CASE STUDY ON THE ACCESSIBILITY OF NAIA March 2011

Author:

Romero, Eloisa A. eloisa.romero@gmail.com

Keywords:

airport, transportation, transit, access, tourism

Abstract: This study looked into the factors affecting accessibility of the Ninoy Aquino International Airport (NAIA), by examining the modes of transportation used by 100 arriving passengers and the quantity of their checked in luggage, using a structured questionnaire. The author performed interviews with key informants to validate the results of the structured questionnaire. Those interviewed for this case study did not veer away from the airlines baggage allowance when they traveled by air. Although luggage weight is regulated, local airlines (i.e. Philippine Airlines) do not regulate the number of checked in luggage pieces except for flights from US, Canada, Japan, Australia and New Delhi. Passengers arriving from long haul destinations tended to have more bags with them. Of the various modes of transfer from NAIA, the most popular among those surveyed is the private vehicle, including taxi. With a private vehicle, the passenger is conveniently delivered to the doorstep at his final destination. This implies the need for ample parking space, proper loading system in arrival areas and improved airport access roads.

CHAPTER I STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Introduction Transport is vital to national and international economies. It provides substantial benefits to individuals and businesses such as its impacts on employment, prices and economic growth at all levels. Air transportation is vital in particular as it provides a major link for international economic activities. The Ninoy Aquino International Airport (NAIA) is the Philippines premiere gateway. In 2010, NAIA received 27,119,899 passengers, which is 64.5% of the national total of 42,033,508 (Philippine Airports, 2011). However, according to studies, NAIA has almost reached its capacity limit, leaving no room for expansion. The Greater Capital Region Airport Rationalization Study was commissioned by the Department of Transportation and Communications, particularly to address the current challenges that NAIA faces. One solution that DOTC considers is the integration of the operations of NAIA and the Diosdado Macapagal International Airport (DMIA) in Clark, Pampanga. (Category 1, 2011) When considering airport locations, it is necessary to look into the airports accessibility as well. How will a passenger move to and from the airport? A quick search on Google using the keywords transit/how to get to Manila airport shows that the most popular mode of transportation to and from the major airport is taxi. Of the blogs on the subject, one of the most comprehensive is www.backpackingphilippines.com. Using keywords that refer to transit in a more general manner i.e. without the word airport such as in transit link Philippines, it is interesting to note that the top ten results rank a video of a Habal-habal first (www.liveleak.com) albeit without any explanation of what the video contains except for the title: A New Method of Mass Transit Discovered in the Philippines. In addition to the entry in Wikipedia about transportation in the Philippines, succeeding entries are about (1) commuter trains, i.e. LRT/MRT and (2) links to websites of private bus companies. Jeepney is not mentioned until the sixth page, by Lonely. A search on Google.co.jp gives similar results: Wikipedia, Habal-habal, commuter trains and buses. Study Objectives The main objective of this research is to contribute to the study of air travel in the Philippines, by providing insights on the needs and preferences of air travelers, particularly when moving to and from NAIA. Specifically this study aims to determine the following: 1. Mode of transfer used by air travelers to leave NAIA 2. Average number of checked-in luggage of international air travelers to the Philippines 3. Other factors that may affect airport accessibility Based on these objectives, this study looks into two variables: (1) modes of transfer from the airport and (2) quantity of luggage, while watching out for other factors that may affect airport accessibility. The

interdependence of these variables on one another is not tested and analyzed; instead, these variables are treated separately. Significance Through this study, the author aims to: 1. Produce a case study for use in classroom instruction for transportation management; 2. Provide statistical data which may be useful for private businesses in the transport sector; and 3. Make initial recommendations to the Philippine government with regards to airport accessibility based on the needs and preferences of some sample air travelers, and possibly open up topics for further research Conceptual Framework
Table 1: Conceptual Framework Input Process Output

