SuppEx Solution 2A E

1
Topic 4 Acids and Bases

Part A Unit-based exercise
Unit 14 Acids and alkalis
Fill in the blanks
1 hydrochloric
2 Sulphuric
3 Ethanoic
4 sour
5 red; yellow
6 colourless; red
7 bases
8 dissociate; dissociation
9 hydrogen
10 mobile ions
11 basicity
12 monobasic
13 dibasic
14 a) salt; hydrogen
b) salt; water; carbon dioxide
c) salt; water; carbon dioxide
d) salt; water
e) salt; water
15 salt; water
16 alkali
17 bitter
18 ammonia
19 precipitates
20 complex
2
21 hygroscopic
22 deliquescent
True or false
23 F Concentrated sulphuric acid should be diluted by adding the acid to water slowly while stirring.
24 T
25 F Solid citric acid has NO effect on zinc.
The aqueous solution of citric acid shows typical properties of an acid while solid citric acid does not.
26 F An acid is a hydrogen-containing substance that gives hydrogen ions as the only type of positive ions
when dissolved in water.
27 T The aqueous solution of citric acid can conduct electricity.
28 F The basicity of an acid is the maximum number of hydrogen ions produced by one acid molecule. For
example, ethanoic acid (CH
3
COOH) is monobasic because only the hydrogen atom in the COOH group
can undergo dissociation.
29 T
30 F Phosphoric acid (H
3
PO
4
(aq)) is a tribasic acid.
31 T Concentrated sulphuric acid is hygroscopic. It can absorb water vapour from the air.
32 T When solid citric acid dissolves in water, only a few molecules dissociate to give ions.
citric acid(s) + water citric acid(aq)
citric acid(aq) H
+
(aq) + citrate ion(aq)
Hence an aqueous solution of citric acid contains mobile citric acid molecules.
citrate ion
water
H
+
citric acid
molecule
33 T
34 F Phenolphthalein is colourless in acidic solutions.
35 F Many metal hydroxides are INSOLUBLE in water.
36 T
3
37 F The discolorations and tight scale buildup that occur in toilet bowls are mostly calcium carbonate
deposits from hard water. Calcium carbonate reacts wtih some acids to form water soluble substances.
The solid type toilet bowl cleansers are mostly sodium hydrogensulphate while the liquid type contain
hydrochloric acid.
38 T Sodium hydroxide absorbs carbon dioxide when exposed to air. Sodium hydrogencarbonate is formed
and it undergoes dehydration to give sodium carbonate.
39 F The properties of solutions of alkalis depend on the presence of mobile hydroxide ions.
40 T Ca
2+
(aq) + 2OH
(aq) Ca(OH)
2
(s)
white precipitate
41 F Iron(II) hydroxide does NOT dissolve in excess dilute aqueous ammonia.
42 F Copper(II) hydroxide does NOT dissolve in excess dilute sodium hydroxide solution. It dissolves in excess
dilute aqueous ammonia to give a deep blue solution.
43 T Fe
3+
(aq) + 3OH
(aq) Fe(OH)
3
(s)
reddish brown precipitate
44 F Concentrated nitric acid tends to decompose to nitrogen dioxide gas and oxygen gas.
4HNO
3
(aq) 4NO
2
(g) + O
2
(g) + 2H
2
O(l)
45 F Concentrated sulphuric acid is NOT used to dry ammonia gas because the acid would react with
ammonia gas.
H
2
SO
4
(l) + 2NH
3
(g) (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
(s)
Multiple choice questions
46 A
47 C Option A Caustic soda is sodium hydroxide.
Opiton B Drain cleansers usually contain sodium hydroxide.
Option D Slaked lime is calcium hydroxide.
48 C Option A Dilute acids react with carbonates to give carbon dioxide gas.
Option B Dilute acids have a sour taste.
Option C Dilute acids conduct electricity due to the presence of mobile ions.
Option D Dilute acids react with reactive metals only.
49 C Option A Acidic solutions turn litmus solution red.
Option B Dilute solutions of alkalis have a slippery feel.
Option D Typical acids show NO reaction with copper.
4
50 B Option C Hydrochloric acid can turn methyl orange red.
Option D Concentrated hydrochloric acid is NOT stored in brown bottles.
51 B Option A Sulphuric acid is used to make fertilizers, but it is NOT used as fertilizers.
Option B Concentrated sulphuric acid is hygroscopic.
Option C Concentrated sulphuric acid should be diluted by adding the acid to water slowly while
stirring.
Option D Dilute sulphuric acid shows NO oxidizing property.
52 D Option A Nitric acid is NOT a drying agent.
Option B Sulphuric acid, NOT nitric acid, is used in car batteries.
Option C Dilute nitric acid is an oxidizing agent. It reacts with copper to give nitrogen monoxide,
NOT hydrogen.
Option D Concentrated nitric acid is corrosive.
53 C Aqueous solution of ethanoic acid can conduct electricity. Ethanoic acid is an electrolyte.
54 C When dilute sulphuric acid reacts with calcium carbonate, insoluble calcium sulphate forms. The calcium
sulphate covers the surface of calcium carbonate and prevents further reaction.
55 A Option A Vinegar contains ethanoic acid. It shows NO reaction with copper.
Option B Dilute nitric acid is an oxidizing agent. It reacts with copper to give nitrogen monoxide
gas.
Option C Copper(II) oxide and dilute nitric acid undergo neutralization when mixed.
Option D Copper(II) hydroxide and vinegar undergo neutralization when mixed.
56 A
57 D
58 C Solid citric acid does NOT react with magnesium because it does not contain hydrogen ions.
59 C Phosphoric acid (H
3
PO
4
) is a tribasic acid.
60 A Carbon is a reducing agent. It can reduce FeO(s) to Fe(s).
61 D Option A Glass cleansers usually contain ammonia.
62 A Glass cleansers usually contain ammonia.
63 A Option A Sodium hydroxide is manufactured by the electrolysis of concentrated sodium chloride
solution.
Option C Sodium hydroxide absorbs carbon dioxide when exposed to air. Sodium hydrogencarbonate
is formed and it undergoes dehydration to give sodium carbonate.
5
64 A Option A When ammonia gas dissolves in water, it reacts with water to give ammonium ions and
hydroxide ions. However, ammonia does not react with water completely. Only very few
hydroxide ions are formed.
NH
3
(g) + H
2
O(l) NH
4
+
(aq) + OH
(aq)
Hence aqueous ammonia contains both ammonia molecules and hydroxide ions.
water
NH
3
NH
4
+
OH
-
Option B Metals tarnish because they react with the air to form a layer of oxide or sulphide. Acids
can be used to remove this layer. One of the oxide layers most difficultly removed is rust.
Rust removers usually contain an acid such as hydrochloric acid or phosphoric acid.
Option C Aqueous ammonia reacts with lead(II) nitrate solution to give a white precipitate, lead(II)
hydroxide.
Option D Aqueous ammonia gives a yellow solution with methyl orange.
65 C Dilute sodium hydroxide solution does NOT give a white precipitate with potassium chloride solution.
The mixture is a colourless solution.
66 B Aluminium hydroxide dissolves in excess dilute sodium hydroxide solution due to the formation of a
soluble complex salt.
Al(OH)
3
(s) + OH
(aq) [Al(OH)
4
]
(aq)
aluminate ion
colourless solution
67 B
68 D
Option Solution Observation
A ammonium chloride no precipitate
B iron(II) sulphate green precipitate Fe(OH)
2
C magnesium chloride white precipitate Mg(OH)
2
D nickel(II) sulphate green precipitate Ni(OH)
2
69 D The white precipitate is magnesium hydroxide.
70 D
Option Solution Observation
A calcium nitrate no precipitate
B copper(II) sulphate pale blue precipitate Cu(OH)
2
C lead(II) nitrate white precipitate Pb(OH)
2
D zinc sulphate white precipitate Zn(OH)
2
6
71 C
Option Hydroxide Solubility in excess NaOH(aq) / NH
3
(aq)
A Al(OH)
3
soluble in excess NaOH(aq)
B Cu(OH)
2
soluble in excess NH
3
(aq)
C Fe(OH)
2
insoluble in both excess NaOH(aq) and NH
3
(aq)
D Zn(OH)
2
soluble in both excess NaOH(aq) and NH
3
(aq)
72 C
Option Compound X Addition of NH
3
(aq) to dilute solution of X
A Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
reddish brown precipitate Fe(OH)
3
B MgCl
2
white precipitate Mg(OH)
2
C NiSO
4
green precipitate Ni(OH)
2
D NH
4
Cl no precipitate
73 A Concentrated sodium hydroxide solution is corrosive.
74 B Concentrated nitric acid is an oxidizing agent.
75 C
76 A Option A Concentrated hydrochloric acid and concentrated nitric acid are volatile while concentrated
sulphuric acid is NOT.
Option B Concentrated sulphuric acid is NOT stored in brown bottles.
Option D Concentrated sulphuric acid is NOT used to dry ammonia gas because the acid would
react with ammonia gas.
H
2
SO
4
(l) + 2NH
3
(g) (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
(s)
77 A The aqueous solution of compound X gives a gas with dilute hydrochloric acid, hence X is probably a
carbonate, rather than a sulphate.
Solution of X does NOT give a precipitate with dilute sodium hydroxide solution. Hence X probably
contains ammonium ions, rather than iron(II) ions.
X is ammonium carbonate.
78 A From test 1, it can be deduced that X is a chloride.
Ag
+
(aq) + Cl
(aq) AgCl(s)
From test 2, it can be deduced that X contains iron(II) ions, rather than iron(III) ions.
Fe
2+
(aq) + 2OH
(aq) Fe(OH)
2
(s)
green precipitate
Fe
3+
(aq) + 3OH
(aq) Fe(OH)
3
(s)
7
79 B
Option Substances Upon mixing the substances
A magnesium and ethanoic acid hydrogen gas is produced
B magnesium hydroxide and dilute hydrochloric acid only a salt and water are produced
C magnesium carbonate and dilute sulphuric acid carbon dioxide gas is produced
D magnesium and steam hydrogen gas is produced
magnesium hydroxide and dilute hydrochloric acid would NOT produce a gas when mixed.
80 C Silver nitrate solution gives a white precipitate with dilute hydrochloric acid.
Ag
+
(aq) + Cl
(aq) AgCl(s)
81 D NaOH(aq) gives a precipitate Fe
2+
(aq) ions, but NOT K
+
(aq) ions.
82 C Zinc can be obtained by heating zinc oxide with carbon. Carbon dioxide gas is formed in the process.
zinc oxide + carbon zinc + carbon dioxide
83 D The aqueous solution of citric acid shows typical properties of an acid while the citric acid crystals do
not.
When citric acid crystals (jar 3) are mixed with water (jar 5), the aqueous solution would give carbon
dioxide gas with solid hydrogencarbonate (jar 1).
HCO
3
(aq) + H
+
(aq) H
2
O(l) + CO
2
(g)
84 A (2) Carbonic acid is formed when carbon dioxide gas dissolves in water. Hence rainwater is slightly
acidic.
CO
2
(g) + H
2
O(l) H
2
CO
3
(aq)
carbonic acid
85 D
86 A (1) Acids are covalent compounds when pure. For example, pure sulphuric acid and nitric acid are
colourless liquids consisting of molecules.
(2) An acid may NOT contain both hydrogen and oxygen, e.g. HCl(aq).
(3) Typical acids would NOT react with copper.
87 B (2) Sulphuric acid is used to make fertilizers, but it is NOT used as fertilizers.
88 B (2) Sulphuric acid, NOT hydrochloric acid, is used in car batteries.
89 D (3) When solid citric acid dissolves in water, only a few molecules dissociate to give ions.
citric acid(aq) H
+
8
citrate ion
water
H
+
citric acid
molecule
90 B (2) Vinegar contains ethanoic acid. It shows NO reaction with copper.
91 D (2) Carbonic acid is formed when carbon dioxide dissolves in water.
CO
2
(g) + H
2
O(l) H
2
CO
3
(aq)
carbonic acid
(3) Sulphurous acid is formed when sulphur dioxide dissolves in water.
SO
2
(g) + H
2
O(l) H
2
SO
3
(aq)
sulphurous acid
92 D (1) Magnesium reacts with dilute sulphuric acid to give hydrogen gas.
(2) and (3) Sodium carbonate and potassium hydrogencarbonate react with dilute sulphuric acid to
give carbon dioxide gas.
93 B (2) Very dilute nitric acid acts like a typical acid. It shows NO reaction with copper.
94 D All the three metals (calcium, iron and magnesium) react with acids to give hydrogen.
95 D (1) Heating ammonium sulphate solution with dilute sodium hydroxide solution gives ammonia gas.
NH
4
+
(aq) + OH
(aq) NH
3
(g) + H
2
O(l)
(2) Iron(II) sulphate solution gives a green precipitate with dilute sodium hydroxide solution.
Fe
2+
(aq) + 2OH
(aq) Fe(OH)
2
(s)
(3) Citric acid would undergo neutralization reaction with dilute sodium hydroxide solution.
96 D (1) When ammonia gas dissolves in water, it reacts with water to give ammonium ions and hydroxide
ions. However, ammonia does not react with water completely. Only very few hydroxide ions are
formed.
NH
3
(g) + H
2
O(l) NH
4
+
(aq) + OH
(aq)
Hence aqueous ammonia contains both ammonia molecules and ammonium ions.
water
NH
3
NH
4
+
OH
-
9
97 B (1) Cu(OH)
2
dissolves in excess dilute aqueous ammonia to give a deep blue solution.
Cu(OH)
2
(s) + 4NH
3
(aq) [Cu(NH
3
)
4
]
2+
(aq) + 2OH
(aq)
(2) Pb(OH)
2
is insoluble in excess dilute aqueous ammonia.
(3) Zn(OH)
2
dissolves in excess dilute aqueous ammonia to give a colourless solution.
Zn(OH)
2
(s) + 4NH
3
(aq) [Zn(NH
3
)
4
]
2+
(aq) + 2OH
(aq)
98 A (1) Heating ammonium chloride with calcium hydroxide solution liberates ammonia gas.
2NH
4
Cl(s) + Ca(OH)
2
(aq) 2NH
3
(g) + CaCl
2
(aq) + 2H
2
O(l)
99 A (3) Addition of dilute sodium hydroxide solution to zinc sulphate solution gives a white precipitate,
Zn(OH)
2
.
Zn(OH)
2
dissolves in excess dilute sodium hydroxide solution to give a colourless solution.
Zn(OH)
2
(s) + 2OH
(aq) [Zn(OH)
4
]
2
(aq)
100 A (2) Heating solutions of ammonium chloride and sodium hydroxide liberates ammonia.
NH
4
Cl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NH
3
(g) + NaCl(aq) + H
2
O(l)
101 A (1) Magnesium chloride solution gives a white precipitate with silver nitrate solution.
Ag
+
(aq) + Cl
(aq) AgCl(s)
(2) Magnesium chloride solution gives a white precipitate with dilute aqueous ammonia.
Mg
2+
(aq) + 2OH
(aq) Mg(OH)
2
(s)
(3) Copper is less reactive than magnesium. It CANNOT displace magnesium from magnesium chloride
solution.
102 B (1) Zinc is more reactive than silver, but less reactive than sodium.
Zinc granules can displace silver from silver nitrate solution.
There is NO reaction between zinc granules and sodium nitrate solution.
(2) Both sodium nitrate solution and silver nitrate solution are colourless.
(3) Only silver nitrate solution gives a white precipitate with dilute hydrochloric acid.
Ag
+
(aq) + Cl
(aq) AgCl(s)
103 A (1) NH
3
(aq) and NiSO
4
(aq) would form a green precipitate when mixed.
Ni
2+
(aq) + 2OH
(aq) Ni(OH)
2
(s)
(2) NaOH(aq) and FeSO
4
(aq) would form a green precipitate when mixed.
Fe
2+
(aq) + 2OH
(aq) Fe(OH)
2
(s)
(3) There is no observable change when NH
3
(aq) and NaCl(aq) are mixed.
10
104 D (1) Ammonia gas would react with dilute sulphuric acid.
2NH
3
(g) + H
2
SO
4
(aq) (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
(aq)
(2) Carbon dioxide gas would give a white precipitate with calcium hydroxide solution.
CO
2
(g) + Ca(OH)
2
(aq) CaCO
3
(s) + H
2
O(l)
(3) Sulphur dioxide gas would react with sodium hydroxide solution.
SO
2
(g) + NaOH(aq) NaHSO
3
(aq)
105 B
106 C Aqueous solution of ethanoic acid can conduct electricity. Hence ethanoic acid is an electrolyte.
Ethanoic acid is a covalent compound when pure. Pure ethanoic acid consists of molecules.
107 D When dilute sulphuric acid reacts with calcium carbonate, insoluble calcium sulphate forms. The calcium
sulphate covers the surface of calcium carbonate and prevents further reaction.
108 B Citric acid shows its acidic properties in the presence of water.
When solid citric acid dissolves in water, only a few molecules dissociate to give ions.
citric acid(aq) H
+
citrate ion
water
H
+
citric acid
molecule
109 D
110 D
111 C Dilute nitric acid is an oxidizing agent. It reacts with copper to give nitrogen monoxide, NOT hydrogen.
112 A Concentrated nitric acid decomposes according to the following chemical equation:
4HNO
3
(aq) 4NO
2
(g) + O
2
(g) + 2H
2
O(l)
113 D Many metal hydroxides are insoluble in water.
114 B When ammonia gas dissolves in water, it reacts with water to give ammonium ions and hydroxide ions.
NH
3
(g) + H
2
O(l) NH
4
+
(aq) + OH
(aq)
Dilute aqueous ammonia conducts electricity due to the presence of mobile ions.
115 C Anhydrous calcium chloride is NOT used to dry ammonia gas because calcium chloride would react
with ammonia gas.
CaCl
2
(s) + 4NH
3
(g) CaCl
2
4NH
3
(s)
11
Unit 15 Molarity, pH scale and strengths of acids and alkalis
Fill in the blanks
1 molarity
2 hydrogen ions
3 neutral
4 less
5 increases
6 hydroxide ions
7 hydrogen ions; hydrogensulphate ions; sulphate ions
8 hydrogen ions; ethanoate ions; ethanoic acid molecules
9 ammonium ions; hydroxide ions; ammonia molecules
10 concentrated; strong
True or false
11 F The pH of a solution decreases as the concentration of hydrogen ions in the solution increases.
12 T
13 F The pH of dilute aqueous ammonia is greater than 7, but less than 14.
14 T
15 F Aqueous solution of ethanoic acid can conduct electricity. Hence ethanoic acid is an electrolyte.
16 T When citric acid crystals dissolve in water, only a few molecules dissociate to give ions. Hence citric
acid is a weak acid.
17 F When we describe acids as strong and weak, we are talking about the extent of their dissocation in
water. When we talk about concentration, we are referring to the amount of an acid in a unit volume
of solution.
For example, 5 mol dm
3
nitric acid is a concentrated solution of a strong acid while 0.1 mol dm
3
nitric
acid is a dilute solution of a strong acid.
18 T
19 F 1 mol dm
3
HCl(aq) has a higher concentration of hydrogen ions than 1 mol dm
3
CH
3
COOH(aq) does.
Hence the pH of HCl(aq) is lower than that of CH
3
COOH(aq).
12
20 F NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) NaCl(aq) + H
2
O(l)
NH
3
(aq) + HCl(aq) NH
4
Cl(aq)
According to the equations, 1 mole of NaOH / NH
3
requires 1 mole of HCl for complete neutralization.
Hence 10 cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3
NaOH(aq) and 10 cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3
NH
3
(aq) require the same number of
moles of HCl for complete neutralization.
21 B Number of moles of KNO
3
= molarity of KNO
3
solution x volume of solution
= 0.25 mol dm
3
x
40
1 000
dm
3
= 1.0 x 10
2
mol
22 D Molar mass of Na
2
CO
3
= (2 x 23.0 + 12.0 + 3 x 16.0) g mol
1
= 106.0 g mol
1
Number of moles of Na
2
CO
3
=
mass
molar mass
=
13.8 g
106.0 g mol
1
= 0.130 mol
Volume of solution =
500
1 000
dm
3
Molarity of Na
2
CO
3
solution =
number of moles of Na
2
CO
3
volume of solution
=
0.130 mol
(
500
1 000
)
dm
3
= 0.260 mol dm
3
the molarity of the sodium carbonate solution is 0.260 mol dm
3
.
23 D Molar mass of (COOH)
2
2H
2
O = [2 x (12.0 + 2 x 16.0 + 1.0) + 2 x (2 x 1.0 + 16.0)] g mol
1
= 126.0 g mol
1
Number of moles of (COOH)
2
2H
2
O present =
mass
molar mass
=
3.15 g
126.0 g mol
1
= 0.0250 mol
Molarity of ethanedioic acid solution =
number of moles of (COOH)
2
2H
2
O
volume of solution
=
0.0250 mol
(
250.0
1 000
)
dm
3
= 0.100 mol dm
3

