) Mirrors with anti-fogging as outdoor air streams into a room. coating do not steam up. [2] Anti-fogging coatings can also be applied to plastics.Anti-fogging sprays are effective as a temporary means of making surfaces appear clear but the effect doesnt last long. Further application areas for anti-fogging surfaces are currently being developed but are not yet ready for the market place. Two aspects are common to all anti-fogging variants: condensation itself is not stopped. Instead, and more importantly, it remains transparent and therefore appears invisible.A clear view is possible at all times, simply and effortlessly, without the need for heating, wiping down or a hairdryer.
(Fig.2.39) Air-purifying paving tiles. [2]
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2.7.1.F. Thermal insulation: Vacuum insulation panels (VIPs): [2] -Maximum thermal insulation. -Minimum insulation thickness. Vacuum insulation panels (VIPs) are ideally suited for providing very good thermal insulation with a much thinner insulation thickness than usual. In comparison with conventional insulation materials such as polystyrene, the thermal conductivity is up to ten times lower. This results either in much higher levels of thermal resistance at the same insulation thickness or means that thinner insulation layers are required to achieve the same level of insulation. In other words, maximum thermal resistance can be achieved with minimum insulation thinness. At 0.005 W/mK, the thermal conductivity of VIPs is extremely low. The thickness of these VIPs ranges from 2mm to 40mm.
(Fig.2.41) Different sized vacuum insulation panels in storage. [2]
Vacuum insulation panels can be used both for new buildings constructions as well as in conversion and renovation work and can be applied to walls as well as floors. The lifetime of modern panels is generally estimated at between 30 and 50 years. It can be applied not just for buildings but also to insulate pipelines, in (Fig.2.42) VIP insulation must be made electronics and for insulating packages, for to measure & fitted precisely on site. [2] example for the cool chain transport of medications. Seitzstrasse mixed-use building, Munich, Germany: Pool architekten, Martin Pool, Munich, Germany Architecture Vacuum insulation panel (VIP) Product Va-Q-tech, Wrzburg, Germany Manufacturer 1.250m2 Area The seven-storey mixed-use residential and commercial building in Munich is the first building of a substantial size to be fully clad with vacuum insulation panels (VIPs). The compact rectangular form of the white building is punctured by large windows that wrap around its corners. At between 8 and 10 times greater efficiency than conventional insulation materials, the ultra-slim VIPs are extremely good insulators.
(Fig.2.43) Exterior of Seitzstrasse building. [2]