Variable 1: Luggage - Maximum allowed Description and analysis of - Actual quantity passenger needs and Recommendations on how preferences based on the two to improve airport access Variable 2: Airport Access variables - Available modes - Actual usage Note: Variables 1 and 2 will be treated separately; interdependence is not part of this study Working Definition of Terms Accessibility is a general term used to describe the degree to which a product/service is available
(reachable) to as many people as possible; airport accessibility therefore refers to the availability of ways to travel to, from and within the airport, regardless of the profile of traveler

Air traveler travel is movement from origin to destination; an air traveler refers to people who move from origin to destination on board an aircraft Baggage/Luggage these words may be used interchangeably in the text to refer to relatively big and bulky containment of items which air travelers bring with them, either checked in and placed in the aircrafts cargo compartment or personally carried by the traveler into the passenger cabin (see Balikbayan Box in the review of related literature) CAAP or the Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines (formerly Air Transportation Office, renamed CAAP in March 2008) is a government agency in charge of management and operations of all national airports in the Philippines (www.caap.gov.ph, retrieved April 3, 2011) Meet & Greet Arrangement Webster defines meet and greet as a reception at which a public figure (as a politician or rock star) socializes with press members and other guests; in the hospitality industry,

airport meet and greet is a special service wherein passengers are met by a designated staff at the airport and assisted to either a coach, car rental, shuttle service or transferring them from one terminal to another for a connecting flight (airportmeetandgreet.co.za, retrieved April 3,2011) Taxicab (Taxi, Cab) is a vehicle for hire with a driver, used to move passengers between locations of the latters choice, unlike in using public transportation when pick-up and drop-off locations are determined by the service provider. Most taxis are metered while rented cars are charged for the first 10 hours, usually with unlimited stops within the agreed area. Owing to the privacy or exclusiveness of service, Private Vehicle is used in this study to refer to taxis, rented cars and cars owned by the air traveler/passenger and/or his/her family/friends, unless otherwise specified.

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Singapores Changi Airport is one of the most accessible airports in the world. It can be reached using various modes of transportation: car rental, metered taxi, coach, public bus, airport shuttle (vans that work like Manilas FX), and train (MRT). The airport also offers free shuttle service to/from Ang Mo Kio District and Sengkang MRT stations, as well as parking lots for those who wish to use their own car. From the airport, a traveler could reach the city center in a few minutes. Even transit passengers may opt to go around while waiting for the next flight. Moreover, the airports website provides all this information, with a user-friendly interface. (www.changiairport.com, retrieved April 3, 2011) In 2005, Banister (2005) likewise forecasted that key centers in Europe would have high speed rail network linked to major roads and international airports, particularly at interchange between road and rail and between road, rail and air. Global airlines hub operations linked to good quality transport must be available to support the local and national centers population and activity. How does one get to and from the Manilas Ninoy Aquino International Airport (NAIA)? The airport complex is situated close to the main Commercial Business Districts of Manila. Metered taxi, hotel drivers, and car rental services are available. By public transport, passengers taking the train (MRT, LRT) may disembark at the EDSA-Taft station, where an airport shuttle terminal is located (at the back of McDonalds). Those travelling by city bus routes may take a bus plying the EDSA-MIA route (MIA stands for Manila International Airport). These buses will pass Terminals 1 and 2, while a jeepney route can take passengers to Terminal 3. There is also an airport shuttle service to move passengers to the different airport terminals. (www.miaa.gov.ph, retrieved April 3, 2011) Although the description of NAIAs accessibility sounds pretty much like Singapores, the two greatly differ in reality. This is because transfers in Singapore are much more convenient and fast. Improving Changi Airports accessibility, along with the progress of Singapore as a nation, happened in less than half a century and despite NAIA being several years older than Changi Airport. NAIA was originally a US Air Force Base before it was turned over to the Philippine Government in 1948. At the time it was constructed, Pasay and Paraaque were part of the province of Rizal, and the airport was clearly in residential suburbs with a very large capacity for air-traffic for its time. The original Manila International Airport terminal stood where Terminal 2 stands now. However, it was gutted by fire in the late 60s. President Ferdinand Marcos ordered the construction of what is now NAIA Terminal 1. By this time residential areas have already started sprouting around the sprawling airport, preventing it to add any more runways. Another factor is the airport's space-consuming V-shaped runway configuration, which would have been optimal for military bases but not for civilian operations.

