Elemental Geosystems, 5e (Christopherson) Chapter 11 River Systems and Landforms

1) At any one moment, approximately ________ of fresh water flows through Earth's rivers and streams. A) 1,25 !m" #" $) !m" #",1 %) !m" #25, ') mi")

1",

mi")

1 &,

mi")

22 per(ent #an amount e)ual to that in groundwater) Answer* A 2) +f the world's largest rivers, whi(h has the greatest dis(harge, A) -aire #%ongo) .iver $) Ama/on .iver %) 0issouri1+hio10ississippi river system ') %hang %hiang #2angt/e) of Asia Answer* $ ") 3tream1related pro(esses are termed A) hydrologi(al. $)

geomorphologi(al. %) fluvial. ') erosion. Answer* % &) 4hi(h of the following lists of pro(esses are in the (orre(t se)uen(e as to their o((urren(e in nature, A) deposition, erosion, transport, weathering $) weathering, erosion, deposition, transport %) weathering, deposition, erosion, transport ') weathering, erosion, transport, deposition Answer* ' 5) 5he general term for (lay, silt, and sand deposited 6y running water is A) alluvium. $) dirt. %) soil. ') mud. Answer* A

7) 8ohn 4esley 9owell put forward the idea of 6ase level, whi(h refers to A) an imagined surfa(e that extends inland from sea level, and is in(lined gently upward. $) a level 6elow whi(h a stream (annot erode its valley %) an evolutionary (y(le of lands(ape development. ') flat plateaus. E) $oth A and $ are (orre(t. Answer* E :) 5he ultimate 6ase level is A) an interior 6asin. $) a dam.

%)

sea level.

')

all of these Answer* % ;) 4hi(h of the following may a(t as a 6ase level, A) a la!e that a river flows into $)

sea level

%)

the upper surfa(e of a waterfall ') all of these

E)

a la!e that a river flows into and sea level only Answer* E <) 5he degradation of a lands(ape 6y weathering, erosion, and transportation has an ultimate =goal= of redu(ing the lands(ape down to A) 6ase level, namely sea level. $) (ontinental shelf. %) the mountain tops. ') valley level. Answer* A 1 ) >n response to the o((urren(e of a lo(al 6ase level, A) a stream (ontinues to operate to redu(e its lands(ape to sea level the ultimate 6ase level. $) sediments a((umulate upstream in response to the loss of flow velo(ity. %) sea level (hanges. ')

5his situation never o((urs in nature. Answer* $ 11) 4atersheds are defined 6y A) (ontinental divides. $) drainage divides. %) stream orders. ') fluvial units. Answer* $ 12) 4hi(h of the following is in(orre(tly mat(hed, A) rills small1s(ale indentations in the land surfa(e $) drainage divides ridges that (ontrol drainage %) Allegheny and 0issouri rivers form the 0onongahela at 9itts6urgh ') 'elaware .iver 6asin (omposed of parts of five states Answer* % 1") .ivers east of the (ontinental divide in the .o(!ies drain into the A) 9a(ifi( drainage.

$) ?udson $ay@Ar(ti( drainage. %) Aulf@Atlanti( drainage. ') interior 4est drainage. Answer* % 1&) 0ost of 3as!at(hewan, 0anito6a, and +ntario are in whi(h maBor drainage 6asin, A) ?udson $ay $) Ar(ti(

%)

0issouri

')

Cpper 0ississippi Answer* A 15) 3tream drainage patterns are determined 6y whi(h of the following, A) slope

$)

differing ro(! resistan(e %) (limati( and hydrologi( varia6ility ') all of these Answer*

' 17) 4hi(h of the following landforms is in(orre(tly mat(hed with a drainage pattern, A) vol(ano radial $) folded mountain 6elt trellis %) eroded dome annular ') topographi(ally disrupted areas parallel Answer* ' 1:) 5he lengths of the individual (hannels in a dendriti( drainage pattern are ________ and this in(reases energy ________. A) minimi/edD effi(ien(y $) minimi/edD ineffi(ien(y %) maximi/edD effi(ien(y ') maximi/edD ineffi(ien(y Answer* A 1;) .e(tangular drainage patterns form as a result of ________. A) differential resistan(e to erosion $)

domal uplift %) flow through anti(linal and syn(linal topography ') flow through a faulted lands(ape Answer* ' 1<) 4hi(h of the following stream (hannel types is li!ely to develop on gently sloping surfa(es (omposed of ro(!s or sediments with approximately the same resistan(e to erosion, #Also assume that there are no stru(tural (ontrols on the pattern's development.) A) radial $) annular %) deranged ') dendriti( Answer* ' 2 ) 4hi(h drainage pattern is (ontrolled 6y ro(! stru(tures of varia6le resistan(e and folded strata, A) radial $) dendriti( %) deranged ') trellis Answer*

