Elemental Geosystems, 5e (Christopherson) Chapter 6 Water Resources

1) Approximately what percentage of our bodies is comprised of water? A) 5 percent

B)

25 percent

C)

7 percent

!)

"" percent Answer# C 2) $hich of the following are true? A) % countries face impending water shortages& B) 'ne billion people lac( access to safe water& C) 1&% billion people lac( access to ade)uate sanitary facilities& !) *n the next 5 years+ water a,ailability per person is expected to drop by 7-.& /) All of the abo,e are true& Answer# / 0) 1recipitation normally refers to A)

the moisture demand in the water balance& B) all forms of moistureincluding fog& C) rain+ sleet+ snow+ and hail& !) the actual e,apotranspiration amount& Answer# C -) *n the water budget+ 22222222 is the ma3or receipt and 22222222 is the ma3or expenditure& A) sunshine4 radiati,e cooling B) outgassing4 dissociation C) precipitation4 e,aporation and transpiration !) e,aporation and transpiration4 precipitation Answer# C 5) 5he hydrologic cycle includes water A) at the surface of the earth and in the oceans& B) in the atmosphere& C) at a depth of up to se,eral (ilometers below the surface& !) all of the abo,e

/) at and below the surface only& Answer# ! 6) $hich of the following is true regarding the hydrologic cycle? A) 5he bul( of the precipitation occurs o,er land& B) 7ery little moisture is ad,ected from the sea to the land& C) 22 percent of /arth8s precipitation falls o,er the oceans& !) 7% percent of all precipitation falls on the oceans& Answer# !

7) 1recipitation that reaches /arth8s surface penetrates the soil surface through the process of A) percolation& B) throughfall& C) infiltration& !) interception and throughfall& Answer# C %) Atmospheric water that is carried from the ocean to the land is balanced by A) atmospheric water carried bac( to the ocean from land& B) surface water flow from the land to the ocean& C) subsurface flow from the land to the ocean& !) the combination of all of the abo,e /) 9one of the abo,eno balance exists& Answer# ! ") $hich of the following is not considered precipitation in all climates? A) hail B)

sleet C) fog !) rain /) snow Answer# C 1 ) 1otential e,apotranspiration refers to A) the moisture supply& B) the amount of unmet water demand in an en,ironment& C) the amount of water that would e,aporate or transpire if it were a,ailable& !) actual e,apotranspiration under conditions of moisture deficit& Answer# C 11) $hich of the following is true of precipitation in 9orth America? A) 5he highest amounts occur in the :outhwest and ;idwest& B) 5he highest amounts occur in the :outheast and 9orthwest& C) 5he lowest amounts are recei,ed in the ;idwest& !) 5he lowest amounts are recei,ed near <udson8s Bay&

Answer# B 12) 5ranspiration refers to A) the mo,ement of free water molecules away from a wet surface& B) the outward mo,ement of water from plant lea,es& C) an amount of moisture loss from the surface that cannot be measured& !) e,aporation& Answer# B 10) $hich of the following would decrease the rate at which e,apotranspiration occurs? A) increased temperatures B) increased wind speed C) increased humidity !) increased water a,ailability Answer# C

1-) $hich of the following is normally true of a hot desert? A) 1otential e,apotranspiration exceeds actual e,apotranspiration& B) Actual e,apotranspiration exceeds potential e,apotranspiration& C) 1otential e,apotranspiration e)uals actual e,apotranspiration& !) *t is impossible to say what the normal relationship between potential and actual e,apotranspiration would be in a desert& Answer# A 15) $hich of the following can measure e,apotranspiration? A) rain gauge

B)

anemometer C) e,aporation pan !) weighing lysimeter Answer# ! 16) $hich of the following is true regarding potential e,apotranspiration =1'5/5) in the >nited :tates? A) 5he highest ,alues are in the :outh and /ast& B) 5he highest ,alues are in the :outhwest& C)

Complete measurements and a map of 1'5/5 ha,e yet to be prepared& !) *t coincides with precipitation amounts& Answer# B 17) *f precipitation and soil moisture are inade)uate to meet potential e,apotranspiration demands+ the moisture condition is described as A) actual e,apotranspiration& B) a surplus& C) a deficit& !) soil moisture utili?ation& Answer# C 1%) Actual e,apotranspiration =AC5/5) is determined by A) 1@/C*1 A !/B*C& B) 1@/C*1 A :>@1C& C) AC5/5 A !/B*C& !) 1'5/5 A !/B*C& Answer# ! 1")