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Their potential lies not only in reducing energy consumption but also in maximizing the available area as result of thinner wall constructions. It resulted in a floor area gain of 10% of the overall floor area. VIPs were also used in the roof terrace and window constructions. This inner-city building leads to energy savings as well as increased economic returns. 2.7.1.G. Thermal insulation: Aerogel: [2] -High-performance thermal insulation. -Light and airy nanofoam. Aerogel currently holds the record as the lightest known solid material and was developed back in 1931. It is relatively banal: it is simply an ultra light aerated foam that consists almost 100% of air. The remaining foam material is a glass-like material, and silica. The nanodimension is of vital importance for the pore interstices of the foam: the air molecules trapped within the minute nanpores each with a mean size of just 20nm are unable to move, lending the aerogel its excellent thermal insulation properties. It is used as an insulating fill material in various kinds of cavities between glass panes, U-profile glass or acrylic glass multi-wall panels and is therefore well suited for use in external envelopes of buildings. That way aerogels can help reduce heating and cooling costs significantly. Because it is translucent, aerogel exhibits good light transmission, spreading light evenly and pleasantly. In addition to its thermal insulating properties, aerogel also acts as a sound insulator according to the same basic principle.
(Fig.2.44) Seitzstrasse building rooftop. [2]
(Fig.2.45) Aerogel in combination with glass. [2]
With its above-average thermal and sound insulation properties aerogel contributes towards energy efficiency, which is its primary functional property. It is an extraordinary high performance insulator and a comparatively new product on the market. A further advantage is its good light transmission and daylight transmittance. From an aesthetic point of view, its light weight makes homogeneous and slender faade constructions possible all in all a whole catalogue of advantages with great potential.
(Fig.2.46) Glass sample with black edging & aerogel-filled glazing cavity. [2]
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School extension, London, England: Jacobs UK Ltd., Glasgow, Scotland Architecture Kalwall+Nanogel glazing Product Stoakes Systems Ltd. Manufacturer An extension to an existing school building makes the most of daylighting. The south elevation, behind which classrooms, the assembly hall, an internet caf and a dance studio are located, is clad entirely in translucent 70nm thick aerogel-filled panels. It softens daylight, providing a pleasant and light atmosphere indoors whilst obscuring the view outwards. Its excellent thermal insulation properties result in energy savings, reducing the schools running costs and offsetting the initial investment necessary to finance such large translucent surfaces. (Fig.2.47) School extension. [2] 2.7.1.H. Temperature regulation: Phase change materials (PCMs): [2] -Passive temperature regulation. -Reduced heating and cooling demand. The good thermal retention of PCMs can be used both in new and existing buildings as a passive means of evening out temperature fluctuations and reducing peak temperatures. It can be used both for heating as well as cooling. As PCM is able to take up energy (heat) without the medium itself getting warm, it can absorb extremes in temperature, allowing indoor areas to remain cooler for longer, with the heat being retained in the PCM and used to liquefy the paraffin. Energy is stored latently when the material changes from one physical state to another, whether from solid to liquid or from liquid to gaseous. The latent warmth or cold, which effectively fulfils a buffer function, can be used for temperature regulation. The predefined, so-called switching temperature, in which the phase change from one physical state to another occurs in latent heat storing materials designed for construction, is defined as 25oC,
(Fig.2.48) Close-up of a phase-changing material embedded in glazing. [2]
(Fig.2.49) Right; an image of an opened microcapsule embedded in a concrete carrier matrix, taken using SEM. Left; an image of minute paraffin-filled capsules in their solid state, taken using light microscopy. They exhibit an exceptionally high thermal capacity and during a phase change turn to liquid. [2]
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as above this temperature the indoor air temperature is generally regarded as being unpleasantly warm. Depending upon the PCM used, to regulate a 5oC increase in temperature only 1mm of phase change material is required in comparison to 10-40mm of concrete. (Fig.2.50) Layer composition of a decorative PCM gypsum plaster applied to a masonry substrate. Although only 15mm thick, it contains 3KG of microencapsulated latent heat storage material per square meter. [2]
The PCM has a far greater thermal capacity: a concrete wall warms up much more quickly whilst the temperature of a PCM remains unchanged. In the meantime, PCMs have become available in the form of additives that can be integrated into conventional building materials such as plaster, plasterboards or aerated concrete blocks with specific retention properties. In addition to conserving energy by reducing the energy demand for heating & cooling, PCMs are also recyclable and biologically degradable.
"Sur Falveng" housing for elderly people, Domat/Ems, Switzerland: Dietrich Schwarz, GlassX AG, Zurich, Switzerland Architecture Latent heat storing glass, PCM, GLASSXcrystal Product GlassX Manufacturer 148m2 GlassXcrystal glazing Area A building with 20 disabled accesses sheltered flats in the Swiss Alps. All flats have large expanses of south-facing glazing and, depending on the season, the flats are heated actively or passively. The central of three cavities of an 8cm thick composite glass element contains a slat hydrate fill material that functions as a latent heat store for solar heat and protects the rooms from overheating. (Fig.2.51) "Sur Falveng" house for elderly people, faade. [2]
The latent heat store has a thermal absorption capacity equivalent to a 15cm thick concrete wall. The glass panel is transparent when the fill material has melted when frozen. The material's change of state is therefore immediately reflected in the building's appearance. The buffer function of the latent heat store enables the indoor temperature to be regulated mostly passively, resulting in significant energy savings for heating (and cooling).
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2.7.1.I. UV protection: [2] -Lasting and highly transparent protection. There are two kinds of UV protection, both of which are organic and employ additives. Both are typically used in combination: one variant involves the use of UV absorbers that filter out the harmful rays in sunlight before they come into contact with the material itself. As such they need to be on an upper layer and are typically applied in the form of a protective lacquer. The second approach uses so-called free-radical scavengers, which in contrast to the first approach take effect at a later stage. A prerequisite of protective coatings is that they are transparent so that the coloring and structure of the material beneath is preserved. To achieve this, the individual inorganic UV-absorbing particles in the formulation must be smaller than 15nm in size. Below this size they no longer scatter visible light and become effectively visible. 2.7.1.J. Solar protection: [2] -No blinds necessary. -Glass darkens automatically or is switchable without the need for a constant electric current (memory effect). The advent of nanotechnology has provided a new means of integrating electochromatic glass in buildings. The primary difference from the earlier product is that a constant electric current is no longer necessary. A single switch is all that is required to change the degree of light transmission from one state to another, i.e. on switch to change from transparent to darken and a second to change back. The electrical energy required to color the ultra-thin nanocoating is minimal and the switching process itself takes a few minutes. Photochromatic glass is another solution for darkening glass panels. Here the sunlight itself causes the glass to darken automatically without the switching. Nanotechnology has made it possible to provide an energy-efficient means of solar protection that can also be combined with other glass functions. (Fig.2.52) Electron microscope image of UV-absorbent zinc oxide particles contained within a clear varnish. In order for the material to remain transparent, the particles must be sufficiently small and not clump together; the even distribution can be seen clearly. [2]
(Fig.2.53) Electrochromatic glass with an ultra-thin nanocoating needs only be switched once to change state, gradually changing to a darkened yet transparent state. At present the maximum dimension of glazing panels is limited maximum size is 120*200cm. [2]
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2.7.1.K. Fire-proof: [2] -Highly efficient fire protection. -Light and transparent. The German Degussa has produced the Aerosil material, a pyrogenic silicic acid used for a number of purposes including the paint industry. The pyrogenic nanoparticles, or nano-silica, are only 7nm large and due to their relatively large surface area are highly reactive. Depending on the desired duration of fireresistance, the highly effective fill material is sandwiched between one or more panes of glass. Standard products are generally between 90 and 380m2 per gram! The main advantages are the comparatively lightweight of the glass, the slender construction and accompanying optical appearance as well as the long duration of fireresistance. In the event of fire, the fire-resistant layer expands in the form of foam preventing the fire from spreading and keeping escape routes accessible for users and firemen alike. The additional layer doesn't exhibit any clouding, streaking or fractures and is practically invisible. An additional side effect is improved noise insulation. Flame-resistant lightweight building boards, sandwich constructions made of straw and hemp, are a further interesting application by coating the product in a transparent covering of glasslike particles, it's to render its weatherproof and flame resistant. (Fig.2.55) The gel fill material in the glazing cavity (here faulty but clearly visible) foams when exposed to fire for an extended period. [2] (Fig.2.54) A robust sandwich panel made of straw and hemp with a glassy coating that serves as bonding agent and is also fire-resistant. When exposed to fire the product smolders and extinguishes. [2]
The glass-like coating also serves as the adhesive and further flame-retardant additives are not required. It is of particular interest for corridors, foyers and meeting rooms, i.e. wherever fire safety is very important.
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Deutsche Post headquarter, Bonn, Germany: Murphy/Jahn, Chicago, IL, USA Architecture SGG Contraflam fire safety glass Product Vetrotech SaintGobain Manufacturer 2005 Completion 90.000m2 gross floor area Area The landmark 160m high office tower in Bonn accomodates more than 2000 members of staff. The oval towers faade is clad in high-tech transparent glazing and transparent materials are also used throughtout its interiors: glazed partition, glazed staircases and glazed connecting bridges are central elements of the interior design concept. A fire safety glass with a particularly slender profile was selected for the project. Space, form, construction and materials are carefully coordinated, resulting in a harmoious overall concept.
(Fig.2.56) Interior spaces in the Deutsch Post HQ. shows the huge amount of the used fire-proofing glass. [2] 2.7.1.L. Anti-graffiti: [2] -Permeable surfaces with permanent anti-graffiti coating. -Highly hydrophobic and dirt-resistant. An anti-graffiti function is intended as a preventative measure to avoid unsightly graffiti to buildings or construction such as noise barriers, walls and bridges piers. Nanotechnology has provided a new means to protect existing building fabric by anti-graffiti coatings.
(Fig.2.57) Deutsche Post HQ. Germany. [2]
(Fig.2.58) Historic monuments such as the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin are protected with an anti-graffiti coating. [2]
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They are highly effective and are used to make building materials water-repellent. Their extremely hydrophobic properties mean that graffiti can be removed more easily with appropriate detergents. Even porous and highly absorbent materials such as brick, lime sandstone, concrete and other similar materials can be protected efficiently using such nanobased coatings. Although the coating is effectively an impregnation, unlike other systems it doesn't close the pores of the material, allowing the material to retain its vapor permeability. As the material remains permeable potential damage resulting from dampness is avoided.
The ultra-thin nanocoating lines the capillary pores without closing them. More dense materials such as compressed concrete in general require less coating material. In addition, the coating also reduces dirt accumulation significantly, making the coating applicable for use on floor surfaces too. The effect of the impregnated coating is a result of several layers of molecules. New Centre Ulm, Ulm, Germany: Stephan Braunfels Architekten, Berlin, Germany Architecture Faceal Oleo HD, anti-graffiti and dirt-repellent coating Product PSS Interservice Manufacturer 2006 Completion 6700m2 total gross floor area Area Ever since the destruction caused during the WWII, the urban state of the Neue StraBe in Ulm has remained unresolved. On one side it borders on the Ulm Minster and Richard Meier's Stadthaus building, on the other side the medieval city hall and Gottfried Bhm's city library building. The insertion of two new infill buildings, a Sparkasse bank building and the Mnstertor department store, provides better definition of the surrounding urban space. The Sparkasse consists of two intersecting volumes that meet to form a glazed slot opposite the city hall. The tapering form of the department store relates to the medieval scale of the surroundings. (Fig.2.60) New Centre Ulm, Germany. [2]
(Fig.2.59) The UEFA headquarter in Nyon, Switzerland, is fitted with flooring that makes it easier to remove chewing gum. [2]
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Both buildings have exposed concrete faades whose clean-cut forms are best appreciated when the surfaces are equally clean. For this reason, the concrete surfaces have been coated with a nanoscalar high-tech coating. Such dirt-repellent anti-graffiti surfaces are well suited for use in urban environments where the potential for undesirable defilement is particularly great. Unsightly damage to buildings can be avoided as a result. 2.7.1.M. Anti-reflective: [2] -Improving solar transmission. The use of anti-reflective glass to solve the problem of reflection is in itself nothing new. In interior architecture, such glass is used in exhibition design for glass cabinets for example. Its complicated manufacture, which involves applying several layers, means that it is expensive and other disadvantages. Transparent nanoscalar surface structures, where the particles are smaller than the wavelength of visible light, offer not only an innovative but also a costeffective and efficient anti-reflective solution. Their structure consists of minute 30 50nm large silicondioxide (SiO2) balls. A coating thickness of 150nm is regarded as ideal. The ratio of reflected light reduces from 8% to less than 1%. Another cost-effective means of producing anti-reflective surfaces is the moth-eye effect, the cornea of moths, which are active mostly at night, exhibits a structure that reduces reflections. The disadvantages of conventional anti-reflective technology, such as the limited spectral region and the complex production process, are eradicated using nanotechnology.
(Fig.2.61) A Photovoltaic module with and without anti-reflective (AR) solar glass coating. [2]
(Fig.2.62) Silica glass capsules are used in nanoporous anti-reflective coatings with a thickness of 150nm that are also able to reflect the invisible spectrum of light. [2]
Anti-reflective glass can now be used in large quantities in construction in order to benefit from the increased solar transmission resulting from broadband spectral de-reflection. Of particular interest is the increased efficiency of photovoltaic systems as the entire spectrum of solar energy from 400 to 2500nm is now transmitted. The degree of transmission at low angles of incidence is also much better than before making such systems less dependent upon the angle of the sun. By reducing the amount of under-utilized and therefore lost solar energy, the energy gain and efficiency of the photovoltaic systems is improved, resulting in an overall performance gain of up to 15%.
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2.7.1.N. Antibacterial: [2] -Bactria are targeted and destroyed. -The use of disinfectants can be reduced. -Supports hygiene methods especially in health care environments Photocatalytic surfaces have an antibacterial side effect due to their ability to break down organic substances in dirt. With the help of silver nanoparticles for its antimicrobial properties, it is possible to manufacture surfaces specifically designed to be antibacterial or germicidal. Various products are already commercially available and the product palette ranges from floor coverings to panel products and paints to textiles with an innovative finish that renders them germ free. The antibacterial effect of silver results from the ongoing slow diffusion of silver ions. The very high surface area to volume ratio of the nanoparticles means that the ions can be emitted more easily and therefore kill bacteria more effectively. The antibacterial effect itself is also permanent it doesn't wear off after a period of time. As the use of disinfectants in health care cannot yet be avoided, it is important that coatings and materials are proven to withstand standard disinfections. In addition, it is also advisable to equip surfaces with an anti-stick function to prevent the buildup of a bio-film of dead bacteria from which new bacteria could eventually grow. (Fig.2.63) Contact surfaces such as light switches, door grips and handles are typical germ accumulators. An antibacterial material, such as that used for this light switch, can prevent germs spreading. [2]
(Fig.2.64) Nanoscalar silver particles contained in the glaze applied to ceramic sanitary installations lend it antibacterial properties. [2]
Operating Theatre, Goslar, Germany: Schweitzer + Partner, Braunschweig, Germany Architecture "Hydrotect" tiles, photocatalytic surface with antibacterial effect Product Agrob Buchtal Architectural Ceramic, Deutsche Steinzeug AG Manufacturer 2005 Completion
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In both operating theatres, the floors and walls have been clad in photocatalytic tiles. Hygiene is of primary importance in operating theatres and antibacterial tiling contributes to lessening the risk of infection. In the Klinikum im Friedrichshain, the architects have gone one step further and minimized the amount of tile joints, lessening weak points where bacteria can settle and lending the room a calmer appearance. Large-format tiling is more difficult to lay, and a conventional tile format was chosen for the high tech antibacterial tiles used in the Harzkliniken. The light-colored grouting contrasts pleasantly with the fresh green tiling. 2.7.1.O. Anti-fingerprints: [2] -No more visible fingerprints. Steel and glass are popular materials in architecture when used in interiors they have a disadvantage fingerprints show very clearly and affected by repeated touching. The appearance of cleanliness, whether desirable for aesthetic or hygienic reasons, vanishes when surfaces are covered in fingerprints. An anti-fingerprint coating can offer a suitable solution for this problem and in some cases makes it possible to employ such materials in the first place. With the help of these coatings fingerprint marks are made practically invisible. The coating alters the refraction the light in the same way the fingerprints itself does so that new fingerprints have little effect one can think of the coating as a kind of enlarged fingerprint. The light reflections on the coating make steel or glass surfaces appear smooth, giving the impression of cleanliness that many users have come to expect. The coating itself is ultra-thin and steel that has been coated can be bent into shape without the coating breaking or fracturing. This can be useful for the production of particular architectonic details and the coating is used mainly for applications such as lifts, cladding and furniture.
(Fig.2.65) Operation theatre interior shows the green antibacterial tiles. [2]
(Fig.2.66) The critical area around doorknobs. [2]