' 21) 3teep slopes and some relief generally produ(e whi(h drainage pattern, A) dendriti( $) deranged %) parallel ') annular Answer* % 22) A (entral pea!, or a dome of a vol(ani( mountain, generally produ(es ________ drainage patterns. A) radial $) trellis %) parallel ') annular Answer* A 2") 5he gla(iated shield regions of %anada and northern Europe have disrupted surfa(e drainage patterns that are (alled ________ patterns. A) trellis

$)

parallel %) annular ') deranged Answer* ' 2&) 3tream (apture refers to A) the legal pro(ess 6y whi(h a state se(ures rights to the waters of a river 6asin. $) the merging of two streams flowing in the same valley. %) the pro(ess 6y whi(h one (hannel erodes through a drainage divide and (aptures the headwater regions of another stream. ') the illegal withdrawal of water from a river. Answer* % 25) As the dis(harge of a stream in(reases, whi(h of the following also happens, A) 3tream (hannels narrow, 6e(ome shallower, and lose velo(ity. $) 5he rate of flow de(reases. %) %hannel width in(reases 6ut (hannel depth de(reases. ') 4idth, depth, and velo(ity all in(rease. Answer*

' 27) %onsider the e)uation E F wdv. A((ording to the e)uation, if E #dis(harge) remains (onstant, 6ut w and d de(rease #as when a (hannel 6e(omes more narrow and shallow), the velo(ity will A) in(rease.

$)

de(rease.

%)

remain (onstant. Answer* A 2:) 5he 3an 8uan .iver near $luff, Ctah, flooded in 1<&1 produ(ing A) de(reased dis(harge. $) a deepening of the (hannel, followed 6y su6se)uent filling. %) a la(! of e)uili6rium to 6alan(e dis(harge, velo(ity, and sediment load. ') a surprising la(! of response in the river (hannel. Answer* $ 2;) 4hi(h of the following is in(orre(tly mat(hed, A) a6rasion a hydrauli( s)uee/e1and1release a(tion $) (ompeten(e a stream's a6ility to move parti(les of a spe(ifi( si/e %)

(apa(ity the total possi6le load that a stream (an transport ') fine parti(les physi(ally held aloft in a stream suspended load E) parti(les rolled and 6oun(ed along a stream 6ed saltation Answer* A 2<) 3tream transport involves all of the following ex(ept A) saltation. $) 6ed load. %) tra(tion. ') sheet flow. Answer* ' " ) 5he largest material that (an 6e (arried 6y a stream is (arried as A) 6ed load. $) suspended load. %) dissolved load. ') tru(! load. Answer* A

"1) 5he suspended load of a stream (onsists of parti(les that are A) rolled and 6oun(ed along the stream 6ed. $) held aloft in the stream flow. %) dragged along the stream 6ed. ') in solution. Answer* $ "2) 4hi(h of the following ro(! types is most affe(ted 6y fluvial solution, A) granite

$)

sandstone

%)

rhyolite

')

limestone Answer* ' "") >f you Bourneyed to the headwaters of the .io Arande .iver in Gew 0exi(o, you would find that the material in the (hannel (onsists of large (o66les and 6oulders. ?owever, if you then traveled to the mouth of the river as it enters the Aulf of 0exi(o, you would find that the (hannel 6ed material is (omposed of sand and silt. 5he pro(ess responsi6le for this type of (hange in sediment si/e is A) solution. $)

a6rasion. %) hydrauli( a(tion. ') suspension. Answer* $ "&) 5he downstream portion of a river A) generally 6e(omes more sluggish. $) generally is of higher velo(ity, although it is mas!ed 6y redu(ed tur6ulen(e. %) features greater hydrauli( a(tion than do upstream portions. ') has lower dis(harges than do upstream portions. Answer* $ "5) 5he total possi6le load a stream (an transport is its ________, whereas a stream's a6ility to move parti(les of spe(ifi( si/e is its ________. A) (apa(ityD (ompeten(e $) (ompeten(eD (apa(ity %) dis(hargeD (ompeten(e ') 6ed loadD sediment load Answer*

A "7) As a stream's (arrying (apa(ity de(reases, whi(h of the following si/es of sediments will 6e deposited last, A) gravel $) sand %) silt ') (lay Answer* ' ":) As 6ase level is approa(hed 6y a stream, the a6ility of a stream to erode its 6ed A) in(reases. $) de(reases. %) remains (onstant. Answer* $ ";) >f the (apa(ity of a stream is ex(eeded, ________ will o((ur. A) down(utting $) erosion of valley walls %) aggradation

