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ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING LAB DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING ACADEMIC YEAR 2012-2013 II B.Tech MECH I-SEMESTER

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PREFACE
The significance of the Electrical and Electronics Engineering Lab is renowned in the various fields of engineering applications. For an Mechanical Engineer, it is obligatory to have the practical ideas about the Electrical and Electronics Engineering. By this perspective we have introduced a Laboratory manual cum Observation for Electrical and Electronics Engineering Lab.

The manual uses the plan, cogent and simple language to explain the fundamental aspects of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in practical. The manual prepared very carefully with our level best. executing an experiment. It gives all the steps in

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is one of lifes simple pleasures to say thank you for all the help that one has extended their support. I wish to acknowledge and appreciate Assoc Prof Saleem Pasha, Foreman. P Prabhu Dass, and G.Suresh for their sincere efforts made towards developing the Electrical and Electronics Engineering manual. I wish to thank students for their suggestions which are considered while preparing the lab manual. I am extremely indebted to Sri.Col Dr. T. S. Surendra, Principal and Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BVRIT for his valuable inputs and sincere support to complete the work. Specifically, I am grateful to the Management for their constant advocacy and incitement. Finally, I would again like to thank the entire faculty in the Department and those people who directly or indirectly helped in successful completion of this work.

(Prof. N. BHOOPAL) HOD EEE

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GUIDELINES TO WRITE YOUR OBSERVATION BOOK

1. Experiment Title, Aim, Apparatus, Procedure should be on right side. 2. Circuit diagrams, Model graphs, Observations table, Calculations table should be left side. 3. Theoretical and model calculations can be any side as per your convenience. 4. Result should always be in the ending. 5. You all are advised to leave sufficient no of pages between experiments for theoretical or model calculations purpose.

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DOS AND DONTS IN THE LAB DOS:1. Proper dress has to be maintained while entering in the Lab. (Boys Tuck in and shoes, girls with apron) 2. All students should come to the Lab with necessary tools. (Cutting Pliers 6, Insulation remover and phase tester) 3. Students should carry observation notes and record completed in all aspects. 4. Correct specifications of the equipment have to be mentioned in the circuit diagram. 5. Student should be aware of operating equipment. 6. Students should be at their concerned experiment table, unnecessary moment is restricted. 7. Student should follow the indent procedure to receive and deposit the equipment from the Lab Store Room. 8. After completing the connections Students should verify the circuits by the Lab Instructor. 9. The reading must be shown to the Lecturer In-Charge for verification. 10. Students must ensure that all switches are in the OFF position, all the connections are removed. 11. All patch cords and stools should be placed at their original positions. DONTs:1. Dont come late to the Lab. 2. Dont enter into the Lab with Golden rings, bracelets and bangles. 3. Dont make or remove the connections with power ON. 4. Dont switch ON the supply without verifying by the Staff Member. 5. Dont switch OFF the machine with load. 6. Dont leave the lab without the permission of the Lecturer In-Charge.

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JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY II Year B.Tech MECH I-Sem Academic year 2012-2013 L T/P/D C 0 -/3/2

(53604) ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING LAB SECTION-A: Electrical Engineering:

The following experiments are required to be conducted as compulsory experiments. 1. Swinburnes Test on DC shunt machine (Predetermination of efficiency of a given DC Shunt machine working as motor and generator). 2. OC & SC tests on Single-phase transformer (Predetermination of efficiency and regulation at given power factors). 3. Brake test on 3-phase Induction motor (performance characteristics). 4. Regulation of alternator by synchronous impedance method.In addition to the above four experiments, any one of the experiments from the following list is required to be conducted 5. Speed control of DC shunt motor by A)Armature voltage control method B)Field flux control method. 6. Brake test on DC shunt motor. SECTION-B: Electronics Engineering: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Transistor CE Characteristics (Input and Output) Full wave Rectifier With and without Filters CE Amplifiers RC phase shift Oscillator Class A power Amplifier. Microprocessor.