$hich of the following conditions are necessary for a surplus to exist? A) $ater is added to the soil when actual e,apotranspiration is less than potential e,apotranspiration& B) $ater is added to the soil when potential e,apotranspiration is less than actual e,apotranspiration& C) $ater is added to the soil when actual e,apotranspiration is e)ual to potential e,apotranspiration and the soil is full of moisture& !) $ater is added to the soil when the deficit is ,ery small& Answer# C 2 ) :urplus =:>@1C) does not include which of the following? A) water o,ersupply B) o,erland flow C) total runoff

!)

soil moisture recharge Answer# ! 21) $hich of the following is the most directly useful for estimating stream flow? A) potential e,apotranspiration B) actual e,apotranspiration C)

runoff !) soil moisture storage Answer# C 22) :oil moisture that plants are capable of accessing and using is called A) wilting point water& B) gra,itational water& C) a,ailable water& !) hygroscopic water& Answer# C 20) $hich of the following types of water is accessible to plants? A) hygroscopic B) capillary C) deficit water !) transpired water Answer# B 2-) $hich of the following is true when the soil is at field capacity?

A) A surplus definitely exists& B) 9o gra,ity drainage has occurred& C) 5he soil is holding the maximum amount of water that it can hold against the pull of gra,ity& !) 5he capillary force is not acting& Answer# C 25) 5he difference between the wilting point and field capacity is approximately e)ual to A) wilting point water& B) gra,itational water& C) a,ailable water& !) hygroscopic water& Answer# C 26) 5he texture and structure of the soil dictate A) potential e,apotranspiration& B) a,ailable pore spaces =i&e&+ the soil8s porosity)& C) flow of water through soil =i&e&+ the soil8s permeability)& !)

hygroscopic water& /) Both B and C are correct& Answer# / 27) *f the field capacity increases while wilting point decreases+ the amount of a,ailable water A) increases&

B)

decreases&

C)

remains the same& Answer# A

2%) Clay has a 22222222 field capacity because 22222222& A) large4 the pores between the particles are bigger B) large4 there are more particles =i&e&+ there is greater surface area) for the water to adhere to C) small4 the pores between the particles are bigger !) small4 there are fewer particles =i&e&+ there is less surface area) for the water to adhere to Answer# B 2") $hich of the following types of soil would ha,e the most water a,ailable for plant use following a rain? =Consider all rele,ant factors&) A) sand

B)

silt

C)

clay

Answer#

B 0 ) As transpiration occurs+ water enters plant roots because 22222222& A) a neutral pressure gradient is created B) the water pressure in the soil is more than the water pressure in the plant C) the water pressure in the soil is less than the water pressure in the plant !)

gra,ity acts on the water in the soil Answer# B 01) $hich of the following soil particle si?es is usually associated with the slowest recharge rate? A) sand

B)

silt

C)

clay

Answer#

C 02) <urricane Camille A) e,idently produced damage and property loss that exceeded any presumed moisture benefits& B) created deficit abatement =droughtAending) precipitation that produced benefits exceeding damages& C) produced floods only along the Dulf Coast& !) led to restricti,e ?oning along the Dulf Coast so that properties were not rebuilt after the storm in the same ,ulnerable areas& Answer# B 00) 5he water balance for Eingsport+ 5ennessee exhibits A) a net water surplus =:>@1C) during each month of the year& B)

net demands for water for 1 months of the year& C) water deficits in the summer months& !) water deficits each month of the year& Answer# C 0-) 'f the example stations+ which of the following experiences the greatest moisture deficits? A) Eingsport+ 5ennessee B) 'maha+ 9ebras(a C) Fac(son,ille+ Blorida !) 1hoenix+ Ari?ona Answer# !

05) Approximately what percent of the >&:& population deri,es a portion of its fresh water from groundwater sources? A) 1 percent

B)

0 percent

C)

5 percent

!)