the molarity of the ethanedioic acid solution is 0.100 mol dm
3
.
13
24 B Molar mass of Ca(OH)
2
= [40.1 + 2 x (16.0 + 1.0)] g mol
1
= 74.1 g mol
1
Molarity of calcium hydroxide solution =
number of moles of Ca(OH)
2
volume of solution
0.150 mol dm
3
=
2
(
250.0
1 000
)
dm
3
Number of moles of Ca(OH)
2
= 0.150 mol dm
3
x
250.0
1 000
dm
3
= 0.0375 mol
Mass of Ca(OH)
2
= number of moles of Ca(OH)
2
x molar mass of Ca(OH)
2
= 0.0375 mol x 74.1 g mol
1
= 2.78 g
2.78 g of calcium hydroxide are present.
25 D Molar mass of (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
= [2 x (14.0 + 4 x 1.0) + 32.1 + 4 x 16.0)] g mol
1
= 132.1 g mol
1
Molarity of ammonium sulphate solution =
number of moles of (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
volume of solution
1.02 mol dm
3
=
number of moles of (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
1.50 dm
3
Number of moles of (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
= 1.02 mol dm
3
x 1.50 dm
3
= 1.53 mol
Mass of (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
= number of moles of (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
x molar mass of (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
= 1.53 mol x 132.1 g mol
1
= 202 g
202 g of ammonium sulphate are present.
26 C Molar mass of KCl = (39.0 + 35.5) g mol
1
= 74.5 g mol
1
Number of moles of KCl present =
mass
molar mass
=
44.7 g
74.5 g mol
1
= 0.600 mol
Molarity of potassium chloride solution =
number of moles of KCl
volume of solution
2.40 mol dm
3
=
0.600 mol
volume of solution
Volume of solution =
0.600 mol
2.40 mol dm
3
= 0.250 dm
3
= 250 cm
3
the volume of the solution is 250 cm
3
.
14
27 B
Option Number of moles of NaOH = molarity of solution x volume of solution
A 3.0 mol dm
3
x
100
1 000
dm
3
= 0.30 mol
B 2.5 mol dm
3
x
200
1 000
dm
3
= 0.50 mol
C 1.5 mol dm
3
x
300
1 000
dm
3
= 0.45 mol
D 1.0 mol dm
3
x
400
1 000
dm
3
= 0.40 mol
200 cm
3
of 2.5 mol dm
3
NaOH(aq) contain the greatest number of moles of solute.
28 D
Option Number of moles of MgSO
4
= molarity of solution x volume of solution
A 0.40 mol dm
3
x 1.0 dm
3
= 0.40 mol
B 0.30 mol dm
3
x 1.5 dm
3
= 0.45 mol
C 0.20 mol dm
3
x 2.0 dm
3
= 0.40 mol
D 0.10 mol dm
3
x 2.5 dm
3
= 0.25 mol
2.5 dm
3
of 0.10 mol dm
3
MgSO
4
(aq) contain the smallest number of moles of solute.
29 D Number of moles of CaCl
2
in 250.0 cm
3
of 0.300 mol dm
3
solution
= 0.300 mol dm
3
x
250.0
1 000
dm
3
= 0.0750 mol
Number of moles of CaCl
2
in 150.0 cm
3
of 0.180 mol dm
3
solution
= 0.180 mol dm
3
x
150.0
1 000
dm
3
= 0.0270 mol
Total number of moles of CaCl
2
in the resulting solution
= (0.0750 + 0.0270) mol
= 0.102 mol
Total volume of the resulting solution = (250.0 + 150.0) cm
3
= 400.0 cm
3
Concentration of the resulting solution =
0.102 mol
(
400.0
1 000
)
dm
3
= 0.255 mol dm
3
the concentration of the resulting solution is 2.55 x 10
1
mol dm
3
.
15
30 B Number of moles of NaOH in 100.0 cm
3
of 3.00 mol dm
3
solution
= 3.00 mol dm
3
x
100.0
1 000
dm
3
= 0.300 mol
Number of moles of NaOH in 50.0 cm
3
of 1.20 mol dm
3
solution
= 1.20 mol dm
3
x
50.0
1 000
dm
3
= 0.0600 mol
Total number of moles of NaOH in the resulting solution
= (0.300 + 0.0600) mol
= 0.360 mol
Total volume of the resulting solution = (100.0 + 50.0) cm
3
= 150.0 cm
3
0.360 mol
(
150.0
1 000
)
dm
3
= 2.40 mol dm
3
the concentration of the resulting solution is 2.40 mol dm
3
.
31 A pH of citric acid solution = log
10
[H
+
]
= 1.85
i.e. log
10
[H
+
] = 1.85
[H
+
] = 10
1.85
= 0.0141 mol dm
3
concentration of hydrogen ions in the citric acid solution is 1.41 x 10
2
mol dm
3
.
32 B pH of milk = log
10
[H
+
]
= 6.70
i.e. log
10
[H
+
] = 6.70
[H
+
] = 10
6.70
= 2.00 x 10
7
mol dm
3
concentration of hydrogen ions in the sample of milk is 2.00 x 10
7
mol dm
3
.
16
33 B Sulphuric acid dissociates completely according to the following equation:
H
2
SO
4
(aq) 2H
+
(aq) + SO
4
2
(aq)
0.0200 mol dm
3
? mol dm
3
According to the equation, 1 mole of H
2
SO
4
dissociates to give 2 moles of hydrogen ions.
i.e. concentration of hydrogen ions = 2 x 0.0200 mol dm
3
= 0.0400 mol dm
3
pH of acid = log
10
(0.0400)
= (1.40)
= 1.40
pH of the sulphuric acid sample is 1.40.
34 A pH of sample of urine = log
10
(7.94 x 10
7
)
= (6.10)
= 6.10
pH of the sample of urine is 6.10.
35 C pH of sewage before treatment = 6.75
pH of sewage after treatment = 7.00
Concentration of hydrogen ions in sewage before treatment = 10
6.75
= 1.78 x 10
7
mol dm
3
Concentration of hydrogen ions in sewage after treatment = 10
7.00
mol dm
3
Change in concentration of hydrogen ions = (1.78 x 10
7
10
7
) mol dm
3
= 0.78 x 10
7
mol dm
3
the change in the concentration of hydrogen ions in the sewage is 7.80 x 10
8
mol dm
3
.
36 B Limewater is saturated calcium hydroxide solution.
37 D Option A Baking soda solution is hydrogencarbonate solution. Its pH is about 9.
Option D Soft drinks contain carbonic acid.
38 C Option B Glass cleanser is alkaline. Its pH is greater than 7.
Option D The pH of sea water is about 8.
39 D Oven cleanser contains sodium hydroxide.
40 D When ammonia gas dissolves in water, it reacts with water to give ammonium ions (NH
4
+
(aq)) and
hydroxide ions (OH
(aq)).
NH
3
(g) + water NH
3
(aq)
NH
3
(aq) + H
2
O(l) NH
4
+
(aq) + OH
(aq)
Thus aqueous ammonia contains ammonia molecules, water molecules and a few ammonium ions and
hydroxide ions.
17
41 C In general, non-metals react with oxygen to form acidic oxides and metals react with oxygen to form
basic oxides.
Option A Calcium oxide is slightly basic. It reacts slightly with cold water to form calcium hydroxide,
which is very slightly soluble. So, only a slightly alkaline solution is formed.
CaO(s) + H
2
O(l) Ca(OH)
2
(s)
Option C Potassium oxide is strongly basic. It dissolves in water to form potassium hydroxide
solution.
K
2
O(s) + H
2
O(l) 2KOH(aq)
Hence the pH of the solution of potassium oxide is higher than that of calcium oxide.
Options B and D Oxides of carbon and sulphur are acidic. The pH values of the solutions of both
oxides are less than 7.
42 D Concentration of hydrogen ions in solution X = 10
1
mol dm
3
= 0.1 mol dm
3
Concentration of hydrogen ions in solution Y = 10
2
mol dm
3
= 0.01 mol dm
3
the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution X is ten times that in solution Y.
43 D (1) Baking soda solution is hydrogencarbonate solution. Its pH is about 9.
(2) The pH of lemon juice is about 2.
(3) The pH of milk is about 6.
44 D (1) and (2) The pH of 0.010 mol dm
3
HCl(aq) is higher than that of 0.100 mol dm
3
HCl(aq).
(3) and (4) The pH of 0.100 mol dm
3
NaOH(aq) is higher than that of 0.010 mol dm
3
NaOH(aq).
45 A Options B, C and D Concentrated nitric acid, lemon juice and vinegar are acidic. There was no
colour change when they were added to the red solution.
46 D Option A The concentration of hydrogen ions in lemon juice is higher than that in wine.
Option B The concentration of hydrogen ions in lemon juice is higher than that in baking soda
solution.
Option C
concentration of hydrogen ions in wine
concentration of hydrogen ions in drain cleanser
=
10
4
mol dm
3
10
12
mol dm
3
the concentration of hydrogen ions is 10
8
times greater in wine than in drain cleanser.
Option D
concentration of hydrogen ions in distilled water
concentration of hydrogen ions in baking soda solution
=
10
7
mol dm
3
10
9
mol dm
3
the concentration of hydrogen ions is 100 times greater in distilled water than in
baking soda solution.
47 B When the right amounts of an acid (pH < 7) and an alkali (pH > 7) are mixed, they react completely
to produce a salt and water only (pH = 7).
18
48 A
49 A The electrical conductivity of a solution, and hence the brightness of the bulb, is proportional to the
concentration of mobile ions.
Option Acid Remark Concentration of ions
A
25 cm
3
of 0.5 mol dm
3

H
2
SO
4
(aq)
H
2
SO
4
(aq) is a strong acid
H
2
SO
4
(aq) 2H
+
(aq) + SO
4
2
(aq)
1.5 mol dm
3
B
25 cm
3
of 0.5 mol dm
3

HCl(aq)
HCl(aq) is a strong acid
HCl(aq) H
+
(aq) + Cl
(aq)
1.0 mol dm
3
C
25 cm
3
of 0.5 mol dm
3

CH
3
COOH(aq)
CH
3
COOH(aq) is a weak acid
CH
3
COOH(aq) CH
3
COO
(aq) + H
+
(aq)
< 1.0 mol dm
3
D
25 cm
3
of 0.5 mol dm
3

NH
3
(aq)
NH
3
(aq) is a weak alkali
NH
3
(aq) + H
2
O(l) NH
4
+
(aq) + OH
(aq)
< 1.0 mol dm
3
25 cm
3
of 0.5 mol dm
3
H
2
SO
4
(aq) have the highest concentration of mobile ions and thus will
make the bulb the brightest.
50 C Options A, B and D During the reaction of hydrochloric acid and ethanoic acid with marble chips,
marble chips would react with hydrogen ions in the acids.
Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid that completely dissociates in water.
Ethanoic acid is weak acid that only partially dissociates in water.
Therefore 1 mol dm
3
hydrochloric acid has a higher concentration of hydrogen
ions than 1 mol dm
3
ethanoic acid does. The reaction rate between marble
chips and ethanoic acid is thus lower and the reaction takes a longer time to
complete.
Option C CaCO
3
(s) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl
2
(aq) + H
2
O(l) + CO
2
(g)
CaCO
3
(s) + 2CH
3
COOH(aq) (CH
3
COO)
2
Ca(aq) + H
2
O(l) + CO
2
(g)
According to the equations, 2 moles of HCl / CH
3
COOH require 1 mole of CaCO
3
for
complete reaction.
100 cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3
hydrochloric acid and 100 cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3
ethanoic acid
require the same number of moles of CaCO
3
for complete reaction.
Hence the mass of marble chips left over would be the same for both acids.
51 A Carbonic acid is a weak acid that only partially dissociates in water.
H
2
CO
3
(aq) 2H
+
(aq) + CO
3
2
(aq)
The concentration of H
2
CO
3
(aq) is the highest in 0.10 mol dm
3
carbonic acid.
52 C Both nitric acid and hydrochloric acid are monobasic strong acids.
HNO
3
(aq) H
+
(aq) + NO
3
(aq)
HCl(aq) H
+
(aq) + Cl
(aq)
Therefore the concentration of hydrogen ions in 1.0 mol dm
3
nitric acid and 1.0 mol dm
3
hydrochloric
acid is the same.
19
Mixing 100 cm
3
of the nitric acid with 100 cm
3
of the hydrochloric acid would NOT result in a change
in the concentration of hydrogen ions, i.e. would NOT result in a change in pH.
53 A When we describe acids as strong and weak, we are talking about the extent of their dissociation in
of solution.
Sulphuric acid is a strong acid. Hence 0.1 mol dm
3
sulphuric acid is a dilute solution of a strong acid.
54 B The pH of NaCl(aq) is 7. Its pH remains constant upon dilution.
55 A During the reaction between magnesium and an acid, magnesium reacts with hydrogen ions in the
acid.
From the diagrams, it can be deduced that magnesium reacts more slowly with 0.1 mol dm
3
HA(aq).
The concentration of hydrogen ions in 0.1 mol dm
3
HA(aq) is lower than that in 0.1 mol dm
3
HB(aq).
Hence acid HA is probably weaker than acid HB.
56 A (3) Washing soda is hydrated sodium carbonate (Na
2
CO
3
10H
2
O). Its solution is alkaline, with a pH > 7.
57 A (2) and (3) When we describe acids as strong and weak, we are talking about the extent of their
dissociation in water. When we talk about concentration, we are referring to the amount
of an acid in a unit volume of solution.
3
nitric acid is a concentrated solution of a strong acid while
0.1 mol dm
3
nitric acid is a dilute solution of a strong acid.
58 A In general, non-metals react with oxygen to form acidic oxides and metals react with oxygen to form
basic oxides.
(1) and (2) Calcium oxide and magnesium oxide are slightly basic. They react with cold water to form
hydroxides which are slightly soluble. Solutions with a pH > 7 are formed.
CaO(s) + H
2
O(l) Ca(OH)
2
(s)
MgO(s) + H
2
O(l) Mg(OH)
2
(s)
59 B (1) Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid while ethanoic acid is a weak acid.
(2) The pH is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution. Therefore acid solutions
of the same pH should have the same concentration of hydrogen ions.
(3) Hydrochloric acid almost completely dissociates in water to give hydrogen ions and chloride ions.
Ethanoic acid only partially dissociates in water, forming very few hydrogen ions.
Hence hydrochloric acid and ethanoic acid having the same pH should have different concentrations.
60 C (1) Adding 1 mol dm
3
hydrochloric acid to the ethanoic acid makes the ethanoic acid more acidic,
thus decreasing the pH of the ethanoic acid.
(2) and (3) Solid sodium carbonate and magnesium react with the ethanoic acid, thus both will
increase the pH of the ethanoic acid.
20
61 A (1) SO
2
(g) will neutralize the dilute sodium hydroxide solution, making the solution less alkaline. Thus
the pH of the solution will decrease.
(2) NaCl(s) is neutral. It will NOT lower the pH of the dilute sodium hydroxide solution.
(3) When NH
3
(g) dissolves in water, it reacts with water to give ammonium ions and hydroxide ions. It
will NOT lower the pH of the dilute sodium hydroxide solution.
62 B (1) The electrical conductivity of a solution is proportional to the concentration of mobile ions.
Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid while ethanoic acid is a weak acid.
Therefore 1 mol dm
3
hydrochloric acid has a higher concentration of mobile ions than 1 mol dm
3

ethanoic acid does.
Hence the electrical conductivity of 1 mol dm
3
hydrochloric acid is higher than that of 1 mol dm
3

ethanoic acid.
(2) CH
3
COOH(aq) + NaOH(aq) CH
3
COONa(aq) + H
2
O(l)
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H
2
O(l)
According to the equations, 1 mole of CH
3
COOH / HCl requires 1 mole of NaOH for complete
neutralization.
1 mol dm
3
ethanoic acid and 1 mol dm
3
hydrochloric acid of the same volume require the
same number of moles of NaOH for complete neutralization.
(3) For the neutralization between a strong acid and a strong alkali, the heat released is 57 kJ for 1
mole of water produced.
For neutralization in which either the acid or alkali or both are weak, the heat released is less than
57 kJ for 1 mole of water produced. This is because some energy is consumed when the weak
acid and weak alkali dissociate to give hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions before neutralization.
Ethanoic acid is a weak acid while hydrochloric acid is a strong acid.
Hence the temperature rise for the neutralization between 1 mol dm
3
ethanoic acid and NaOH(aq)
is lower than that between 1 mol dm
3
hydrochloric acid and NaOH(aq).
63 C (1) NaOH(aq) is a strong alkali while NH
3
(aq) is a weak alkali.
Hence 1 mol dm
3
NaOH(aq) is more alkaline than 1 mol dm
3
NH
3
(aq).
The pH of 1 mol dm
3
NaOH(aq) is higher than that of 1 mol dm
3
NH
3
(aq).
(2) The electrical conductivity of a solution is proportional to the concentration of mobile ions.
NaOH(aq) is a strong alkali while NH
3
Therefore 1 mol dm
3
NaOH(aq) has a higher concentration of mobile ions than 1 mol dm
3
NH
3
(aq)
does.
3
3

NH
3
(aq).
21
(3) For the neutralization between a strong acid and a strong alkali, the heat released is 57 kJ for 1
mole of water produced.
57 kJ for 1 mole of water produced. This is because some energy is consumed when the weak
acid and weak alkali dissociate to give hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions before neutralization.
3
Hence the temperature rise for the neutralization between 1 mol dm
3
NaOH(aq) and HCl(aq) is
larger than that between 1 mol dm
3
NH
3
(aq) and HCl(aq).
64 D Carbon dioxide reacts with water to form carbonic acid.
CO
2
(g) + H
2
O(l) H
2
CO
3
(aq)
Carbonic acid is a weak acid. It only partially dissociates in water.
H
2
CO
3
(aq) 2H
+
(aq) + CO
3
2
(aq)
(1) The resulting solution contains mobile ions and thus conducts electricity better than water.
(2) Carbonic acid undergoes neutralization with dilute sodium hydroxide solution.
65 D (2) Aqueous solution of citric acid can conduct electricity. Hence citric acid is an electrolyte.
66 A
67 D Very dilute nitric acid acts as a typical acid. It reacts with magnesium.
When we describe acids as strong and weak, we are talking about the extent of their dissocation in
of solution.
3
nitric acid is a concentrated solution of a strong acid while 0.1 mol dm
3

nitric acid is a dilute solution of a strong acid.
68 C Adding 1 mol dm
3
NaCl(aq) to 50 cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3
HCl(aq) increases the total volume of the acid.
Hence the concentration of hydrogen ions in the acid decreases.
Thus the pH of the acid is affected.
69 D Ethanoic acid is a weak acid.
The basicity of ethanoic acid is 1.
H
H
H C C O H
O
only this hydrogen
atom can undergo
dissociation
22
70 B Sulphuric acid is a strong acid because it almost completely dissociates in water.
Ethanoic acid is a weak acid because it only partly dissociates in water.
71 B Solid citric acid does NOT react with magnesium because it does not contain hydrogen ions.
72 B A solution can conduct electricity due to the presence of mobile ions.
When solid citric acid dissolves in water, some of the molecules dissociate to give ions.
citric acid(aq) H
+
Hence an aqueous solution of citric acid can conduct electricity.
73 C The electrical conductivity of a solution is proportional to the concentration of mobile ions.
3
Therefore 1 mol dm
3
NaOH(aq) has a higher concentration of mobile ions than 1 mol dm
3
NH
3
(aq)
does.
3
3
NH
3
(aq).
When ammonia gas dissolves in water, it reacts with water to give ammonium ions and hydroxide ions.
However, ammonia does not react with water completely. Only very few hydroxide ions are formed.
NH
3
(g) + H
2
O(l) NH
4
+
(aq) + OH
(aq)
Hence there are many mobile ammonia molecules in aqueous ammonia.
74 C Both 1 mol dm
3
NaOH(aq) and 1 mol dm
3
NH
3
(aq) form a reddi sh brown preci pi tate wi th
Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
(aq).
75 C CH
3
3
COONa(aq) + H
2
O(l)
2
O(l)
According to the equations, 1 mole of CH
3
COOH / HCl requires 1 mole of NaOH for complete
neutralization.
Hence 10 cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3
ethanoic acid and 10 cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3
hydrochloric acid require the
same number of moles of sodium hydroxide for complete neutralization.
Unit 16 Salts and neutralization
Fill in the blanks
1 neutralization
2 exothermic
3 sodium hydrogensulphate; sodium sulphate
23
4 calcium; lead(II); barium
5 lead(II); silver
True or false
6 T
7 F In neutralization, salt and water are the only products. However, potassium carbonate and dilute
hydrochloric acid react to give a salt, carbon dioxide gas and water. Therefore the reaction is NOT a
neutralization reaction.
8 T
9 F Heat is absorbed during the sublimation of iodine. Hence this is NOT an exothermic process.
10 F The reaction between dilute hydrochloric acid and dilute sodium hydroxide solution produces only one
salt, sodium chloride. Sodium chloride is a normal salt.
11 T Sulphur dioxide would react with sodium hydroxide solution.
SO
2
(g) + NaOH(aq) NaHSO
3
(aq)
12 T A molecule of sulphuric acid can produce two hydrogen ions. If dilute sulphuric acid is allowed to react
with dilute sodium hydroxide solution, two kinds of salt can form. When one of the hydrogen ions is
replaced, the salt formed is sodium hydrogensulphate (NaHSO
4
). It is an acid salt. When both hydrogen
ions are replaced, the salt formed is sodium sulphate (Na
2
SO
4
). It is a normal salt.
H
+
H
+
H
+
H
+
H
+
SO
4
2
SO
4
2
SO
4
2
Na
+
Na
+
Na
+
Na
+
Na
+
acid
(sulphuric acid)
acid salt
(sodium hydrogensulphate)
normal salt
(sodium sulphate)
replacing
(from sodium
hydroxide solution)
replacing
(from sodium
hydroxide solution)
24
13 T A molecule of carbonic acid can produce two hydrogen ions. During the reaction between carbonic
acid and dilute potassium hydroxide solution, the acid salt potassium hydrogen carbonate (KHCO
3
)
forms when one of the hydrogen ions is replaced.
H
+
H
+
H
+
H
+
CO
3
2
CO
3
2
K
+
K
+
acid
(carbonic acid)
acid salt
(potassium hydrogencarbonate)
replacing
(from potassium
hydroxide solution)
14 F The pH of a salt solution may NOT be 7.
Most acid salts give an acidic solution when dissolved in water. For example, sodium hydrogensulphate
(NaHSO
4
) solution is acidic. This is because the hydrogensulphate ion (HSO
4
) can dissociate to give hydrogen

ion.
15 F Some salts are formed from the neutralization between an acid and an insoluble metal hydroxide / an
insoluble metal oxide.
For example, copper(II) oxide is an insoluble metal oxide. It reacts with dilute sulphuric acid to give copper(II)
sulphate and water.
H
2
SO
4
(aq) + CuO(s) CuSO
4
(aq) + H
2
O(l)
16 F A few acid salts give alkaline solutions when dissolved in water.
17 T Ammonium compounds are soluble in water.
18 F Silver iodide is yellow in colour.
19 T Lead(II) nitrate solution gives a white precipitate with dilute hydrochloric acid.
Pb
2+
(aq) + 2Cl
(aq) PbCl
2
(s)
20 F Zinc chloride solution gives a white precipitate with sodium carbonate solution. NO gas is evolved in
the reaction.
ZnCl
2
(aq) + Na
2
CO
3
(aq) ZnCO
3
(s) + 2NaCl(aq)
21 F When dilute sulphuric acid reacts with lead, insoluble lead(II) sulphate forms. The lead(II) sulphate covers
the surface of lead and prevents further reaction.
25
22 F Farmers neutralize acidic soil by adding quicklime.
Ammonium sulphate gives an acidic solution when dissolved in water.
23 T
24 F Sodium hydroxide is highly corrosive. It is NEVER used as an active ingredient in antacids.
25 F A lot of heat is released when concentrated hydrochloric acid reacts with concentrated aqueous
ammonia. This will cause skin burn.
Furthermore, concentrated aqueous ammonia is corrosive. The hand should be washed immediately with
plenty of water.
26 A Iron(III) hydroxide reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to give iron(III) chloride and water. The resulting
solution is yellow-brown in colour.
Fe(OH)
3
(s) + 3HCl(aq) FeCl
3
(aq) + 3H
2
O(l)
27 D Only Zn(OH)
2
dissolves in excess dilute sodium hydroxide solution due to the formation of a soluble
complex salt.
28 B Insoluble CaCO
3
is formed in the reaction between solutions of Na
2
CO
3
and Ca(NO
3
)
2
.
29 D For the neutralization between a strong acid and a strong alkali, the heat released is 57 kJ for 1 mole
of water produced.
For neutralization in which either the acid or alkali or both are weak, the heat released is less than 57
kJ for 1 mole of water produced. This is because some energy is consumed when the weak acid and
weak alkali dissociate to give hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions before neutralization.
Option Solutions mixed Strength of acid and alkali Temperature rise
25 cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3
HCl(aq) and
25 cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3
KOH(aq)
neutralization between a strong
acid and a strong alkali
T
A
25 cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3
CH
3
COOH(aq)
and 25 cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3
NH
3
(aq)
neutralization between a weak
acid and a weak alkali
< T
B
25 cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3
CH
3
COOH(aq)
and 25 cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3
NaOH(aq)
neutralization between a weak
< T
C
25 cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3
HNO
3
(aq) and
25 cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3
NH
3
(aq)
< T
D
25 cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3
HNO
3
(aq) and
25 cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3
NaOH(aq)
T
the temperature rise for mixing 25 cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3
HNO
3
(aq) and 25 cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3