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Expt No: 1 SWINBURNE S TEST ON DC SHUNT MACHINE PREDETERMINATION OF EFFICIENCIES

Aim: To perform no load test on dc motor and to predetermine the efficiencies of the machine acting as a motor and generator. Equipment: S.No 1 2 3 4 5 Apparatus Voltmeter Voltmeter Ammeter Ammeter Rheostats Type MC MC MC MC Wire wound Wire wound Range 0-250v 0-30V 0-5A 0-2A qty 1 1 1 1

400 /1.7A 1 1 100 /5A

Name plate details(To be noted down from the Machine)

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Circuit diagram:

Circuit diagram to find out Ra:

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Theory: It is simple indirect method in which losses are measured separately and the efficiency at any desired load can be predetermined. This test applicable to those machines in which flux is practically constant i.e. shunt and compound wound machines. The no load power input to armature consist iron losses in core, friction loss, windage loss and armature copper loss. It is convenient and economical because power required to test a large machine is small i.e. only no load power. But no account is taken the change in iron losses from no load to full load due to armature reaction flux is distorted which increases the iron losses in some cases by as 50%

Procedure: 1.Make connections as per the circuit diagram. 2.Show the connections to the lab instructor. 3.Keeping both rheostats at minimum, Start the motor with the help of starter,and by adjusting field rheostat bring the motor to rated speed. 4. Note down all the meter readings at no load.. 5.Do necessary calculations and find out the efficiency of the Machine as a motor and as a generator. 5.Draw the graphs between output Vs efficiency of the Machine as a generator and as a motor..

Observations: IL IF IA V N

For Ra V S.NO I Ra=V/I

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Tabular Column to find out efficiency:

GENERATOR:
S.No Voltage = V Load Current= IL Armature Current Ia = (IL+If) Armature Cu loss= Ia XIaXRa Total losses Wt=Wc+ IaXIaXRa Output =VxIL Input = Output+ total losses= VxIL+ Wt = Output Input.

Motor
S.No Voltage = V Load Current= IL Armature Current Ia = (IL-If) Armature Cu loss= Ia XIaXRa Total losses Wt=Wc+ IaXIaXRa Input =VxIL Output= Inputtotal losses= VxILWt = Output Input.

Model calculations: No load input=V IL No load armature copper losses =Ia 2 Ra =(Il If)2 Ra Constant losses Wc=V l(Il-If )2 Ra Efficiency as a motor: I= Assumed load current Motor i/p=VI Ia=IL-If Motor armature losses=I2a .Ra Total losses=I2a Ra+ Wc Efficiency of motor= VI- I2a Ra+ Wc / VI x 100

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Efficiency as generator: I=assumed load current Generator O/P =VI Generator armature cu. Losses= I2a .Ra Total losses= I2a Ra+ Wc Efficiency of generator=VI / VI+ I 2a Ra+ Wc

Expected graphs:-

Efficiency Vs Output

Results

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Expt No : 2 OC & SC TESTS ON 1- TRANSFORMER Aim: To conduct OC & SC tests on the given 1- Transformer and to calculate its equivalent circuit parameters, efficiency & regulation. Name plate details: 1- TRANSFORMER Capacity I/P voltage I/P current O/P voltage O/P current Frequency Apparatus required: 3 KVA 230V 13.04A 115V 26.08A 50Hz

S.NO DESCRIPTION

RANGE OC TEST

TYPE

QTY

1 2

Voltmeter Ammeter

0-150V 0-2.5A

M.I M.I Dynamo

1 No 1 No

Wattmeter

2.5A/150V

meter (LPF)

1 No

Auto T/F

230V/0-270V, 8A

1- wire wound -

1 No

Fuses

5A

2 Nos

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OPEN CIRCUIT TEST:115V V 230V V

Ph

DPST

(0-2)A MI A

2A, 150V, 60W, LPF M L V C

1- 230V 50 Hz AC Supply

V (0150)V MI

Open Circuit

Variac 3KVA, 230V/ (0270)V SHORT CIRCUIT TEST: (0-15)A MI A

Fig -1

1 -Transformer 3KVA, 230V/ 115V

Ph

DPST

15A, 50V, 600W, UPF M L V C

230V V

115V V

1- 230V 50 Hz AC Supply

V (0-50)V MI

Short Circuit

Variac 3KVA, 230V/ (0270)V

Fig -2

1 -Transformer 3KVA, 230V/ 115V

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1 2

Voltmeter Ammeter

0-50V 0-5A

M.I M.I Dynamo

1 No 1 No

Wattmeter

5A/50V

meter (UPF)

1 No

Auto T/F

230V/0-270V, 8A

1- wire wound -

1 No

Fuses

5A

2 Nos

Theory: Transformer is a static device which transfers electrical power from one circuit to another circuit either by step up or step down the voltage

with corresponding decrease increase in the current, with outchanging the frequency. OC Test The main aim of this test is to determine the Iron losses & No- load current of the T/F which are helpful in finding R o & Xo.In this test generally supply will be given to primary and secondary kept open. Since secondary is opened a small current(magnetizing current will flow and it will be 5 to 10% of full load current. The wattmeter connected in primary will give directly the Iron losses (core losses).