" percent Answer# C 06) $hich of the following accurately describes annual groundwater withdrawal in the >nited :tates? A) $ithdrawals increased 16 percent between 1"5 and 1"" & B) 5he percentage of withdrawals in the >&:& and Canada are about the same& C) Droundwater pumping is presently not exceeding water recharge rates& !) 5he amount withdrawn is e)ual to ri,er discharges in the >&:& Answer# A 07) /xcess surface water percolates through the ?one of 22222222 to reach the ?one of 22222222 and the water table& A) hydration4 infiltration B) porosity4 permeability

C) water table4 water deposit !) aeration4 saturation Answer# ! 0%) 5he line of contact between the ?one of aeration and the ?one of saturation is (nown as the A) water table& B) saturation contact& C) influent line& !) a)uiclude& Answer# A 0") A waterAbearing roc( stratum is called aGan A) water table& B) a)uiclude&

C)

?one of aeration& !) a)uifer&

Answer#

- ) $hich of the following would ma(e the best a)uifer? A) uncemented+ loosely compacted clay B) cemented sand that was highly compacted C) uncemented sand that is loosely compacted !) cemented gra,el that was loosely compacted at the time of cementation Answer# C -1) :ilt and clay ma(e 22222222 a)uifers because they are 22222222& A) poor4 permeable B) poor4 impermeable C) good4 permeable !) good4 impermeable Answer# !

-2) 5he water in a confined a)uifer is under pressure of its own weight+ creating a pressure le,el called the A) artesian water le,el& B) a)uifer recharge force& C) potentiometric surface& !) water table& Answer# C -0) 5he term Hground water miningH refers to A) the remo,al of o,erlying roc( to reach ground water& B) the exca,ation of tunnels to reach ground water& C) the use of ground water to mine minerals& !) the remo,al of ground water at a rate faster than that at which it can be replaced& Answer# ! --) 5he term Hcone of depressionH refers to A) a change in the le,el of the soil water ?one& B) a depression in the water table formed by rapid ground water withdrawal& C)

a depression in the earth8s surface formed by ground water withdrawal& !) a graphical representation of the decline in the rate of ground water flow as an a)uifer dries out& Answer# B -5) *n order to protect a)uifers from pollution+ the bottoms of waste dumps should be lined with A) gra,el& B) sand& C) clay& !) soil& Answer# C -6) $hich of the following is a potential source of ground water pollution? A) septic tan(s B) pesticides and fertili?ers C) dumps !) all of these Answer# ! -7) $hich of the following is a potential conse)uence of ground water mining?

A) land subsidence and crac(ed building foundations B) compression of the a)uifer+ resulting in a permanent loss of water storage capacity C) salt water intrusion !) all of the abo,e /) A and B only Answer# ! -%) $hich of the following is true regarding groundwater? A) *t is unlimited when compared with the amount of surface water supplies& B) $hen polluted+ it is actually easier to clean up than is surface water& C) 5he total amount of groundwater has been reduced by the mining of water& !) *n terms of total amount+ it is second to streams in the >nited :tates& Answer# C

-") 5he largest practical potential source of fresh water in 9orth America is A) groundwater& B) ice sheets and glaciers& C) stream discharge& !) soil moisture& Answer# A 5 ) A stream8s flow rate is called its A) water flow& B) runoff& C) discharge& !) rate of flow& Answer# C 51) 5he 9ile and Colorado ri,ers are examples of A) exotic streams& B) streams with increases in downstream flows& C)

two of /arth8s greatest ri,ers in terms of discharge& !) internal drainage systems& Answer# A 52) 'f the a,erage precipitation o,er the lower -% states+ what percentage e,aporates and transpires on the a,erage per day? A) 2" percent

B)

51 percent

C)

71 percent

!)

-" percent Answer# C 50) $hich of the following water withdrawal habits do de,eloping nations exhibit? A) 5hey withdraw e)ual proportions for domestic+ agricultural+ and industrial use& B) 5hey withdraw the greatest amounts for the industrial sector& C) 5hey withdraw the greatest amounts for agriculture& !) 5heir pattern of water usage is ,ery similar to that of the >nited :tates& Answer# C 5-)

$hich of the following is false? A) 5he a,erage American diet re)uires 56 B) liters =102 gallons) a day to produce&

$orld water supplies per person ha,e shrun( by 1G0 since 1"7 & C) Canada is facing water shortages& !) 6 percent of the world8s desalini?ation plants are in the ;iddle /ast& Answer# C 55) $hich of the following is an example of the consumpti,e use of water? A) water that e,aporates from an irrigated field B) hydroelectric power production C) using water for a bath !) ri,er na,igation /) all of the abo,e Answer# A