NaOH(aq) is the same as that for mixing 25 cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3
HCl(aq) and 25 cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3

KOH(aq).
26
30 C For the neutralization between a strong acid and a strong alkali, the heat released is 57 kJ for 1 mole
of water produced.
Expt. Acid and alkali mixed
Number of moles of HCl /
NaOH mixed
= molarity of solution x
volume of solution
Number of moles of water formed
Heat
released
1
100 cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3

HCl(aq) and 100 cm
3
of
1 mol dm
3
NaOH(aq)
1 mol dm
3
x
100
1 000
dm
3
= 0.1 mol
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq)
0.1 mol 0.1 mol
NaCl(aq) + H
2
O(l)
0.1 mol
5.7 kJ
2
100 cm
3
of 2 mol dm
3

HCl(aq) and 100 cm
3
of
2 mol dm
3
NaOH(aq)
2 mol dm
3
x
100
1 000
dm
3
= 0.2 mol
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq)
0.2 mol 0.2 mol
NaCl(aq) + H
2
O(l)
0.2 mol
11.4 kJ
The total volumes of the two mixtures are the same. Hence the temperature rise of the first mixture is
half that of the second mixture, i.e. T
1
=
1
2
T
2
.
31 B For the neutralization between a strong acid and a strong alkali, the heat released is 57 kJ for 1 mole
of water produced.
NaOH mixed
volume of solution
Heat
released
1
100 cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3

HCl(aq) and 100 cm
3
of
1 mol dm
3
KOH(aq)
1 mol dm
3
x
100
1 000
dm
3
= 0.1 mol
HCl(aq) + KOH(aq)
0.1 mol 0.1 mol
KCl(aq) + H
2
O(l)
0.1 mol
5.7 kJ
2
50 cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3

HCl(aq) and 50 cm
3
of
1 mol dm
3
KOH(aq)
1 mol dm
3
x
50
1 000
dm
3
= 0.05 mol
HCl(aq) + KOH(aq)
0.05 mol 0.05 mol
KCl(aq) + H
2
O(l)
0.05 mol
2.85 kJ
The first mixture (total volume 200 cm
3
) is heated up by 5.7 kJ while the second mixture (total volume
100 cm
3
) is heated up by 2.85 kJ. Hence the two mixtures show the same temperature rise, i.e. T
1
= T
2
.
of water produced.
Expt. Solutions mixed Strength of acid and alkali Temperature rise
1
100 cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3
HNO
3
(aq) and
100 cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3
NaOH(aq)
T
1
2
100 cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3
HNO
3
(aq) and
100 cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3
NH
3
(aq)
T
2
T
1
> T
2
27
of water produced.
Mixture Strength of acid and alkali Temperature rise
100 cm
3
of 2 mol dm
3
HNO
3
(aq) +
100 cm
3
of 2 mol dm
3
NaOH(aq)
neutralization between a strong acid and
a strong alkali
x
100 cm
3
of 2 mol dm
3
HCl(aq) +
100 cm
3
of 2 mol dm
3
NH
3
(aq)
a weak alkali
y < x
100 cm
3
of 2 mol dm
3
HCl(aq) +
100 cm
3
of 2 mol dm
3
KOH(aq)
a strong alkali
z = x
x = z > y
34 C Fe
3+
(aq) + 3OH
(aq) Fe(OH)
3
(s)
35 A Sodium carbonate solution reacts with copper(II) sulphate solution to give a blue precipitate, copper(II)
carbonate.
Na
2
CO
3
(aq) + CuSO
4
(aq) CuCO
3
(s) + Na
2
SO
4
(aq)
36 D
Option Solutions mixed
Precipitate
formed?
Ionic equation
for reaction involved
A
barium chloride solution and silver
nitrate solution
Ag
+
(aq) + Cl
(aq) AgCl(s)
B
barium chloride solution and dilute
sulphuric acid
Ba
2+
(aq) + SO
4
2
(aq) BaSO
4
(s)
C
barium chloride solution and sodium
sulphate solution
Ba
2+
(aq) + SO
4
2
(aq) BaSO
4
(s)
D
barium chloride solution and sodium
nitrate solution

sodium nitrate solution would NOT give a precipitate with barium chloride solution.
37 A Option C Ammonium compounds are soluble in water.
38 A
Option Ions reacted Precipitate formed? Ionic equation for reaction involved
A Ba
2+
(aq) and SO
4
2
(aq) a white precipitate (BaSO
4
) Ba
2+
(aq) + SO
4
2
(aq) BaSO
4
(s)
B Cu
2+
(aq) and NO
3
(aq) no precipitate
C Ni
2+
(aq) and CO
3
2
(aq) a green precipitate (NiCO
3
) Ni
2+
(aq) + CO
3
2
(aq) NiCO
3
(s)
D Na
+
(aq) and OH
(aq) no precipitate
28
39 A K
2
CO
3
(aq) + Ba(NO
3
)
2
(aq) BaCO
3
(s) + 2KNO
3
(aq)
reactant A white
precipitate X
BaCO
3
(s) + 2HCl(aq) CO
2
(g) + BaCl
2
(aq) + H
2
O(l)
white reactant B
precipitate X colourless solution Y
40 B Copper(II) oxide reacts with dilute sulphuric acid to give copper(II) sulphate and water.
CuO(s) + H
2
SO
4
(aq) CuSO
4
(aq) + H
2
O(l)
Copper(II) sulphate is soluble in water while copper is insoluble. Therefore copper can be separated
from the mixture by filtration.
41 C Option A AgNO
3
(aq) forms a white precipitate (Ag
2
CO
3
) with CO
3
2
(aq) ions.
2Ag
+
(aq) + CO
3
2
(aq) Ag
2
CO
3
(s)
AgNO
3
(aq) also forms a white precipitate (Ag
2
SO
4
) in concentrated solution of SO
4
2
(aq)
ions.
Option B Ba(NO
3
)
2
(aq) forms a white precipitate with both SO
4
2
(aq) ions and CO
3
2
(aq) ions.
Ba
2+
(aq) + SO
4
2
(aq) BaSO
4
(s)
Ba
2+
(aq) + CO
3
2
(aq) BaCO
3
(s)
Option C Fe(NO
3
)
3
(aq) gives a precipitate with CO
3
2
(aq) ions, but NOT with SO
4
2
(aq) ions.
Hence Fe(NO
3
)
3
(aq) can be used to separate the anions SO
4
2
(aq) and CO
3
2
(aq).
42 D Option A Calcium carbonate gives gas bubbles with dilute sulphuric acid. However, it is insoluble in
water.
Option B Lead(II) sulphate does not give gas bubbles with dilute sulphuric acid. It is also insoluble
in water.
Option C Magnesium chloride does not give gas bubbles with dilute sulphuric acid.
Option D Potassium carbonate is soluble in water and gives gas bubbles (carbon dioxide) with dilute
sulphuric acid.
43 D Option A Calcium sulphate is insoluble in water.
Option B Copper(II) oxide is not white in colour. It is also insoluble in water.
Option C Iron(II) chloride is not white in colour.
Option D Neutralization occurs when potassium hydroxide is mixed with dilute sulphuric acid. Heat
is released.
44 B Copper(II) oxide is black in colour. When copper(II) oxide is mixed with dilute sulphuric acid, a blue
solution results.
CuO(s) + H
2
SO
4
(aq) CuSO
4
(aq) + H
2
O(l)
29
45 C Lead(II) carbonate gives a colourless gas (carbon dioxide) with dilute nitric acid.
PbCO
3
(s) + 2HNO
3
(aq) Pb(NO
3
)
2
(aq) + H
2
O(l) + CO
2
(g)
The resulting solution contains lead(II) ions. The solution gives a white precipitate (lead(II) chloride) with
dilute hydrochloric acid.
Pb
2+
(aq) + 2Cl
(aq) PbCl
2
(s)
46 C Zinc reacts with dilute H
2
SO
4
(aq) (reactant X) to give a solution containing Zn
2+
(aq) ions.
Zn(s) + H
2
SO
4
(aq) ZnSO
4
(aq) + H
2
(g)
The solution gives a precipitate (ZnCO
3
(s)) with K
2
CO
3
(aq) (reactant Y).
Zn
2+
(aq) + CO
3
2
(aq) ZnCO
3
(s)
47 A Calcium reacts with water to give calcium hydroxide and hydrogen.
Ca(s) + 2H
2
O(l) Ca(OH)
2
(s) + H
2
(g)
Calcium hydroxide is slightly soluble in water. Hence the clear solution contains calcium ions. It gives a
white precipitate with sodium carbonate solution.
Ca
2+
(aq) + CO
3
2
(aq) CaCO
3
(s)
48 B From Test 1, it can be deduced that solid X is a sulphate. A sulphate gives a white precipitate (barium
sulphate) with barium nitrate solution.
Ba
2+
(aq) + SO
4
2
BaSO
4
(s)
From Test 2, it can be deduced that solid X contains aluminium ions rather than calcium ions. A
solution containing aluminium ions gives a white precipitate (aluminium hydroxide) with dilute sodium
hydroxide solution. The precipitate dissolves in excess alkali due to the formation of a complex salt.
Al
3+
(aq) + 3OH
(aq) Al(OH)
3
(s)
Al(OH)
3
(s) + OH
(aq) [Al(OH)
4
]
(aq)
49 C Lead(II) sulphate is an insoluble salt. It can be prepared by adding lead(II) nitrate to dilute sulphuric
acid.
Pb
2+
(aq) + SO
4
2
(aq) PbSO
4
(s)
50 C Options A, B and D Oxides or hydroxides of copper, iron and zinc are insoluble bases. Sulphates of
copper, iron and zinc are NOT prepared by an acid-alkali titration method.
Option C Sodium sulphate can be prepared by reacting dilute sulphuric acid with dilute sodium
hydroxide solution via an acid-alkali titration method.
51 D
equivalence point N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

i
o
n
s
Amount of acid
added
0
30
As sulphuric acid was added, it removed both barium ions (by precipitation) and hydroxide ions (by
neutralization).
Ba(OH)
2
(aq) + H
2
SO
4
(aq) BaSO
4
(s) + 2H
2
O(l)
At the equivalence point, all the barium ions and hydroxide ions had been removed. Hence the number
of ions in the mixture falls until the equivalence point.
After the equivalence point, the number of ions in the mixture rose as excess sulphuric acid was
added.
52 C Option A Ammonium sulphate gives an acidic solution when dissolved in water. Farmers may add it
to soil which has become too alkaline.
Option C Slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) can neutralize the acidic waste.
53 A
54 A
55 B (2) This is NOT a neutralizaton reaction.
In neutralization, salt and water are the only products.
56 A (1) Heat is released in neutralization reactions.
(2) The product is sodium nitrate, a normal salt.
(3) Sodium nitrate is an ionic compound.
57 C (1) When hydrogen chloride gas dissolves in water, almost all the hydrogen chloride molecules
dissociate to give hydrogen ions and chloride ions. The solution formed contains mainly hydrogen
ions (H
+
(aq)), chloride ions (Cl
(aq)) and water molecules.

HCl(aq) H
+
(aq) + Cl
(aq)
(2) A solution of hydrogen chloride in water can conduct electricity due to the presence of mobile
ions.
(3) A solution of hydrogen chloride and sodium hydroxide solution undergo a neutralization reaction
when mixed. The reaction is exothermic.
58 D Iron reacts with dilute sulphuric acid to give iron(II) sulphate solution and hydrogen gas.
Fe(s) + H
2
SO
4
(aq) FeSO
4
(aq) + H
2
(g)
59 A (1) Heat would be released when concentrated sulphuric acid was mixed with water.
(2) Dilute sulphuric acid and dilute aqueous ammonia underwent a neutralization reaction when mixed.
Heat would be released.
(3) A white precipitate (barium sulphate) appeared upon mixing dilute sulphuric acid and barium
chloride solution.
Ba
2+
(aq) + SO
4
2
(aq) BaSO
4
(s)
31
60 C (1) There is NO reaction between copper and dilute ethanoic acid.
61 A (3) Heat is absorbed during the evaporation of ethanol. Hence this is NOT an exothermic process.
of water produced.
Expt. Acid and alkali
mixed
Number of moles of acid /
alkali mixed
volume of solution
Number of moles of
water formed
Strength of acid
and alkali
Heat
released
Temperature rise
20 cm
3
of 1 mol
dm
3
HCl(aq) and
20 cm
3
of 1 mol
dm
3
NaOH(aq)
NaOH
= 1 mol dm
3
x
20
1 000
dm
3
= 0.02 mol
H
+
(aq) + OH
(aq)
0.02 mol 0.02 mol
H
2
O(l)
0.02 mol
neutralization
between a
strong acid and
a strong alkali
1.14 kJ This mixture (total
volume 40 cm
3
) is
heated up by 1.14
kJ.
Assume that the
temperature rise
is T.
1 20 cm
3
of 1 mol
dm
3
HCl(aq) and
20 cm
3
of 1 mol
dm
3
NH
3
(aq)
NH
3
= 1 mol dm
3
x
20
1 000
dm
3
= 0.02 mol
H
+
(aq) + OH
(aq)
0.02 mol 0.02 mol
H
2
O(l)
0.02 mol
neutralization
between a
strong acid and
a weak alkali
<1.14 kJ This mixture (total
volume 40 cm
3
)
is heated up by
<1.14 kJ.
Hence the
temperature rise
is <T.
2 40 cm
3
of 1 mol
dm
3
HCl(aq) and
40 cm
3
of 1 mol
dm
3
NaOH(aq)
NaOH
= 1 mol dm
3
x
40
1 000
dm
3
= 0.04 mol
H
+
(aq) + OH
(aq)
0.04 mol 0.04 mol
H
2
O(l)
0.04 mol
neutralization
between a
strong acid and
a strong alkali
volume 80 cm
3
) is
heated up by 2.28
kJ.
Hence the
temperature rise
is T.
3 10 cm
3
of 2 mol
dm
3
HCl(aq) and
10 cm
3
of 2 mol
dm
3
NaOH(aq)
NaOH
= 2 mol dm
3
x
10
1 000
dm
3
= 0.02 mol
H
+
(aq) + OH
(aq)
0.02 mol 0.02 mol
H
2
O(l)
0.02 mol
neutralization
between a
strong acid and
a strong alkali
volume 20 cm
3
) is
heated up by 1.14
kJ.
Hence the
temperature rise
is 2T.
the temperature rise for mixing 40 cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3
HCl(aq) and 40 cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3
NaOH(aq)
is the same as that for mixing 20 cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3
HCl(aq) and 20 cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3
NaOH(aq).
63 D (1) A solution containing iron(III) ions is yellow-brown in colour.
32
64 D
Reagent
The white precipitate formed
with lead(II) nitrate solution
Ionic equation for reaction involved
(1) Dilute sulphuric acid lead(II) sulphate Pb
2+
(aq) + SO
4
2
(aq) PbSO
4
(s)
(2) Potassium chloride solution lead(II) chloride Pb
2+
(aq) + 2Cl
(aq) PbCl
2
(s)
(3) Sodium carbonate solution lead(II) carbonate Pb
2+
(aq) + CO
3
2
(aq) PbCO
3
(s)
65 D
Solution
Precipitate formed with
silver nitrate solution
Ionic equation for reaction involved
(1) KBr(aq) silver bromide Ag
+
(aq) + Br
(aq) AgBr(s)
(2) Na
2
CO
3
(aq) silver carbonate 2Ag
+
(aq) + CO
3
2
(aq) Ag
2
CO
3
(s)
(3) HCl(aq) silver chloride Ag
+
(aq) + Cl
(aq) AgCl(s)
66 D
Substance
White precipitate formed
with dilute sulphuric acid
Ionic equation involved
(1) Saturated limewater calcium sulphate Ca
2+
(aq) + SO
4
2
(aq) CaSO
4
(s)
(2) Barium chloride solution barium sulphate Ba
2+
(aq) + SO
4
2
(aq) BaSO
4
(s)
(3) Lead(II) nitrate solution lead(II) sulphate Pb
2+
(aq) + SO
4
2
(aq) PbSO
4
(s)
67 C (1) Ammonium iodide is an ionic compound. It contains ammonium ions and iodide ions.
(3) Ammonium iodide solution gives a precipitate (silver iodide) with silver nitrate solution.
Ag
+
(aq) + I
(aq) AgI(s)
68 D
Solutions mixed Precipitate formed Ionic equation for reaction involved
(1) Pb(NO
3
)
2
(aq) and K
2
SO
4
(aq) PbSO
4
Pb
2+
(aq) + SO
4
2
(aq) PbSO
4
(s)
(2) NH
3
(aq) and Fe(NO
3
)
2
(aq) Fe(OH)
2
Fe
2+
(aq) + 2OH
(aq) Fe(OH)
2
(s)
(3) (NH
4
)
2
CO
3
(aq) and CaCl
2
(aq) CaCO
3
Ca
2+
(aq) + CO
3
2
(aq) CaCO
3
(s)
69 A (1) Potassium iodide solution conducts electricity due to the presence of mobile ions (potassium ions
and iodide ions).
(2) Potassium iodide solution gives a yellow precipitate (silver iodide) with silver nitrate solution.
Ag
+
(aq) + I
(aq) AgI(s)
(3) Potassium iodide solution is colourless.
33
70 B (1) Iron is more reactive than silver, but less reactive than zinc.
Iron can displace silver from silver nitrate solution.
There is NO reaction between iron and zinc nitrate solution.
(3) Potassium chloride solution gives a white precipitate (silver chloride) with silver nitrate solution.
Ag
+
(aq) + Cl
(aq) AgCI(s)
There is NO observable change when potassium chloride solution and zinc nitrate solution are
mixed.
71 A The student can obtain calcium chloride crystals from the reaction mixture using the steps below:
Remove the excess calcium carbonate by filtration (using filter paper and filter funnel).
Heat the filtrate to evaporate about half of the water (using Bunsen burner and evaporating basin).
Set the concentrated solution aside to cool and crystallize.
Filter (using filter paper and filter funnel) the crystals from the remaining solution.
72 B (1) Adding excess aqueous ammonia will leave an alkaline solution after reacting with the acid.
(2) Adding excess calcium carbonate will not leave an alkaline solution after reacting with the acid
because calcium carbonate is insoluble in water.
(3) Sodium chloride does not react with the acid.
73 A (3) The following equation represents the reaction between dilute aqueous ammonia and dilute
hydrochloric acid:
NH
3
(aq) + HCl(aq) NH
4
Cl(aq)
Ammonium chloride is produced in the reaction.
Ammonium chloride is soluble in water. NO precipitate is formed in the reaction between dilute
aqueous ammonia and dilute hydrochloric acid.
74 C (1) CuO is a base, NOT a salt.
75 D Magnesium sulphate can be prepared by reacting dilute sulphuric acid with either magnesium,
magnesium oxide or magnesium carbonate.
Mg(s) + H
2
SO
4
(aq) MgSO
4
(aq) + H
2
(g)
MgO(s) + H
2
SO
4
(aq) MgSO
4
(aq) + H
2
O(l)
MgCO
3
(s) + H
2
SO
4
(aq) MgSO
4
(aq) + H
2
O(l) + CO
2
(g)
76 B (2) The chemical formula of calcium hydrogenphosphate is CaHPO
4
, NOT CaH
2
PO
4
.
77 B (2) Ammonium ethanoate is a normal salt.
It is formed from ethanoic acid, a monobasic acid. A monobasic acid can form normal salts only.
(3) Aqueous solution of ammonium ethanoate can conduct electricity due to the presence of mobile
ions.
34
78 A (1) Antacids contain bases. They will react with acidic substances, e.g. vinegar.
79 A
80 C The number of moles of Na
+
ions in 10 cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3
sodium hydroxide solution
= 1 mol dm
3
x
10
1 000
dm
3
= 0.01 mol
When 10 cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3
hydrochloric acid are added to 10 cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3
sodium hydroxide
solution,
total volume of the solution mixture = (10 + 10) cm
3
= 20 cm
3
Concentration of Na
+
ions in the solution mixture =
0.01 mol
(
20
1 000
)
dm
3
= 0.5 mol dm
3
the concentration of Na
+
ions would change.
81 B Sodium chloride is a salt formed from hydrochloric acid.
Hydrochloric acid is a monobasic acid. It can form normal salts only.
82 D Some salts are insoluble in water.
Some salts are formed from the neutralization between an acid and an insoluble metal hydroxide / an
insoluble metal oxide.
For example, copper(II) oxide is an insoluble metal oxide. It reacts with dilute sulphuric acid to give
copper(II) sulphate and water.
H
2
SO
4
(aq) + CuO(s) CuSO
4
(aq) + H
2
O(l)
83 D Only the hydrogen atom in the COOH group of the ethanoic acid can undergo dissociation. Ethanoic
acid is a monobasic acid. It CANNOT form acid salt.
84 C There is NO reaction between copper and dilute hydrochloric acid.
85 B Ammonium chloride is a salt formed from the reaction between dilute aqueous ammonia and dilute
hydrochloric acid.
Ammonium chloride can conduct electricity in aqueous solution due to the presence of mobile ions.
86 C Nickel(II) carbonate is insoluble in water.
87 C Sodium hydroxide is corrosive and thus NEVER used in antacids.
88 C A lot of heat is released when vinegar reacts with concentrated sodium hydroxide solution. This will
cause skin burn.
The student should wash the affected area with plenty of water.
35
Unit 17 Concentration of solutions and volumetric analysis
Fill in the blanks
1 a) electronic balance
b) volumetric flask
c) pipette
d) burette
2 standard
3 pipette; burette
4 equivalence
5 Methyl orange
6 Phenolphthalein
True or false
7 F To dilute 100 cm
3
of 1.0 mol dm
3
hydrochloric acid to 0.10 mol dm
3
, add water until the total
volume of the solution is 1 000 cm
3
.
8 F The volumetric flask should be washed only with distilled water before use.
Washing the volumetric flask with the sulphuric acid before use would increase the number of moles of
solute it holds, making the concentration of the sulphuric acid obtained higher than calculated.
9 F A volumetric flask is used to prepare a solution of accurately known volume, e.g. 250.0 cm
3
.
10 T
11 F Potassium hydroxide absorbs moisture from the air and cannot be weighed accurately. It is unsuitable
for preparing a standard solution.
12 F A solution with an accurately known concentration is a standard solution.
13 T If we wash the pipette with distilled water only, water droplets remaining on the inside of the
glassware will dilute the solution that the glassware is going to contain.
14 F The conical flask is to hold a specific volume of a solution (usually 25.0 cm
3
), i.e. a specific amount
of the solute. It should NOT be washed with the solution it is to contain before use because the
additional amount of solute remaining in the flask will affect the titration results.
15 F The last drop of the solution in the pipette should NOT be blown out.
36
16 T The following diagram shows the titration curve for the titration of 20.0 cm
3
of 0.1 mol dm
3
HCl(aq)
with 0.1 mol dm
3
NaOH(aq).
20.0 30.0 40.0 10.0 0
4
6
8
10
12
14
2
0
p
H
Volume of NaOH(aq) added (cm
3
)
phenolphthalein
changes colour
within this pH range
equivalence
point
Phenolphthalein changes colour within the pH range of the vertical part of the titration curve.
Hence phenolphthalein is a suitable indicator for the titration.
17 F The following diagram shows the titration curve for the titration of 0.1 mol dm
3
CH
3
COOH(aq) with 0.1
mol dm
3
NaOH(aq).
20.0 30.0 40.0 10.0 0
4
6
8
10
12
14
2
0
p
H
3
)
equivalence
point
methyl orange
changes colour
Methyl orange does NOT change colour within the pH range of the vertical part of the titration curve.
Hence methyl orange is NOT a suitable indicator for the titration.
18 F During the titration of an acid and an alkali, the pH of the solution mixture at the equivalence point
may NOT be 7.
For example, during the titration of a weak acid with a strong alkali, the pH of the solution mixture at
the equivalence point is greater than 7.
19 F During a titration, the end point and the equivalence point usually occur at slightly different times.
However, we have to assume that the end point is the equivalence point and recognize this assumption
as a source of error.
37
20 T
Number of moles of acid used
Number of moles of NaOH
required for complete neutralization
Number of moles of CH
3
COOH
= 1 mol dm
3
x
20
1 000
dm
3