The capacity problems plaguing NAIA now is no different from that which plagued Kai Tak International Airport in Hong Kong, which led to the construction of Chek Lap Kok 100km away. The distance between NAIA and Diosdado Macapagal International Airport (DMIA) in Clark, Pampanga and that between Kai Tak and Chek Lap Kok are very similar. The advantage of Chek Lap Kok is that it has a high-speed railway line to Victoria Harbor. As modes of transportation, particularly air transportation, have much impact on a countrys economy, careful planning is therefore necessary. However, Page (1994) noted that much of the existing knowledge available on transportations supply chain issues has been generated only through interviews with managers in each sector of the transport industry and their commercial practices (i.e. contracting arrangements, profit margins and global strategies). It is rare to find researches being given access to commercial information on supply (and demand) issues, owing to the confidential and sensitive nature of the data and the perceived threat it may pose to their competitive advantage if rival operators obtained such information. Thus, the relationship between transport supply and tourist remains poorly understood. Page (1994) likewise noted that geographers have typically analyzed travel as a response to satisfy human desire for movement and the spatial outcome of such journeys. Geographers have also considered the spatial variables in the transport system (locations and place) and how these affect the costs and production of other social and economic activities. For the geographer, transport facilitates the process of movement which has economic and budgetary cost while behavioral factors (i.e. perception and preferences for particular forms of transport) determine the journey in terms of the available infrastructure and routes. In analyzing the transport system, they have considered: (1) the linkage and flows within a transport system, (2) the location and places connected by these linkages (center and nodes, or hub and), and (3) the system catchments and relationships between places within the network. Lumsdon (2004) described taxi, urban bus and metro train as utilitarian transport modes while scenic walks, cycling lanes, and novelty rides like balloons and horse-drawn carriage are at the other end of the continuum dubbed as transport for tourism. One of the most cited works in tourism is Leipers systems model for tourism, which divided tourism space into (1) tourist-generating region, (2) transit region, and (2) destination. Among the three, most research and discussions focus on destinations (Mason 2008) followed by transit regions as secondary destinations (Beeton 2006); while transit is the least studied area. J.J.J. Pigram and John Michael Jenkins (2006) viewed Leipers model as that giving more emphasis on the destination rather than the tourist generating region because it is actually difficult to identify tourists from the general populace; it is noteworthy however that Pigram and Jenkins (p.318) made reference to the origin and destination but not to the transit route. Development has become a complex business. It is no longer possible simply to build a bridge or a power plant. There are also social and environmental concerns to consider. (Kelles-Viitanen, 1997)

Related to the social context is the Filipino practice of using Balikbayan box. Balikbayan literally means returning to ones hometown. Balikbayan box is a ubiquitous corrugated box containing any number of small items and sent by a Filipino who lives abroad to relatives in the Philippines. The box either goes home on its own (i.e. shipped) or accompanied by the Filipino returning to the Philippines by air, as part of the checked in luggage. An article on The Washington Post published on December 24, 2004 captures the story behind balikbayan boxes particularly from the Filipino immigrants in the US. A reason behind the balikbayan box may be the races gift-giving culture, and another reason could be economic, as it is cheaper to send small presents for everybody by one-time shipment. The contents of the box need not be specialmost of them are actually available in the Philippines; they range from food and household consumables to clothes and electronics. Yet things inside a balikbayan box bring joy to recipients, especially at Christmas. Ly (2004) calls it care package; it is the thoughtthe carethat counts. An undergraduate study at the Lyceum of the Philippines University Manila (de los Reyes 2010) further revealed that although price is still a consideration, Filipinos prefer modes of transportation that are comfortable, and those that would require less transfers and less walks between transfers.

