Learning from daily experience guide to everyday situations past xperience present guide Differ from truth acquired

without experience Experience limited interpretation of experience biased Common sense and science henry david thoreau saw common sense as dull perception common sense and ambiguity science careful analysis empricity An example suicide durkheim refused to accept commom sense applied in phenomenplogy Gramsci contrast with systematic thought Durkheim ,marxist,-its ideological alfred schutzs=phenomenology Thomas lukmans=social construction of reality Anthony giddens=theory of structurationss Sociology=is the scientific study o f human society&social behaviour PREPARED BY T.JUSTIN

Ideology of observer influence of researcher feelings opinions Set of ideas beliefs&valus which provides a way of seeing & interpreting the world which results in a partial reality Distortion utopian ideology manheim marxian ideology ideology of ruling class Utopian ideology functionalism status quo integration conservative stance Ideology impetus for social movements like feminism,dalit,naxals,terrorism Weber-ideological determination calvinist cultural determinism,economic determinism justifying particular interests Marx definition system of ostensibly logical ideas that in reality are a justification for the vested interests of particular social class, dravidian,aryan ideology funtamental ideology

Alternative to positivist d/t b/wsubject matter of social & natural science founder alfred shutz & verstehen approachn opposite to empirical evidence Matter no consciousness human action meaning , interpretation social interaction Construction of meaning Psychological& social psychological approach,cognitive approach In suicide british sociologist maxwell atkinson rejected logic & procedures of positivist methodology He maintains that social world is a construction of perception & subjective interpretations ex suicide Social world is a world of meaning no objective realitys Treatment of social fact as things is distort &not true Both diametrically opposed phenomenology begins individual own conscious experience try to avoid prejudise Meads symbolic interactionism harold garfinkels ETHNOMETHODOLOGY Peter berger thomas luckman

logic,methods ,procedures; of natural science applicable to study of man august comte natural science vs social science Laboratory experimentation social& natural science explained by cause & effectpositivism Direct observation durkheim book the rules of sociologiacal methods -logical method of sociological enquiry social fact Thus belief ,customs,& institutions of society the facts of social world like events of natural world Suicide-real laws&discoverable-durkheim Durkheim ,radciff brown in anthro book the naturalscience of society reaffirmed the posivistic approach & opposite to neo-kantianism & hermeneustic approach Habermas=aspect of rationalization Alfred schutz questioned the the basic premises of positivism webers verstehen combination of positivism&causal generalization Talcott & merton acknowledge the perils ofpure positivism to study social phenomena Natural science-universal generalization social science-ideographic interpretation

Founder-quetelet ratlier developed b/w physical& social phenomena Comte-philosophical positivism quetelet physical positivism it involves direct application of explanatorymodels like physical models sound scientific methodology feature of formalisation of varriables.computer technics,experimental logic ,laboratory experiments ,computer simulstion of human behaviour mathematical verification Lundberg,dodd,zipf,ogburn,chapin-neo positiviests

Scientific generalisation nessessarily quantitative Lundberg quantitativism inseparable from behaviourism it rejects culture,social structure,& insists on operational definition of concrete phenomena Pragmatic philosopy,statistical findings,enumeration & measurement Giddings sociology as a scientific statistics in method & insist true and complete description of anything must measurement Emiricism mathematical theory construction

History is past sociology sociology is present historyg.e.howard historical development of societies Common parent in philosophy of history- study of culture,manners,social institutions Arnold toynbee a study of history history proving valuable in sociology history interpreted by sociologists socio gives social background of history socio is present & future history is past records of society socio is analytical history is descriptive History is concrete socio is abstract history chronology historian describes war socio study social phenomenon radciffe brown socio is nomothetic ,history is idiographic sociologists finding generalization historians describe unique events Weber s protest ethic is example of history & socio

Socio main roots in politics &philosophy of history-morris ginsberg is a branch of social science dealing with principles of organization& govt of human society Without socio political science incomplete Form of govt derived from social process plato s republic & politics of aristotle Power & political science socio webers power Authority, legitimacy Caste &politics electoral influence Political mobilization& social movement Political modernization,poli participation,poli socialization,political culture voting behavior, Marx=political institution &social behaviour are closely linked with economic s/m Difficult to distinguish political socio & poli science

Socio is the science of society political science is the science of state Soci is study of b oth organised &unorganised communities poli deals with organised communities only