= 0.02 mol
CH
3
3
COONa(aq) + H
2
O(l)
0.02 mol ? mol
20 cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3
CH
3
COOH(aq) require 0.02 mole of
NaOH for complete neutralization.
Number of moles of H
2
SO
4
= 1 mol dm
3
x
10
1 000
dm
3

= 0.01 mol
H
2
SO
4
(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) Na
2
SO
4
(aq) + 2H
2
O(l)
0.01 mol ? mol
10 cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3
H
2
SO
4
(aq) require 0.02 mole of
NaOH for complete neutralization.
21 C Molar mass of (COOH)
2
2H
2
O = [2 x (12.0 + 2 x 16.0 + 1.0) + 2 x (2 x 1.0 + 16.0)] g mol
1
= 126.0 g mol
1
2
2H
2
O used =
mass
molar mass
=
5.04 g
126.0 g mol
1
= 0.0400 mol
Molarity of acid solution =
number of moles of (COOH)
2
2H
2
O
volume of solution
=
0.0400 mol
(
250.0
1 000
)
dm
3
= 0.160 mol dm
3

the molarity of the acid solution is 0.160 mol dm
3
.
22 C Consider 1 000 cm
3
(i.e. 1.00 dm
3
) of the sample.
Mass of 1 000 cm
3
of the sample = 1.41 g cm
3
x 1 000 cm
3
= 1 410 g
Mass of HNO
3
in 1 000 cm
3
of sample
= mass of 1 000 cm
3
of sample x percentage by mass of HNO
3
in sample
= 1 410 g x 61.5%
= 867 g
Molar mass of HNO
3
= (1.0 + 14.0 + 3 x 16.0) g mol
1
= 63.0 g mol
1
Number of moles of HNO
3
in 1.00 dm
3
of sample =
mass
molar mass
=
867 g
63.0 g mol
1
= 13.8 mol
38
Molarity of nitric acid =
number of moles of HNO
3
volume of solution
=
13.8 mol
1.00 dm
3
= 13.8 mol dm
3
the concentration of the nitric acid sample is 13.8 mol dm
3
.
23 A Mass of HCl in 60.0 m
3
acid = 68 000 000 g x 35.5%
= 24 100 000 g
Molar mass of HCl = (1.0 + 35.5) g mol
1
= 36.5 g mol
1
Number of moles of HCl =
mass
molar mass
=
24 100 000 g
36.5 g mol
1
= 660 000 mol
Molarity of hydrochloric acid =
number of moles of HCl
volume of solution
=
660 000 mol
60 000 dm
3
= 11.0 mol dm
3
the concentration of the hydrochloric acid is 11.0 mol dm
3
.
24 B Mass of H
2
SO
4
in 58.0 m
3
acid = 55 000 000 g x 94.0%
= 51 700 000 g
Molar mass of H
2
SO
4
= (2 x 1.0 + 32.1 + 4 x 16.0) g mol
1
= 98.1 g mol
1
2
SO
4
=
mass
molar mass
=
51 700 000 g
98.1 g mol
1
= 527 000 mol
Molarity of sulphuric acid =
number of moles of H
2
SO
4
volume of solution
=
527 000 mol
58 000 dm
3
= 9.08 mol dm
3
the molarity of the sulphuric acid is 9.08 mol dm
3
.
39
25 D One mole of K
3
PO
4
contains 3 moles of K
+
ions and 1 mole of PO
4
3
ions.
Total number of moles of ions = 4 x 0.100 mol
= 0.400 mol
Total ion concentration in solution =
number of moles of ions
volume of solution
=
0.400 mol
(
500.0
1 000
)
dm
3
= 0.800 mol dm
3
the total ion concentration in the solution is 0.800 mol dm
3
.
26 D Number of moles of Na
2
CO
3
present = molarity of solution x volume of solution
= 2.00 mol dm
3
x 2.00 dm
3
= 4.00 mol
One mole of Na
2
CO
3
contains 2 moles of Na
+
ions and 1 mole of CO
3
2
ions.
Total number of ions present = 3 x 4.00 mol x 6.02 x 10
23
mol
1
= 7.22 x 10
24
the total number of ions present is 7.22 x 10
24
.
27 A pH of acid = log
10
[H
+
]
= 2.70
i.e. log
10
[H
+
] = 2.70
[H
+
] = 10
2.70
= 1.995 x 10
3
mol dm
3
Sulphuric acid dissociates completely according to the following equation:
H
2
SO
4
(aq) 2H
+
(aq) + SO
4
2
(aq)
1.995 x 10
3
mol dm
3
Concentration of sulphate ions =
concentration of hydrogen ions
2
=
1.995 x 10
3
2
mol dm
3
= 9.98 x 10
4
mol dm
3
the concentration of sulphate ions in the acid is 9.98 x 10
4
mol dm
3
.
40
28 A
Option Substance
Number of moles of substance
present = molarity of solution x
volume of solution
Number of moles
of ions in one
mole of substance
Number of moles
of ions present
A NaCl
0.10 mol dm
3
x
100
1 000
dm
3

= 0.010 mol
2 2 x 0.010 mol = 0.020 mol
B Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
0.050 mol dm
3
x
50
1 000
dm
3

= 0.0025 mol
5 5 x 0.0025 mol = 0.013 mol
C CaCl
2
0.080 mol dm
3
x
50
1 000
dm
3

= 0.0040 mol
3 3 x 0.0040 mol = 0.012 mol
D MgSO
4
0.080 mol dm
3
x
100
1 000
dm
3

= 0.0080 mol
2 2 x 0.0080 mol = 0.016 mol
100 cm
3
of 0.10 mol dm
3
NaCl(aq) contain the greatest number of moles of ions, i.e. the greatest
number of ions.
29 C Number of moles of ZnCl
2
in ZnCl
2
(aq) = molarity of solution x volume of solution
= 2.00 mol dm
3
x
150.0
1 000
dm
3
= 0.300 mol
One mole of ZnCl
2
contain 2 moles of Cl
ions.
number of moles of Cl
(aq) ions in ZnCl

2
(aq) = 2 x 0.300 mol
= 0.600 mol
Number of moles of NaCl in NaCl(aq) = molarity of solution x volume of solution
= 1.20 mol dm
3
x
50.0
1 000
dm
3
= 0.0600 mol
One mole of NaCl contains 1 mole of Cl
ions.
(aq) ions in NaCl(aq) = 0.0600 mol

Total number of moles of Cl
(aq) ions = (0.600 + 0.0600) mol

= 0.660 mol
Total volume of solution X = (150.0 + 50.0) cm
3
= 200.0 cm
3
Concentration of Cl
(aq) ions in solution X =

0.660 mol
(
200.0
1 000
)
dm
3
= 3.30 mol dm
3
the concentration of Cl
(aq) ions in solution X is 3.30 mol dm

3
.
41
30 C One mole of sodium sulphate (Na
2
SO
4
) contains 2 moles of Na
+
ions and 1 mole of SO
4
2
ions.
2
SO
4
in solution =
+
ions
2
=
2.00 x 10
2
2
mol
= 1.00 x 10
2
mol
Molarity of the sodium sulphate solution =
2
SO
4
volume of solution
=
1.00 x 10
2
mol
(
20.0
1 000
)
dm
3
= 0.500 mol dm
3
the molarity of the sodium sulphate solution is 5.00 x 10
1
mol dm
3
.
31 D Number of moles of Na
2
CO
3
in 2.50 mol dm
3
solution = molarity of solution x volume of solution
= 2.50 mol dm
3
x
200.0
1 000
dm
3
= 0.500 mol
One mole of Na
2
CO
3
contain 2 moles of Na
+
ions.
+
(aq) ions in the solution = 2 x 0.500 mol
= 1.00 mol
2
CO
3
in 1.00 mol dm
3
= 1.00 mol dm
3
x
50.0
1 000
dm
3
= 0.0500 mol
+
(aq) ions in the solution = 2 x 0.0500 mol
= 0.100 mol
Total number of moles of Na
+
(aq) ions = (1.00 + 0.100) mol
= 1.10 mol
Total volume of solution = (200.0 + 50.0) cm
3
= 250.0 cm
3
Concentration of Na
+
(aq) ions in the resulting solution =
1.10 mol
(
250.0
1 000
)
dm
3
= 4.40 mol dm
3
the concentration of Na
+
(aq) ions in the resulting solution is 4.40 mol dm
3
.
42
32 C One mole of magnesium chloride (MgCl
2
) contains 1 mole of Mg
2+
ions and 2 moles of Cl
ions.
Number of moles of MgCl
2
in solution =
ions
2
=
2.0 x 10
2
2
mol
= 1.0 x 10
2
mol
Molarity of the magnesium chloride solution =
number of moles of MgCl
2
volume of solution
=
1.0 x 10
2
mol
(
50.0
1 000
)
dm
3
= 0.20 mol dm
3
the molarity of the solution is 2.0 x 10
1
mol dm
3
.
33 C Number of moles of Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
in Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
= 0.20 mol dm
3
x
50
1 000
dm
3
= 0.010 mol
One mole of Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
contain 3 moles of SO
4
2
ions.
number of moles of SO
4
2
ions in Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
(aq) = 3 x 0.010 mol
= 0.030 mol
Number of moles of K
2
SO
4
in K
2
SO
4
= 0.25 mol dm
3
x
200
1 000
dm
3
= 0.050 mol
One mole of K
2
SO
4
contains 1 mole of SO
4
2
ions.
4
2
ions in K
2
SO
4
(aq) = 0.050 mol
Total number of moles of SO
4
2
ions in solution X = (0.030 + 0.050) mol
= 0.080 mol
Total volume of solution X = (50 + 200) cm
3
= 250 cm
3
Concentration of SO
4
2
(aq) ions in solution X =
0.080 mol
(
250
1 000
)
dm
3
= 0.32 mol dm
3
the concentration of SO
4
2
(aq) ions in solution X is 0.32 mol dm
3
.
43
34 B (MV) before dilution = (MV) after dilution, where M = molarity, V = volume
5.0 x
V
1 000
= 0.40 x
250
1 000
V = 20 cm
3
20 cm
3
of 5.0 mol dm
3
hydrochloric acid are required.
35 A Volume of diluted solution = 3.75 dm
3
+ 250.0 cm
3
= 4.00 dm
3
(MV) before dilution = (MV) after dilution, where M = molarity, V = volume
3.20 x
250.0
1 000
= M x 4.00
M = 0.200
the molarity of the diluted solution is 0.200 mol dm
3
.
10 x
120
1 000
= 2 x
V
1 000
V = 600
Volume of the final solution = 600 cm
3
volume of water added = (600 120) cm
3
= 480 cm
3
0.50 x
100
1 000
= 0.10 x
V
1 000
V = 500 cm
3
3
volume of water added = (500 100) cm
3
= 400 cm
3
38 B Volume of dilute solution of acid X = (40 + 10) cm
3
= 50 cm
3
1.0 x
40
1 000
= M x
50
1 000
M = 0.80 mol dm
3
the concentration of the dilute solution of acid X is 0.80 mol dm
3
.
44
39 B Volume of diluted solution of acid Y = (25 + 25) cm
3
= 50 cm
3
1.6 x
25
1 000
= M x
50
1 000
M = 0.80
the concentration of the dilute solution of acid Y is 0.80 mol dm
3
.
Hence the concentration of dilute solution of acid X equals that of acid Y.
During the reaction between magnesium and an acid, magnesium reacts with hydrogen ions in the
acid.
From the diagrams, it can be deduced that magnesium reacts more slowly with dilute solution of acid X.
The concentration of hydrogen ions in dilute solution of acid X is lower than that in dilute solution of acid Y.
As the concentration of dilute solution of acid X equals that of acid Y, it can be concluded that acid X
is weaker than acid Y.
40 C Volume of solution X = (20 + 80) cm
3
= 100 cm
3
0.50 x
20
1 000
= M x
100
1 000
M = 0.10
concentration of acid A in solution X is 0.10 mol dm
3
.
41 A Volume of solution Y = (60 + 40) cm
3
= 100 cm
3
0.25 x
60
1 000
= M x
100
1 000
M = 0.15
concentration of acid B in solution Y is 0.15 mol dm
3
.
Option A During the reaction between magnesium and an acid, magnesium reacts with hydrogen
ions in the acid.
From the diagrams, it can be deduced that magnesium reacts more quickly with solution X.
The concentration of hydrogen ions in solution X is higher than that in solution Y.
Although the concentration of acid A in solution X is lower than the concentration of
acid B in solution Y, it can be concluded that acid A is stronger than acid B.
Option D As the concentration of acid A in solution X is lower than the concentration of acid B
in solution Y, the number of moles of acid A in solution X is lower than the number of
moles of acid B in solution Y.
When both solutions of monobasic acids react with magnesium, solution X would give
less hydrogen than solution Y.
45
42 A 2NH
3
(aq) + H
2
SO
4
(aq) (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
(aq)
1.60 mol dm
3
? mol dm
3
25.0 cm
3
32.0 cm
3
Number of moles of NH
3
in 25.0 cm
3
= 1.60 mol dm
3
x
25.0
1 000
dm
3
= 0.0400 mol
According to the equation, 2 moles of NH
3
require 1 mole of H
2
SO
4
for complete neutralization.
2
SO
4
in 32.0 cm
3
solution =
0.0400
2
mol
= 0.0200 mol
Concentration of sulphuric acid =
2
SO
4
volume of solution
=
0.0200 mol
(
32.0
1 000
)
dm
3
= 0.625 mol dm
3
Molar mass of H
2
SO
4
= (2 x 1.0 + 32.1 + 4 x 16.0) g mol
1
= 98.1 g mol
1
Concentration of sulphuric acid = 98.1 g mol
1
x 0.625 mol dm
3
= 61.3 g dm
3
the concentration of the sulphuric acid is 61.3 g dm
3
.
43 A We can represent the dibasic acid solution by H
2
X(aq).
H
2
X(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) Na
2
X(aq) + 2H
2
O(l)
0.0600 mol dm
3
0.150 mol dm
3
25.0 cm
3
? cm
3
2
X in 25.0 cm
3
= 0.0600 mol dm
3
x
25.0
1 000
dm
3
= 0.00150 mol
2
X requires 2 moles of NaOH for complete neutralization.
i.e. number of moles of NaOH = 2 x 0.00150 mol
= 0.00300 mol
Volume of sodium hydroxide solution required for complete neutralization
=
number of moles of NaOH
molarity of solution
=
0.00300 mol
0.150 mol dm
3
= 0.0200 dm
3
= 20.0 cm
3

20.0 cm
3
of sodium hydroxide solution are required.
46
44 D K
2
O(s) + 2HCl(aq) 2KCl(aq) + H
2
O(l)
6.12 g 0.50 mol dm
3
? cm
3
Molar mass of K
2
O = (2 x 39.1 + 16.0) g mol
1
= 94.2 g mol
1
2
O =
mass
molar mass
=
6.12 g
94.2 g mol
1
= 0.0650 mol
According to the equation, 1 mole of K
2
O requires 2 moles of HCl for complete neutralization.
i.e. number of moles of HCl = 2 x 0.0650 mol
= 0.130 mol
Volume of hydrochloric acid required for complete neutralization =
=
0.130 mol
0.50 mol dm
3
= 0.26 dm
3
= 260 cm
3
260 cm
3
of hydrochloric acid are required.
45 B 2Na(s) + 2H
2
O(l) 2NaOH(aq) + H
2
(g)......(1)
0.182 g
NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) NaCl(aq) + H
2
O(l)......(2)
0.240 mol dm
3
? cm
3
Number of moles of Na =
mass
molar mass
=
0.182 g
23.0 g mol
1
= 0.00791 mol
Number of moles of NaOH formed from Na = number of moles of Na
= 0.00791 mol
According to equation (2), 1 mole of NaOH requires 1 mole of HCl for complete neutralization.
i.e. number of moles of HCl = 0.00791 mol
Volume of hydrochloric acid required for complete neutralization =
=
0.00791 mol
0.240 mol dm
3
= 0.0330 dm
3
= 33.0 cm
3
33.0 cm
3
47
46 B CaCO
3
(s) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl
2
(aq) + H
2
O(l) + CO
2
(g)
7.50 g 2.00 mol dm
3
50.0 cm
3
Molar mass of CaCO
3
= (40.1 + 12.0 + 3 x 16.0) g mol
1
= 100.1 g mol
1
Number of moles of CaCO
3
=
mass
molar mass
=
7.50 g
100.1 g mol
1
= 0.0749 mol
Number of moles of HCl in 50.0 cm
3
= 2.00 mol dm
3
x
50.0
1 000
dm
3
= 0.100 mol
According to the equation, 1 mole of CaCO
3
reacts with 2 moles of HCl to produce 1 mole of CO
2
.
During the reaction, 0.100 mole of HCl reacts with 0.0500 mole of CaCO
3
. Therefore CaCO
3
is in
excess. The amount of HCl limits the amount of CO
2
evolved.
Number of moles of CO
2
evolved =
0.100
2
mol
= 0.0500 mol
0.0500 mole of carbon dioxide is evolved.
47 A Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) ZnCl
2
(aq) + H
2
(g)
1.80 g 0.250 mol dm
3
100.0 cm
3
Number of moles of Zn =
mass
molar mass
=
1.80 g
65.4 g mol
1
= 0.0275 mol
3
= 0.250 mol dm
3
x
100.0
1 000
dm
3
= 0.0250 mol
According to the equation, 1 mole of Zn reacts with 2 moles of HCl to produce 1 mole of H
2
. During
the reaction, 0.0250 mole of HCl reacted with 0.0125 mole of Zn. Therefore Zn was in excess. The
amount of HCl limited the amount of H
2
formed.
2
formed =
0.0250
2
mol
= 0.0125 mol
Mass of H
2
formed = number of moles of H
2
x molar mass of H
2
= 0.0125 mol x 2.0 g mol
1
= 0.0250 g
0.0250 g of hydrogen was formed.
48
48 C CuO(s) + 2HNO
3
(aq) Cu(NO
3
)
2
(aq) + H
2
O(l)
4.00 g 1.40 mol dm
3
30.0 cm
3
Molar mass of CuO = (63.5 + 16.0) g mol
1
= 79.5 g mol
1
Number of moles of CuO =
mass
molar mass
=
4.00 g
79.5 g mol
1
= 0.0503 mol
3
in 30.0 cm
3
= 1.40 mol dm
3
x
30.0
1 000
dm
3
= 0.0420 mol
According to the equation, 1 mole of CuO requires 2 moles of HNO
3
for complete reaction. During the
reaction, 0.0420 mole of HNO
3
reacts with 0.0210 mole of CuO. Therefore CuO is in excess.
Number of moles of CuO left unreacted = (0.0503 0.0210) mol
= 0.0293 mol
Mass of CuO left unreacted = number of moles x molar mass
= 0.0293 mol x 79.5 g mol
1
= 2.33 g
2.33 g of copper(II) oxide are left unreacted.
49 B H
2
SO
4
(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) Na
2
SO
4
(aq) + 2H
2
O(l)
2
SO
4
requires 2 moles of NaOH for complete neutralization.
alkali
volume of solution
Complete
neutralization?
A 100 cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3
H
2
SO
4
(aq) and
100 cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3
NaOH(aq)
2
SO
4
= 1 mol dm
3
x
100
1 000
dm
3
= 0.1 mol
= 1 mol dm
3
x
100
1 000
dm
3
= 0.1 mol
not enough NaOH(aq)
to neutralize H
2
SO
4
(aq)
completely
B 100 cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3
H
2
SO
4
(aq) and
100 cm
3
of 2 mol dm
3
NaOH(aq)
2
SO
4
= 1 mol dm
3
x
100
1 000
dm
3
= 0.1 mol
= 2 mol dm
3
x
100
1 000
dm
3
= 0.2 mol
complete neutralization
occurs and a neutral
solution is obtained
49
C 100 cm
3
of 2 mol dm
3
H
2
SO
4
(aq) and
50 cm
3
of 2 mol dm
3
NaOH(aq)
2
SO
4
= 2 mol dm
3
x
100
1 000
dm
3
= 0.2 mol
= 2 mol dm
3
x
50
1 000
dm
3
= 0.1 mol
not enough NaOH(aq)
to neutralize H
2
SO
4
(aq)
completely
D 200 cm
3
of 2 mol dm
3
H
2
SO
4
(aq) and
100 cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3
NaOH(aq)
2
SO
4
= 2 mol dm
3
x
200
1 000
dm
3
= 0.4 mol
= 1 mol dm
3
x
100
1 000
dm
3
= 0.1 mol
not enough NaOH(aq)
to neutralize H
2
SO
4
(aq)
completely
50 D Solid sodium hydroxide is deliquescent.
51 C
52 B Phenolphthalein is red in an alkali and colourless in an acid.
53 D HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H
2
O(l)
0.200 mol dm
3
? mol dm
3
27.5 cm
3
25.0 cm
3
3
= 0.200 mol dm
3
x
27.5
1 000
dm
3
= 0.00550 mol
According to the equation, 1 mole of HCl requires 1 mole of NaOH for complete neutralization.
i.e. number of moles of NaOH = 0.00550 mol
Molarity of sodium hydroxide solution =
volume of solution
=
0.00550 mol
(
25.0
1 000
)
dm
3
= 0.220 mol dm
3
molarity of the sodium hydroxide solution is 0.220 mol dm
3
.
54 D Methyl orange is red in acid and yellow in an alkali.
55 B Burette reading = (29.6 0.8) cm
3
= 28.8 cm
3
50
56 B H
2
SO
4
(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) Na
2
SO
4
(aq) + 2H
2
O(l)
10.0 cm
3
0.320 mol dm
3
28.8 cm
3
250.0 cm
3