') down(utting and erosion of valley walls Answer* % "<) 5he (onstru(tion of a dam a(ross a river is li!ely to (ause ________ upstream and ________ downstream. A) erosionD aggradation $) erosionD erosion %) aggradationD erosion ') aggradationD aggradation Answer* % & ) 4hi(h of the following stream (hannel forms is li!ely to develop when aggradation greatly ex(eeds erosion, A) H1shaped valleys $) 6raided (hannels %) meandering (hannels ') straight, steep1walled (hannels Answer* $ &1) >n(reased velo(ity and a rough (hannel (an produ(e a

A) tur6ulent flow. $) laminar flow. %) maximum velo(ity. ') de(reased (apa(ity. Answer* A &2) An in(rease in tur6ulen(e A) results in deposition of sediment. $) results in aggradation. %) (auses terra(es to form. ') in(reases the river's erosive power. Answer* '

&") A meandering stream is one that is A) (ompletely sta6le. $) (ompletely unsta6le. %) deli(ately 6alan(ed 6etween e)uili6rium and (haos. ') (losed in terms of energy and matter input. Answer* % &&) 4hi(h of the following is li!ely to o((ur if the gradient of a stream in(reases, #Assume that the dis(harge and sediment load remain un(hanged.) A) 5he stream will 6egin to deposit more of its load. $) 5he amount of aggradation in the (hannel will in(rease. %) 5he amount of 6ed load transport will de(rease. ') 5he stream will 6egin to erode its (hannel and@or its 6an!s. Answer* ' &5) 5he maximum velo(ity line in a stream is A) near the 6ottom. $) near the inside of a meander. %)

at the (enter and near the surfa(e, (orresponding with the deepest parts of the stream (hannel. ') at the (enter and near the surfa(e, (orresponding with the shallowest parts of the stream (hannel. Answer* % &7) >f you wanted to 6uild a stru(ture along a riverespe(ially one that flows through un(onsolidated sediments you should 6uild the stru(ture ________ to maximi/e its lifetime. A) along the (ut6an! $) a6ove the point 6ar %) in a delta ') Any of these is e)ually safe. Answer* $ &:) 4hi(h of the following is in(orre(tly mat(hed, A) (ut 6an! outer portion of a stream meander $) point 6ar area of su6stantial erosion %) aggradation sediment a((umulation in the stream (hannel ') 6raided stream ma/e of inter(onne(ted (hannels Answer* $ &;)

A (utoff on a meandering stream results in the formation of A) an ox6ow la!e. $) a levee. %) a point 6ar. ') a terra(e. Answer* A &<) >f a stream has Bust the gradient and dis(harge to transport its sediment load, it is said to 6e A) =fit.= $) (ompetent. %) graded. ') in a none)uili6rium state. Answer* %

5 ) 4hi(h of the following is true of the longitudinal profile of most rivers, A) >t always (hanges at a (onstant rate from the headwater region to the sea. $) >t is (onvex in shape. %) >t is (on(ave in shape. ') >t is gentle upstream and steep downstream. Answer* % 51) An interruption in a stream's graded profile of e)uili6rium is (alled a A) gradation. $) longitudinal interruption. %) 6ase level. ') ni(!point. Answer* ' 52) A((ording to (lassi(al theories for the evolution of a lands(ape, the stage of maturity exists when a stream has A) (ut a =H=1shaped (anyon in a 6luff. $) developed a rough, a6rupt profile. %)

6egun to (ut laterally #side1to1side) into the 6an!s, 6eginning a floodplain. ') 6egun to (ut downward. Answer* % 5") 4hi(h of the following is not a feature of a reBuvenated lands(ape, A) entren(hed meanders $) the 3an 8uan .iver near 0exi(an ?at, Ctah %) a 6road, nearly level floodplain ') the %olorado .iver through the %olorado 9lateau Answer* % 5&) 4hi(h of the following is in(orre(t regarding floodplains, A) 5hey are formed 6y re(urrent flooding in the area adBa(ent to the stream. $) Gatural levees on either side of a stream are formed during times when the stream is at flood stage and overflows the 6an!. %) 5hey are generally low1lying areas. ') 5hey are (hara(teri/ed 6y rapids and low waterfalls. Answer* ' 55)

Gatural levees are (reated during A) floods. $) normal flow (onditions. %) low flow (onditions. ') Gone of the a6oveall levees are manmade. Answer* A 57) 5he average si/e of sediment in a natural levee is ________ that found in the surrounding floodplain. A) larger than $) smaller than %) the same si/e as Answer* A