56) 5he <igh 1lains a)uifer A) a,erages about 0 inches of rain per year& B) was not hea,ily mined until the 1"6 s& C) is not /arth8s largest a)uifer& !) recei,ed much of its water from melting glaciers in the past& Answer# ! 57) 5his region of the <igh 1lains a)uifer is suffering the least from groundwater mining A) southAcentral 9ebras(a& B) northern 5exas& C) '(lahoma& !) Eansas& Answer# A 5%) 5his acti,ity uses the least amount of withdrawn water in the >nited :tates A) irrigationAli,estoc(& B) industryAmining& C)

domesticAcommercial& !) steamAelectric power& Answer# B 5") 'f the following regions+ which is most ,ulnerable to water scarcity? A) :outh America B) >nited :tates C) *ndia !) China Answer# C 6 ) @ain is measured at more than 1 Answer# + stations worldwide&

5rue Balse 61) 'n a hot day+ a tree can transpire hundreds of liters of water& Answer#

5rue Balse 62) 1otential e,apotranspiration =1'5/5)+ when reduced by the deficit =!/B*C)+ yields the actual e,apotranspiration ,alue for a gi,en time period&

Answer#

5rue Balse 60) 1recipitation normally includes rain+ sleet+ snow+ dew+ clouds+ and fog& Answer# 5rue

Balse 6-) 5hornthwaite de,ised a method for estimating potential e,apotranspiration that utili?ed mean air temperature and daylength& Answer#

5rue Balse 65) $hen actual e,apotranspiration is less than potential e,apotranspiration+ a soil moisture surplus exists& Answer# 5rue

Balse 66) :oil moisture deficits are fre)uently o,ercome by irrigation in the arid and semiAarid agricultural regions of the world& Answer#

5rue Balse 67) At wilting point+ no water remains in the soil& Answer#

5rue

Balse 6%) <ygroscopic water is readily accessible to plants& Answer# 5rue

Balse 6") All plant species ha,e the same amount of water a,ailable to them under the same soil moisture conditions& Answer# 5rue

Balse 7 ) Although more water can be held in a clay soil+ less is actually a,ailable for plant use than in a silt soil& Answer#

5rue Balse 71) $ater drains more easily from a sandy soil than from a clay soil& Answer#

5rue Balse 72) Dra,itational water is associated with soil moisture deficits& Answer# 5rue

Balse 70) 5he water a,ailable to a plant is a function of soil texture and the effecti,e rooting depth of the plant itself& Answer#

5rue Balse 7-) 5he upper limit of water that collects in the ?one of saturation is the water table& Answer#

5rue Balse 75) $ater could be pumped faster from a geologic unit composed of sand than from one composed of clay& Answer#

5rue Balse 76) An a)uifer pumped beyond its recharge rate is o,er utili?ed and becomes a product of groundwater mining& Answer#

5rue Balse 77) *f the potentiometric surface reaches the surface of the ground+ a spring will de,elop& Answer#

5rue Balse

7%) Dround water pollution that our generation creates will not be a problem in the future =decades to centuries) because it is easy to clean an a)uifer once it is polluted& Answer# 5rue

Balse 7") 5he ten largest ri,ers in the world combined+ in terms of discharge+ exceed the total groundwater resource& Answer# 5rue

Balse % ) Abnormally high cancer rates ha,e occurred in the 9ew 'rleans area because of the contamination of the ;ississippi @i,er& Answer#

5rue Balse %1) 5he term for water that is caught on the surface of ,egetation during a rain shower is 22222222& :ome of this water will subse)uently run down the branches and trun( of the tree to reach the ground surface by 22222222& 'nce on the ground+ water will enter the soil in a process (nown as 22222222+ and will then mo,e downward through the soil as a result of the force of gra,ity& 5his mo,ement of soil water under the influence of gra,ity is called 22222222& Answer# interception4 stemflow4 infiltration4 percolation

%2) An 22222222 is a roc( layer that is permeable to groundwater flow in significant amounts+ whereas an 22222222 is a body of roc( that does not conduct water in usable amounts& 5echnically+ the ?one of saturation is an 22222222+ a waterAbearing stratum that is not confined by an impermeable o,erburden& 5he upper limit of the water that collects in the ?one of saturation is called the 22222222& Answer# a)uifer4 a)uiclude4 a)uifer4 water table %0) *f 1'5/5 is satisfied and soil moisture is full+ then additional water input becomes 22222222+ or water o,ersupply& 5his excess water may sit on the surface in puddles+ a situation (nown as 22222222+ or flow through the soil to groundwater storage& :urplus water that flows across the surface toward stream channels is termed 22222222+ which+ together with other precipitation and subsurface flows into ri,er channels+ is the 22222222 from the area& Answer# surplus4 water detention4 o,erland flow4 total runoff