(used) 25.0 cm
3
3
= 0.320 mol dm
3
x
28.8
1 000
dm
3
= 0.00920 mol
2
SO
4
i.e. number of moles of H
2
SO
4
in 25.0 cm
3
diluted cleanser =
0.00920
2
mol
= 0.00460 mol
2
SO
4
in 250.0 cm
3
diluted cleanser = 0.00460 mol x
250.0 cm
3
25.0 cm
3
= 0.0460 mol
2
SO
4
in 10.0 cm
3
undiluted cleanser = 0.0460 mol
Molarity of H
2
SO
4
in undiluted cleanser =
2
SO
4
volume of solution
=
0.0460 mol
(
10.0
1 000
)
dm
3
= 4.60 mol dm
3
the concentration of sulphuric acid in the undiluted toilet cleanser is 4.60 mol dm
3
.
57 A Phenolphthalein is colourless in an acid and red / pink in an alkali.
58 D H
3
PO
4
(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) Na
2
HPO
4
(aq) + 2H
2
O(l)
25.0 cm
3
0.0200 mol dm
3
22.0 cm
3
250.0 cm
3

(used) 25.0 cm
3
3
= 0.0200 mol dm
3
x
22.0
1 000
dm
3
= 4.40 x 10
4
mol
51
3
PO
4
reacts with 2 moles of NaOH.
3
PO
4
in 25.0 cm
3
diluted acid =
4.40 x 10
4
2
mol
= 2.20 x 10
4
mol
3
PO
4
in 250.0 cm
3
diluted acid = 2.20 x 10
4
mol x
250.0 cm
3
25.0 cm
3
= 2.20 x 10
3
mol
3
PO
4
in 25.0 cm
3
original acid = 2.20 x 10
3
mol
Molarity of original phosphoric acid =
3
PO
4
volume of solution
=
2.20 x 10
3
mol
(
25.0
1 000
)
dm
3
= 0.0880 mol dm
3
the concentration of the original phosphoric acid was 8.80 x 10
2
mol dm
3
.
59 C NaOH(aq) + HA(aq) NaA(aq) + H
2
O(l)
0.100 mol dm
3
? mol dm
3
22.5 cm
3
30.0 cm
3
3
= 0.100 mol dm
3
x
22.5
1 000
dm
3
= 0.00225 mol
According to the equation, 1 mole of HA requires 1 mole of NaOH for complete neutralization.
i.e. number of moles of HA = 0.00225 mol
Molarity of HA(aq) =
number of moles of HA
volume of solution
=
0.00225 mol
(
30.0
1 000
)
dm
3
= 0.0750 mol dm
3
the concentration of HA(aq) is 7.50 x 10
2
mol dm
3
.
60 B Only phenolphthalein changes colour within the pH range of the vertical part of the titration curve.
61 A Wash a pipette and a burette first with distilled water and then with the solution they are going to
contain.
Wash a conical flask with distilled water only.
52
62 A A conical flask should be washed with distilled water only.
Washing the conical flask with the tablet solution increased the number of moles of solute it held. This
would increase the average burette reading (i.e. the volume of hydrochloric acid used in the titration).
63 C There was problem with Step 3.
The conical flask should NOT be rinsed with alkali.
Rinsing the conical flask with the alkali increased the number of moles of solute it held. This would
increase the volume of acid required to neutralize the alkali, making the calculated concentration of the
alkali too high.
64 A Na
2
CO
3
(aq) + 2HCl(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + CO
2
(g) + H
2
O(l)
3.57 g 1.20 mol dm
3
48.0 cm
3
Molar mass of Na
2
CO
3
nH
2
O = (2 x 23.0 + 12.0 + 3 x 16.0 + 18.0n) g mol
1
= (106.0 + 18.0n) g mol
1
2
CO
3
nH
2
O =
mass
molar mass
=
3.57 g
(106.0 + 18.0n) g mol
1
3
= 1.20 mol dm
3
x
48.0
1 000
dm
3
= 0.0576 mol
According to the equation, 1 mole of Na
2
CO
3
requires 2 moles of HCl for complete reaction.
i.e. number of moles of Na
2
CO
3
nH
2
O =
0.0576
2
mol
= 0.0288 mol
2
CO
3
nH
2
O =
3.57
(106.0 + 18.0n)
mol = 0.0288 mol
n = 1
the value of n is 1.
65 C Let n be the basicity of the acid.
We can represent the acid solution by H
n
X(aq).
H
n
X(aq) + nNaOH(aq) Na
n
X(aq) + nH
2
O(l)
0.125 mol dm
3
0.30 mol dm
3
20.0 cm
3
25.0 cm
3
3
= 0.30 mol dm
3
x
25.0
1 000
dm
3
= 0.0075 mol
53
n
X in 20.0 cm
3
= 0.125 mol dm
3
x
20.0
1 000
dm
3
= 0.0025 mol
n
X requires n moles of NaOH for complete neutralization.

n
X
=
1
n
=
0.0025 mol
0.0075 mol
n = 3
the basicity of the acid is 3.
66 D We can represent the dibasic acid by H
2
X.
H
2
2
X(aq) + 2H
2
O(l)
2.62 g 0.220 mol dm
3
18.9 cm
3
250.0 cm
3

(used) 25.0 cm
3
Let m g mol
1
be the molar mass of H
2
X.
2
X in 2.62 g solid =
mass
molar mass
=
2.62 g
m g mol
1
2
X in 25.0 cm
3
solution =
1
10
x
2.62
m
mol
3
= 0.220 mol dm
3
x
18.9
1 000
dm
3
= 0.00416 mol
2
2
X =
0.00416
2
mol
= 0.00208 mol
2
X =
1
10
x
2.62
m
mol = 0.00208 mol
m = 126
the molar mass of the acid is 126 g mol
1
.
54
67 B Number of moles of OH
ions in 25.0 cm
3
of 1.00 mol dm
3
NaOH solution
= 1.00 mol dm
3
x
25.0
1 000
dm
3
= 0.0250 mol
68 C
69 A NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) NaCl(aq) + H
2
O(l)
? mol 0.550 mol dm
3
28.0 cm
3
3
= 0.550 mol dm
3
x
28.0
1 000
dm
3
= 0.0154 mol
According to the equation, 1 mole of NaOH requires 1 mole of HCl for complete neutralization.
i.e. number of moles of OH
ions in the filtrate = 0.0154 mol

0.0154 mole of hydroxide ions is present in the solution obtained in Stage II.
70 C Number of moles of OH
ions used for precipitation = (0.0250 0.0154) mol

= 0.00960 mol
Ni
2+
(aq) + 2OH
(aq) Ni(OH)
2
(s)
0.00960 mol
According to the equation, 1 mole of Ni
2+
ions react with 2 moles of OH
ions to give 1 mole of

Ni(OH)
2
.
number of moles of Ni
2+
ion =
0.00960
2
mol
= 0.00480 mol
Molarity of nickel(II) sulphate solution =
number of moles of Ni
2+
ions
volume of solution
=
0.00480 mol
(
25.0
1 000
)
dm
3

= 0.192 mol dm
3
the molarity of the nickel(II) sulphate solution is 0.192 mol dm
3
.
71 B Methyl orange is yellow in an alkaline solution and red in an acidic solution.
72 D Na
2
CO
3
(aq) + H
2
SO
4
(aq) Na
2
SO
4
(aq) + CO
2
(g) + H
2
O(l)
3.20 g 1.08 mol dm
3
(with 24.8 cm
3
impurity)
55
2
SO
4
in 24.8 cm
3
= 1.08 mol dm
3
x
24.8
1 000
dm
3
= 0.0268 mol
2
CO
3
requires 1 mole of H
2
SO
4
2
CO
3
in the sample = 0.0268 mol
Molar mass of Na
2
CO
3
= (2 x 23.0 + 12.0 + 3 x 16.0) g mol
1
= 106.0 g mol
1
Mass of Na
2
CO
3
in the sample = number of moles of Na
2
CO
3
x molar mass of Na
2
CO
3

= 0.0268 mol x 106.0 g mol
1
= 2.84 g
percentage purity of Na
2
CO
3
in the sample =
2.84 g
3.20 g
x 100%
= 88.8%
the percentage purity of sodium carbonate in the sample is 88.8%.
73 C Fe(s) + H
2
SO
4
(aq) FeSO
4
(aq) + H
2
(g)
1.60 mol dm
3
? g
100 cm
3
2
SO
4
in 100 cm
3
= 1.60 mol dm
3
x
100
1 000
dm
3
= 0.160 mol
2
SO
4
reacts with 1 mole of Fe to give 1 mole of FeSO
4
.
i.e. number of moles of FeSO
4
= 0.160 mol
Molar mass of FeSO
4
7H
2
O = [55.8 + 32.1 + 4 x 16.0 + 7 x (2 x 1.0 + 16.0)] g mol
1
= 277.9 g mol
1
Mass of FeSO
4
7H
2
O obtained = number of moles of FeSO
4
7H
2
O x molar mass of FeSO
4
7H
2
O
= 0.160 mol x 277.9 g mol
1
= 44.5 g
44.5 g of crystals are obtained.
74 C Ca(OH)
2
(aq) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl
2
(aq) + 2H
2
O(l)
0.0200 mol dm
3
0.400 mol dm
3
? cm
3
25.0 cm
3
3
= 0.400 mol dm
3
x
25.0
1 000
dm
3
= 0.0100 mol
According to the equation, 1 mole of Ca(OH)
2
requires 2 moles of HCl for complete neutralization,
giving 1 mole of CaCl
2
.
56
i.e. number of moles of Ca(OH)
2
=
0.0100
2
mol
= 0.00500 mol
Volume of Ca(OH)
2
solution =
2
=
0.00500 mol
0.0200 mol dm
3
= 0.250 dm
3
= 250 cm
3
Number of moles of CaCl
2
= 0.00500 mol
Volume of the resulting solution = (25.0 + 250) cm
3
= 275 cm
3
Concentration of CaCl
2
in the resulting solution =
number of moles of CaCl
2
volume of solution
=
0.00500 mol
(
275
1 000
)
dm
3
= 0.0182 mol dm
3
the concentration of calcium chloride in the resulting solution is 1.82 x 10
2
mol dm
3
.
75 A Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl
2
(aq) + H
2
(g)
2.00 g 0.800 mol dm
3
200.0 cm
3
Number of moles of Mg =
mass
molar mass
=
2.00 g
24.3 g mol
1
= 0.0823 mol
3
= 0.800 mol dm
3
x
200.0
1 000
dm
3
= 0.160 mol
According to the equation, 1 mole of Mg reacts with 2 moles of HCl to produce 1 mole of MgCl
2
.
During the reaction, 0.160 mole of HCl reacted with 0.0800 mole of Mg. Therefore Mg was in excess.
The amount of HCl limited the amount of MgCl
2
formed.
Number of moles of MgCl
2
=
0.160
2
mol
= 0.0800 mol
Concentration of MgCl
2
in the resulting solution =
number of moles of MgCl
2
volume of solution
=
0.0800 mol
(
200.0
1 000
)
dm
3
= 0.400 mol dm
3
the concentration of magnesium chloride in the resulting solution is 0.400 mol dm
3
.
57
76 D Copper(II) sulphate solution and sodium carbonate solution react to give a green precipitate (copper(II)
carbonate).
Cu
2+
(aq) + CO
3
2
(aq) CuCO
3
(s)
77 C K
2
CO
3
(aq) + MgCl
2
(aq) MgCO
3
(s) + 2KCl(aq)
2
CO
3
reacts with 1 mole of MgCl
2
to produce 1 mole of MgCO
3
, i.e.
equal volumes of 1 mol dm
3
K
2
CO
3
(aq) and 1 mol dm
3
MgCl
2
(aq) would react completely.
Volume of K
2
CO
3
(aq) /
MgCl
2
(aq) reacted
A 10 cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3
K
2
CO
3
(aq) + 30 cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3
MgCl
2
(aq) 10 cm
3
B 15 cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3
K
2
CO
3
(aq) + 25 cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3
MgCl
2
(aq) 15 cm
3
C 20 cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3
K
2
CO
3
(aq) + 20 cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3
MgCl
2
(aq) 20 cm
3
D 30 cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3
K
2
CO
3
(aq) + 10 cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3
MgCl
2
(aq) 10 cm
3
The greatest volumes of K
2
CO
3
(aq) and MgCl
2
(aq) react in Option C. Thus the greatest amount of
precipitate would be produced.
78 D
Beaker
Number of moles of
CaCO
3
=
mass
molar mass
Number of moles of acid
volume of solution
Reaction between CaCO
3
and acid
1
number of moles of CaCO
3
=

4 g
100.1 g mol
1
= 0.04 mol
= 1 mol dm
3
x
100
1 000
dm
3
= 0.1 mol
CaCO
3
(s) + 2HCl(aq)
0.04 mol 0.1 mol
CaCl
2
(aq) + H
2
O(l) + CO
2
(g)
2
number of moles of CH
3
COOH
= 1 mol dm
3
x
100
1 000
dm
3
= 0.1 mol
CaCO
3
(s) + 2CH
3
COOH(aq)
0.04 mol 0.1 mol
(CH
3
COO)
2
Ca(aq)
+ H
2
O(l) + CO
2
(g)
According to the equations, 1 mole of CaCO
3
reacts with 2 moles of HCl / CH
3
COOH to produce 1
mole of CO
2
. During the reaction, 0.04 mole of CaCO
3
reacts with 0.08 mole of HCl / CH
3
COOH.
Therefore HCl / CH
3
COOH is in excess. The amount of CaCO
3
limits the amount of CO
2
produced.
Number of moles of CO
2
produced = 0.04 mol
Option A No calcium carbonate remains in both beakers.
Options B and C Hydrochloric acid and ethanoic acid in both beakers are in excess. They do not
react completely.
Option D The same number of moles of gas, i.e. the same amount of gas, is produced by both
reacting mixtures.
58
79 C
Beaker
Number of moles of Mg
=
mass
molar mass
volume of solution
Reaction between Mg and acid
1
number of moles of Mg
=

1.5 g
24.3 g mol
1
= 0.062 mol
= 1 mol dm
3
x
100
1 000
dm
3
= 0.1 mol
Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq)
0.062 mol 0.1 mol
MgCl
2
(aq) + H
2
(g)
According to the equation, 1 mole
of Mg reacts with 2 moles of HCl
to produce 1 mole of H
2
. During the
reaction, 0.1 mole of HCl reacted
with 0.05 mole of Mg. Therefore
Mg was in excess. The amount
of HCl limited the amount of H
2

produced.
2
produced
= 0.05 mol
2
2
SO
4
= 1 mol dm
3
x
100
1 000
dm
3
= 0.1 mol
Mg(s) + H
2
SO
4
(aq)
0.062 mol 0.1 mol
MgSO
4
(aq) + H
2
(g)
According to the equation, 1 mole
of Mg reacts with 1 mole of H
2
SO
4

to produce 1 mole of H
2
. During
the reaction, 0.062 mole of Mg
reacted with 0.062 mole of H
2
SO
4
.
Therefore H
2
SO
4
was in excess. The
amount of Mg limited the amount
of H
2
produced.
2
produced
= 0.062 mol
Option A The magnesium in Beaker 1 was in excess.
Option B The sulphuric acid in Beaker 2 was in excess.
Option C A greater number of moles of hydrogen, i.e. a greater amount of hydrogen, was
produced by the reacting mixture in Beaker 2.
Option D Some magnesium remained in Beaker 1, but none remiained in Beaker 2.
80 D Option A HCl(aq) is a monobasic acid while H
2
SO
4
(aq) is a dibasic acid.
HCl(aq) H
+
(aq) + Cl
(aq)
H
2
SO
4
(aq) 2H
+
(aq) + SO
4
2
(aq)
1 mol dm
3
H
2
SO
4
(aq) has a higher concentration of hydrogen ions than 1 mol dm
3

HCl(aq) does.
Hence 1 mol dm
3
H
2
SO
4
(aq) has a pH value lower than 1 mol dm
3
HCl(aq) does.
Option B Methyl orange is red in acids.
Option C During the reaction of zinc and an acid, zinc reacts with hydrogen ions in the acid.
As 1 mol dm
3
H
2
SO
4
(aq) has a higher concentration of hydrogen ions than 1 mol dm
3

HCl(aq) does, the reaction rate between zinc and 1 mol dm
3
H
2
SO
4
(aq) is higher than
that between zinc and 1 mol dm
3
HCl(aq).
59
Option D
Number of moles of acid = molarity of
solution x volume of solution
Reaction between acid and NaOH(aq)
= 1 mol dm
3
x
20
1 000
dm
3
= 0.02 mol
2
O(l)
0.02 mol
According to the equation, 1 mole of HCl requires
1 mole of NaOH for complete neutralization.
number of moles of NaOH required = 0.02 mol
2
SO
4
= 1 mol dm
3
x
10
1 000
dm
3
= 0.01 mol
H
2
SO
4
(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) Na
2
SO
4
(aq) + H
2
O(l)
0.01 mol
2
SO
4

requires 2 moles of NaOH for complete
neutralization.
number of moles of NaOH required
= 2 x 0.01 mol
= 0.02 mol
20 cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3
HCl(aq) and 10 cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3
H
2
SO
4
(aq) require the same
number of moles of NaOH for complete neutralization.
81 D
82 B The following diagram shows the titration curve for the titration of 20.0 cm
3
of 0.1 mol dm
3

CH
3
COOH(aq) with 0.1 mol dm
3
NaOH(aq).
20.0 30.0 40.0 10.0 0
4
6
8
10
12
14
2
0
p
H
3
)
equivalence
point
During the titration of CH
3
COOH(aq) (a weak acid) with NaOH(aq) (a strong alkali), the pH at the
equivalence point is greater than 7.
83 C Options A and D These two curves are INCORRECT as the initial pH of the 0.1 mol dm
3
weak
alkali is greater than 7.
Option B This curve shows the pH change as a strong acid is added to a strong alkali. There is a
marked change in pH at the equivalence point.
60
Option C The following diagram shows the titration curve for the titration of 20.0 cm
3
of
0.1 mol dm
3
NH
3
(aq) with 0.1 mol dm
3
HCl(aq).
20.0 30.0 40.0 10.0 0
4
6
8
10
12
14
2
0
p
H
Volume of HCl(aq) added (cm
3
)
equivalence
point
During the titration of a weak alkali with a strong acid, the pH at the equivalence point
is less than 7.
84 D The following diagram shows the titration curve for the titration of 20.0 cm
3
of 0.1 mol dm
3
KOH(aq)
with 0.1 mol dm
3
CH
3
COOH(aq).
20.0 30.0 40.0 10.0 0
4
6
8
10
12
14
2
0
p
H
Volume of CH
3
COOH(aq) added (cm
3
)
equivalence
point
phenolphthalein
changes colour
During the titration of KOH(aq) (a strong alkali) with CH
3
COOH(aq) (a weak acid), the pH at the
equivalence point is greater than 7.
Phenolphthalein changes colour within the pH range of the vertical part of the titration curve.
Hence phenolphthalein is a suitable indicator for the titration.
85 A The pH of solution Y is less than 7. Thus solution Y should be an acid.
As the pH of the mixture levels off at 7 with excess solid X, it can be concluded that solid X is
insoluble in water. Otherwise the mixture will be alkaline.
61
86 D
Indicator Colour in solution with a pH of 5
Methyl orange yellow
Bromothymol blue yellow
Phenolphthalein colourless
a yellow colour would be observed.
87 B The following graph shows the relationship between the temperature of the mixture and the volume of
sodium hydroxide solution added.
0
X
Y
Z
10 20 30 40
3
)
Temperature (C)
equivalence point of titration;
temperature is the highest
equivalence
point
When sodium hydroxide solution is added, it reacts with the hydrochloric acid. Heat is released.
Therefore the temperature of the solution mixture rises from X to Y. Neutralization is completed at
Y. No more heat is produced. The excess alkali added also cools the solution mixture. Therefore the
temperature of the solution mixture falls from Y to Z.
88 D As sulphuric acid was added, it removed both the barium ions (by precipitation) and hydroxide ions (by
neutralization).
Ba(OH)
2
(aq) + H
2
SO
4
(aq) BaSO
4
(s) + 2H
2
O(l)
At the equivalence point, all the barium ions and hydroxide ions had been removed. Hence the
electrical conductivity of the mixture fell to almost zero.
After the equivalence point, the number of ions in the mixture rose as excess sulphuric acid was
added. Hence the electrical conductivity of the mixture increased.
89 C Sodium hydroxide solution and sulphuric acid react according to the following equation:
2NaOH(aq) + H
2
SO
4
(aq) Na
2
SO
4
(aq) + 2H
2
O(l)
According to the equation, 2 moles of NaOH require 1 mole of H
2
SO
4
for complete neutralization, i.e.
2V cm
3
of 1.00 mol dm
3
NaOH(aq) would react with V cm
3
of 1.00 mol dm
3
H
2
SO
4
(aq).
62
Option Solutions mixed Volumes of NaOH(aq) and H
2
SO
4
(aq) reacted
A 10.0 cm
3
of NaOH(aq) + 20.0 cm
3
of H
2
SO
4
(aq) 10.0 cm
3
of NaOH(aq) and 5.0 cm
3
of H
2
SO
4
(aq)
B 15.0 cm
3
3
of H
2
SO
4
(aq) 15.0 cm
3
3
of H
2
SO
4
(aq)
C 20.0 cm
3
3
of H
2
SO
4
(aq) 20.0 cm
3
3
of H
2
SO
4
(aq)
D 25.0 cm
3
3
of H
2
SO
4
(aq) 10.0 cm
3
3
of H
2
SO
4
(aq)
The greatest volumes of NaOH(aq) and H
2
SO
4
(aq) react in Option C. The greatest amount of heat is
released and thus the temperature rise is the greatest.
90 D Lead(II) nitrate solution and potassium sulphate solution react to form a precipitate (lead(II) sulphate)
according to the following equation:
Pb(NO
3
)
2
(aq) + K
2
SO
4
(aq) PbSO
4
(s) + 2KNO
3
(aq)
The height of precipitate levels off when 6.0 cm
3
of lead(II) nitrate solution are added to the potassium
sulphate solution. Hence it can be deduced that 6.0 cm
3
of lead(II) nitrate solution are required to react
completely with the potassium sulphate solution.
Pb(NO
3
)
2
(aq) + K
2
SO
4
(aq) PbSO
4
(s) + 2KNO
3
(aq)
? mol dm
3
1.2 mol dm
3
6.0 cm
3
10.0 cm
3
2
SO
4
in 10.0 cm
3
= 1.2 mol dm
3
x
10.0
1 000
dm
3
= 0.012 mol
2
SO
4
requires 1 mole of Pb(NO
3
)
2
i.e. number of moles of Pb(NO
3
)
2
in 6.0 cm
3
solution = 0.012 mol
Molarity of lead(II) nitrate solution =
number of moles of Pb(NO
3
)
2
volume of solution
=
0.012 mol
(
6.0
1 000
)
dm
3
= 2.0 mol dm
3
the concentration of lead(II) nitrate solution is 2.0 mol dm
3
.
91 A (1) The precipitate lead(II) sulphate is white in colour.
(3) A burette should be used to measure the 1.0 cm
3
portions of the lead(II) nitrate solution.
92 C (1) Number of moles of Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
= 0.100 mol dm
3
x
250.0
1 000
dm
3
= 0.0250 mol
63
(2) and (3) One mole of Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
contains 2 moles of Fe
3+
ions and 3 moles of SO
4
2
ions.
number of moles of Fe
3+
ions = 2 x 0.0250 mol
= 0.0500 mol
4
2
ions = 3 x 0.0250 mol
= 0.0750 mol
93 C (1) Conical flask is NOT required for dilution process.
94 A (1) Wash a pipette first with distilled water and then with the solution it is going to contain.
(2) and (3) Wash a conical flask and a volumetric flask with distilled water only.
95 A (1) 1 mole of tribasic acid (H
3
A) requires 3 moles of NaOH for complete neutralization.
H
3
A(aq) + 3NaOH(aq) Na
3
A(aq) + 3H
2
O(l)
(2) The number of hydrogen atoms 1 molecule of an acid contains may be different from the basicity
of the acid.
For example, a molecule of ethanoic acid (CH
3
COOH) contains four hydrogen atoms but only the
hydrogen atom in the COOH group can undergo dissociation. Therefore it is a monobasic acid.
H
H
H C C O H
O
only this hydrogen
atom can undergo
dissociation
96 D The following diagram shows the titration curve for the titration of 20.0 cm
3
of 0.1 mol dm
3