SC Test: The main aim of this test is to determine the full load copper losses which is helpful in finding the R01, X01, Z01, efficiency and regulation of the T/F.

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Generally low voltage side will be short circuited and supply will be given to high voltage side & it will be of 5-10% of the rated voltage. The wattmeter connected in primary will give directly the full load copper losses of the T/F.

Procedure OC Test: 1) 2) 3) 4)

Give connections as per the circuit diagram. Switch-ON the supply and apply rated voltage to the primary of the winding by using the auto transformer. Note the readings of Ammeter, Voltmeter & Wattmeter

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SC Test: 1) 2) 3) 4) Give connections as per the circuit diagram. Switch-ON the supply and vary the Dimmerstat till rated full load current flows through transformer. Note the readings of Ammeter, Voltmeter & Wattmeter

Graph:

A graph is drawn between P.F and % regulation by taking P.F on

X- axis and % regulation on Y-axis. Observations: O.C Test: V0 volt I0 ampere W0 watt S.C Test: VSC volt ISC ampere WSC Watt

Calculations: Load Full Cu losses Total losses I/P power O/P power %

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www.jntuworld.com % Regulation lag lead

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P.F

PRECAITIONS:

1) The Dimmer stat should be kept at minimum O/P position initially. 2) In OC test, rated voltage should be applied to the Primary of the Transformer. 3) In SC test, the Dimmer stat should be varied up to the rated load current only. 4) The Dimmer stat should be varied slowly & uniformly.

Result:

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:(0-15)A MI A 10A, 600V, 3KW, UPF L M

R 3- 415V 50 Hz AC Supply Y 3- 415V 50 Hz AC Supply B

L
1

B
1

C V (0600)V MI

A Y/1 Starte r L
2

A
1

B
1

S
1

S
2

A
2

A
2

B C
1

C
1

C
2

C V L M 10A, 600V, 3KW, UPF L

3

C
2

B
2

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Expt No: 3 BRAKE TEST ON 3 - INDUCTION MOTOR Aim: To conduct a brake test on the given 3 -Slip ring Induction motor and to draw its performance Characteristics. Nameplate details: 3 -INDUCTION MOTOR Capacity Voltage Current Speed Frequency Rotor current Apparatus required: S.NO DESCRIPTION 1 2 3 4 Starter Ammeter Voltmeter Wattmeters RANGE 415V, 15A 0-10A 0-600V 10A/600V TYPE D.O.L M.I M.I Dynamo meter QTY 1 No 1 No 1 No 2 Nos 3 Nos 1 No 11A Voltage 5 H.P 415V 7.5A 1500rpm 50Hz 200V

Fuses

10A 050000rpm

Tachometer

Digital

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Precautions:

1) There should not be any load on the motor initially. 2) The brake drum should be filled with water to cool it. 3) If the wattmeter shows negative deflection, reverse either pressure coil or current coil and take that reading as negative. 4) The rotor external resistance should be kept at max resistance position initially.

Theory: As a general rule, conversion of electrical energy to mechanical energy takes place in to the rotating part on electrical motor. In DC motors, electrical power is conduct directly to the armature, i.e, rotating part through brushes and commutator. Hence, in this sense, a DC motor can be called as conduction motor. However, in AC motors, rotor does not receive power by conduction but by induction in exactly the same way as secondary of a two winding T/F receives its power from the primary. So, these motors are known as Induction motors. In fact an induction motor can be taken as rotating T/F, i.e, one in which primary winding is stationary and but the secondary is free. The starting torque of the Induction motor can be increase by improving its p.f by adding external resistance in the rotor circuit from the stator connected rheostat, the rheostat resistance being progressively cut out as the motor gathers speed. Addition of external resistance increases the rotor impedance and so reduces the rotor current. At first, the effect of improved p.f predominates the currentdecreasing effect of impedance. So, starting torque is increased. At time of starting, external resistance is kept at maximum resistance position and after a certain time, the effect of increased impedance predominates the effect of improved p.f and so the torque starts decreasing. By this during running period the rotor resistance being progressively cut-out as the motor attains its speed. In this way, it is possible to get good starting torque as well as good running torque.