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

This study is designed using the descriptive method and qualitative analysis. Research Instruments Primary sources of data This study utilized survey questionnaire as the primary research instrument; results were validated through interviews of key informants representing various stakeholders. Secondary sources of data This study made use of relevant statistics and studies from concerned government agencies, associations, mass media, as well as academic and infrastructure funding institutions. Population and Sampling In 2010, NAIA received 27,119,899 passengers. Due to the limitation of time and resources, only a sample size of 100 was targeted. Respondents were randomly selected at the arrival area of NAIA Terminals 1, 2 and 3, on varying days of the week and at varying daytime hours. However, respondent selection was not strictly random, but rather inclined to convenience sampling, although effort was exerted to cover as many flights as possible. Pre-test and Survey Proper The questionnaire was tested on February 26, 2011, and the survey proper was conducted on March 526, after adjustments were made on the questionnaire based on the pre-test. Analysis One hundred two responses were considered valid. The data gathered were recorded, tallied and analyzed using descriptive method and basic statistical operations such as percentage, mean and mode. While mean refers to the average, mode refers to the value that occurs most frequently in a given data set. The formula for percentage is as follows: Percentage = 100 x Part Whole

Results were then validated through interviews with key informants representing various stakeholders, such as passengers, relatives and friends of passengers who pick them up at the airport, drivers of airport taxis, car companies, airport officials, and transportation experts/scholars. Conclusion and recommendations were then drawn from the results of the survey and interviews.

CHAPTER IV DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS

I. Demographics For the structured questionnaire, there were 102 respondents, 45 (44%) of them are male.

Table 3.1: Location of Respondents Origin Airport

Place Frequency (Pax) Australia 2% (2) Asia 71% (72) SEA 10 HK/Taiwan 10 East Asia 28 Middle East 23 India 1 America 17% (17) USA 6 Canada 10 Brazil 1 Africa 1% (1) Europe 10% (10) Germany 2 Italy 3 Netherlands 1 Spain 3 Switzerland 1 TOTAL 100% (102) Note: SEA=South East Asia (Singapore 9, Cambodia 1); East Asia (China 2, So.Korea 6, Japan 20)

More than half of the respondents are from Middle East and East Asia, about one-fourth from each of these two Asian regions. On a per country origin, most of the respondents arrived from Japan (20), sixteen of whom are Japanese nationals, while the rest (4) are Filipinos. Japan is followed by Canada (10); while Singapore and Hong Kong are tied at third place, both rendering nine respondents each.

Table 3.2: Nationality of Respondents

Country of Frequency Nationality (No. of pax) Philippines 68% (69) Japan 16% (16) (Europe) 2% (2) USA* 5% (5) Canada* 10% (10) TOTAL 100% (102) *Fil-Americans/Fil-Canadians Majority of those interviewed are returning Filipinos (68%), including Filipino-Americans (5%) and Filipino-Canadians (10%). Sixteen (16) are Japanese nationals, one Swiss and one Dutch. The study is therefore more inclined to describe Filipino travelers, but unable to provide enough data on foreign tourists in the Philippines. For reference, tourist arrivals in the first half of 2010 reached about 1.7 million, the top three countries of origin are South Korea (19.5%), US (18.5%), and Japan (10%). (Source: Department of Toutism, as cited on www.manilastandardtoday.com, retrieved April 2, 2011)

Table 3.3: Respondents Final Destination

Frequency Destination (No. of pax) NCR 39% (40) Northern Luzon 26% (27) Southern Luzon 22% (22) Visayas 10% (10) Mindanao 2% (2) Others 1% (1) TOTAL 100% (102) Note: NCR=National Capital Region; Southern Luzon refers to CALABARZON area (or within 150km from the airport), with the exception of one passenger headed for Masbate Island

Based on this data, it seems that it is favorable to at least one-fourth of the respondents for flights to land at the Diosdado Macapagal International Airport (DMIA) in Clark, Pampanga. However, about half of the respondents are headed for Manila and Southern Luzon.