NaOH(aq) with 0.1 mol dm
3
HCl(aq).
20.0 30.0 40.0 10.0 0
4
6
8
10
12
14
2
0
p
H
3
)
bromothymol blue changes colour within this pH range
methyl red changes colour within this pH range
bromocresol green changes colour within this pH range
equivalence
point
All the indicators change colour within the pH range of the vertical part of the titration curve. Hence
all the indicators are suitable for the titration.
64
97 A
Beaker Number of moles of H
2
SO
4
A 1 mol dm
3
x
100
1 000
dm
3
= 0.1 mol
B 2 mol dm
3
x
50
1 000
dm
3
= 0.1 mol
Sulphuric acid and zinc react according to the following equation:
H
2
SO
4
(aq) + Zn(s) ZnSO
4
(aq) + H
2
(g)
0.1 mol excess
2
SO
4
reacts with 1 mole of Zn to produce 1 mole of H
2
and 1
mole of ZnSO
4
. As Zn is in excess, the amount of H
2
SO
4
limits the amounts of products formed.
i.e. number of moles of Zn used = 0.1 mol
2
produced = 0.1 mol
number of moles of ZnSO
4
produced = 0.1 mol
(1) Equal numbers of moles of H
2
SO
4
are present in both beakers. Equal masses of zinc react in both
beakers. Hence equal masses of zinc remain in both beakers.
(2) Equal amounts of zinc and H
2
SO
4
react in both beakers. Hence equal masses of gas are produced
in both cases.
(3) Equal masses of zinc sulphate are produced in both cases.
As the volumes of solution in the two beakers are different, zinc sulphate solutions of different
concentrations are produced.
98 A
Reaction
=
mass
molar mass
volume of solution
1
1 g
24.3 g mol
1
= 0.04 mol
= 2 mol dm
3
x
50
1 000
dm
3
= 0.1 mol
Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq)
0.04 mol 0.1 mol
MgCl
2
(aq) + H
2
(g)
2
3
COOH
= 2 mol dm
3
x
50
1 000
dm
3
= 0.1 mol
Mg(s) + 2CH
3
COOH(aq)
0.04 mol 0.1 mol
(CH
3
COO)
2
Mg(aq) + H
2
(g)
According to the equations, 1 mole of Mg reacts with 2 moles of HCl / CH
3
COOH to produce 1 mole
of H
2
. During the reaction, 0.04 mole of Mg reacted with 0.08 mole of HCl / CH
3
COOH. Therefore HCl
/ CH
3
COOH was in excess. The amount of Mg limited the amount of H
2
produced.
2
produced = 0.04 mol
(1) Magnesium reacted completely in both cases. Hence magnesium disappeared in both reactions at
the end.
(2) Equal amounts of hydrogen were produced in both reactions.
65
(3) HCl(aq) is a strong acid while CH
3
COOH(aq) is a weak acid.
2 mol dm
3
HCl(aq) had a higher concentration of hydrogen ions than 2 mol dm
3
CH
3
COOH(aq).
Hence HCl(aq) reacted more quickly with magnesium than CH
3
COOH(aq) did. The two reactions
took different times to complete.
99 A
Beaker
volume of solution
Number of moles of alkali
volume of solution
Reaction between acid and
alkali
A number of moles of HCl
= 1.2 mol dm
3
x
50
1 000
dm
3
= 0.060 mol
= 1.0 mol dm
3
x
60
1 000
dm
3
= 0.060 mol
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq)
0.060 mol 0.060 mol
NaCl(aq) + H
2
O(l)
B number of moles of CH
3
COOH
= 1.0 mol dm
3
x
60
1 000
dm
3
= 0.060 mol
CH
3
COOH(aq) + NaOH(aq)
0.060 mol 0.060 mol
CH
3
COONa(aq)
+ H
2
O(l)
According to the equations, 1 mole of HCl / CH
3
COOH requires 1 mole of NaOH for complete
neutralization.
(1) During the reactions, 0.060 mole of HCl / CH
3
COOH reacts with 0.060 mole of NaOH.
Hence both acids are completely neutralized.
(2) For the neutralization between a strong acid and a strong alkali, the heat released is 57 kJ for
1 mole of water produced.
57 kJ for 1 mole of water produced.
HCl(aq) is a strong acid and CH
3
The heat released in the neutralization between HCl(aq) and NaOH(aq) is greater than that in the
neutralization between CH
3
COOH(aq) and NaOH(aq).
Futhermore, the total volume of the reaction mixture in Beaker A is less than that in Beaker B.
Hence the temperature rise for the reaction mixture in Beaker A is higher than that in Beaker B.
(3) Equal numbers of Na
+
(aq) ions are present in both reaction mixtures.
However, the total volumes of the reaction mixtures are different.
Hence the concentrations of Na
+
(aq) ions in the reaction mixtures are different.
100 D The molarity of a solution is the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 dm
3
of the solution.
101 B Ethanedioic acid crystals are suitable for preparing standard acid solutions because it has the following
characteristics:
it is obtainable in a very pure form;
it has a known chemical formula;
it dissolves in water completely at room temperature;
it is stable and does not absorb moisture from the air; and
it has a high molar mass to minimize weighing errors.
66
102 C Solid sodium hydroxide is NOT suitable for preparing a standard solution because it absorbs moisture
from the air and thus cannot be weighed accurately.
103 A Wash a burette first with distilled water and then with the acid it is going to contain.
104 D Rinsing the conical flask with the solution it is about to contain would increase the number of moles
of solute it holds. This would lead to an error.
It is not necessary to dry the conical flask as any water remaining in the flask will NOT change the
number of moles of solute it holds.
105 D H
2
SO
4
(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) Na
2
SO
4
(aq) + 2H
2
O(l)
100 cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3
sulphuric acid require 200 cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3
sodium hydroxide solution for
complete neutalization.
Sulphuric acid is a dibasic acid. The number of hydrogen ions in 100 cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3
sulphuric acid
is twice as that of hydroxide ions in 100 cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3
sodium hydroxide solution.
106 B The following diagram shows the titration curve for the titration of 20.0 cm
3
of 0.1 mol dm
3
NH
3
(aq)
with 0.1 mol dm
3
HCl(aq).
20.0 30.0 40.0 10.0 0
4
6
8
10
12
14
2
0
p
H
3
)
equivalence
point
methyl orange
changes colour
Methyl orange is suitable indicator for the titration because the indicator changes colour within the pH
range of the vertical part of the titration curve.
107 C
Reaction between acid and alkali
2
SO
4
= 1 mol dm
3
x
10
1 000
dm
3
= 0.01 mol
H
2
SO
4
(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) Na
2
SO
4
(aq) + H
2
O(l)
0.01 mol
number of moles of NaOH required for neutralization
= 2 x 0.01 mol
= 0.02 mol
3
COOH
= 1 mol dm
3
x
20
1 000
dm
3
= 0.02 mol
CH
3
3
COONa(aq) + H
2
O(l)
0.02 mol
number of moles of NaOH required for neutralization
= 0.02 mol
the acids require the same number of moles of NaOH for complete neutralization.
67
Part B Topic-based exercise
1 B Option A Phenolphthalein is colourless in acids.
Option B Citric acid is a weak acid. It only partially dissociates in water.
citric acid(aq) H
+
Hence an aqueous solution of citric acid contains both citric acid molecules and hydrogen
ions.
Option C An aqueous solution of citric acid reacts with sodium hydrogencarbonate to give carbon
dioxide gas.
Option D There is NO reaction between an aqueous solution of citric acid and copper.
2 A Option A Dilute sodium hydroxide solution turns methyl orange yellow.
Option C Sodium hydroxide is a strong alkali.
3 D Option D Zn
2+
(aq) + 2OH
(aq) Zn(OH)
2
(s)
4 D
Option Solution Addition of NH
3
(aq) to solution
A calcium chloride no precipitate
B chromium(III) sulphate green precipitate
C iron(III) sulphate reddish brown precipitate
D potassium chloride no precipitate
5 B
Option Solution Addition of Na
2
CO
3
(aq) to solution
A aluminium sulphate solution white precipitate
B ammonium nitrate solution no precipitate
C lead(II) nitrate solution white precipitate
D magnesium sulphate solution white precipitate
6 C
Option Solution Addition of NH
3
(aq) to solution
A CuSO
4
(aq) a pale blue precipitate
B Na
2
CO
3
(aq) no precipitate
C Pb(NO
3
)
2
(aq) a white precipitate, insoluble in excess alkali
D ZnCl
2
(aq) a white precipitate, soluble in excess alkali
68
7 C
Option Solution Reaction with Ba(NO
3
)
2
(aq) Reaction with NaOH(aq)
A calcium chloride no precipitate white precipitate Ca(OH)
2
B iron(II) chloride no precipitate green precipitate Fe(OH)
2
C magnesium sulphate white precipitate BaSO
4
white precipitate Mg(OH)
2
D potassium sulphate white precipitate BaSO
4
no precipitate
8 C Options A and C Carbonates give a gas (carbon dioxide) with dilute hydrochloric acid.
Upon the addition of dilute aqueous ammonia, a solution containing zinc ions
gives a white precipitate which is soluble in excess alkali.
X is zinc carbonate.
Options B and D Sulphates do NOT give a gas with dilute hydrochloric acid.
9 C A solution containing iron(II) ion gives a green precipitate (Fe(OH)
2
) with dilute sodium hydroxide
solution.
The green iron(II) hydroxide turns brown on prolonged standing in air due to the formation of iron(III)
hydroxide.
4Fe(OH)
2
(s) + 2H
2
O(l) + O
2
(g) 4Fe(OH)
3
(s)
10 D Barium chloride solution reacts with sodium carbonate soluton to give a white precipitate, barium
carbonate.
Ba
2+
(aq) + CO
3
2
(aq) BaCO
3
(s)
Barium carbonate is soluble in dilute nitric acid because it can react with the acid.
BaCO
3
(s) + 2H
+
(aq) Ba
2+
(aq) + H
2
O(l) + CO
2
(g)
11 C Option C Concentrated sulphuric acid is a hygroscopic substance.
12 D
Option Solutions mixed Any precipitate?
A CuO(s) and H
2
SO
4
(aq) no precipitate
B FeSO
4
(aq) and NaOH(aq) green precipitate Fe(OH)
2
C NH
4
Cl(aq) and Ca(NO
3
)
2
(aq) no precipitate
D Pb(NO
3
)
2
(aq) and HCl(aq) white precipitate PbCl
2
13 C
Option Solutions mixed Any precipitate?
A BaCl
2
(aq) and Na
2
CO
3
(aq) white precipitate BaCO
3
B KCl(aq) and AgNO
3
(aq) white precipitate AgCl
C Na
2
SO
4
(aq) and MgCl
2
(aq) no precipitate
D NaOH(aq) and NiSO
4
(aq) green precipitate Ni(OH)
2
69
14 A Options A and C Chlorides give a white precipitate (AgCl) with silver nitrate solution.
Ag
+
(aq) + Cl
(aq) AgCl(s)
Barium chloride solution gives a white precipitate (BaSO
4
) with dilute sulphuric
acid.
Ba
2+
(aq) + SO
4
2
(aq) BaSO
4
(s)
15 D Zinc reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to give zinc chloride solution and hydrogen. Zinc chloride
solution gives a white precipitate (Zn(OH)
2
) with dilute aqueous ammonia. Zn(OH)
2
dissolves in excess
alkali to give a colourless solution.
Zn(s) + 2H
+
(aq) Zn
2+
(aq) + H
2
(g)
Zn
2+
(aq) + 2OH
(aq) Zn(OH)
2
(s)
Zn(OH)
2
(s) + 4NH
3
(aq) [Zn(NH
3
)
4
]
2+
(aq) + 2OH
(aq)
16 C Molar mass of Ca(OH)
2
= [40.1 + 2 x (16.0 + 1.0)] g mol
1
= 74.1 g mol
1
Number of moles of Ca(OH)
2
=
mass
molar mass
=
5.93 g
74.1 g mol
1
= 0.0800 mol
Molarity of calcium hydroxide solution =
2
volume of solution
=
0.0800 mol
(
400.0
1 000
)
dm
3
= 0.200 mol dm
3
the molarity of the calcium hydroxide solution is 0.200 mol dm
3
.
17 D Number of moles of NaOH in 150.0 cm
3
of 2.00 mol dm
3
solution
= 2.00 mol dm
3
x
150.0
1 000
dm
3
= 0.300 mol
3
of 1.20 mol dm
3
solution
= 1.20 mol dm
3
x
80.0
1 000
dm
3
= 0.0960 mol
Total number of moles of NaOH in the resulting solution
= (0.300 + 0.0960) mol
= 0.396 mol
Total volume of the resulting solution
= (150.0 + 80.0) cm
3
= 230.0 cm
3
70
0.396 mol
(
230.0
1 000
)
dm
3
= 1.72 mol dm
3
the concentration of the resulting solution is 1.72 mol dm
3
.
18 C pH of solution = log
10
(1.58 x 10
12
)
= 11.8
19 A Option A Nitric acid dissociates completely according to the following equation:
HNO
3
(aq) H
+
(aq) + NO
3
(aq)
0.010 mol dm
3
? mol dm
3
According to the equation, 1 mole of HNO
3
dissociates to give 1 mole of hydrogen ions.
i.e. concentration of hydrogen ions = 0.010 mol dm
3
pH of acid = log
10
(0.010)
= (2.0)
= 2.0
pH of 0.010 mol dm
3
HNO
3
is 2.0.
Option B CH
3
COOH is a weak acid while HNO
3
is a strong acid. Hence the concentration of
hydrogen ions in 0.010 mol dm
3
CH
3
COOH is lower than that in 0.010 mol dm
3
HNO
3
, i.e.
the pH of CH
3
COOH is higher than that of HNO
3
.
Option C H
2
SO
4
is a dibasic acid while HNO
3
is a monobasic acid. Hence the concentration of
hydrogen ions in 0.010 mol dm
3
H
2
SO
4
is higher than that in 0.010 mol dm
3
HNO
3
, i.e.
the pH of H
2
SO
4
is lower than that of HNO
3
.
Option D The pH of 0.010 mol dm
3
NaOH is greater than 7.
20 C (1) and (3) Sodium hydroxide solution is a strong alkali while aqueous ammonia is a weak alkali.
Thus 0.1 mol dm
3
sodium hydroxide solution is more alkaline than 0.1 mol dm
3
aqueous
ammonia, i.e. the pH of sodium hydroxide solution is greater than that of aqueous
ammonia.
(2) The pH of 0.1 mol dm
3
lactic acid is less than 7.
Thus the order of pH of the solutions is: (2) < (1) < (3).
21 D pH of soil before treatment = 4
pH of soil after treatment = 6
Concentration of H
+
(aq) ions in soil before treatment = 10
4
mol dm
3
Concentration of H
+
(aq) ions in soil after treatment = 10
6
mol dm
3

Concentration of H
+
(aq) ions in soil after treatment
Concentration of H
+
(aq) ions in soil before treatment
=
10
6
mol dm
3
10
4
mol dm
3
=
1
100
the concentration of H
+
(aq) ions in the soil decreased by a factor of 100.
71
22 C pH of acid before dilution = 1
pH of acid after dilution = 3
Concentration of H
+
(aq) ions in acid before dilution = 10
1
mol dm
3
Concentration of H
+
(aq) ions in acid after dilution = 10
3
mol dm
3

Concentration of H
+
(aq) ions in acid after dilution
Concentration of H
+
(aq) ions in acid before dilution
=
10
3
mol dm
3
10
1
mol dm
3
=
1
100
i.e. the acid is diluted 100 times.
diluting 10 cm
3
of the acid to 1 000 cm
3
with distilled water would cause the pH value to change
from 1 to 3.
23 B Option A The concentration of hydrogen ions in lemon juice is higher than that in milk.
Option B
concentration of hydrogen ions in sea water
concentration of hydrogen ions in laundry detergent
=
10
8
mol dm
3
10
11
mol dm
3
= 1 000
the concentration of hydrogen ions in sea water is 1 000 times greater than that in
laundry detergent.
Option C
concentration of hydrogen ions in rainwater
concentration of hydrogen ions in sea water
=
10
5
mol dm
3
10
8
mol dm
3
= 1 000
the concentration of hydrogen ions in rainwater is 1 000 times greater than that in
sea water.
Option D
concentration of hydrogen ions in lemon juice
concentration of hydrogen ions in soap solution
=
10
2
mol dm
3
10
10
mol dm
3
= 10
8
the concentration of hydrogen ions in lemon juice is 10
8
times greater than that in
soap solution.
24 B Sodium chloride is neutral. Adding it to sulphuric acid would NOT affect the pH of the acid.
25 A When we describe acids as strong and weak, we are talking about the extent of their dissociation in
of solution.
Ethanoic acid is a weak acid. 0.1 mol dm
3
solution of ethanoic acid is a dilute solution of a weak acid.
26 D HF is a weak acid while H
2
SO
4
and HClO
4
are strong acids. Therefore 0.1 mol dm
3
HF has the lowest
concentration of hydrogen ions. The pH of 0.1 mol dm
3
HF is thus the highest among the three acids.
H
2
SO
4
is a dibasic acid while HClO
4
is a monobasic acid. Therefore 0.1 mol dm
3
H
2
SO
4
has a higher
concentration of hydrogen ions than 0.1 mol dm
3
HClO
4
does. The pH of 0.1 mol dm
3
H
2
SO
4
is thus
lower than that of the 0.10 mol dm
3
HClO
4
.
The order of the pH of the three acids is: H
2
SO
4
< HClO
4
< HF.
72
27 C The electrical conductivity of a solution is proportional to the concentration of mobile ions.
Options A and C H
2
SO
4
(aq) is a dibasic acid while HCl(aq) is a monobasic acid. Hence 1.0 mol dm
3

H
2
SO
4
(aq) has a higher concentration of mobile ions than 1.0 mol dm
3
HCl(aq)
does.
1.0 mol dm
3
H
2
SO
4
(aq) has the greatest electrical conductivity.
Option D C
6
H
12
O
6
(aq) does NOT conduct electricity.
28 A Ethanoic acid is a weak acid and hydrochloric acid is a strong acid.
Hence for acids of the same concentration, ethanoic acid has a lower concentration of hydrogen ions
than hydrochloric acid does.
Thus the pH of ethanoic acid is higher than that of hydrochloric acid.
29 D Option D For the neutralization between a strong acid and a strong alkali, the heat released is 57
kJ for 1 mole of water produced.
For neutralization in which either the acid or alkali or both are weak, the heat released is
less than 57 kJ for 1 mole of water produced. This is because some energy is consumed
when the weak acid and weak alkali dissociate to give hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions
before neutralization.
CH
3
COOH(aq) is a weak acid while HCl(aq) is a strong acid.
Hence the temperature rise of the neutralization between 20 cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3

CH
3
COOH(aq) and 1 mol dm
3
NaOH(aq) is smaller than that between 20 cm
3
of
1 mol dm
3
HCl(aq) and 1 mol dm
3
NaOH(aq).
30 A All nitrates are soluble in water.
31 A Options C and D Compounds of potassium and sodium are soluble in water.
32 B Copper(II) sulphate is a soluble salt. To prepare it, mix a dilute acid (dilute sulphuric acid in this case)
with an insoluble base or an insoluble carbonate. However, copper (metal) CANNOT be used as it does
not react with dilute sulphuric acid.
33 D Option A Calcium reacts with dilute sulphuric acid to produce insoluble calcium sulphate. Calcium
sulphate forms a protective layer on the surface of calcium. This prevents further reaction
between calcium and dilute sulphuric acid.
Option B Copper has NO reaction with dilute hydrochloric acid.
Option C Lead reacts with dilute sulphuric acid to produce insoluble lead(II) sulphate. Lead(II)
sulphate forms a protective layer on the surface of lead. This prevents further reaction
between lead and dilute sulphuric acid.
Option D Magnesium reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to give magnesium chloride.
34 C Option C Potassium chloride is prepared via the titraton of potassium hydroxide solution with dilute
hydrochloric acid. Pipette and burette are required in the process.
73
35 A Molar mass of H
2
SO
4
= (2 x 1.0 + 32.1 + 4 x 16.0) g mol
1
= 98.1 g mol
1
2
SO
4
volume of solution
4.00 mol dm
3
=
2
SO
4
2.00 dm
3
2
SO
4
= 4.00 mol dm
3
x 2.00 dm
3
= 8.00 mol
Mass of H
2
SO
4
required = number of moles of H
2
SO
4
x molar mass of H
2
SO
4

= 8.00 mol x 98.1 g mol
1
= 785 g
785 g of pure sulphuric acid are required.
36 D Molar mass of Na
2
SO
4
= (2 x 23.0 + 32.1 + 4 x 16.0) g mol
1
= 142.1 g mol
1
2
SO
4
=
mass
molar mass
=
20.0 g
142.1 g mol
1
= 0.141 mol
One mole of Na
2
SO
4
contains 2 moles of Na
+
ions.
+
ions = 2 x 0.141 mol
= 0.282 mol
Concentration of Na
+
ions in solution =
+
ions
volume of solution
=
0.282 mol
(
100.0
1 000
)
dm
3
= 2.82 mol dm
3
the concentration of sodium ions in the solution is 2.82 mol dm
3
.
37 C Number of moles of potassium phosphate = molarity of solution x volume of solution
= 0.500 mol dm
3
x
250.0
1 000
dm
3
= 0.125 mol
One mole of potassium phosphate (K
3
PO
4
) contains 4 moles of ions.
number of moles of ions = 4 x 0.125 mol
= 0.500 mol
Number of ions = 0.500 mol x 6.02 x 10
23
mol
1
= 3.01 x 10
23
3.01 x 10
23
ions are present.
74
38 C Suppose V cm
3
of NaCl(aq) and V cm
3
of ZnCl
2
(aq) are mixed.
Number of moles of NaCl in 0.10 mol dm
3
solution = 0.10 mol dm
3
x
V
1 000
dm
3
= 0.10 x
V
1 000
mol
Number of moles of ZnCl
2
in 0.20 mol dm
3
solution = 0.20 mol dm
3
x
V
1 000
dm
3
= 0.20 x
V
1 000
mol
One mole of NaCl contains 1 mole of Cl
ions and one mole of ZnCl