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Facility management benefits from this as well as other nanocoatings as they lead to a reduction in cleaning costs. A more recent innovation is a touchproof coating that can also be used for coloring matt glass. An important aspect here, as with other nanocaotings, is scratch-resistance, which should be assessed carefully depending on where the product is to be used. Antifingerprint coatings are useful for stainless steel and sandblasted glass wherever one can expect people to touch them, i.e. where they are in easy reach. Nanocoatings enable glass and steel to be used for interiors without being impaired by visible finger and handprints and obviate the need for regular cleaning; in short, to achieve a clean appearance. 2.7.1.P. Scratchproof and abrasion resistant: [2] -Improvement of scratch and abrasion resistance. -Transparent coating. -Creating a basis for durability. Nanotechnology makes it possible to improve scratch-resistance whilst maintain transparency. Scratch-resistance is a desirable property for many materials and coatings can be applied to materials of different kinds such as wood, metal and ceramics. In architectural context, scratchproof paints and varnishes are desirable, for instance , to protect the varnished surfaces of parquet flooring or the surfaces of other gloss lacquered surfaces. Consumers who associate patina with negative connotations such as a "lack of care" and "old and worn" will value a durable gloss that maintains its original appearance. (Fig.2.67) The effect of the antifingerprint coating on this sheet of stainless steel is clearly evident. [2]
(Fig.2.68) Abrasion tests indicate a surface's resilience against abrasion and wear and tear. [2]
Scratch-resistant surfaces in combination with UV protection and easy-to-clean properties seem to be a particularly attractive combination for many users, in order to reduce traces of use. Likewise, cleanly designed surfaces maintain their appearance better through the use of scratchproof and abrasion-resistant surfaces.
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2.7.1.Q. The holistic application of nanosurfaces in interiors: [2]
(Fig.2.69) A schematic plan for a hotel room with a general strategic approach for the use of nano functions. [2]
01 Curtains: Air-purifying 02 Window: Self-cleaning photocatalytic 03 Window: Self-cleaning photochromatic or electrochromic 04 TV: Anti-reflective 05 Wall Paint: Air-purifying 06 W.C.: Easy to clean 07 Mirror: Anti-fogging 08 Bathtub & Shower Screen: Easy to clean, non-stick 09 Walls: Nanoparticles ceramic covering 10 Bedding: Anti-bacterial 11 Light Switches: Anti-bacterial, non-stick 12 Wall Paint: Air-purifying 13 Upholstery: Air-purifying 14 Glass Table: Anti-fingerprints 15 Carpet: Air-purifying 16 Sanitaryware: Anti-fingerprints 17 Frosted Glass: Anti-fingerprints
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(Fig.2.70) A schematic plan for a patient room in a hospital with a general strategic approach for the use of nano functions. [2]
01 Tiles: Anti-bacterial 02 Sanitaryware: Anti-fingerprints 03 Tiles: Anti-bacterial 04 W.C.: Easy to clean 05 Wall Paint: Air-purifying 06 Upholstery, Carpets: Air-purifying, oxidative catalysis 07 Table Surfaces: Anti-fingerprints, scratchproofing 08 Window: Self-cleaning photocatalytic 09 Walls: Nanoparticles ceramic covering 10 Curtains: Air-purifying 11 TV: Anti-reflective 12 Call-button, Light Switch, TV/Radiobuttons: Anti-bacterial 13 Mirror: Anti-fogging 14 Shower Screen: Easy to clean, anti-fogging 15 Doorknobs: Anti-fingerprints, antibacterial 16 Carpets: Anti-bacterial, air-purifying 61
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(Fig.2.71) A schematic plan for an office room in a bank branch with a general strategic approach for the use of nano functions. [2]
01 Glass Table: Anti-fingerprints 02 W.C.: Easy to clean 03 Walls: Nanoparticles ceramic covering 04 Window: Self-cleaning photochromatic or electrochromic 05 Windows: Self-cleaning photocatalytic 06 Walls: Nanoparticles ceramic covering 07 Switches & Handles: Antibacterial, non-stick 08 Chairs: Dirt-repellent 09 Sanitaryware: Anti-fingerprints 10 Screen: Anti-reflective 11 Carpet: Air-purifying 12 Counter: Anti-fingerprints 13 Upholstery: Air-purifying 14 Screen: Anti-reflective
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Nano functions have been employed in interior design only occasionally if at all, and more or less by chance. Three schematic plans for a hotel room, a room in a clinic or hospital and an office room in a bank branch demonstrate concepts for a general strategic approach to using nano functions in interior design. The overall concept varies depending on the respective needs of the different uses. The spaces are optimized through the strategic use of nanosurfaces with regard to aesthetic, economical and ecological concerns. Improved comfort and cost-effectiveness go hand in hand. Cost assessments should take account not only of the initial expenditure but also the follow-on costs, which are reduced considerably. Despite the fact that these are visionary concepts, they could already be realized today in this or a similar form. 2.3.3.R. Next Generation Building Cleaning Solution: [35] Objective: Solution: Building exterior self cleaning, protection and energy saving Road self-cleaning, protection and car exhausts purification Gens Nano photocatalyst coating is the combination of photocatalyst and nano technology. Just simple application of Gens Nano coating on the building exterior surface will bring diversified excellent features to the building. Also, coating can be sprayed on highway barriers and side walks to provide the self-cleaning & air purification function. Gens Nano coating can keep the surfaces in a very new look and reduce the cleaning & maintenance costs. - Super hydrophilicity - Air purification - Anti-bacterial and anti-mold - UV damage protection - Surface antistatic - Self-cleaning - Easy-cleaning - Keeps the building clean - Protects the surface from dust, acid rain and air pollutant damage - Purifies the air pollutants near and on the surface (e.g. car exhausts, NOx, Formaldehyde, Benzene, VOCs) - Decomposes the organic pollutants on the surface. - Makes the surface without water stain after raining - Reduces the energy consumption for cooling building in summer - Restrains mildew or alga from growing - Kills bacteria and virus on the surface and in the air near the coated building - Absorbs UV rays from sun and protects the surface from UV damage - Restrains the dust electrostatic adsorption
Features:
Benefits:
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Example 1. Exterior wall self-cleaning : [35] Surface Product Granite Nano photocatalyst coating Application Period by spray 3 months
This picture shows a granite wall which has become old and dirty after years of weathering. The area divided by yellow adhesive tape will be coated with photocatalyst sol later. Before photocatalyst coating is applied on the surface, proper pre-cleaning work is necessary. We applied photocatalyst on the left part of the cleaned area. After 3 months of weathering, the wall on the left side coated with photocatalyst shows the results of our self-cleaning product. The uncoated area on the right side becomes dirty and dark due to the poor air quality and pollution.
(Fig.2.72.A) This picture shows a granite wall which has become old and dirty after years of weathering. (Photo #1 dated Dec. 14th 2005). [35]
(Fig.2.72.B) Before photocatalyst coating is applied on the surface, proper precleaning work is necessary. (Photo #2 dated Dec. 14th 2005). [35]
(Fig.2.72.C) After 3 months of weathering. (Photo #3 dated Mar. 15th 2006). [35]
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Example 2. External Limestone Cladding self-cleaning & anti-moss : [35] Surface Product Limestone Nano photocatalyst coating Application Period by spray 224 days
(Fig.2.73.A) Before photocatalyst coating is applied on the surface. [35]
(Fig.2.73.B) After 224 days of weathering. [35]
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2.7.2. ENERGY 2.7.2.A Insuladd [34] The complex blend of microscopic hollow ceramic spheres that makes up INSULADD have a vacuum inside like mini-thermos bottles. While the use of INSULADD on interior walls is extremely beneficial, its use on exterior walls is even more dramatically effective since it blocks the extreme heat of the sun. INSULADD ceramicfilled paint on interior walls looks like ordinary flat wall paint. The ceramic materials have unique energy saving properties that reflect heat while dissipating it. The hollow ceramic microspheres reflective quality affects the warming phenomenon called "Mean Radiant Temperature," where heat waves from a source such as direct sunlight cause a person to feel warmer even though the actual air temperature is not different between a shady and sunny location. It is the molecular friction within the skin caused by the sun's radiant energy waves which makes the body feel warmer. The ceramic particles in INSULADD create a thermal barrier. These particles refract, reflect, and dissipate heat. 2.7.2.B. Energy Coating [34] Similar to the way a plant absorbs sunlight and turns it into chemical energy to fuel the growth of a plant, energy coatings absorb sunlight and indoor light and convert them into electrical energy.
( Fig. 2.74 ) Insuladd paints. [34]
( Fig. 2.75 ) Energy coating. [34]
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Energy coatings are produced by working on the nano scale by injecting a dye into titanium dioxide, a white pigment commonly used in toothpaste and paint. The dye, applied to a flexible material, absorbs energy from both the sun and indoor light. This light energy travels through the titanium dioxide and a series of electrodes and is converted into electrical energy. Konarka, the major producer of energy coatings, develops and manufactures power plastic that is inexpensive, lightweight, flexible and versatile. The light-activated power plastic film can be embedded within devices, systems and structures. Since the manufacturing process uses the printing technology, the film can be produced in any color and transparency. The film can be applied to structural systems, windows, roofs, glass and effectively produce energy. 2.7.2.C. Heat Absorbing Windows [34] Heat absorbing windows, manufactured by Vanceva, offer solar performance superior to that of previously available laminating systems. Alone, or when combined with solar management glass, this new glazing interlayer provides the architectural marketplace with new, cost effective options to control heat and energy loads in buildings. By selectively reducing the transmittance of solar energy relative to visible light, these solar performance interlayers produce glazing systems that can result in savings in the capital cost of energy control equipment as well as operating costs of climate control equipment. Benefits: ( Fig. 2.76 ) Heat absorbing windows. [34]
Energy efficiency keeps solar heat out of a building while maintaining optimal visible light transmission, facilitating lower capital expenditures on energy control equipment and lower operating costs of equipment . Safety and security When subjected to accidental impact, the glass and solar interlayer combine to absorb the force of the impact. Should the force be sufficient to break the glass, the resulting fragments tend to remain adhered to the solar interlayer.
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Ultraviolet protection The solar interlayer blocks up to 99% of the sun's UV rays while allowing the important visible light to pass through. Design versatility Architectural laminated glass, made with solar interlayer, can be used in curtain walls, windows, doors, skylights, shop fronts, and virtually any other application imaginable. 2.7.3. DESIGN 2.7.3.A Nanohouse [34] Team Coordination Architecture Design Energy
Carl Masens James Muir Douglas Tomkin Joe Zhu
( Fig. 2.77.A ) Nanohouse 3D. [34]
The Nanohouse Initiative is a collaboration between the best of Australia's scientists, engineers, architects, designers and builders - working together to design and build a new type of ultra-energy efficient house and exploiting the new materials being developed by nanotechnology. New materials are being discovered and developed everyday as a result of the knowledge of how to achieve molecular and atomic precision in engineering of [34] materials. These new materials present new ( Fig. 2.77.B ) Nanohouse model opportunities to solve problems.The Initiative is led by the University of Technology, Sydney through its Institute for Nanoscale Technology, jointly with Commonwealth Science and Industrial Research Organization. Why a House? Shelter is a basic need. Every one understands what a house is. In this context it is easy to see where nanotechnology will be used and how the new technology will impact upon our lives."The NanoHouse takes us from imagination to reality. The principles upon which it is based are energy efficiency, sustainability, and mass customisation," Mr Masens says. The NanoHouse has a radiative cooling paint as the outer surface of some of the roofing material. A metal roof coated with this paint will become a cooling element in a building rather than a source of unwanted heat gain. Other features are self-cleaning glass, cold lighting systems and the dye solar cell - a photovoltaic cell based on titanium dioxide rather than silicon. The architectural model of the house is the first stage of the concept, with the creators planning a full size version in the future.
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2.7.3.B. Carbon Tower [34] Firm Architects Peter Testa Architects Peter Testa and Devyn Weiser
The Initiative is led by the University of Technology, Sydney through its Institute for Nanoscale Technology, jointly with Commonwealth Science and Industrial Research Organization. The Carbon Tower Prototype is a 40-story mixed-use high-rise that incorporates five innovative systems: precompressed double-helix primary structure, tensilelaminated composite floors, two external filament-bound ramps, breathable thin-film membrane, and vritual duct displacement ventilation. Studies conducted by Arup suggest that, if built, the tower would the lightest and strongest building of its type. "The complexity of contemporary buildings is an enormous achievement, but we need to question how we came to the point of building with such complexity. We believe we need to rethink how we assemble buildings." Peter Testa
( Fig. 2.78.A ) Section of Carbon Tower. [34]
( Fig. 2.78.B ) The entrance of Carbon Tower. [34]
( Fig. 2.78.C ) Carbon Tower Model. [34]