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Procedure:

1) Give all the connections as per the circuit diagram. 2) Switch ON the supply and press the ON button of the starter. 3) Now put the rotor external resistance switch to run position in steps & slowly. 4) Note the no-load readings of ammeter, voltmeter, wattmeter, speed & loads. 5) Gradually increase the load on the motor by tightening the hand-swivels and note the corresponding meters readings. 6) Remove the load completely & Switch-Off the power.

Graph: A graph is drawn b/w O/P power in watts (on X-axis) verses speed, torque, current, slip, efficiency & p.f (on Y-axis).

Observations:

Volt meter Reading

Ammeter reading I/P=W1 W2 Force

Net Force

Torq -ue

Speed

O/P

% Slip

p.f

W1

W2

F1

F2

F1~F2

9.8x Fe.Re FxRe

2 NT/ 60

O/p /i/p X 100 -

Ns-Na /Ns -

Volt

ampere

watt

Watt

kg

kg

kg

rpm

watt

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Thickness of the belt,

t=

Circumference of the drum, 2 R =

Radius,

R = C/2

Effective radius, Re = R + t/s Expected Graphs

Y N Vs O/P Vs O/P

T Vs O/P

0 X

Result:

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4. REGULATION OF ALTERNATOR BY SYNCHRONOUS IMPEDANCE METHOD

Aim:

To conduct OC test & SC test n the given 3 -Alternator and to determine its regulation by synchronous impedance method.

Nameplate details:

DESCRPTION Capacity Voltage Current Speed Excitation

D.C MOTOR 5 H.P 220V 19A 1500 Rpm 220V, 1.5A

3 -ALTERNATOR 3 KVA 415V 4.2A 1500 Rpm 220V, 1.4A

Apparatus required:

S.NO

DESCRIPTION RANGE

TYPE

QTY

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3 point starter DPST Switch +

L FA

OC Test 3Alternator TPST Switch

230 V DC Supply

400 / 1.7A
F A

FA

R V

(0-300)V MI

M
AA FF

FAA

B Fuse +
230 V DC Supply

+ 400 / 1.7A

A (0-1)A MC

Fuse

3 point starter DPST Switch +

L FA

SC Test 3Alternator TPST Switch

230 V DC Supply

400 / 1.7A
F A

FA

R A

(0-10)A MI

M
AA FF

FAA

B Fuse + 230 V DC Supply 400 / 1.7A + A (0-1)A MC

Fuse

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Precautions:

1) Operate the 3-point starter slowly & uniformely. 2) Keep the speed of the prime mover to its rated value through out the experiment. 3) In OC test, there should not be any load on Alternator. 4) In SC test, the SC current should not exceed its rated value.

Theory: Alternator is a machine, which converts mechanical energy to electrical energy. Regulation of an Alternator can be calculated by synchronous impedance method. In OC test the terminals of the alternator are kept opened and a voltmeter is connected. Keeping speed constant, a relation b/w field current & open circuit voltage are obtained. In SC test, the terminals are short circuited with a suitable ammeter & a relation b/w field current & short circuit Current are obtained. Voltage regulation: It is defined as the rise in terminal voltage of an isolated Machine when full load is thrown off w.r.t voltage on the full load, when speed & excitation remaining constant.

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Now,

Syn.Impedance (ZS) = OC voltage / SC current XS = Z2S - R2a From fig. EO = OB2 + BD2 = (Vcos +IRa)2 + (Vsin +IXS)2 % Regulation = [(E0-V) / V] 100

Procedure: OC test: 1) Give all connections as per the circuit diagram. 2) Switch-ON the supply & by varying the starter, prime mover speed is adjusted to rated. 3) Now keeping the field current at zero, note the induced emf in armature duo to residual Magnetism. 4) By slowly varying the potential divider, field current is increased & corresponding emf Induced is noted up to above 20% of rated voltage. SC test: 1) Give all connections as per the circuit diagram. 2) Switch-ON the supply & by varying the starter, prime mover speed is adjusted to rated. 3) By slowly varying the potential divider, field current is increased & corresponding short Circuit current is noted up to rated value. To find armature resistance (Ra): Give the connections as per diagram and by slowly varying the rheostat, note the values of ammeter & voltmeter up to some value and average them.