II. Variable 1: Luggage

Table 3.4a: Average Number of Checked in Luggage per Passenger

One hundred two (102) respondents carried a total of 237 checked in luggage to NAIA in March 2011, distributed as follows: No. of checked in Frequency luggage per passenger (No. of pax) 1 12% (12) 2 62% (63) 3 18% (18) 5 or more 9% (9) TOTAL 100% (102) Note: Eight (8) passengers carried one balikbayan box each, which are included in the luggage count; a balikbayan box usually measures 23in x 17in x 20in (length+width+height=60in) Based on this data, an arriving passenger carries an average of (2.32) 2-3 checked in luggage. Minimum is one checked in luggage, maximum is 9 (one passenger from Canada had 9 checked in luggage), and mode is 2. Aside from air travelers from Canada, those who brought 5 or more checked in luggage are from long haul destinations like Europe and some Middle Eastern countries.

Checked-In Luggage Philippine Airlines (PAL) and Cebu Pacific do not limit the number of checked in luggage for each passenger. For most domestic and international flights of local airlines, the total maximum weight allowed for checked in luggage per passenger flying economy class is 15kg. For PAL, this excludes flights to/from the US and Canada which is on piece system (maximum of two pieces, 23kg each), and flights to/from Japan/Australia/Delhi which allow 23kg max. (Sources: www.philippineairlines.com and www.cebupacificair.com, retrieved April 3, 2011)

Table 3.4b: Allowed Number of Checked in Luggage per Passenger

PAL Origin/Destination US/Canada Japan/Australia/Delhi Others

Maximum checked in luggage per passenger 2 pieces (maximum of 23kg each) 23kg (weight system, no limit on number of bags) 15kg (weight system, no limit on number of bags)

Carry-On Luggage PALs rules stipulate that each passenger is allowed to carry one piece of carry-on luggage small enough to be placed in the overhead rack or under the passenger seat of the aircraft cabin. The carry-on luggage must be within the following specifications:

size (length+width+height) shall not exceed 45in or 115cm weighing not more than 7kg or 15lbs

Cebu Pacifics rules stipulate that carry-on luggage allowed on board must not exceed the dimension 56cm x 36cm x 23 cm (22in + 14in + 9in = 45in), and must not weigh more than 7kg for Airbus flights, which is the same with PAL; but for smaller aircrafts, Cebu Pacific has smaller size and weight (5kg) limit. Furthermore, Cebu Pacific does not allow umbrellas of any size as part of the passengers hand baggage.

Traveling with Luggage in Commuter Trains In commuter trains within Metro Manila (i.e. MRT, LRT), huge luggage and sealed boxes are not allowed.

Key Informants Interview An interview with ten (10) Filipino frequent travelers revealed that they do not go beyond what is allowed by the airlines because they do not like paying for excess luggage. They also said that it is more convenient to move around with as less luggage pieces as possible. These interviewees use the international airport at least twice a year and the domestic airport five to six times in a year. On the other hand, interviews with car rental companies with operations in NAIA gathered similar results saying that their passengers carry one to two bags on average.

III. Variable 2: Airport Access There are several ways to reach NAIA from various points of Metro Manila: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Private vehicle (own car or rented car) Taxi Commuter bus Jeepney MRT + airport shuttle

There are four types of taxis in Manila:

1. The usual metered taxi, flag down rate of P30.00 plus P2.50 per additional 300 meters or 2 minutes waiting time (From January 2011, tariff hiked to P40.00 plus P3.00 per 300 meters, but only taxis that issue receipts with updated meters may apply the new tariff.) 2. Yellow airport metered taxi, flag down rate of P70.00 plus P5.00 per additional 300 meters or 2 minutes waiting time 3. White airport taxi with fixed rate per area (i.e. Makati, Manila, Quezon City, Bulacan, etc.) 4. The cheapest shared taxi, more commonly known as FX, which works like a shuttle with tariff starting at P10.00 plus P5.00 from one common stop to the next (but points/stops are vague) What mode of transportation then do passengers actually use when leaving the airport?
Table 3.5: Modes of Transportation from NAIA