2
contains 2 moles of Cl
ions.
Total number of moles of Cl
ions = (0.10 x
V
1 000
+ 2 x 0.20 x
V
1 000
) mol
= (0.50 x
V
1 000
) mol
Total volume of the mixture = (V + V) cm
3
= 2V cm
3
Concentration of Cl
ions in the mixture =

total number of moles of Cl
ions
total volume of the mixture
=
(
0.5 x

V
1 000
)
mol
2V
1 000

dm
3
= 0.25 mol dm
3
the concentration of chloride ions in the mixture is 0.25 mol dm
3
.
39 B Sulphuric acid dissociates completely according to the following equation:
H
2
SO
4
(aq) 2H
+
(aq) + SO
4
2
(aq)
0.0250 mol dm
3
? mol dm
3
2
SO
4
3
= 0.0500 mol dm
3
pH of acid = log
10
(0.0500)
= (1.30)
= 1.30
pH of the acid sample is 1.30.
75
40 D One mole of barium nitrate contains 2 moles of NO
3
ions.
number of moles of Ba(NO
3
)
2
=
0.0250
2
mol
= 0.0125 mol
Molarity of barium nitrate solution =
number of moles of Ba(NO
3
)
2
volume of solution
=
0.0125 mol
(
22.0
1 000
)
dm
3
= 0.568 mol dm
3
the molarity of the barium nitrate solution is 5.68 x 10
1
mol dm
3
.
41 A (MV) before dilution = (MV) after dilution, where M = molarity, V = volume
4.0 x
25.0
1 000
= 0.50 x
V
1 000
V = 200 cm
3
3
volume of water added = (200 25.0) cm
3
= 175 cm
3
42 B Mass of H
2
SO
4
in 25.0 m
3
acid = 41 050 000 g x 92.0%
= 37 800 000 g
Molar mass of H
2
SO
4
= (2 x 1.0 + 32.1 + 4 x 16.0) g mol
1
= 98.1 g mol
1
2
SO
4
=
mass
molar mass
=
37 800 000 g
98.1 g mol
1
= 385 000 mol
Molarity of the sulphuric acid =
2
SO
4
volume of solution
=
385 000 mol
25 000 dm
3
= 15.4 mol dm
3
the concentration of the sulphuric acid is 15.4 mol dm
3
.
43 D Option D Chemicals that absorb atmospheric moisture CANNOT be used to prepare standard
solutions.
76
44 C Na
2
CO
3
(aq) + 2HCl(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + CO
2
(g) + H
2
O(l)
0.150 mol dm
3
0.250 mol dm
3
25.0 cm
3
? cm
3
2
CO
3
in 25.0 cm
3
= 0.150 mol dm
3
x
25.0
1 000
dm
3
= 0.00375 mol
2
CO
3
requires 2 moles of HCl for complete reaction.
= 0.00750 mol
Volume of hydrochloric acid required =
=
0.00750 mol
0.250 mol dm
3
= 0.0300 dm
3
= 30.0 cm
3
30.0 cm
3
45 C We can represent the dibasic acid X by H
2
A.
2KOH(aq) + H
2
A(aq) K
2
A(aq) + 2H
2
O(l)
0.150 mol dm
3
? mol dm
3
30.0 cm
3
10.0 cm
3
Number of moles of KOH in 30.0 cm
3
= 0.150 mol dm
3
x
30.0
1 000
dm
3
= 0.00450 mol
2
A requires 2 moles of KOH for complete neutralization.
2
A in 10.0 cm
3
solution =
0.00450
2
mol
= 0.00225 mol
2
A
volume of solution
=
0.00225 mol
(
10.0
1 000
)
dm
3
= 0.225 mol dm
3
the molarity of the acid solution is 2.25 x 10
1
mol dm
3
.
77
46 A We can represent the dibasic acid by H
2
X.
2NaOH(aq) + H
2
X(aq) Na
2
X(aq) + 2H
2
O(l)
0.100 mol dm
3
? mol dm
3
20.6 cm
3
25.0 cm
3
3
= 0.100 mol dm
3
x
20.6
1 000
dm
3
= 0.00206 mol
2
2
X in 25.0 cm
3
solution =
0.00206
2
mol
= 0.00103 mol
2
X
volume of solution
=
0.00103 mol
(
25.0
1 000
)
dm
3
= 0.0412 mol dm
3
the molarity of the acid solution is 0.0412 mol dm
3
.
47 B Zn + 2HCl(aq) ZnCl
2
(aq) + H
2
(g)
2 mol dm
3
20.0 cm
3
3
= 2 mol dm
3
x
20.0
1 000
dm
3
= 0.04 mol
According to the equation, 1 mole of Zn will react completely with 2 moles of HCl.
i.e. number of moles of Zn =
0.04
2
mol
= 0.02 mol
0.02 mole of zinc will react completely with the hydrochloric acid.
78
48 D Sr(OH)
2
(aq) + 2HCl(aq) SrCl
2
(aq) + 2H
2
O(l)
0.200 mol dm
3
? mol dm
3
25.0 cm
3
20.0 cm
3
Number of moles of Sr(OH)
2
in 25.0 cm
3
= 0.200 mol dm
3
x
25.0
1 000
dm
3
= 0.00500 mol
According to the equation, 1 mole of Sr(OH)
2
requires 2 moles of HCl for complete neutralization.
= 0.0100 mol
Molarity of hydrochloric acid =
volume of solution
=
0.0100 mol
(
20.0
1 000
)
dm
3
= 0.500 mol dm
3
the concentration of the hydrochloric acid is 0.500 mol dm
3
.
49 A Fe(OH)
3
(s) + 3HNO
3
(aq) Fe(NO
3
)
3
(aq) + 3H
2
O(l)
1.07 g 0.60 mol dm
3
? cm
3
Molar mass of Fe(OH)
3
= [55.8 + 3 x (16.0 + 1.0)] g mol
1
= 106.8 g mol
1
Number of moles of Fe(OH)
3
=
mass
molar mass
=
1.07 g
106.8 g mol
1
= 0.0100 mol
According to the equation, 1 mole of Fe(OH)
3
requires 3 moles of HNO
3
i.e. number of moles of HNO
3
= 3 x 0.0100 mol
= 0.0300 mol
Volume of 0.60 mol dm
3
nitric acid required for complete neutralization
=
3
=
0.0300 mol
0.60 mol dm
3
= 0.050 dm
3
= 50 cm
3
50 cm
3
of nitric acid are required for complete neutralization.
79
50 C Al
2
O
3
(s) + 3H
2
SO
4
(aq) Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
(aq) + 3H
2
O(l)
2.55 g ? mol dm
3
150.0 cm
3
Molar mass of Al
2
O
3
= (2 x 27.0 + 3 x 16.0) g mol
1
= 102.0 g mol
1
Number of moles of Al
2
O
3
=
mass
molar mass
=
2.55 g
102.0 g mol
1
= 0.0250 mol
According to the equation, 1 mole of Al
2
O
3
requires 3 moles of H
2
SO
4
2
SO
4
= 3 x 0.0250 mol
= 0.0750 mol
2
SO
4
volume of solution
=
0.0750 mol
(
150.0
1 000
)
dm
3
= 0.500 mol dm
3
3
.
51 A Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl
2
(aq) + H
2
(g)
1.00 g 1.00 mol dm
3
100.0 cm
3
Number of moles of Mg =
mass
molar mass
=
1.00 g
24.3 g mol
1
= 0.0412 mol
3
= 1.00 mol dm
3
x
100.0
1 000
dm
3
= 0.100 mol
According to the equation, 1 mole of Mg reacts with 2 moles of HCl to form 1 mole of H
2
. During
the reaction, 0.0412 mole of Mg reacted with 0.0824 mole of HCl. Therefore HCl was in excess. The
amount of Mg limited the amount of H
2
formed.
2
formed = 0.0412 mol
Mass of H
2
formed = number of moles x molar mass
= 0.0412 mol x 2.00 g mol
1
= 0.0824 g
0.0824 g of hydrogen was formed.
80
52 D A pipette and a pipette filler are used to deliver a fixed, accurate volume (e.g. 25.0 cm
3
) of a solution.
A burette is used to deliver various volumes of solution accurately.
53 B 2NaOH(aq) + H
2
SO
4
(aq) Na
2
SO
4
(aq) + 2H
2
O(l)
0.0400 mol dm
3
? mol dm
3
25.0 cm
3
22.7 cm
3
3
= 0.0400 mol dm
3
x
25.0
1 000
dm
3
= 0.00100 mol
2
SO
4
2
SO
4
used =
0.00100
2
mol
= 5.00 x 10
4
mol
2
SO
4
volume of solution
=
5.00 x 10
4
mol
(
22.7
1 000
)
dm
3
= 0.0220 mol dm
3
3
.
54 D
55 A H
3
PO
4
(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) Na
2
HPO
4
(aq) + 2H
2
O(l)
10.0 cm
3
0.0240 mol dm
3

250.0 cm
3

(used) 25.0 cm
3
Average volume of NaOH(aq) required for neutralization =
21.5 + 21.5 + 21.6
3
cm
3
= 21.5 cm
3
3
= 0.0240 mol dm
3
x
21.5
1 000
dm
3
= 5.16 x 10
4
mol
3
PO
4
would react with 2 moles of NaOH.
3
PO
4
in 25.0 cm
3
diluted acid =
5.16 x 10
4
2
mol
= 2.58 x 10
4
mol
81
3
PO
4
in 250.0 cm
3
diluted acid = 2.58 x 10
4
mol x
250.0 cm
3
25.0 cm
3

= 2.58 x 10
3
mol
3
PO
4
in 10.0 cm
3
original acid = 2.58 x 10
3
mol
Molarity of original phosphoric acid =
3
PO
4
volume of solution
=
2.58 x 10
3
mol
(
10.0
1 000
)
dm
3
= 0.258 mol dm
3
the molarity of the original phosphoric acid is 0.258 mol dm
3
.
56 C Wash the burette with distilled water and then the alkali it is going to contain. Any water or impurities
in the apparatus will change the concentration of the alkali and thus affect the titration results.
57 D H
2
2
X(aq) + 2H
2
O(l)
4.51 g 0.350 mol dm
3
28.0 cm
3
250.0 cm
3

(used) 25.0 cm
3
Let m g mol
1
be the molar mass of H
2
X.
2
X in 250.0 cm
3
solution =
mass
molar mass
=
4.51 g
m g mol
1
2
X in 25.0 cm
3
solution =
4.51
m
x
1
10
mol
3
= 0.350 mol dm
3
x
28.0
1 000
dm
3
= 0.00980 mol
2
2
X in 25.0 cm
3
solution =
0.00980
2
mol
= 0.00490 mol
2
X in 25.0 cm
3
solution =
4.51
m
x
1
10
mol = 0.00490 mol
m = 92.0
the molar mass of H
2
X is 92.0 g mol
1
.
82
58 D Na
2
CO
3
(aq) + H
2
SO
4
(aq) Na
2
SO
4
(aq) + CO
2
(g) + H
2
O(l)
5.72 g 1.00 mol dm
3
20.0 cm
3
Molar mass of Na
2
CO
3
nH
2
O = (106.0 + 18.0n) g mol
1
2
CO
3
nH
2
O used =
mass
molar mass
=
5.72 g
(106.0 + 18.0n) g mol
1
2
SO
4
in 20.0 cm
3
= 1.00 mol dm
3
x
20.0
1 000
dm
3
= 0.0200 mol
2
CO
3
2
SO
4
2
CO
3
nH
2
O used = 0.0200 mol
2
CO
3
nH
2
O used =
5.72
(106.0 + 18.0n)
mol = 0.0200 mol
n = 10
the value of n is 10.
59 B From the curve, 45.0 cm
3
of sulphuric acid were required to neutralize the sodium hydroxide solution. (The
temperature of the reaction mixture was maximum at the point of complete neutralization.)
H
2
SO
4
(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) Na
2
SO
4
(aq) + 2H
2
O(l)
? mol dm
3
2.0 mol dm
3
45.0 cm
3
50.0 cm
3
3
= 2.0 mol dm
3
x
50.0
1 000
dm
3
= 0.10 mol
2
SO
4
2
SO
4
=
0.10
2
mol
= 0.050 mol
2
SO
4
volume of solution
=
0.050 mol
(
45.0
1 000
)
dm
3
= 1.1 mol dm
3
3
.
83
60 A 2NaOH(aq) + H
2
SO
4
(aq) Na
2
SO
4
(aq) + 2H
2
O(l)
0.200 mol dm
3
15.0 cm
3
25.0 cm
3
3
= 0.200 mol dm
3
x
25.0
1 000
dm
3
= 0.00500 mol
According to the equation, 2 moles of NaOH react with 1 mole of H
2
SO
4
to form 1 mole of Na
2
SO
4
.
2
SO
4
formed =
0.00500
2
mol
= 0.00250 mol
Total volume of the salt solution = (25.0 + 15.0) cm
3
= 40.0 cm
3
Concentration of the salt solution =
2
SO
4
volume of solution
=
0.00250 mol
(
40.0
1 000
)
dm
3
= 0.0625 mol dm
3
the molarity of the salt solution obtained is 0.0625 mol dm
3
.
61 C CaCl
2
(aq) + Na
2
CO
3
(aq) CaCO
3
(s) + 2NaCl(aq)
According to the equation, 1 mole of CaCl
2
reacts with 1 mole of Na
2
CO
3
to give 1 mole of CaCO
3
, i.e.
equal volumes of 1 mol dm
3
CaCl
2
(aq) and 1 mol dm
3
Na
2
CO
3
(aq) would react.
Volume of CaCl
2
(aq) and
Na
2
CO
3
(aq) undergoing reaction
A 5 cm
3
of CaCl
2
(aq) + 25 cm
3
of Na
2
CO
3
(aq) 5 cm
3
B 10 cm
3
of CaCl
2
(aq) + 20 cm
3
of Na
2
CO
3
(aq) 10 cm
3
C 15 cm
3
of CaCl
2
(aq) + 15 cm
3
of Na
2
CO
3
(aq) 15 cm
3
D 20 cm
3
of CaCl
2
(aq) + 10 cm
3
of Na
2
CO
3
(aq) 10 cm
3
The greatest volumes of CaCl
2
(aq) and Na
2
CO
3
(aq) react in Option C. Thus the greatest amount of
precipitate would form.
62 B Pb(NO
3
)
2
(aq) + 2NaCl(aq) PbCl
2
(s) + 2NaNO
3
(aq)
According to the equation, 1 mole of Pb(NO
3
)
2
requires 2 moles of NaCl to give 1 mole of PbCl
2
, i.e.
V cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3
Pb(NO
3
)
2
(aq) would react with 2V cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3
NaCl(aq).
Volume of Pb(NO
3
)
2
(aq) and NaCl(aq) undergoing
reaction
A 10 cm
3
of Pb(NO
3
)
2
(aq) + 30 cm
3
of NaCl(aq) 10 cm
3
of Pb(NO
3
)
2
(aq) react with 20 cm
3
of NaCl(aq)
B 15 cm
3
of Pb(NO
3
)
2
(aq) + 25 cm
3
of NaCl(aq) 12.5 cm
3
of Pb(NO
3
)
2
3
of NaCl(aq)
C 20 cm
3
of Pb(NO
3
)
2
(aq) + 20 cm
3
of NaCl(aq) 10 cm
3
of Pb(NO
3
)
2
3
of NaCl(aq)
D 30 cm
3
of Pb(NO
3
)
2
(aq) + 10 cm
3
of NaCl(aq) 5 cm
3
of Pb(NO
3
)
2
3
of NaCl(aq)
84
The greatest volumes of Pb(NO
3
)
2
(aq) and NaCl(aq) react in Option B. Thus the greatest amount of
precipitate would form.
of water produced.
alkali mixed
volume of solution
Number of moles of water
formed
Heat
released
1
50 cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3

HNO
3
(aq) + 50 cm
3
of
1 mol dm
3
KOH(aq)
3
/ KOH
= 1 mol dm
3
x
50
1 000
dm
3
= 0.05 mol
HNO
3
(aq) + KOH(aq)
0.05 mol 0.05 mol
KNO
3
(aq) + H
2
O(l)
0.05 mol
2.85 kJ
2
50 cm
3
of 2 mol dm
3

HNO
3
(aq) + 50 cm
3
of
2 mol dm
3
KOH(aq)
3
/ KOH
= 2 mol dm
3
x
50
1 000
dm
3
= 0.1 mol
HNO
3
(aq) + KOH(aq)
0.1 mol 0.1 mol
KNO
3
(aq) + H
2
O(l)
0.1 mol
5.7 kJ
The total volumes of the two mixtures were the same. Hence the temperature rise of the first mixture
was half that of the second mixture, i.e. T
1
=
1
2
T
2
.
64 B H
2
SO
4
(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) Na
2
SO
4
(s) + 2H
2
O(l)
2
SO
4
requires 2 moles of NaOH for complete neutralization, i.e.
V cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3
H
2
SO
4
(aq) would react with 2V cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3
NaOH(aq).
Volume of H
2
SO
4
(aq) and
NaOH(aq) undergoing reaction
A 10 cm
3
of H
2
SO
4
(aq) + 35 cm
3
of NaOH(aq) 10 cm
3
of H
2
SO
4
3
of NaOH(aq)
B 15 cm
3
of H
2
SO
4
(aq) + 30 cm
3
of NaOH(aq) 15 cm
3
of H
2
SO
4
3
of NaOH(aq)
C 20 cm
3
of H
2
SO
4
(aq) + 25 cm
3
of NaOH(aq) 12.5 cm
3
of H
2
SO
4
3
of NaOH(aq)
D 25 cm
3
of H
2
SO
4
(aq) + 15 cm
3
of NaOH(aq) 7.5 cm
3
of H
2
SO
4
3
of NaOH(aq)
The greatest volumes of H
2
SO
4
(aq) and NaOH(aq) react in Option B. The greatest amount of heat is
released and thus the temperature rise is the greatest.
of water produced.
57 kJ for 1 mole of water produced. This is because some energy is consumed when the weak acid
and weak alkali dissociate to give hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions before neutralization.
Expt. Solutions mixed Strength of acid and alkali Temperature rise
1
100 cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3
CH
3
COOH(aq)
+ 100 cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3
NaOH(aq)
neutralization between a weak acid
and a strong alkali
T
1
2
100 cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3
HCl(aq) +
100 cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3
NaOH(aq)
neutralization between a strong acid
and a strong alkali
T
2
T
1
< T
2
85
of water produced.
Mixture
3
/
NaOH mixed
volume of solution
formed
Heat
released
Temperature
rise
50 cm
3
of 2 mol dm
3

HNO
3
(aq) + 50 cm
3
of
2 mol dm
3
NaOH(aq)
2 mol dm
3
x
50
1 000
dm
3
= 0.1 mol
HNO
3
(aq) + NaOH(aq)
0.1 mol 0.1 mol
NaNO
3
(aq) + H
2
O(l)
0.1 mol
5.7 kJ x
100 cm
3
of 2 mol dm
3

HNO
3
(aq) + 100 cm
3
of
2 mol dm
3
NaOH(aq)
2 mol dm
3
x
100
1 000
dm
3
= 0.2 mol
HNO
3
(aq) + NaOH(aq)
0.2 mol 0.2 mol
NaNO
3
(aq) + H
2
O(l)
0.2 mol
11.4 kJ y
100 cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3

HNO
3
(aq) + 100 cm
3
of
1 mol dm
3
NaOH(aq)
1 mol dm
3
x
100
1 000
dm
3
= 0.1 mol
HNO
3
(aq) + NaOH(aq)
0.1 mol 0.1 mol
NaNO
3
(aq) + H
2
O(l)
0.1 mol
5.7 kJ z
3
200 cm
3
) is heated up by 11.4 kJ. Hence these two mixtures show the same temperature rise, i.e. x = y.
The third mixture (total volume 200 cm
3
) is heated up by 5.7 kJ. Hence its temperature rise is less than
x and y.
x = y > z
of water produced.
Mixture
alkali mixed
volume of solution
formed
Strength of
acid and alkali
Heat
released
Temperature
rise
100 cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3

HCl(aq) + 100 cm
3
of
1 mol dm
3
NaOH(aq)
Number of moles of HCl / NaOH
= 1 mol dm
3
x
100
1 000
dm
3
= 0.1 mol
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq)
0.1 mol 0.1 mol
NaCl(aq) + H
2
O(l)
0.1 mol
neutralization
between a
strong acid and
a strong alkali
5.7 kJ x
100 cm
3
of 2 mol dm
3

HCl(aq) + 100 cm
3
of
2 mol dm
3
NaOH(aq)
Number of moles of HCl / NaOH
= 2 mol dm
3
x
100
1 000
dm
3
= 0.2 mol
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq)
0.2 mol 0.2 mol
NaCl(aq) + H
2
O(l)
0.2 mol
neutralization
between a
strong acid and
a strong alkali
11.4 kJ y
100 cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3

HCl(aq) + 100 cm
3
of
1 mol dm
3
NH
3
(aq)
Number of moles of HCl / NH
3
= 1 mol dm
3
x
100
1 000
dm
3
= 0.1 mol
HCl(aq) + NH
4
+
(aq) + OH
(aq)
0.1 mol 0.1 mol
NH
4
Cl(aq) + H
2
O(l)
0.1 mol
neutralization
between a
strong acid and
a weak alkali
< 5.7 kJ z
All the mixtures have the same total volume (200 cm
3
).
86
The heat released in the second case is higher than that released in the first case.
Thus y > x.
The heat released in the third case is less than that released in the first case.
Thus x > z.
y > x > z
of water produced.
Mixture
2
SO
4
/
NaOH mixed
volume of solution
formed
Heat
released
Temperature
rise
25 cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3

H
2
SO
4
(aq)
+
25 cm
3
of
2 mol dm
3
NaOH(aq)
2
SO
4
= 1 mol dm
3
x
25
1 000
dm
3
= 0.025 mol
= 2 mol dm
3
x
25
1 000
dm
3
= 0.05 mol
H
2
SO
4
(aq) + 2NaOH(aq)
0.025 mol 0.05 mol
Na
2
SO
4
(aq) + 2H
2
O(l)
0.05 mol
2.85 kJ w
50 cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3

H
2
SO
4
(aq)
+
50 cm
3
of
2 mol dm
3
NaOH(aq)
2
SO
4
= 1 mol dm
3
x
50
1 000
dm
3
= 0.05 mol
= 2 mol dm
3
x
50
1 000
dm
3
= 0.1 mol
H
2
SO
4
(aq) + 2NaOH(aq)
0.05 mol 0.1 mol
Na
2
SO
4
(aq) + 2H
2
O(l)
0.1 mol
5.7 kJ x
25 cm
3
of 0.5 mol dm
3

