Chapter 7

Multiple Division Techniques

Outline

Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) Comparison of FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA Walsh Codes Near-far Problem Types of Interferences Analog and Digital Signals Basic Modulation Techniques Amplitude Modulation (AM) Frequency Modulation (FM) Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) Phase Shift Keying (PSK) Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)

Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)

Frequency User n User 2 User 1 Single channel per carrier All first generation systems use FDMA Time

Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)

Frequency

User 1

User 2

User n

Time Multiple channels per carrier Most of second generation systems use TDMA

Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

Frequency

User n

..

User 2 User 1

Time

Code Users share bandwidth by using code sequences that are orthogonal to each other
Some second generation systems use CDMA Most of third generation systems use CDMA

Types of Channels

Control channel

Forward (Downlink) control channel Reverse (Uplink) control channel Forward traffic (traffic or information) channel Reverse traffic (traffic or information) channel

Traffic channel

Types of Channels (Contd)

Reverse channel (Uplink)
f f f1

Control channels

fn f1 f2 fn

f2

MS

Forward channels Traffic channels (Downlink)

BS

FDMA
f1 f2 f1 f2

MS #1 MS #2

MS #n

fn

fn

BS
Forward channels (Downlink)

Reverse channels (Uplink)

FDMA: Channel Structure

Guard Band Wg Sub Band Wc

Frequency

Total Bandwidth W=NWc

f1

f2

fn

f1

f2

fn

Reverse channels Protecting bandwidth

Frequency
Forward channels

TDMA
Frequency f Slot Frequency f

#2

#2

MS #1 MS #2

#2

#2

#1

#1

MS #n Frame

Frame

Frame

#1

Frame

#n

#n

#n

#n

#1

BS

Reverse channels (Uplink)

Forward channels (Downlink)

TDMA: Channel Structure

f Frame
#1 #2 #n #1

Frame
#2 #n #1

Frame
#2 #n

(a). Forward channel f Frame

#1 #2 #n #1

Frame
#2 #n #1

Frame
#2 #n

(b). Reverse channel

TDMA: Frame Structure (Contd)

Frequency f=f

Frame
#2 #1 #2 #2 #n #n #1

Frame
#n #1 #2 #n

#1

Time Forward channel Reverse channel Forward channel Reverse channel

Channels in Simplex Mode

TDMA: Frame Structure (Contd)

Frequency Frame
#1 #2 #n #1

Frame
#2 #n #1

Frame
#2 #n

Time

Guard time

Head

Data

Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

Frequency f
MS #1 MS #2 C1 C2

Frequency f
C1 C2

MS #n

Cn

Cn

BS
Forward channels (Downlink)

Reverse channels (Uplink) Note:

Ci x Cj = 0, i.e., Ci and Cj are orthogonal codes, Ci x Cj = 0, i.e., Ci and Cj are orthogonal codes

Comparisons of FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA

(Example)
Operation Allocated Bandwidth Frequency reuse Required channel BW No. of RF channels Channels/cell Control channels/cell Usable channels/cell Calls per RF channel Voice channels/cell Sectors/cell Voice calls/sector Capacity vs FDMA * FDMA 12.5 MHz 7 0.03 MHz 12.5/0.03=416 416/7=59 2 57 1 57x1=57 3 57/3=19 1 TDMA 12.5 MHz 7 0.03 MHz 12.5/0.03=416 416/7=59 2 57 4* 57x4=228 3 228/3=76 4 CDMA 12.5 MHz 1 1.25 MHz 12.5/1.25=10 12.5/1.25=10 2 8 40** 8x40=320 3 320 16.8

? Delay Depends on the number of slots

** Depends on the number of codes

Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum for CDMA

Transmitter
Spreading

Receiver
Despread Digital signal s(t)

Digital signal s(t)

Spreading signal m(t)

Power

Code c(t)

Power

Code c(t)

Power

Frequency

Frequency

Frequency

Concept of Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum

Transmitter
Spreading

Receiver
Despread

Digital signal

Spreading signal

Digital signal

Hopping Pattern Power Power

Hopping Pattern Power

Frequency

Frequency

Frequency

An Example of Frequency Hopping Pattern

Frequency

Time

Walsh Codes (Orthogonal Codes)

Wal (0, t) Wal (1, t) Wal (2, t) Wal (3, t) Wal (4, t) Wal (5, t) Wal (6, t) Wal (7, t) t t t t t t t t

Near-far Problem

MS2

BS

MS1

Received signal strength

Distance MS2 d2

Distance d1 MS1

BS

Types of Interference in CDMA

Interference baseband signals

Baseband signal

Spreading signal

Despread signal
Interference signals

Frequency

Frequency

Frequency

Interference in spread spectrum system in CDMA

Adjacent Channel Interference in CDMA

Channel1

Channel2 Power

f1

f2

Frequency

Power Control in CDMA

Controlling transmitted power affects the CIR

1 Pr = Pt 4df c
Pt = Pr = d = f = c = = Transmitted power Received power in free space Distance between receiver and transmitter Frequency of transmission Speed of light Attenuation constant (2 to 4)

Modulation

Why need modulation?

Small antenna size Antenna size is inversely proportional to frequency e.g., 3 kHz 50 km antenna 3 GHz 5 cm antenna Limits noise and interference, e.g., FM (Frequency Modulation) Multiplexing techniques, e.g., FDM, TDM, CDMA

Analog and Digital Signals

Analog Signal (Continuous signal)

Amplitude S(t) 0 Time

Digital Signal (Discrete signal)

Amplitude 1 + 0 _ Bit Time 0 1 1 0 1

Hearing, Speech, and Voice-band Channels

Human hearing Human speech

Voice-grade Telephone channel

100 Pass band Guard band Frequency cutoff point

..

Frequency (Hz) 10,000

Guard band

Frequency (Hz) 0 200 3,500 4,000

Amplitude Modulation (AM)

Message signal x(t)

Time

Carrier signal

Time

AM signal s(t)

Time

Amplitude of carrier signal is varied as the message signal to be transmitted. Frequency of carrier signal is kept constant.

Frequency Modulation (FM)

Message signal x(t) Time

Carrier signal

Time

FM signal s(t)

Time

FM integrates message signal with carrier signal by varying the instantaneous frequency. Amplitude of carrier signal is kept constant.

Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)

1/0 represented by two different frequencies slightly offset from carrier frequency

Carrier signal 1 for message signal 1 Carrier signal 2 for message signal 0 1 Message signal x(t) FSK signal s(t) 0 1 1 0 1

Time

Time

Time Time

Phase Shift Keying (PSK)

Use alternative sine wave phase to encode bits
Carrier signal

sin( 2f c t )

Time

Carrier signal

sin( 2f c t + )
1 Message signal x(t) PSK signal s(t) 0 1 1 0 1

Time

Time Time

QPSK Signal Constellation

Q Q
0,1

1,1

0,0

1,0

(a) BPSK

(b) QPSK

All Possible State Transitions in /4 QPSK

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)

Combination of AM and PSK
Two carriers out of phase by 90 deg are amplitude modulated
Q

1000

1100

0100

0000

1001

1101

0101

0001

1011

1111

0111

0011

1010

1110

0110

0010

R ectangular constellation of 16Q A M