Mode of Frequency Transportation (No. of pax) rent a car 42% (43) own car 17% (17) metered taxi 33% (34) bus/train 1% (1) (connecting flight) 7% (7) TOTAL 100% (102)

Based on this data, nine in every ten air travelers use private vehicle, including taxi, when leaving the airport. With a private vehicle, the passenger is delivered to the doorstep at his final destination, without having to deal with strangers (except for the driver in some cases) and unnecessary stops. After a long and tiring flight, most air travelers in the Philippines do not have the patience to commute. Moreover, due to the size and number of bags carried by air travelers, public transport is not so popular among them, especially the last three means of transportation mentioned in the list above (bus, jeepney, and MRT + shuttle). Nonetheless, these three are useful for those who work at the airport. Based on the responses, some of the north-bound air travelers take a taxi from the airport to the nearest provincial bus station. These buses have the space big and clean enough to accommodate huge bags and boxes. Lastly, pre-arranged airport pick up is popular in the country, too. Greeters may range from hotel or travel agent representative, to families and friendsas many as the vehicle can carry.

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Conclusion Luggage Philippine Airlines (PAL) and Cebu Pacific do not limit the number of checked in luggage for each passenger. For most domestic and international flights of local airlines, the total maximum weight allowed for checked in luggage per passenger flying economy class is 15kg. For PAL, this excludes flights to/from the US and Canada which is on piece system (maximum of two pieces, 23kg each), and flights to/from Japan, Australia and New Delhi which allow a maximum of one 23-kilogram luggage. Nonetheless, those interviewed for this case study carried only an average of 2-3 (2.32) checked in luggage when they travel to Manila from another country. The minimum is one checked in luggage, while the maximum is 9 (one passenger from Canada had 9 checked in luggage), and the mode is 2. Aside from air travelers from Canada, those who brought 5 or more checked in luggage are from long haul destinations such as Europe and some Middle Eastern countries. The interviewees for this case study do not veer away from the airlines baggage allowance when they travel by air. Thus, while there may be as many luggage pieces as allowed by the airlines, these bags would not be heavier than 23 or so kilograms. Some of the reasons that these passengers cited are the unwillingness to pay for excess luggage and the convenience of moving their luggage around.

Modes of Transportation to/from the NAIA There are several ways to reach NAIA from various points of Metro Manila: private vehicle (own or rented car), taxi, commuter bus, jeepney and MRT (using a shuttle from the airport to the train station). Of these, the most popular among those surveyed is the private vehicle, including taxi. With a private vehicle, the passenger is delivered to the doorstep at his final destination, without having to deal with strangers (except for the driver in some cases) and unnecessary stops. After a long and tiring flight, most air travelers in the Philippines do not have the patience to commute. Moreover, due to the size and number of bags carried by air travelers, public transport is not so popular among them, especially the last three means of transportation mentioned in the list above (bus, jeepney, and MRT + shuttle). Nonetheless, these three are useful for those who work at the airport. Based on the responses, some of the north-bound air travelers take a taxi from the airport to the nearest provincial bus station. These buses have the space big and clean enough to accommodate huge bags and boxes.

Lastly, pre-arranged airport pick up is popular in the country, too. Greeters may range from hotel or travel agent representative, to families and friendsas many as the vehicle can carry.