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2.7.3.C. Aegis Hyposurface [34] Architect Firm Mark Goulthorpe DECOI
This interactive, dynamically reconfigurable 3D screen reacts in real time to surrounding motion and sound, transforming Hyposurfaces complex topography and colors. This project, which dECOi continues to research at MITs Media Lab, foreshadows fully kinetic and environmentally responsive architectural surfaces, sensitized to changes in climate or security needs. The Aegis Hyposurface is a dECOi project, designed principally by Mark Goulthorpe and the dECOi office with a large multi-disciplinary team of architects, engineers, mathematicians and computer programmers, among others. This team included a Professor Mark Burry, who was working at Deakin University at the time, along with various others from Deakin, including Professor Saeid Navahandi and Dr Abbas Kouzani. Please see below for a full list of the members of the project team.
( Fig. 2.79 ) Aegis Hyposurface. [34]
This project was developed for a competition for an interactive art-work for the foyer of The Birmingham Hippodrome Theatre. The piece is a facetted metallic surface that has potential to deform physically in response to electronic stimuli from the environment (movement, sound, light,etc). Driven by a bed of 896 pneumatic pistons, the dynamic terrains are generated as real-time calculations. The piece marks the transition from autoplastic (determinate) to alloplastic (interactive, indeterminate) space, a new species of reciprocal architecture. The idea behind is, that due to the different positions of the small metal tiles, the reflection of the surrounding light is changing. In this way a tremendous poetic way of displaying patterns and shapes is possible.The Prototype consists out of about 1000 of these metal tiles. They are moved by telescopic fingers which reach a speed up to 60 km/h and have a stroke of 50 cm.
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2.7.3.D. Nanostudio [19] Nanostudio explores architecture and nanotechnology Design by George Elvin . What would buildings look like if they were made from materials 100 times stronger than steel, if sensors embedded in materials and inhabitants created smart environments, and walls and ceilings changed color based on user preferences? These are some of the questions answered by the nanostudio, a joint exploration by Ball State University (BSU) and Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT). The students palette of materials included nanomaterials already developed in laboratories that are now working their way to market.
( Fig. 2.80 ) Nanostudio model. [19]
These include transparent carbon nanotubes 100 times stronger than steel, nanosensors small enough to embed not only in building components but their users as well, and quantum dot lighting able to change the color and opacity of walls and ceilings. But this was no mere "houseof-the-future" fantasy. Students also addressed the social and environmental concerns raised by nanotechnology, from toxicity (nanoparticles are so tiny they can pass through cell membranes) to privacy (who controls the data gathered by embedded nanosensors?) 2.7.3.E. The Nano Towers [36] The Nano Towers : Architecture Function Situation Location Height of tower Area
Allard Architecture Mixed use Proposal The new headquarters of the DuBiotech Research Park in Dubai 262m 160 000m2
The Nano Towers were proposed as the new headquarters of the DuBiotech Research Park in Dubai. This mixed use development offers 160 000m2 officespace, laboratories, hotel, residential and associated support facilities in a 262m high tower. The canopy at ground level provides sunshading while creating a dramatic entrance to the towers: a conceptual ground plane from which the towers grow.
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Architecturally interesting is the repetitive grid of the exoskeletal structure, which has non-curved beams of equal length. The entire facade of the tower is faceted, inspired by a nano scale carbon tube, the structure creates junctions where the geometry shifts from vertical to horizontal. This creates multiple opportunities for dividing the interior space along mullion lines. (Fig.2.81.A) The Nano Towers. [36]
(Fig.2.81.B) View between the towers. [36]
(Fig.2.81.C) The canopy at ground level

[36]
2.8. NANO ARCHITECTURE RISK [33]

Perhaps this is the promise and the peril of nanotechnology that its consequences are so extreme and yet so near, as billions of dollars pour into new research and development every year and new advances pour out. The real danger in nanotechnology is not rampant self-replicating viruses or nanobots overunning the planet; the real danger is that, as most of us experienced wit cloning, we will awake one day to find that a technological revolution has already occurred, without our knowledge or our consent, and without us even taking time to determine what we think about it, how we feel about it, or to share those thoughts and feelings in the discourse critical to a reasoned advance in technology.

The biggest ideas in architecture today are coming out of the science of the small. Nanotechnology, the manipulation of matter at the molecular scale, promises to transform architecture in ways we can hardly imagine today. The nanotech revolution can bring dramatic improvements in building performance, energy efficiency and sustainability to building projects .
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G R E E N N A N O A R C H I T E C T U R E
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3. GREEN NANOARCHITECTURE
3.1. INTRODUCTION [20] Nanotechnology has the potential to be doubly green. It promises to give companies the ability to design new products that are made from more environmentally-friendly materials, and that use less energy and generate less waste throughout the product lifecycle. Green nanotechnology could also earn businesses hefty profits. Already, lighter, stronger materials enabled by nanotechnology are making a difference in fuel and material use. Electronic data storage has been increased thousands of times because of nanomaterials, and lighting is more efficient because of nanoscaled materials. As part of its GreenNano initiative to advance the application of green chemistry and green engineering principles to nanotechnology, the Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies will host a program focused on corporate perspectives of green nanotechnology. Green nanotechnology refers to the use of nanotechnology to enhance the environmental, sustainability of processes currently producing negative externalities. It also refers to the use of the products of nanotechnology to enhance sustainability. It is about doing things right in the first place--about making green nano-products and using nano-products in support of sustainability.
3.2. LIFE CYCLE DESIGN [5]

A cradle-to-grave analysis of building products, from the gathering of raw materials to their ultimate disposal, provides a better understanding of the long-term costs of materials. These costs are paid not only by the client, but also by the owner, the occupants, and the environment. The principles of Life Cycle Design provide important guidelines for the selection of building materials. Each step of the manufacturing process, from gathering raw materials, manufacturing, distribution, and installation, to ultimate reuse or disposal, is examined for its environmental impact. A materials life cycle can be organized into three phases: Pre-Building, Building, and PostBuilding. These stages parallel the life cycle phases of the building itself .
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The evaluation of building materials environmental impact at each stage allows for a costbenefit analysis over the lifetime of a building, rather than simply an accounting of initial construction costs.
( Fig.3.1 ) Three phases of the building material life cycle. [5]
3.3. THE GREEN FEATURES OF SUSTAINABLE BUILDING [5] MATERIALS