5:) A tri6utary that is physi(ally una6le to Boin the main (hannel on a floodplain is (alled a@n A) alluvial stream. $) ya/oo tri6utary. %) levee tri6utary. ') meandering tri6utary. Answer* $ 5;) 5he primary (ause of terra(e formation is A) an in(rease in (hannel load. $) a de(rease in flood fre)uen(y. %) an in(rease in a river's velo(ity. ') flow through loose sediment. Answer* % 5<) 5erra(es (an form as a result of A) erosion. $) reBuvenation. %)

uplift. ') all of these E) none of these Answer* ' 7 ) 4hen a river rea(hes a 6ase level, its forward velo(ity rapidly de(elerates as it enters a larger 6ody of standing water and ________ is formed. A) an estuary

$)

an alluvial terra(e %) a delta

')

a stream terra(e Answer* % 71) 4hi(h of the following is true of the 0ississippi .iver and Gew +rleans, A) 5he possi6ility of a sudden, maBor shift in the river's (ourse now exists. $) Gew +rleans (ould 6e(ome a =(ity without a river.= %) A((umulation of sediments in the 0ississippi 'elta has (aused portions of Gew +rleans to sin! 6elow sea level. ') All of the a6ove are true. E)

A and $ are true. Answer* ' 72) 4hi(h of the following is used to measure streamflow, A) stilling well and staff gauge $) 6arometer and sling psy(hrometer %) statisti(al methods of pro6a6ility ') reservoirs Answer* A 7") 5he effe(t of ur6ani/ation on a typi(al stream hydrograph is to A) (reate a 6ase flow. $) in(rease lag time 6etween storm pea! and pea! stream dis(harge. %) de(rease runoff. ') de(rease lag time 6etween storm pea! and pea! stream dis(harge. Answer* ' 7&) >f you live in an area that was flooded 6y the 1 A) the next 1 1year flood will o((ur in exa(tly 1 1year flood last year, you (an (on(lude that

years.

$) the next 1 1year flood will o((ur in exa(tly << years. %) 1year flood again this year.

you (ould 6e flooded 6y the 1 ')

you do not have to worry a6out another flood of that si/e during your lifetime. Answer* % 75) 5he Gile delta is shrin!ing 6e(ause A) manmade distri6utaries have 6een added for farming purposes. $) sediment loads are deposited 6efore rea(hing the (oast. %) o(ean (urrents have in(reased along the (oastline. ') the 0editerranean $asin is su6siding, there6y steepening the (oastal margin. E) 6oth A and $ Answer* E 77) 4hi(h of the following is true of the 0ississippi .iver, A) >t is in danger of Bumping (hannels into the At(hafalaya .iver. $) ?uman development in (oastal wetlands have in(reased hurri(ane damage prote(tion for the interior lands. %) 5he disastrous flooding of Gew +rleans in 2 5 was (ompletely unpredi(ted.

') 4ithin $ayou Iafor(he, houses 6uilt on stilts were prote(ted from ?urri(ane Jatrina. Answer* A 7:) $e(ause rivers (onstitute su(h a small per(entage of the earth's total water supply, they play a small role in landform (hange. Answer* 5rue

Kalse 7;) A floodplain (onsists of alluvium. Answer*

5rue Kalse 7<) A maBor drainage 6asin (onsists of a single watershed. Answer* 5rue

Kalse : ) 3tream width, depth, and velo(ity are all responsive to dis(harge rates. Answer*

5rue Kalse :1) 5he suspended load of a stream's transportation refers to those (oarser materials that are dragged along the stream 6ed. Answer*

5rue

Kalse :2) 5he in(reased velo(ity downstream in the 0ississippi .iver is mas!ed 6y its redu(ed tur6ulen(e. Answer*

5rue Kalse :") Erosion of the valley walls of a (hannel normally o((urs on the outside (urve of a meander. Answer*

5rue Kalse :&) 4hen a stream is graded #at grade), it has attained its lowest possi6le gradient and slowest flow velo(ity. Answer* 5rue

Kalse :5) Gi(!points migrate downstream. Answer* 5rue

Kalse :7) Aggradation of a stream (hannel produ(es s(ouring and alluvial terra(es. Answer* 5rue

Kalse ::) 5erra(es form when a river's energy in(reases. Answer*

5rue Kalse :;) Klood (ontrol often produ(es (onditions of worse flooding in su6se)uent high1water events. Answer*

5rue Kalse :<) 'eforestation in the headwater regions of a river (an (ause the river to flood more fre)uently in downstream areas. Answer*

5rue Kalse ; ) A flood re(urren(e interval of 1 years. Answer* 5rue years means that floods of that si/e will o((ur only on(e every 1

Kalse ;1) ?istori(ally, /oning laws regarding floodplain use have 6een stri(tly adhered to, there6y diminishing the amount of damage done during floods. Answer* 5rue

Kalse ;2) 5he (onstru(tion of levees (an a(tually in(rease the ris! of a (atastrophi( flood. Answer*

5rue Kalse ;") .ivers ma!e ex(ellent politi(al 6oundaries sin(e they are (learly defined landform features. Answer* 5rue

Kalse