Recommendations What does this information imply then? This means that these passengers, most of whom prefer private transfers, need ample parking space which is accessible from the airports arrival area with proper pedestrian sidewalks and provisions for bringing luggage trolleys up to the parking lot. Ample space in the loading bays and proper loading systems are also necessary. The passengers should have prior information, too, about these systems (i.e. the numbered loading bays in NAIA Terminal 3 and the lettered bays in NAIA Terminal 1), by having this information available on the terminal website, www.miaa.gov.ph, alongside information on available modes of transportation to/from the airport and on waiting areas for visitors. Proper signage at the airport would be helpful, too, as well as re-training frontline airport personnel, including security guards and porters, on how to direct arrival traffic. Information campaign needs to be enhanced for passengers to know their transfer choices better. Aside from the modes of transportation, passengers should also know the option offered by park and fly arrangements. Moreover, the travelers preference for private vehicle also results to bad vehicle traffic congestion, not only in airport roads, but in highways leading to the airport as well. For instance, although the Makati Central Business District is only 7 kilometers away, ample time is needed so as not to miss ones flight at rush hour. Therefore, should the government consider improving airport access or should the government consider moving the airport outside Manila, access roads to/from the airport would be a very important factor. In terms of improving access to Clark International Airport, this would mean that the connection between the North and South Luzon express way and improving traffic flow from Clark to Manila must be prioritized over building a fast train, because the fast train involves not only the infrastructure but a change in the Filipinos mindset as well.

References: Airport Meet and Greet. Cited on http://airportmeetandgreet.co.za, retrieved April 3, 2011. Banister, D. (2005). Unsustainable Transport. New York: Routledge. Beeton, S. (2006) Community Development through Tourism. Australia: Landlinks Press. CAAP Historical Background. Cited on www.caap.gov.ph, retrieved April 3, 2011. Category 1 status within reach DOTC Chief. (January 19, 2011). Cited on www.dotc.gov.ph, retrieved April 3, 2011. Cebu Pacific Travel Regulations. Cited on www.cebupacificair.com, retrieved April 3, 2011. De Guzman, J. (September 18, 2010). Tourist arrivals up by 13% in 6 months. Manila Standard Today. Cited on www.manilastandardtoday.com retrieved April 2, 2011. De los Reyes, M. B. and Medina, J. (2010). An Assessment of Current Intramuros Transportation Options. Undergraduate Thesis. Manila: Lyceum of the Philippines University. Kelles-Viitanen, A. (1997). Social Concerns of Transportation Projects. Proceedings of the Third Meeting of Sub-regional Transport Forum and Sub-regional Electric Power Forum. Manila: ADB. Lumsdon, L. (2004). Tourism and Transport: Issues and Agenda for the New Millennium. UK: Elsevier. Manila two steps away from expanding US aviation routes. (January 22-23, 2011). Cited on www.manilastandardtoday.com retrieved April 3, 2011. Mason, P. (2008) Tourism Impacts Planning and Management. Oxford, UK: Elsevier. Page, S. (1994). Transport and Tourism. London: Routledge. PAL General Conditions of Carriage. Cited on www.philippineairlines.com, retrieved on April 3, 2011. Philippine Airports Passenger and Cargo Traffic Statistics in 2010. Cited on www.pueblophilippines.com, retrieved April 2, 2011. Pigram J.J.J. and Jenkins, J. M. (2006). Outdoor Recreation Management. New York: Routledge. Ly, P. (December 24, 2004). Money is not Enough at Chritmas. The Washington Post. Cited on www.washingtonpost.com, retrieved April 3, 2011. www.backpackingphilippines.com retrieved July 26, 2011. www.liveleak.com/view?i=40f_1278824877 retrieved July 26, 2011.

Survey Questionnaire Dear Sir/Madam: I am Eloisa Romero, a faculty member of the Lyceum of the Philippines University Manila. I am doing a study about the accessibility of the Ninoy Aquino International Airport (NAIA) for arriving passengers. In this regard, I would like to request your cooperation by answering the following questions. Thank you, ELOISA ROMERO

Date: 1. Gender (of the passenger), please check 2. Country of origin, please indicate 3. Final destination (City/Province), please indicate 4. Mode of transportation to be taken from NAIA to the final destination, please choose 1: __ own car/vehicle __ rented car/vehicle __ taxi __ bus __ MRT (via airport shuttle) __ others, please specify 5. Number of checked in luggage, please indicate number of bags/boxes 6. Who will meet/fetch you at the airport (in NAIA)? __ family __ friend/s __ travel agent/rent-a-car driver __ others, please specify (End) __ Male __Female