3.3.1. Criteria [5] An informal survey of building materials manufacturers conducted by the University of Michigan revealed environmentally sustainable replacements for use in every building system. Products selected from this survey illustrate the wide variety of available materials that are designed and manufactured with environmental considerations. The selection criteria include sustainability in regard to a wide range of environmental issues: raw material extraction and harvesting, manufacturing processes, construction techniques, and disposal of demolition waste.
( Fig.3.2 ) Key to the green features of sustainable building materials. [5]
Figure 3.2. is a chart of the criteria, grouped by the affected building life-cycle phase. This chart helps compare the sustainable qualities of different materials used for the same purpose. The presence of one or more of these "green features" in a building material can assist in determining its relative sustainability.
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3.3.2. Pre-Building Phase: Manufacture [5]
Waste Reduction The waste reduction feature indicates that the manufacturer has taken steps to make the production process more efficient, by reducing the amount of scrap material that results. This scrap may come from the various molding, trimming, and finishing processes, or from defective and damaged products. For products with this feature, scrap materials can be reincorporated into the product or removed for recycling elsewhere. Some industries can power their operations by using waste products generated on-site or by other industries. These options reduce the waste that goes into landfills.
Pollution Prevention
The pollution prevention feature indicates that the manufacturer has reduced the air, water, and soil pollution associated with the manufacturing process, implying measures that exceed the legislative minimums required of manufacturers. These reductions may be achieved through on-site waste processing, reduced emissions, or the recycling of water used in the manufacturing process. Environmentally sound packaging is another pollution prevention feature, as the way in which a product is packaged and shipped affects the total amount of waste generated by the product.
Recycled Content
A product featuring recycled content has been produced partially or entirely of post-industrial or post-consumer waste. The incorporation of waste materials from industrial processes or households into usable building products reduces the waste stream and the demand on virgin natural resources.
Embodied Energy Reduction
The embodied energy of a material refers to the total energy required to produce that material, including the collection of raw materials. Any revision of a manufacturing process that saves energy reduces the embodied energy of the material. A conventional material with a high embodied-energy content can often be replaced with a low-embodied-energy material, while still using conventional design and construction techniques.
Use of Natural Materials
Natural materials are generally lower in embodied energy and toxicity than man-made materials. They require less processing and are less damaging to the environment. Many, like wood, are theoretically renewable. When lowembodied-energy natural materials are incorporated into building products, the products become more sustainable.
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3.3.3. Building Phase: Use [5] Reduction in Construction Waste Many building materials come in standard sizes, based on the 4' x 8' module defined by a sheet of plywood. Designing a building with these standard sizes in mind can greatly reduce the waste material created during the installation process. Efficient use of materials is a fundamental principle of sustainability. Materials that are easily installed with common tools also reduce overall waste from trimming and fitting. Energy efficiency is an important feature in making a building material environmentally sustainable. Depending on type, the energy efficiency of building materials can be measured with factors such as R-value, shading coefficient, luminous efficiency, or fuel efficiency. The ultimate goal in using energy efficient materials is to reduce the amount of artificially generated power that must be brought to a building site. Products with the water treatment/conservation feature either increase the quality of water or reduce the amount of water used on a site. Generally, this involves reducing the amount of water that must be treated by municipal septic systems, with the accompanying chemical and energy costs. This can be accomplished in two ways: by physically restricting the amount of water that can pass through a fixture (showerhead, faucet, toilet), or by recycling water that has already entered the site. Graywater from cooking or hand-washing may be channeled to flush toilets. Captured rainwater can be used for irrigation. Non- or less-toxic materials are less hazardous to construction workers and building occupants. Many materials adversely affect indoor air quality and expose occupants to health hazards. Some materials, like adhesives, emit dangerous fumes for only a short time during and after installation; others can reduce air quality throughout a buildings life. Renewable energy systems replace traditional building systems that are dependent on the off-site production of electricity and fuel. Solar, wind, and geothermal energy utilize the natural resources already present on a site. Components that encourage daylighting, passive solar heating, and on-site power generation are included in this category. Materials with a longer life relative to other materials designed for the same purpose need to be replaced less often. This reduces the natural resources required for manufacturing and the amount of money spent on installation and the associated labor. Durable materials that require less maintenance produce less landfill waste over the buildings lifetime.
Energy Efficiency
Water Treatment / Conservation
Use of NonToxic or LessToxic Materials
Renewable Energy Systems
Longer Life
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3.3.4. Post-Building Phase: Disposal [5]
Reusability
Reusability is a function of the age and durability of a material. Very durable materials may outlast the building itself, and can be reused at a new site. These materials may have many useful years of service left when the building in which they are installed is decommissioned, and may be easily extracted and reinstalled at a new site. Recyclability measures a materials capacity to be used as a resource in the creation of new products. Steel is the most commonly recycled building material, in large part because it can be easily separated from construction debris with magnets. Glass can theoretically be recycled, but is difficult to handle and separate at a demolition site.
Recyclability
Biodegradability
The biodegradability of a material refers to its potential to naturally decompose when discarded. Organic materials can return to the earth rapidly, while others, like steel, take a long time. An important consideration is whether the material in question will produce hazardous materials as it decomposes, either alone or in combination with other substances.
3.4. Using nanotechnology for sustainable production and consumption [42]

One of the key selling points of green nanotechnology is its promise of more sustainable production of goods, by using less energy and resources (e.g. raw materials, water) and using less toxic materials. However, it can be hard to make such a comparison. Very few life cycle assessments comparing the sustainability of conventional and nanotechnology-based materials are as yet available, but emerging data points to any environmental gains achieved by nanotechnology potentially being outweighed by the negative environmental impacts of their production.
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3.5. DEFINITION OF GREEN NANOARCHITECTURE (GNA) [21]

GREEN NANOTECHNOLOGY + ARCHITECTURE = GREEN NANOARCHITECTURE Green nanotechnology is the development of clean technologies, "to minimize potential environmental and human health risks associated with the manufacture and use of nanotechnology products, and to encourage replacement of existing products with new nanoproducts that are more environmentally friendly throughout their lifecycle."
3.6. GREEN NANO TECHNOLOGY GOALS [21]

Green Nanotechnology has two goals: producing nanomaterials and products without harming the environment or human health, and producing nano-products that provide solutions to environmental problems. It uses existing principles of Green Chemistry and Green Engineering to make nanomaterials and nano-products without toxic ingredients, at low temperatures using less energy and renewable inputs wherever possible, and using lifecycle thinking in all design and engineering stages. In addition to making nanomaterials and products with less impact to the environment, Green Nanotechnology also means using nanotechnology to make current manufacturing processes for non-nano materials and products more environmentally friendly. For example, nanoscale membranes can help separate desired chemical reaction products from waste materials. Nanoscale catalysts can make chemical reactions more efficient and less wasteful. Sensors at the nanoscale can form a part of process control systems, working with nano-enabled information systems. Using alternative energy systems, made possible by nanotechnology, is another way to "green" manufacturing processes. The second goal of Green Nanotechnology involves developing products that benefit the environment either directly or indirectly.Nanomaterials or products directly can clean hazardous waste sites, desalinate water, treat pollutants, or sense and monitor environmental pollutants. Indirectly, lightweight nanocomposites for automobiles and other means of transportation could save fuel and reduce materials used for production; nanotechnology-enabled fuel cells and lightemitting diodes (LEDs) could reduce pollution from energy generation and help conserve fossil fuels; self-cleaning nanoscale surface coatings could reduce or eliminate many cleaning chemicals; and enhanced battery life could lead to less material use and less waste. Green Nanotechnology takes a broad systems view of nanomaterials and products, ensuring that unforeseen consequences are minimized and that impacts are anticipated throughout the full life cycle.
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3.7. PRINCIPLES OF GREEN ENGINEERING [43]

1.Engineer processes and products holistically, use systems analysis, and integrate environmental impact assessment tools. 2.Conserve and improve natural ecosystems while protecting human health and well-being. 3.Use life-cycle thinking in all engineering activities. 4.Ensure that all material and energy inputs and outputs are as inherently safe and benign as possible. 5.Minimize depletion of natural resources. 6.Strive to prevent waste. 7.Develop and apply engineering solutions, while being cognizant of local geography, aspirations, and cultures. 8.Create engineering solutions beyond current or dominant technologies; improve, innovate, and invent (technologies) to achieve sustainability. 9.Actively engage communities and stakeholders in development of engineering solutions.
3.8. EVALUATION OF 'GREEN' NANOTECHNOLOGY REQUIRES A FULL LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT [22]
As nanotechnology applications and nanomaterials slowly move into mainstream manufacturing, there will have to be an increasing focus on the environmental footprint that the production of various nanomaterials creates. A growing research body promises to lead to green(er) nanomanufacturing technologies . This emerging field of green nanoscience faces ( Fig. 3.3 ) Typical life cycle of polymer considerable research challenges to achieve the nanocomposite. Dotted lines indicate the maximum performance and benefit from system boundary for the cradle to gate nanotechnology while minimizing the impact on comparison of PNCs with steel. Dashed human health and the environment. lines represent the boundary for the As it stands now, it remains to be seen what the automotive body panel case study. [22] environmental footprint of nanotechnologies will be. So far, the message is mixed. "Life cycle studies of emerging nanotechnologies are susceptible to huge uncertainties due to issues of data quality and the rapidly evolving nature of the production processes , With missing data about the large scale impact of nanotechnology, life cycle assessments of potential nanoproducts should form an integral part of nanotechnology research at early stages of decision making as it can help in the screening of different process alternatives."
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3.9. NANOTECHNOLOGY , GREEN BUILDING AND SUSTAINABLE DESIGN [23]