Graph:

1) A graph is drawn b/w If and V which is known as OC 2) A graph is drawn b/w If and ISC which is known as SC

curve, by taking If on X-axis and V on Y-axis. curve, by Taking If on X-axis and ISCV on Y-axis.

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Observations: OC Test: Field current If OC voltage SCTest: Field current If SC current

Armature resistance: Voltage current Resistance Ra

Expected Graphs:

Y Isc Eo OCC % Voltage Regulation

SCC Leading PF

1 Lagging PF

If 2 If

If1

Result:

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5. SPEED CONTROL OF DC SHUNT MOTOR

Aim: To conduct speed controls on DC shunt motor.
The methods are 1.Armature voltage control method 2. Flux control method

Apparatus:
S.No Equipment Ammeter 1 2 3 4 5 Voltmeter Rheostats Tachometer Connecting Wires Range 0-5A 0-2A 0-250V 100 /5A 400 /1.7A 0-2000rpm Type MC MC MC Wire wound Wire wound Digital Qty 1No 1No 1No 1NO 1No 1No LS

Circuit diagram:

Theory:

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i) Armature voltage control method: For a load of constant Torque, the speed is proportional to the applied to the armature. Therefore speed voltage characteristic is linear and is a straight line. As the voltage is decrease across the armature the speed falls. This method gives speeds less than rated speeds. Eb N Eb N V-Ia(Ra+R) N As the voltage is decreased speed decreases. ii)

Flux Control Method:

With rated voltage applied to the motor, the field resistance is increased i.e field current is decreased. I t is observed that speed increases. Eb/ N N Eb/If The characteristics If Vs N is inverse (or) if it is hyperbola.

Procedure: i) Armature Voltage Control Method

1) Make connections as per the circuit diagram. 2) Show the connections to the lab instructor. 3) Keeping both rheostats at minimum, Start the motor with the help of starter,and by adjusting field rheostat bring the motor to rated speed. 4) By increasing armature circuit rheostat in steps note down voltage, Ia and speed at every step. 5) The corresponding graph is draw between armature Voltage Vs speed.

ii) Flux Control method:

1) The machine run at its rated speed and rated voltage obtained. 2) The voltage is kept constant and for different vales of field currents the speeds are noted.

Tabular Column:
Armature Voltage Control Method: S.No Armature Voltage in V Armature Speed current=Ia in RPM in A Eb=V-IaRa in V

Flux Control Method:

S.No Field Current Speed in RPM

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Expected graphs:-

N vs If

N vs Va(Armature voltage)

Result:

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6. BRAKE TEST ON DC SHUNT MOTOR. DETERMINATION OF ITS PERFORMANCE CURVES

Aim: To conduct brake test on DC Shunt motor. And to determine its performance curves. Apparatus:
S. No 1. 2. 3 4 5. 6. Equipment Voltmeter Ammeter Ammeter Rheostat Tachometer Connecting wires Range 0-250V Type M.C. Qty 1 1 1 1 1

0-20A M.C 0-1/2A M.C 400 /1.7A Wire wound Digital type

Name plate details:

Circuit diagram:

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Theory:
When if is required to determine directly efficiency if comparatively small motors, the motor is loaded directly by means of Mechanical Break. Hence in the case of shunt motor there is no drastic change in speed. The Torque T = (S 1 ~ S2 ) g. r Nm. where S1 S2 is the spring balance reading, r = Break drum Radius and g=9.81. P = Power developed. Hence directly the efficiency = P o/ Pi x 100

Procedure:01. 02. 03. 04. Make Connections as per the circuit diagram. Start the motor with the help of the starter. Then bring the motor to rated speed by adjusting field rheostat. Put the mechanical load on the motor in steps and note down corresponding readings of all meters. 05. Do calculations accordingly. Tabular columns :
S.No Voltage (V) Current (I) Speed (N) Spring Balance Readings S1 S2 Torque= 9.8 1(S1 ~ S2) .r -Nm Pout = 2 nT/60 -Watts Pin = Vi - Watts Eff = op/ip x100.

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EXPECTED GRAPHS:-

Ta

vs Ia.

N vs Ia.

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N vs T

Vs O/P

Result:

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PART-B
Expt No: 1 TRANSISTOR CE CHARACTERISTICS (INPUT AND OUTPUT) AIM: To plot the transistor characteristics of common emitter configuration EQUIPMENT REQUIRED: Regulated Power Supply DC Ammeter Voltmeter COMPONENTS REQUIRED: Transistor Resistor Breadboard Connecting wires THEORY: BC 107,BC 547 1K , 39K 0 30V(Dual) 0 100 UA,0-10 mA. DC 0 -- 1V, 0--30V

PROCEDURE:

INPUT CHARACTERISTICS:

1.