Production,distribution,consumption Material welbeing of human beings Poverty ,unemployment,economic generalization Population growth,communism; socialism, Marx & engels, exchange theory in terms of marriage property s/m Economic division of labour /social division Parsons-economic behaviour determined by social circumstance marx social behaviour determined by economic situation of society Weber-wirtschraft & gessellschaft *smelser s book sociology of economic life deals resource allocation in societys Impact of black economy,economic inequality Economic determinism infrastructure vs supersructure Informal economy ,rural & urban economy Thorstein veblen-conspicuous consumption gunnar myrdal study society &economic development

Socio anthro has twin sisters kroeber Comparative study mankind from its appearance to its present stage of development ruth benedict Morgon,linton,tylor,m.n.srinivas,fra zer,hobhouse,william white study of man,development of human race Study man & culture. cultural anthropology Cultural area, traits anthro culture study socio civilization study tribal,agrarian,kinship,family, religion,magic,casterace, Socio vs social anthropology-radclife brown malinowski-participant observation Anthro approach-functionalist because of tribal & agrarian society unchanging nature Anthro-past socio-present study

Psychology analyses mental processes socio analyses social processes-bogardas socio vs social psychology socio-study of human behaviour in society psychology-individual behavior interpretative understanding base ginsberg sociological generalization from psychological principles psychoanalysis freud devience ,disorganization,conflict,social problems,crime,deprivation,psychological determinism William mcdougall book-introduction to social psychology ,penner,leonard berkowitz,bowlby,parson,carl gustav,eric k erickson erving goffman Dramaturgy,ethnomethodology,impression mgt,symbolic interactionism,cognitive socio,

Deals with nature of reality,knowledge,meaning,& truth,ultimate nature of man,& his relation to universe the problem of value,ethics,aesthetics Anthony giddens-socio is actually social philosophy it consists of metaphysical speculation about human conditions Branch-epistemology & ethics [moral standards of conduct] nature of knowledge & its validity

A statement about a phenomenon that is based upon the observations or experience of wide variety of persons Empirically confirmed or denied Subjective fact vs objective fact Lack of ambiguity of a social observation Objectivity without distortions in perception or explanation unbiased & universal generalisation Robert bierstedt book-social order -objectivity means that the conclusions arrived at as the result of inquiry and investigation are independent of race ,colour creed occupation nationality moral preference and political pre disposition of the investigator The franfurt school held that a thinker should not be obssesd with producing objective studies devoid of value judgements Objectivity as an attitude on the part of the investigator may be rejected as inappropriate in signalling a morally or politically reprehensible detachment in relation to other human beings

Game theory- linked with rational choice theory of rational individual action to situations of interdependence or social interaction It seeks to explain social action and interaction in situations. It attempts to clarify the strategic interdependencies in which individuals are enmeshed and to predict their actions

Proletarianization means parts of middle class become effectively absorbed into the working class. It is measured by voting behaviour or the propensity to join trade unions

It is a technique of application of the statistical method of regression. In this technique several variables and their interactions simultaneously studied. In this technique one assumes that a particular causal model explains the relationships among variables

The domination of one class over others is achieved by a combination of political and ideological means Concept introduced by gramsci

Associated with marxism Combined marx s analysis of capitalism with webers rationalization Adopted particular view of marxism in proposing a synthesis of marx and weber criticizing economic determinism

It describes a group of people who share a significant experience at a certain period of time Example , all the suicide happened in one year form to understand the social and cumulative factors Used to measure social and cyclical changes

Concept developed by w.f. ogburn Incompatibility of two cultures Gap between the technological development of a society and its moral and legal institutions Application to understand social problems and deviance in indian sty and western sty

The study of communication among machines , animals , and men particularly the role of feedback system It is associated with nature and function of communication in the organizational structure Linked with Thinker- parsons and social system

Superiority attitude of own culture Opposite concept xenocentrism Link with comparative method

Introduced by Chicago thinkers Use of sociological knowledge to aid diagnosis , treatment and research of social problems Thinker linked louis wirth

The study of the causes of the incidence and distribution of diseases and illness in human population In medical sociology , it involves the study of how culture influence the presence of illness It examines social and cultural factors associated with conventional diseases It is criticized by some sociologists because it treats disease as a problem for the individual in relation to the social movement and ascribes responsibility for illness to the individual , ratherthan treating illness as an effect of social structure

The theory of how it is that people come to have knowledge of the external world Study of methods of scientific procedure which lead to the acquisition of sociological knowledge