Nanotechnology is all about getting more function on less space. Efficiency and getting more with less is essential for sustainability. How can nanotechnology contribute to making energy conversion and energy storage more efficient or improving product durability? More for less: Nanotechnology is about getting more function on less space. Efficiency and getting more with less is essential for sustainability. Nanotechnology is also about integrating disciplines and building a cross disciplinary research community. New solutions to replace nonrenewable energy based technologies and minimize their impact on the environment will need this cross disciplinary approach. Nanotechnology can contribute to making energy conversion and energy storage more efficient or improving product durability. Catalyst design can improve H2 production, nanoparticles as fuel additive can reduce waste gas emission, nanostructured materials can be used for direct energy conversion or to improve photovoltaic cells, electrodes and membranes for fuel cells or improve lighting. Carbon nanotubes provide atomically smooth channels with unprecedented properties for water purification.They can at the same time be used for light weight, high strength composites for future cars and planes that may consume less energy and be more efficient. Nanoparticles based on biomimetic systems can be used to clean up waste. Increasing population and pollution levels has already started to affect the food industry. Nanotechnology will impact how food is grown, processed and packed or can be used to reduce pesticides. These are all potential contributions of nanotechnology to sustainability. A lot of it is not yet real but there is a significant potential. 3.9.1. Nanotechnology and clean technology [23] This years 10th NSTI nanotechnology conference in Santa Clara teamed up with the first conference on clean technology . CleanTech has become a buzz word that is increasingly gaining attention since sustainability is an issue in the context of global warming, climate change and increasing cost of primary natural resources. [14] The issue of sustainability has clearly caught the interest of the economic world. A strong support from the venture capital community in California can be traced to the fact that the long term perspective for any clean technology is very stable . Any new technology is however expensive at the beginning. But increasing energy cost and the cost of other natural resources make alternative energy sources and intelligent solutions more cost competitive while mass production of the new technology helps to drive costs down.
CHAPTER THREE
3.9.2. Energy and big things start small [23] One of the main issues about sustainability is the way we use energy. We use mostly nonrenewable energy. The main demand of sustainable technology is that it makes a radical shift towards the use of renewable energy. There is plenty of sun energy shining on us and we have yet to learn how to make use of it. How can energy conversion and energy storage be improved? How can energy consumption be reduced through intelligent design or by intelligent system integration? We could imagine a system where mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy, stored as chemical energy and is recovered on demand. The roofs of our buildings could be covered with solar panels or collectors to convert sun light into thermal or electrical energy. Sun collectors combined with a Sterling engine show promising results . Electricity might soon flow in the installations of our house in both directions. [14] Surplus energy from our roofs will provide electricity to the grid reducing overall consumption of non-renewable energy sources. 3.9.3. Facing facts [23] Nanotechnology has the potential to make a big impact on sustainability. But this will need a multiple of cross disciplinary approaches to solve main issues that resulted from 150 years of massive industrialization. It is not enough that a scientist makes a discovery when industry is based on non-renewable natural resources; it is not enough to design new products without knowing what is going to happen to it at the end of its lifetime. Today, Sustainability is the biggest challenge that humans face.
3.10. GREEN NANO ARCHITECTURE APPLICATION

3.10.1. NANO CITY [37] To develop a sustainable city with world class infrastructure and to create an ecosystem for innovation leading to economy, ecology and social cohesion.
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3.10.1.A. Overview [37] Nanocity spans 11138 acres of flatland located just beyond the foothills of the Himalayas. It is less than 25 kms east of Chandigarh and just over 200 kms north of Delhi. Two seasonal rivers form the eastern and western borders of the city and two streams trickle within its boundaries. It is well connected by National highway- 73 ( NH-73 ) and State highway-1 ( SW-1). It is a public/private partnership between Sabeer Bhatia Group and the Haryana State Government. 3.10.1.B. Design Principles [37] NANOCITY has been designed on the principles of : 3.10.1.B.i. Greencity [37] Uses context as opportunity, promotes a lush and shaded climate-sensitive environment, encourages the expansion of local natural systems, and advances ecologically intelligent and sustainable design. Half of the land will thrive as a green open space. Grassy frontages, green belts, courtyards, walking trails and public parks will contribute to the all natural vibrancy of the city. Tree lined boulevards will offer shaded, climate sensitive environments. The urban infrastructure will be ecologically intelligent and sustainable by outfitting the buildings with energy efficient systems and renewable energy sources. ( Fig. 3.5 ) Nano City Views. [37]
( Fig. 3.4 ) Nano City location. [37]
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3. 10.1.B.ii. Flexcity [37] Creates an adaptable and evolving framework that is flexible over time, responds to changing needs, and adjusts to future uses and patterns of growth. A city will not reach its full potential overnight and for this reason, Nanocity has been planned to emerge in incremental phases. This will ensure the completion of high-quality, dependable infrastructure. This gradual method of build-out will also allow the city to be flexible and responsive to new conditions and changing needs over time. 3. 10.1.B.iii. Complexcity [37] Proposes a city of mixed use districts, encourages a dynamic sequence of neighborhoods and open spaces, defined unique nodes of density and character, and linked by efficient systems of transportation. Nanocity will provide diverse, hybrid spaces that cultivate creativity through their unique nodes of character. This will be evident in the different types of residential options and housing accommodations available. The function of each district will determine its spirit. 3. 10.1.C. MASTER PLAN [37] 3. 10.1.C.i. A CITY OF PARKS AND PUBLIC OPEN SPACE [37] Parks and open spaces help facilitate healthy living and create positive social environment that give citizens a sense of belonging. They are community development tools which bring about recreational activities and a learning experience. They are the lungs of a city that help keep the air clean. In NANOCITY, 50% of the land is earmarked for development of parks and upkeep of open space. A park will be less than a five minute walk away from any starting point in the city. These parks will host bike and jogging paths, playing fields, and other out door leisure opportunities. Nanocity will foster an urban atmosphere on an eco-island of living landscape. ( Fig. 3.6 ) Nano City a city of parks and public open space. [37]
CHAPTER THREE
3. 10.1.C.ii. A CITY OF ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY [37] The urban structures in NANOCITY has been developed as mixed-use buildings, with the street level devoted to business and trade and the upper floors allocated for residential use.The mixed-use derives from the notion of creating a market of mutually complimentary and supportive services and activities. The city has been divided into four districts viz: IT, University, Airport and Biotech districts for administrative control. The IT district houses: Information technologies, promenade, golf course, market square, amphitheatre, central and link park. University district houses: University Campus, Cricket stadium and Culture and Arts. Airport district houses: Convention centres, hotels, ware house and industry. Biotech district houses: Medical centre, Eco centre, Horse race track, Resort, Eco Park and Bio Technologies. Innovation is the motivation for Nanocitys four districts. It will generate a vast quantity and variety of employment opportunities in the state of Haryana. For every high- tech employment position introduced, three low wage or informal sector jobs will be created. These concentrated areas will be urban agglomerations of residential, commercial, business, institutional and industrial infrastructure. The districts will house a number of unique neighbourhoods and will be connected through a comprehensive system of roads and public transit options. 3. 10.1.C.iii. HIGH DENSITY NODES [37] The high density nodes have been located in areas which will minimize the impact of dense development on surrounding neighbourhoods.
( Fig. 3.7 ) Nano City a city of economic opportunity. [37]
( Fig. 3.8 ) Nano City high density nodes. [37]
CHAPTER THREE
The city has been divided for even and sustainable development into four high density nodes viz : technology and ecology region, research and development, knowledge and innovation and international communication and exchange regions. 3. 10.1.C.iv. A CITY OF COMPREHENSIVE STATE OF THE ART TRANSIT [37] The pedestrian has priority in Nanocity. Tree-lined streets, green store fronts and narrow, shaded sidewalks will ensure a pleasant walking environment. To dissuade "car culture", a state of the art public transit system has been envisaged. on the move. Nanocitys Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system will consist of a main loop connecting the entire city. There are secondary loops, neighbourhood loops with transfer stops and regional transit centres to increase the efficiency of mass transport. Each residence will be within a five minute walking distance from every starting point in the city. If one has to journey by car, two wheelers & other automobiles, there are lanes that are specifically meant for them thereby making the journey safe and comfortable. 3. 10.1.C.v. A CITY OF SUSTAINABILITY AND SUSTENANCE [37] Global warming and climate change make the contemporary urban agenda a global one.
( Fig. 3.9 ) Nano City a city of comprehensive state of the art transit. [37]
Nanocity will preserve the naturally existing resources of the land. During monsoon, water will be harvested for retention and use throughout the year.
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The water reclaimed from the rivers and other natural sources will undergo intensive bioremediation to make it safe for consumption. The city will be outfitted with a dual distribution piped water system to separate drinking water from reclaimed greywater used for non-potable purposes. Living machine technology will provide Nanocity with the capacity to convert wastewater into odorfree drinking water. Half of the energy used in the city will come from renewable sources viz: wind, solar and photovoltaic technologies. Buildings will use climate responsive design techniques such as sun shading, cross ventilation and direct evaporative cooling. At least 70% of the citys waste will be recycled or composted.
3. 10.1.C.vi. A CITY OF INCLUSION
[37]
It takes a village to build a city. Local villagers will be encouraged to gain employment through local construction projects and live in the builders town. These towns will provide technical training, low cost housing, electricity, safe drinking water and education to children. They will also offer temporary commercial outlets for the sale of building materials and storage space as well as everyday items and refreshments. As the city grows outward and the need for construction diminishes, the builders towns will be integrated into the greater urban fabric of Nanocity.
( Fig. 3.10 ) Nano City a city of sustainability and sustenance. [37]
( Fig. 3.11 ) Nano City a city of sustainability and sustenance. [37]