Connect the circuit as shown in Figure. Use milli ammeters of proper range

2.

For input characteristics, first fix the collector - emitter voltage VCE at 5 volts. Now vary base-emitter voltage VBE in steps of 0.1 volts and note down the corresponding emitter current IB. Repeat the above procedure for collector emitter voltage VCE at 10V, 15V etc. Plot the graph between base-emitter voltage VBE and Base current IB for a constant collector emitter voltage VCE.

3.

4.

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Circuit diagram:

5.

Find the h parameters:

(a) hre: Reverse voltage gain (b) hie : Input impedance

OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS: 1. For out put characteristics, first fix the Base current IB at 20 A .Now vary collector-emitter voltage VCE in steps of 1volts and note down the corresponding collector current IC 2. 3. Repeat the above procedure for Base current IB at 30 A , 40 A. Plot the graph between collector Emitter voltage VCE and collector current IC for a constant Base current IB. 4. Find the h parameters : (a) hfe = Forward current gain. hoe = Output admittance.

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MODEL GRAPHS: Input characteristics

Output Characteristics

Tabular Form:

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Input characteristics:

Output characteristics:

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CALCULATIONS: 1. Input dynamic resistance, ri = 2. Output ac resistance , ro = 3. DC Current gain , 4. AC Current gain ,
C

V V I
BE B

CE

cons tan t

V I I
CE B

____ A

DC

I V I I V I
B
C B

CE

_____
_____ cons tan t

CE

RESULT: hie = hfe = hre = hoe =

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EXPERIMENTS 2 RECTIFIERS WITH OUT FILTERS (FULL WAVE & HALF WAVE) RECTIFIERS WITH FILTERS (FULL WAVE & HALF WAVE) AIM: Study of rectifiers with and with out capacitance filters half wave rectifier and full wave rectifier. To Find its. Percentage of regulation and Ripple factor.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED: CRO Voltmeter COMPONENTS REQUIRED: Diodes Resistor (Variable) Connecting wires THEORY: (1N 4007) 2Nos. 10K Breadboard 0 20 M hz (Dual trace) DC 0--30V

PROCEDURE: 1. Connect the circuit diagram as shown in Figure.1 2. Connect CRO across the load. Keep the CRO switch in ground mode and observe the horizontal line and adjust it to the X- axis. 3. Switch the CRO in to DC mode and observe the waveform. Note down its amplitude, Vm and frequency from the screen along with its multiplication factor. v 4. Calculate Vdc using the relation Vdc = m 5. Switch the CRO in to AC mode and observe the waveform. Note down its amplitude, Vm and frequency from the screen along with its multiplication factor. 6. Calculate Vac using the relation: V2 rms = V2ac +V2 dc
7. Calculate

the ripple factor from the given formula: = v ac

dc

Circuit diagram: Half wave rectifier with out capacitor:

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Half wave rectifier with capacitor:

Full wave rectifier with out capacitor:

Full wave rectifier with capacitor:

8. Remove the load and measure the output DC voltage (DC mode) and calculate the

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percentage of voltage regulation using the formula: Percentage regulation =

noload

load

100 %

noload

9. To measure ratio of rectification, observe the power (DC and AC) using wattmeter across the load. The ratio of rectification is given by Pac/Pdc Model graph: Half wave rectifier model graph:

Full wave rectifier model graph:

With Capacitor: 1. Calculate the value of R by assuming C = 1000 F and f = 50 Hz using the formula = 1/ 4 (3fRC) (assume as 0.002 or any small value) 2. Connect the capacitor across the load resistance and proceed with the above Procedure from steps 1 9 as shown above. Follow the abovementioned procedure for Full Wave rectifier.

