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01 Outline of indicator
Most industrial operations are linear processes in which raw materials are processed into products, with waste as a by-product. However, waste is also generated at the time of raw material extraction, during processing, and ultimately at the end-of-life stage of a product. To minimise, reutilise or recycle waste at each stage, industrial operations can be reconfigured though industrial symbiosis (IS), in which waste produced from one industry is reutilised by another as a raw material. Industrial symbiosis supports resource efficiency in two ways: Cleaner Production (application of techniques and technologies, and management strategies that reduce the waste generated from industrial operations) and Waste Exchange Programmes (exchange of one waste with another resource or raw material). Thus, the benefits of industrial symbiosis are twofold; economic, by lowering the cost of operations and waste disposal, and environmental, via pollution (waste) abatement. There are many concepts involved in IS; however, basic indicators of a successful IS are: 1) reduction in the waste generated from industrial operations, 2) Ratio of recycled materials used in raw material through waste exchanges, 3) Reduction in the amount of industrial waste landfilled, and 4) Reduction in the cost of waste treatment and disposal borne by industry.
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waste from landfills into the production chain. Other policy goals are collaboration of industries into an eco-industrial cluster, green manufacturing and green purchasing, and even linkage with the Environment Management System (EMS) (e.g., ISO 14001).
06 Best practices
Industrial Waste Information Exchange Programme (IWIEP) in Asia
Among Asian regions, Japan, the Philippines and Thailand have conducted IWIEPs. IWIEP links suppliers and users of industrial waste to enhance utilisation of waste. A third party collects information on the kinds of wastes generated by waste generators and which wastes can be utilised by users. This information is then provided to waste generators and users to facilitate matching between them.
Measuring the CP requires complex indicators using the entire Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Total Cost Assessment (TCA) methods. CP indicators measure both the process performance and environmental performance.
*1 Chertow, M. R. 2000, Industrial symbiosis: Literature and taxonomy. Annual Review of Energy and Environment 25:313337. *2 Aquatech Environment, Economics, and Information, 1997, A Benchmark of Current Cleaner Production Practices. Prepared for Cleaner Industries Section, Environment Protection Group Environment Australia. *3 Kotelnikov, V. Measuring Cleaner Production (CP) - Harnessing Business Benefits. Ten3 BUSINESS e-COACH Innovation Unlimited. Available at: http://www.1000ventures.com/environment/cp_measuring.html
*4 Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism South Africa, and DANIDA, 2005. National Waste Management Strategy Implementation South Africa-Review of Industrial Waste Exchange. Report Number: 12/9/6 Annexure G