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3. 10.1.D. INFRASTRUCTURE 3. 10.1.D.i. POWER [37] Power is one of the main drivers of an economy. Efforts are underway at NANOCITY to find a solution to provide uninterrupted power supply. Renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, geothermal, biomass are the alternatives being explored. We believe that majority of power will come from hydro sources from the neighbouring, energy surplus, state of Himachal Pradesh. 3. 10.1.D.ii. WATER [37] At NANOCITY, we hope to use minimal water resources with concepts such as rain harvesting, waste water management, green building concepts, use of solar geysers, and energy efficient lamps. Talks are on with leading authorities in thefield of water resource management to find a suitable solution to have continuous water supply. Conceptual plans, like creation of artificial dams,to store water and installation of state of the art water purification systems to provide safe and hygienic water for drinking are being researched. 3. 10.1.D.iii. CONNECTIVITY [37] In todays world, information is the currency of economic growth. We hope to provide world class connectivity, through myriad sources, to every individual in NANOCITY through fibre optic links, Wi Max and 3G connectivity. ( Fig. 3.12 ) Power at Nano City. [37]
( Fig. 3.13 ) Water resources at Nano City. [37]
( Fig. 3.14 ) Nano City Wi Max and 3G connectivity. [37]
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3.10.2. UTOPIA ONE: DUBAI TALL EMBLEM STRUCTURE [38] Utopia one: dubai tall emblem structure : Cesar bobonis-zequeira, Ivan Architecture perez-rossello and Teresita del valle Zaabeel Park.Dubai Location Proposal SITUATION The tower and its elements are composed of materials that resemble a smooth sculptural piece that are integrated into the park. The base behaves as a single unit housing the programmed spaces, entry areas and existing walkways. form creates a courtyard intended for gatherings and general leisure. Conceptually, the structure reacts to the gravitational forces that act upon it self and gives the allusion of hovering above the ground. The tower grows from the base element becoming an extension of the sculpture giving way to the observation deck. The elevator is constructed of glass all around and encased inside a shaft with a glass exterior to permit views to the outside as one rises. The observation deck (oculus platform) is formed by a ring that supports a glass floor intended to give the sensation of flight. Nano-cell technology will be integrated to the exterior skin of the building, providing a portion of the energy to run the elevator systems, hvac systems and electrical systems. Nano-cell technology is a thin photovoltaic film bonded to metal surfaces. Heat sensitive glass reacts to the suns position and controls the heat gain in the glassed surfaces. Water management features will reuse grey water for irrigation and provide water for the hvac systems.
( Fig.3.15 ) 'utopia one' tower. [38]
( Fig.3.16 ) 'utopia one' power, through nano technology. [38]
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3.10.3. NANO VENT SKIN [39] This project was born as an alternative to all the gigantic projects being built around the world, where it seems that in order to be green you have to think big and build something impressively huge. Nano Vent-skin (NVS) tries to make people think on a smaller scale and apply it to existing buildings, houses and structures (tunnels, road barriers, etc) to generate energy.
( Fig. 3.17 ) Nano Vent-Skin used on highway tunnels to power the lights. [39]
( Fig. 3.18 ) Nano Vent-Skin used on road barriers to power the lights, where there is no access to electricity. [39] 3.10.3.A.SCALE MODEL [39]
( Fig. 3.19 ) NVS wrapped around train tunnels uses the wind generated from the speed of trains to power the lights of the next station. [39]
With this approach NVS makes existing objects greener by covering them with a skin made out of micro wind turbines. It consists of a set of micro turbines (25mmx10.8mm), which generate energy from wind and sunlight. ( Fig. 3.20 ) Nano Vent-Skin used on existing buildings to supply electricity. [39]
CHAPTER THREE
( Fig. 3.21 ) Each wind turbine is 25mm long by 10.8mm wide. [39] 3.10.3.B. WHY NANO ? [39]
( Fig. 3.22 ) Images of the model against the sky, testing the final proportions. [39]
Nowadays controversy runs around the topic of scientists praying God in trying to reshape organisms and living things. Its true that we run the risk of not knowing what the consequences will be. But we have to think as well of all the benefits we are missing out on. Nature is a 4.5 billion year old research center of trial and error. The more we learn and take advantage of this huge database, the less we run into dead end solutions.We cant improve nature. It does this by itself and in a way we will never achieve. It even reinvents itself in order to survive in areas where humankind is trying to destroy it. NVS is not trying to reinvent or reshape nature. Its just acting as a merger of different means and approaches into energy absorption and transformation, which will never happen in nature. For example: a palm tree can never learn from an arctic raspberry bush or a bonsai tree if they never coexist within the same surroundings. NVS takes advantage of globalized knowledge of different species and resources and turns them into a joint organism where three different ways of absorbing and transforming energy work in symbiosis. Using nano-manufacturing with bioengineered organisms as a production method, NVS merges different kinds of micro organisms that work together to absorb and transform natural energy from the environment. What comes out of this merging of living organisms is a skin that transforms two of the most abundant sources of green energy on earth: Sunlight and Wind. There is another advantage of using living organisms: the absorption of CO2 from the air.
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3.10.3.C. NANO ENGINEERED DETAILS [39] How does NVS work? The outer skin of the structure absorbs sunlight through an organic photovoltaic skin and transfers it to the nanofibers inside the nano-wires which then is sent to storage units at the end of each panel.Each turbine on the panel generates energy by chemical reactions on each end where it makes contact with the structure. Polarized organisms are responsible for this process on every turbines turn. The inner skin of each turbine works as a filter absorbing CO2 from the environment as wind passes through it.The fact of using nano-bioengineering and nano-manufacturing as means of production is to achieve an efficient zero emission material which uses the right kind and amount of material where needed. These micro organisms have not been genetically altered; they work as a trained colony where each member has a specific task in this symbiotic process. This resembles an ant or a bee colony, where the queen knows what has to be done and distributes the tasks between the members.Imagine NVS as the human skin. When we suffer a cut, our brain sends signals and resources to this specific region to get it restored as soon as possible. NVS works in the same way. Every panel has a sensor on each corner with a material reservoir. When one of the turbines has a failure or breaks, a signal is sent through the nano-wires to the central system and building material (microorganisms) is sent through the central tube in order to regenerate this area with a selfassembly process. As researchers have stated, nano-manufacturing will be a common way to produce everyday products. ( Fig. 3.25 ) Zoom in showing the scale of nano engineered structures. [39]
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( Fig. 3.23 ) NVS interacting with Sunlight, Wind and CO2. [39]
( Fig. 3.24 ) Nano-structure components. [39]
CHAPTER THREE
3.10.3.D. WIND CONTACT STUDY [39] In order to achieve the best outcome of energy, the blades of each turbine are symmetrically designed. With this feature, even if the wind's direction changes, each turbine adapts itself by rotating clockwise or anti-clockwise, depending on the situation.
( Fig. 3.26 ) Nano Vent-Skin wind contact analysis. [39] 3.10.3.E. NVS_BUILDING ON SITE [39]
( Fig. 3.27 ) Nano Vent-Skin wind contact study. [39]
This Building was developed to show how Nano Vent-Skin can be used on new designs and concepts.
( Fig. 3.28 ) NVS View from the beach. [39]
( Fig. 3.29 ) NVS Detail side view.

[39]
( Fig. 3.30 ) NVS Bay view.
[39]
( Fig. 3.31 ) NVS View from the interior. [39]

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3.10.3.F. STORAGE AND SUPPLY UNITS [39] Each panel has four round supply units (one on each corner). These units are in charge of: - Monitoring that all the turbines are working. - Delivering material malfunctioning turbines. to regenerate broken or
- Receiving and storing the energy produced by the turbines.
( Fig. 3.32 ) Storage and supply units. [39]

This technology for Nano Green Building is used to a large extent to ensure avoidance of any potential risks of this new technology to the field of architecture. It also ensures that use in order to achieve sustainability and the change in the current architectural design techniques rather than by design, but also for the energy and new materials, which will change the concept of architecture in the world.
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General Conclusion
GENERAL CONCLUSION [44]