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Calculations: Half wave rectifiers: 1. Vrms =

Vavg =

2. ripple factor

v v

2 rm s 2 avg

3. Efficiency = 4. Percentage efficiency = 5. Peak inverse voltage (PIV) = Vm 6. Form factor = Vrms / Vavg 7. Peak factor = Vpeak / Vrms Full wave rectifiers : 1. Vrms = 2. Vavg =

2v

3. ripple factor

v v

2 rm s 2 avg

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :

CE AMPLIFER

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CE AMPLIFIER AIM: Design and test a common emitter amplifier and find the following parameters. 1. 2. 3. 4. Current gain Voltage gain Bandwidth Input and output impedances.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED: Regulated Power Supply CRO Function generator COMPONENTS REQUIRED: Transistor Resistor Breadboard Connecting wires THEORY: BC 107,BC 547 designed values 0 30V 20 MHz(Dual trace) 0 1 Mhz

Amplifier Design:

AVS= -hFeRleeff /((hie||RB)+RS) -hFeRleeff/(hie+RS) ---------(1) Assume, VCE=VCC/2(transistor active) Effective load resistance is given by,Rleff=RC||RL Emitter resistance is given by,re=26mv/IE hie= re Where re is internal resistance of the transistor hie= hfe re ,VE=Vcc/10 On applying KVL to output loop we get Vcc=Ic.Rc+VcE+IE.RE Where VE=IE.RE,Find Rc? From equation (1),find RL Since IB is very small when compare with Ic

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In put Coupling capacitor is given by Xci={[hie+(1+hfe)RE]||RB}/10 Xci=1/2 f Ci Find Ci? Out put coupling capacitor is given by, XCO=RC||RT/10 Xco=1/2 fCo Find Co ? By-pass capacitor is given by Xce=RE/10 XCE=1/2 fCE Find CE=? PROCEDURE: 1. Connect the circuit diagram as shown in Figure.1. 2. Keep VS at 50 mv, using the signal generator. 3. Keeping the input voltage constant, vary the frequency from 0 to 1 Mhz in regular steps and note down the corresponding output voltage. 4. Plot the graph between gain (dB) and frequency. 5. Find the input and output impedances. Input impedance, Zi = Vi Rs / (Vs+Vi) Output impedance, Zo Calculate the bandwidth from the graph. 6. Note down the bandwidth, input and output impedances.

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Tabular form: Input voltage Vs =

S No.

Frequency

Vo (volt)

Gain = Vo/Vs

Gain (dB) = 20 log (Vo/Vs)

Result: 1. 2. 3. 4. Input impedance Output impedance Gain (Mid band) Bandwidth

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS:

1. 2. 3. 4.

Define Amplification? What is biasing? Why it is necessary? Mention different types of Biasing? Mention the applications of CE Amplifier, Justify?

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Circuit Diagram: RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR

MODEL GRAPH:

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RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR

AIM: To design and construct a RC Phase Shift Oscillator for a given operating Frequency.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED: Regulated Power Supply CRO COMPONENTS REQUIRED: Transistor Resistor Capacitors Breadboard Connecting wires THEORY: Design : Fo=1Khz,C=0.01uf,Vcc=12V F=1/2 (6RC),Find R?, (s)=-1/29,=1/ =-29

0 30V 20 MHz (Dual trace)

BC 107 designed designed

values values

Amplifier Design:
AV=-hFeRleeff/hie (AV=29,design given) Assume, VCE=VCC/2(transistor active) Effective load resistance is given by,Rleff=RC||RL Emitter resistance is given by,re=26mv/IE hie= re Where re is internal resistance of the transistor hie= hfe re VE=Vcc/10 On applying KVL to output loop we get Vcc=Ic. Rc+VcE+IE.RE Whre VE=IE.RE Find Rc? Since IB is very small when compare with Ic Ic IE RE=VE/IE VB=VBE+VE VB=Vcc(RB2/(RB1+RB2))

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S=1+(RB/RE) Find RB ? RB=RB1||RB2 Find RB1 and RB2 Input coupling capacitor is given by Xci={[hie+(1+hfe)RE]||RB}/10 Xci=1/2 fci,Find Ci?,Xco=1/2 fco,Find Co ? By-pass capacitor is given by Xce=RE/10,XCE=1/2 fCE Find CE=? PROCEDURE: 1. 2. 3. Connect circuit diagram as shown in Figure Switch on the power supply and observe the output on the CRO (Sine wave). Note down the practical frequency and compare it with its theoretical frequency.

TABULAR FORM: Sl. No. Theoretical time period Practical time period

RESULTS: Theoretical time period and frequency: --------Practical time period and frequency: -------------------------

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS: 1. 2. 3. It s the main difference between an alternator and an oscillator? How can damped oscillations can be converted into un damped oscillations? How are RC oscillators different from LC oscillators?

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