Assignment 1

1. Which of the ve standard truth-functional connectives is an approximate synonym of the connective unless ? 2. Let sentences N and W be true, and sentence C false. Determine which of the following sentences are true? (a) N C (b) N C (c) N C (d) N W C (e) W C N (f) (W N ) (W C ) (g) (W N ) (N C ) (h) (W N ) [(N C ) ( C W )]. 3. Let sentences P, Q, R be true and S false. Find the truth values of the following sentences: (a) (P Q) R (b) P (Q R) (c) S P (d) P S (e) (P Q) (R S ) (f) (P Q) (R S ) (g) (P Q) (S R) (h) ( P Q) (S R) (i) (P Q) (S R) (j) (P Q) [(Q R) (R S )] (k) P [Q (R S )].

4. Let P be a sentence such that for any sentence Q the sentence P Q is true. What can be said about the truth value of P ? 5. Let P be a sentence such that for any sentence Q the sentence P Q is false. What can be said about the truth value of P ? 6. If P Q is true, what can be said about the truth value of P Q? 7. Let P , Q and R be any three distinct atomic sentences. Decide by truth tables which of the following sentences are tautologies: (a) P Q (b) P P (c) P Q Q P (d) P (P Q) R (e) P ( P Q) (f) (P Q) (Q P ) (g) [(P Q) Q] P (h) P [Q (Q P )] (i) P Q P R (j) [P ( P Q)] ( P Q) (k) [P Q (P Q R) (l) [P Q (P P Q Q)] (Q Q) 8. If P and Q are distinct atomic sentences, which of the following are tautologies? (a) P Q (b) P P P (c) P Q Q P (d) (P Q) (Q P ) (e) (P P ) P .

9. Construct truth tables for the connectives: (a) Not both - and - (b) Neither - nor -. 10. Give examples of sentences P and Q (not necessarily atomic) such that the following compound sentences are tautologies:

(a) P Q (b) P (P Q) 2

(c) P P Q (d) P P .

11. Is there any sentence P such that P P is a tautology? 12. If P and Q are distinct atomic sentences, the sentence P Q tautologically implies which of the following? (a) P (b) Q (c) P Q (d) P Q (e) P Q (f) Q P (g) P Q. 13. If P and Q are distinct atomic sentences, the sentence P Q tautologically implies which of the following? (a) P (b) Q P (c) P Q (d) Q P (e) P Q. 14. If P and Q are distinct atomic sentences, the sentence P is tautologically equivalent to which of the following? (a) P Q (b) P P (c) P P (d) P P (e) P P (f) P P (g) Q Q P .