Nanotechnology is a fusion technology and therefore incorporates, for instance, bio and information technologies. The synergy effects, resulting from the interface of two or more systems, will amplify the complexity and inevitably exceed the hypothetical consequences of one single technology. The world is entering the sphere of nano, even where information and communication technologies have not yet pervaded society at large. In the developing countries, where preindustrializedand post-modern technologies coexist with the newly emerging technologies, nano-engineered commodities and services can be designed for the needs of people belonging to pre-industrialized, post-modern or knowledge societies since no preclusions apply. As far as the predictions of nanos future are concerned, global trends suggest that nano is gathering momentum. Expansion in scientific research and development, public and corporate investments, public-private partnerships, media coverage, patents, services and devices clearly indicate that nanotechnology is growing rapidly. Nano has the potential to become the flagship of the new millenniums building methods and architectural style in the developed as well as in the developing worlds. Nanotech will certainly not replace all other technologies used in architecture, but will coexist with and borrow from the technological inventions of the past. It is thus unlikely that the nano era will replace the digital. Instead, the digital age will converge with the nano, and their synergy effects will lead to fundamental and irreversible alterations in the existing, cultures andinstitutions of society, societal organization, and various mechanisms and patterns, including the demographic structure of society. Nanoarchitecture would be the upcoming new architectural trend of the contemporary time. The impact of such new technology will exceed those of the precedent technologies because the intensity of the impact of any phenomenon is positively correlated with its pervasiveness. The circumstances indicate that the possible impacts of nanotech will exceed even those of the revolt against classicism some three centuries ago.
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References
REFERENCES
Textbooks: (1) (2) Digital Architecture Now: A Global Survey of Emerging Talent by Neil Spiller , (2008) . Nano Materials in architecture, Interior architecture and Design. Leydecker, Sylvia. (2008).
EBooks: (3) Government Investment in Nanotechnology Fifth Report of Session 2003 , 04 Report Volume I Ordered by The House of Commons . http://www.publications.parliament.uk/ . Retrieved July, 2009. Nano material science . Nanotechnology : A Brief Introduction , Luisa filipponi & Duncan Stherland Interdisciplinary Nanoscience center (INANO) University of Aarhus, Denmark http://www.nanocap.eu/Flex/Site/Download.aspx?ID=2256 . Retrieved March, 2009. Sustainable Architecture Module: Qualities, Use, and Examples of Sustainable Building Materials Written by Jong-Jin Kim, Assistant Professor of Architecture, and Brenda Rigdon, Project Intern; Edited by Jonathan Graves, Project Intern College of Architecture and Urban Planning The University of Michigan . Retrieved July, 2009. Nano The Essentials: Understanding Nanoscience and Technology. Pradeep, T. McGrew Hill, New Delhi, (2007). . Retrieved May, 2009.
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Web articles: (7) Nanotechnology provides 'green' path to environmentally sustainable economy . Posted April 26th, 2007 http://www.physorg.com/news96781160.html . Retrieved March, 2009. NT Introduction http://www.etcgroup.org/ . Retrieved November, 2008. Nano for Science and Engineering. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nano. Retrieved October,2008. Nano Scale . http://www.discovernano.northwestern.edu/whatis/index_html/howsmall_html . Retrieved October, 2009. Definition of Nanoscience . http://www.discovernano.northwestern.edu/whatis/index_ html/sizematters_html . Retrieved November, 2008. Nanotechnology . http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnology . Retrieved October, 2008. Whats Nanotechnology. http://www.nano.org.uk/whatis.htm. Retrieved August, 2009. http://1nanotechnology.blogspot.com/2007/08/conclusion.html . Retrieved May, 2009. Nanoarchitecture Introduction . Yeadon, Peter. Year 2050: Cities in the Age of Nanotechnology , http://sensingarchitecture.com/523/nanotechnology-and-new-materials-for-architecture/ Retrieved April, 2009.
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(16) Digital architecture . http://architecture-now2.blogspot.com/2008/07/artspacearchitecture-andlandscape.html , Posted July 21, 2008 . Retrieved May, 2009. (17) Digitally Grown Botanic Tower http://aminima.net/wp/?p=840&language=en . Retrieved May, 2009. (18) A Science Impacting Architectural Design . Elvin, Dr. George. NanoBioBuilding: Nanotechnology, Biotechnology, and the Future of Building. Green Technology Forum. 2006 , http://sensingarchitecture.com/2009/02/11/nanotechnology-a-science-impacting-architectural-design/ Retrieved March, 2009. (19) Nano Studio, Filed in archive Design by George Elvin on November 29, 2006 http://www.nanotechbuzz.com/50226711/nanostudio_explores_architecture_and_nanotechnology.php . Retrieved January, 2009. (20) GNA Introduction . http://www.azonano.com/news.asp?newsID=2129 . Retrieved February, 2009. (21) Green Nanotechnology . http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_nanotechnology . Retrieved January, 2009. (22) Evaluation of 'Green' Nanotechnology requires a Full Life Cycle Assessment. Posted: February 23, 2009 http://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=9386.php . Retrieved March, 2009. (23) Nanotechnology and Sustainability , Posted 22 Jun, 2007
http://www.scitizen.com/screens/blogPage/viewBlog/sw_viewBlog.php?idTheme=5&idContribution=750
Retrieved December, 2008. Websites: (24) Definition of Nano http://www.discovernano.northwestern.edu/whatis/index_html/index_html . Retrieved October, 2008. (25) Carbon Nanotube http://www.cnano-rhone-alpes.org/spip.php?article57 . Retrieved June, 2009. (26) Image of Nanowires http://library.thinkquest.org/05aug/01179/nanowires.html . Retrieved May, 2009. (27) Image of C60/fullerenes
http://www.nanowerk.com/nanotechnology/introduction/introduction_to_nanotechnology_11.html .
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Retrieved May, 2009. Image of Geodesic Domes by C60/ fullerenes www.answers.com/topic/r-buckminster-fuller . Retrieved May, 2009. Image of Nanoparticle . http://library.thinkquest.org/07aug/02147/particlegeneral.html . Retrieved July, 2009. Nanotechnology Applications . http://understandingnano.com/ . Retrieved August, 2009. Nanotechnology's Potential to Reduce Greenhouse Gases . http://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=2225.php . Retrieved July, 2009.
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References (32) Definition of Nanoarchitecture . http://www2.arch.uiuc.edu/elvin/nanotech.htm Retrieved January, 2009. (33) Future of the Built Environment . http://www2.arch.uiuc.edu/elvin/smallplans.htm Retrieved March, 2009. (34) Nanoarchitecture Application . http://greendimensions.wikidot.com/nanotechnology-in-architecture . Retrieved April, 2009. (35) Next Generation Building Cleaning Solution . http://www.edgecryojetics.com/pages/selfcleaning.html . Retrieved July, 2009. (36) The Nano Towers . http://www.archicentral.com/the-nano-towers-by-allard-architecture-17754/ . Retrieved August, 2009. (37) Nano City . http://www.nanocity.com/index.html . Retrieved February 2009. (38) Utopia One: Dubai Tall Emblem Structure . http://www.designboom.com/weblog/cat/9/view/6490/utopia-one-dubai-tall-emblem-structure.html . Retrieved august 2009. (39) Nano Vent-skin . http://nanoventskin.blogspot.com/ . Retrieved December , 2008. Periodical: (40) EPA And Nanotechnology: Oversight for the 21st Century , J. Clarence Davies PEN 9 MAY 2007 http://www.nanotechproject.org/file_download/files/Nano&EPA_PEN9.pdf . Retrieved April , 2009. (41) Nanotechnology and Developing Countries Part 2: What Realities? http://www.azonano.com/details.asp?ArticleID=1429 . Retrieved August, 2009. (42) Nanotechnologies in the 21st Century : Challenges and Opportunities to Green Nanotechnologies Issue 1. april 2009 . Retrieved May, 2009. (43) Principles of Green Engineering . Green Nanotechnology: It's Easier Than You Think Project on Emerging Technologies, USA . Retrieved February, 2009. (44) The Author.
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University of Alexandria Faculty of Engineering Department of Architecture

Fahd Abd Elaziz Ahmed Omar Hemeida

Fahd Abd Elaziz Ahmed Omar Hemeida

For the degree of Master of Science in Architecture

Prof.Dr. Mohamed Abdelall Ibrahim

Prof.Dr. Mohamed Tarek AlSayad

Prof.Dr. Mohamed Hisham Saudy

Prof.Dr. Ibtehal Y. El-Bastawissi

Advisors Committee : Prof.Dr. Mohamed Abdelall Ibrahim

Prof.Dr. Osama Mahmoud Abd Elrahman

CHAPTER ONE - NANOTECHNOLOGY

CHAPTER TWO - NANOARCHITECTURE

CHAPTER THREE GREEN NANOARCHITECTURE

( Fig. 2.17 ) ( Fig. 2.18 )

Research Structure Chart

RESEARCH OBJECTIVES [44]

1.1. INTRODUCTION [8] [3]

1.2. DEFINITION OF NANO [24]

1.3. DEFINITION OF NANOSCIENCE [11]

1.4. DEFINITION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY [12]

CHAPTER KEY : NANO , NANO SCALE , NANOSCIENCE , NANOTECHNOLOGY .

CHAPTER KEY : NANO , NANO SCALE , NANOSCIENCE , NANOTECHNOLOGY .

CHAPTER KEY : NANO , NANO SCALE , NANOSCIENCE , NANOTECHNOLOGY .

CHAPTER KEY : NANO , NANO SCALE , NANOSCIENCE , NANOTECHNOLOGY .

( Fig. 1.13 ) Image of Carbon Nanotube [25]

( Fig. 1.14 ) Image of Nanowires [26]

( Fig. 1.15 ) Image of C60/ fullerenes. [27]

CHAPTER KEY : NANO , NANO SCALE , NANOSCIENCE , NANOTECHNOLOGY .

( Fig. 1.16 ) Image of geodesic domes by C60/ fullerenes. [28]

( Fig. 1.17 ) Image of Nanoparticle. [29]

CHAPTER KEY : NANO , NANO SCALE , NANOSCIENCE , NANOTECHNOLOGY .

CHAPTER KEY : NANO , NANO SCALE , NANOSCIENCE , NANOTECHNOLOGY .

( Fig. 1.21 ) Graphical representation of a rotaxane, useful as a molecular switch. [12]

( Fig. 1.22 ) Crystal structure of rotaxane with a cyclobis(paraquat-pphenylene) macrocycle. [12]

CHAPTER KEY : NANO , NANO SCALE , NANOSCIENCE , NANOTECHNOLOGY .

1.4.6.A. Nanotechnology's potential to reduce greenhouse gases

CHAPTER KEY : NANO , NANO SCALE , NANOSCIENCE , NANOTECHNOLOGY .

3) The hydrogen economy:

4) Batteries and supercapacitors:

CHAPTER KEY : NANO , NANO SCALE , NANOSCIENCE , NANOTECHNOLOGY .

CHAPTER KEY : NANO , NANO SCALE , NANOSCIENCE , NANOTECHNOLOGY .

( Fig.1.26 ) 2004 Distribution of health-related nanotechnology patent activity by country [41]

CHAPTER KEY : NANO , NANO SCALE , NANOSCIENCE , NANOTECHNOLOGY .

CHAPTER KEY : NANO , NANO SCALE , NANOSCIENCE , NANOTECHNOLOGY .

1.5. CONCLUSION [14]

CHAPTER KEY : NANO , NANO SCALE , NANOSCIENCE , NANOTECHNOLOGY .

CHAPTER KEY : DIGITAL ARCHITECTURE , NANOARCHITECTURE , (N.A.) APPLICATION

2.2. DIGITAL ARCHITECTURE [16]

CHAPTER KEY : DIGITAL ARCHITECTURE , NANOARCHITECTURE , (N.A.) APPLICATION

( Fig. 2.6 ) Heaven in desert Tolgahan Gngr TURKEY. [16]

( Fig. 2.8 ) Botanic tower on site. [17]

( Fig. 2.9 ) DUBAI WATERFRONT HOTEL Model view. [1]

CHAPTER KEY : DIGITAL ARCHITECTURE , NANOARCHITECTURE , (N.A.) APPLICATION

( Fig. 2.10 ) Tower structure. [1]

( Fig. 2.11 ) Interior view. [1]

2.3. DEFINITION OF NANO ARCHITECTURE [32]

2.4. NANOTECHNOLOGY: A SCIENCE IMPACTING ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN [18]

2.5. NANOTECHNOLOGY, ARCHITECTURE AND FUTURE OF THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT [33]

CHAPTER KEY : DIGITAL ARCHITECTURE , NANOARCHITECTURE , (N.A.) APPLICATION

2.6. Form Follows Function? [2]

CHAPTER KEY : DIGITAL ARCHITECTURE , NANOARCHITECTURE , (N.A.) APPLICATION

2.7. NANO ARCHITECTURE APPLICATION [34]