H
2
SO
4
(aq)
+
25 cm
3
of
1 mol dm
3
NaOH(aq)
2
SO
4
= 0.5 mol dm
3
x
25
1 000
dm
3
= 0.0125 mol
= 1 mol dm
3
x
25
1 000
dm
3
= 0.025 mol
H
2
SO
4
(aq) + 2NaOH(aq)
0.0125 mol 0.025 mol
Na
2
SO
4
(aq) + 2H
2
O(l)
0.025 mol
1.425 kJ y
50 cm
3
of 0.5 mol dm
3

H
2
SO
4
(aq)
+
50 cm
3
of
1 mol dm
3
NaOH(aq)
2
SO
4
= 0.5 mol dm
3
x
50
1 000
dm
3
= 0.025 mol
= 1 mol dm
3
x
50
1 000
dm
3
= 0.05 mol
H
2
SO
4
(aq) + 2NaOH(aq)
0.025 mol 0.05 mol
Na
2
SO
4
(aq) + 2H
2
O(l)
0.05 mol
2.85 kJ z
3
100 cm
3
) is heated up by 5.7 kJ. Hence these two mixtures show the same temperature rise, i.e. w = x.
87
The third mixture (total volume 50 cm
3
) is heated up by 1.425 kJ while the fourth mixture (total
volume 100 cm
3
) is heated up by 2.85 kJ. Hence these two mixtures show the same temperature rise, i.e.
y = z.
w = x > y = z
69 C
Indicator Colour of solution Possible pH range of solution
Methyl orange yellow 4.5 14
Bromothymol blue blue 7.5 14
Phenolphthalein colourless 0 8.5
the pH range of the solution should be 7.5 8.5.
70 A The following diagram shows the titration curve for the titration of 20.0 cm
3
of 0.100 mol dm
3

CH
3
COOH(aq) with 0.100 mol dm
3
NaOH(aq).
20.0 30.0 40.0 10.0 0
4
6
8
10
12
14
2
0
p
H
3
)
equivalence
point
During the titration of a weak acid with a strong alkali, the pH at the equivalence point is greater than 7.
71 C During the titration of a strong acid with a weak alkali, the pH at the equivalence point is less than 7.
72 C Bromocresol green and methyl red change colour within the pH range of the vertical part of the
titration curve.
Hence they are suitable indicators for the titration.
73 D (1) Glass cleanser contains ammonia.
(2) Alkaline solutions are more effective than acidic solutions in creating curls of the hair. The curls are
permanent. Perm solutions are thus alkaline.
(3) Limewater is a saturated solution of calcium hydroxide.
74 A (2) Metals tarnish because they react with the air to form a layer of oxide or sulphide. Acids can be
used to remove this layer. One of the oxide layers most difficultly removed is rust. Rust removers
usually contain an acid such as hydrochloric acid or phosphoric acid.
(3) Nitric acid is NOT a drying agent.
88
75 A (1) Solid citric acid consists of molecules.
(2) Hydrochloric acid is produced in human stomach.
(3) Solid citric acid does NOT react with magnesium because it does not contain hydrogen ions.
76 C (1) Heating solid or solution of ammonium chloride with sodium hydroxide solution liberates ammonia
gas.
NH
4
Cl(s or aq) + NaOH(aq) NH
3
(g) + NaCl(aq) + H
2
O(l)
(2) Phenolphthalein gives a colourless solution with acidic solutions.
(3) Dilute sodium hydroxide solution would react with carbon dioxide gas.
NaOH(aq) + CO
2
(g) NaHCO
3
(aq)
77 A (1) and (2) Vinegar and grapefruit juice react with magnesium to give hydrogen, a gas which burns
with a pop sound.
(3) Solid citric acid does NOT react with magnesium because it does not contain hydrogen ions.
78 A (1) Aluminium nitrate solution gives a white precipitate with dilute aqueous ammonia.
Al
3+
(aq) + 3OH
(aq) Al(OH)
3
(s)
(2) Iron(III) sulphate solution gives a reddish brown precipitate with dilute aqueous ammonia.
Fe
3+
(aq) + 3OH
(aq) Fe(OH)
3
(s)
79 A (1) and (2) The aqueous solution of citric acid shows typical properties of an acid while solid citric acid
does not.
When solid citric acid was added to an aqueous solution of sodium hydrogencarbonate,
some citric acid molecules dissociated to give hydrogen ions.
citric acid(aq) H
+
HCO
3
ions in sodium hydrogencarbonate reacted with the H

+
ions to give carbon dioxide
gas. Effervescence occurred.
HCO
3
(aq) + H
+
(aq) H
2
O(l) + CO
2
(g)
(3) Solid citric acid would NOT react with solid sodium hydrogencarbonate because it did not contain
hydrogen ions.
80 A (3) Phenolphthalein is colourless in dilute hydrochloric acid.
81 C (1) When dilute sulphuric acid reacts with calcium carbonate, insoluble calcium sulphate forms. The
calcium sulphate covers the surface of calcium carbonate and prevents further reaction.
(2) Carbonic acid is formed when carbon dioxide dissolves in water.
CO
2
(g) + H
2
O(l) H
2
CO
3
(aq)
carbonic acid
The aqueous solution can conduct electricity due to the presence of mobile ions.
89
(3) Sodium hydroxide solution can absorb carbon dioxide.
Sodium hydrogencarbonate is formed which undergoes dehydration to give sodium carbonate.
NaOH(aq) + CO
2
(g) NaHCO
3
(aq)
2NaHCO
3
(aq) Na
2
CO
3
(s) + H
2
O(l)
82 A (1) Pure sulphuric acid is a covalent compound. It is a colourless liquid consisting of molecules.
(2) When we describe acids as strong and weak, we are talking about the extent of their dissociation
in water. When we talk about concentration, we are referring to the amount of an acid in a unit
volume of solution.
3
sulphuric acid is a concentrated solution of a strong acid while 0.1 mol
dm
3
sulphuric acid is a dilute solution of a strong acid.
(3) Concentrated sulphuric acid does NOT give an acid mist in air because it is non-volatile.
83 A Aqueous ammonia reacts with hydrochloric acid according to the equation below. The salt ammonium
chloride is formed in the reaction.
NH
3
(aq) + HCl(aq) NH
4
Cl(aq)
(1) Neutralization occurs and heat is released. Thus the temperature of the mixture increases.
(2) Ammonium chloride is soluble in water. Hence no precipitate would form.
(3) Ammonium chloride is an ionic compound. The solution mixture conducts electricity due to the
presence of mobile ions from ammonium chloride.
84 A (2) Sodium hydroxide solution can absorb sulphur dioxide.
NaOH(aq) + SO
2
(g) NaHSO
3
(aq)
(3) Sulphur dioxide is added to wine as a preservative, NOT as a flavour enhancer.
85 B (1) We do not use anhydrous calcium chloride to dry ammonia gas because ammonia reacts with it.
CaCl
2
(s) + 4NH
3
(g) CaCl
2
4NH
3
(s)
(3) Concentrated nitric acid is NOT a drying agent.
86 C (2) Pb(NO
3
)
2
(aq) + CaCl
2
(aq) PbCl
2
(s) + Ca(NO
3
)
2
(aq)
(3) Na
2
CO
3
(aq) + CuSO
4
(aq) CuCO
3
(s) + Na
2
SO
4
(aq)
87 D (1) Magnesium reacts with dilute sulphuric acid while silver has NO reaction.
(2) Barium nitrate solution gives a white precipitate with dilute sulphuric acid while potassium nitrate
solution does NOT.
Ba
2+
(aq) + SO
4
2
(aq) BaSO
4
(s)
(3) Zinc carbonate gives gas bubbles (carbon dioxide gas) with dilute sulphuric acid while zinc chloride
does NOT.
90
88 B (1) There is NO observable change when zinc bromide solution or zinc iodide solution is mixed with
dilute hydrochloric acid.
(2) Lead(II) nitrate solution gives a white precipitate with dilute hydrochloric acid while magnesium
sulphate solution does NOT.
Pb
2+
(aq) + 2Cl
(aq) PbCl
2
(s)
(3) Both ammonium carbonate and sodium hydrogencarbonate react with dilute hydrochloric acid to
give carbon dioxide gas.
89 C (1) Both ammonium nitrate solution and potassium chloride solution are colourless.
(2) Ammonia is liberated when ammonium nitrate solution is heated with dilute sodium hydroxide
solution. The ammonia can be tested with moist red litmus paper.
NH
4
+
(aq) + OH
(aq) NH
3
(g) + H
2
O(l)
There is NO observable change for potassium chloride solution.
(3) Potassium chloride solution gives a white precipitate with silver nitrate solution while ammonium
nitrate solution does NOT.
Ag
+
(aq) + Cl
(aq) AgCl(s)
90 B (1) Both dilute hydrochloric acid and nitric acid can react with copper(II) oxide.
(2) Dilute hydrochloric acid gives a white precipitate with silver nitrate solution while dilute nitric acid
does NOT.
Ag
+
(aq) + Cl
(aq) AgCl(s)
(3) Both dilute hydrochloric acid and nitric acid can react with sodium hydrogencarbonate solution.
91 D
Solutions mixed Precipitate formed Ionic equation for reaction involved
(1) NaOH(aq) and CuSO
4
(aq) a pale blue precipitate Cu
2+
(aq) + 2OH
(aq) Cu(OH)
2
(s)
(2) NH
3
(aq) and Mg(NO
3
)
2
(aq) a white precipitate Mg
2+
(aq) + 2OH
(aq) Mg(OH)
2
(s)
(3) (NH
4
)
2
CO
3
(aq) and NiCl
2
(aq) a green precipitate Ni
2+
(aq) + CO
3
2
(aq) NiCO
3
(s)
92 D (1) Copper(II) oxide and dilute sulphuric acid react to give copper(II) sulphate and water. NO gas is
produced.
CuO(s) + H
2
SO
4
(aq) CuSO
4
(aq) + H
2
O(l)
(2) When water is added to solid citric acid, some citric acid molecules dissociate to give hydrogen
ions.
citric acid(aq) H
+
HCO
3
ions in sodium hydrogencarbonate react with the H

+
ions to give carbon dioxide gas.
HCO
3
(aq) + H
+
(aq) H
2
O(l) + CO
2
(g)
(3) Ammonium carbonate reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to give carbon dioxide gas.
(NH
4
)
2
CO
3
(s) + 2HCl(aq) 2NH
4
Cl(aq) + H
2
O(l) + CO
2
(g)
91
93 D (1) Pb
2+
(aq) + CO
3
2
(aq) PbCO
3
(s)
(2) Pb
2+
(aq) + SO
4
2
(aq) PbSO
4
(s)
(3) Pb
2+
(aq) + 2Cl
(aq) PbCl
2
(s)
94 D Magnesium sulphate is prepared by reacting dilute sulphuric acid with either magnesium, magnesium
carbonate or magnesium oxide.
Mg(s) + H
2
SO
4
(aq) MgSO
4
(aq) + H
2
(g)
MgCO
3
(s) + H
2
SO
4
(aq) MgSO
4
(aq) + H
2
O(l) + CO
2
(g)
MgO(s) + H
2
SO
4
(aq) MgSO
4
(aq) + H
2
O(l)
95 A (2) and (3) If we wash the pipette or burette with distilled water only, water droplets remaining on
the inside of the glassware will dilute the solution that the glassware is going to contain.
96 D (2) and (3) Adding dilute sulphuric acid to limewater and mixing hydrochloric acid with sodium
hydroxide solution are neutralization reactions. Heat is released in these reactions.
97 B
Solutions mixed
Number of moles of acid / alkali
volume of solution
Complete neutralization?
(1) 100 cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3
HNO
3
(aq)
and
100 cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3
KOH(aq)
3
= 1 mol dm
3
x
100
1 000
dm
3
= 0.1 mol
number of moles of KOH
= 1 mol dm
3
x
100
1 000
dm
3
= 0.1 mol
HNO
3
(aq) + KOH(aq)
0.1 mol 0.1 mol
KNO
3
(aq) + H
2
O(l)
solution is obtained.
(2) 100 cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3
H
2
SO
4
(aq)
and
100 cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3
NaOH(aq)
2
SO
4
= 1 mol dm
3
x
100
1 000
dm
3
= 0.1 mol
= 1 mol dm
3
x
100
1 000
dm
3
= 0.1 mol
H
2
SO
4
(aq) + 2NaOH(aq)
0.1 mol 0.1 mol
Na
2
SO
4
(aq) + 2H
2
O(l)
not enough NaOH(aq)
to neutralize H
2
SO
4
(aq)
completely.
(3) 100 cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3
H
2
SO
4
(aq)
and
100 cm
3
of 2 mol dm
3
KOH(aq)
2
SO
4
= 1 mol dm
3
x
100
1 000
dm
3
= 0.1 mol
= 2 mol dm
3
x
100
1 000
dm
3
= 0.2 mol
H
2
SO
4
(aq) + 2KOH(aq)
0.1 mol 0.2 mol
K
2
SO
4
(aq) + 2H
2
O(l)
solution is obtained.
92
of water produced.
Option Solutions mixed Strength of acid and alkali Temperature rise
25 cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3
HCl(aq) and
25 cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3
NaOH(aq)
and a strong alkali
T
(1)
25 cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3
HNO
3
(aq) and
25 cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3
NH
3
(aq)
and a weak alkali
< T
(2)
25 cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3
HNO
3
(aq) and
25 cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3
KOH(aq)
and a strong alkali
T
(3)
50 cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3
CH
3
COOH(aq) and
50 cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3
NaOH(aq)
neutralization between a weak acid
and a strong alkali
< T
mixing 25 cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3
HNO
3
(aq) and 25 cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3
KOH(aq) produces a similar
temperature rise as mixing 25 cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3
HCl(aq) and 25 cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3
NaOH(aq).
99 A
Beaker Number of moles of HCl = molarity of solution x volume of solution
1
1 mol dm
3
x
100
1 000
dm
3
= 0.1 mol
2
2 mol dm
3
x
50
1 000
dm
3
= 0.1 mol
Marble chips react with dilute hydrochloric acid according to the following equation:
CaCO
3
(s) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl
2
(aq) + H
2
O(l) + CO
2
(g)
excess 0.1 mol
(1) Equal numbers of moles of HCl are present in the two beakers.
Hence equal masses of marble chips are used in the beakers.
Thus equal masses of marble chips remain in the beakers.
(2) The same amount of gas (
0.1
2
mole) is produced in both cases.
(3) Equal amounts of calcium chloride are produced in both cases.
However, the volumes of the reaction mixtures are different.
Hence concentrations of calcium chloride solution in the beakers are different.
93
100 A
Beaker
=
mass
molar mass
volume of solution
1
2 g
24.3 g mol
1
= 0.08 mol
Number of moles of HCl
= 1.2 mol dm
3
x
90
1 000
dm
3
= 0.11 mol
Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq)
0.08 mol 0.11 mol
MgCl
2
(aq) + H
2
(g)
2
Number of moles of CH
3
COOH
= 0.9 mol dm
3
x
120
1 000
dm
3
= 0.11 mol
Mg(s) + 2CH
3
COOH(aq)
0.08 mol 0.11 mol
(CH
3
COO)
2
Mg(aq) + H
2
(g)
According to the equations, 1 mole of Mg reacts with 2 moles of HCl / CH
3
COOH to produce 1 mole
of H
2
. During the reaction, 0.11 mole of HCl / CH
3
COOH reacted with 0.055 mole of Mg.
Therefore Mg was in excess. The amount of HCl / CH
3
COOH limited the amount of H
2
produced.
(1) Mg was in excess. The acids in both beakers reacted completely.
(2) The same amount of gas (
0.11
2
mole) was produced in both cases.
(3) HCl(aq) is a strong acid while CH
3
1.2 mol dm
3
HCl(aq) has a higher concentration of hydrogen ions than 0.9 mol dm
3
CH
3
COOH(aq)
does.
Hence the reaction between Mg and HCl(aq) took a shorter time to complete.
101 A
102 D Nitric acid is NOT a drying agent.
103 A
104 B Sodium hydroxide can absorb sulphur dioxide gas because it can react with the gas.
105 B Aqueous solution of citric acid can conduct electricity due to the presence of mobile ions.
citric acid(aq) H
+
Hence citric acid is an electrolyte.
106 D Copper(II) hydroxide does NOT dissolve in excess sodium hydroxide solution.
107 A
108 C Aqueous solution of ethanoic acid can conduct electricity.
Hence ethanoic acid is an electrolyte.
94
109 C Both ethanoic acid and propanoic acid are monobasic acids as only the hydrogen atom in the COOH
group of a molecule of each acid can undergo dissociation.
H
H
H C C O H
O
only this hydrogen
atom can undergo
dissociation
ethanoic acid
H
H
H C
H
H
C C O H
O
only this hydrogen
atom can undergo
dissociation
propanoic acid
110 D Ammonia is a weak alkali.
111 D Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid while ethanoic acid is a weak acid.
Therefore 1 mol dm
3
hydrochloric acid contains a higher concentration of hydrogen ions than 1 mol
dm
3
ethanoic acid does.
Hence the acids give a different colour with the same quantity of universal indicator.
112 D Ethanoic acid is a weak acid. It only partically dissociates in both concentrated and dilute solutions.
113 D Solid citric acid does NOT show typical properties of an acid.
A typical acid does NOT react with copper.
114 D Number of moles of H
2
SO
4
in 10 cm
3
of 5 mol dm
3
acid
= 5 mol dm
3
x
10
1 000
dm
3

= 0.05 mol
2
SO
4
in 50 cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3
acid
= 1 mol dm
3
x
50
1 000
dm
3

= 0.05 mol
The acids contain the same number of moles of H
2
SO
4
.
Both acids react with excess zinc granules to produce the same amount of hydrogen.
5 mol dm
3
H
2
SO
4
(aq) is a concentrated solution of a strong acid while 1 mol dm
3
H
2
SO
4
(aq) is a
dilute solution of a strong acid.
115 D HCl(aq) is a strong acid while CH
3
1 mol dm
3
HCl(aq) contains a higher concentration of hydrogen ions than 1 mol dm
3
CH
3
COOH(aq)
does.
Hence the acids have different pH values.
Adding 10 cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3
CH
3
COOH(aq) to 10 cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3
HCl(aq) would result in a
change in pH.
116 C Both 1 mol dm
3
NaOH(aq) and 1 mol dm
3
NH
3
(aq) give a precipitate with MgCl
2
(aq).
95
117 C Our stomach produces hydrochloric acid along with enzymes to digest food. Calcium carbonate gives
carbon dioxide gas when reacting with dilute hydrochloric acid. The gas makes a person uncomfortable.
Therefore calcium carbonate is seldom used in antacids nowadays.
118 B Hydrochloric acid is produced by human stomach. Magnesium hydroxide in antacids can neutralize the
excess hydrochloric acid and so the pain can be relieved.
Mg(OH)
2
(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl
2
(aq) + 2H
2
O(l)
119 B Sodium hydrogensulphate is formed when one of the hydrogen ions in dilute sulphuric acid is replaced
by a sodium ion. It is an acid salt.
Sodium hydrogensulphate solution is acidic. This is because the hydrogensulphate ion can dissociate to
give the hydrogen ion.
HSO
4
(aq) H
+
(aq) + SO
4
2
(aq)
120 C When 50 cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3
NaCl(aq) are added to 50 cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3
HCl(aq), the concentration
of hydrogen ions decreases because the total volume of the acid has increased.
Hence the pH of the acid would change.
121 C For example, 1 mole of sulphuric acid can neutralize two moles of sodium hydroxide.
H
2
SO
4
(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) Na
2
SO
4
(aq) + 2H
2
O(l)
122 C When 10 cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3
HCl(aq) are added to 10 cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3
NaOH, the number of
Na
+
(aq) ions in the solution mixture remains unchanged.
However, the volume of the solution has changed.
Hence the concentration of Na
+
(aq) ions would decrease.
123 C Universal indicator is NOT used to detect the end point of a titration because the indicator would NOT
give a sharp colour change at the end point.
of water produced.
Acid and alkali mixed
alkali mixed
volume of solution
Heat
released
25 cm
3
of 1 mol dm
3

HCl(aq) + 25 cm
3
of
1 mol dm
3
NaOH(aq)
number of moles of HCl / NaOH
= 1 mol dm
3
x
25
1 000
dm
3
= 0.025 mol
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq)
0.025 mol 0.025 mol
NaCl(aq) + H
2
O(l)
0.025 mol
1.425 kJ
25 cm
3
of 2 mol dm
3

HCl(aq) + 25 cm
3
of
2 mol dm
3
NaOH(aq)
number of moles of HCl / NaOH
= 2 mol dm
3
x
25
1 000
dm
3
= 0.05 mol
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq)
0.05 mol 0.05 mol
NaCl(aq) + H
2
O(l)
0.05 mol
2.85 kJ
The total volumes of the two mixtures are the same. Hence the temperature rise of the first mixture is
half of that of the second mixture, i.e. T
1
=
1
2
T
2
.
96
125 B Ethanedioic acid crystals can be used to prepare standard solutions because they have the following
characteristics:
they are obtainable in a very pure form;
they have a known chemical formula;
they dissolve in water completely at room temperature;
they are stable and do not absorb moisture from the air; and
they have a high molar mass to minimize weighing errors.
Short questions
126
Reaction between Chemical equation
a) Zinc and dilute hydrochloric acid Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) ZnCl
2
(aq) + H
2
(g) (1)
b) Iron and dilute sulphuric acid Fe(s) + H
2
SO
4
(aq) FeSO
4
(aq) + H
2
(g) (1)
c) Zinc carbonate and dilute hydrochloric acid ZnCO
3
(s) + 2HCl(aq) ZnCl
2
(aq) + H
2
O(l) + CO
2
(g) (1)
d) Sodium carbonate solution and dilute
sulphuric acid
Na
2
CO
3
(aq) + H
2
SO
4
(aq) Na
2
SO
4
(aq) + H
2
O(l) + CO
2
(g) (1)
e) Lead(II) carbonate and dilute nitric acid PbCO
3
(s) + 2HNO
3
(aq) Pb(NO
3
)
2
(aq) + H
2
O(l) + CO
2
(g) (1)
f) Sodium hydrogencarbonate solution and
dilute hydrochloric acid
NaHCO
3
(aq) + HCl(aq) NaCl(aq) + H
2
O(l) + CO
2
(g) (1)
g) Sodium hydrogencarbonate solid and dilute
sulphuric acid
2NaHCO
3
(s) + H
2
SO
4
(aq) Na
2
SO
4
(aq) + 2H
2
O(l) + 2CO
2
(g) (1)
h) Magnesium hydroxide solid and dilute nitric
acid
Mg(OH)
2
(s) + 2HNO
3
(aq) Mg(NO
3
)
2
(aq) + 2H
2
O(l) (1)
127
Reaction between Ionic equation
a) Magnesium and sulphuric acid Mg(s) + 2H
+
(aq) Mg
2+
(aq) + H
2
(g) (1)
b) Sodium carbonate solution and dilute
hydrochloric acid
CO
3
2
(aq) + 2H
+
(aq) H
2
O(l) + CO
2
(g) (1)
c) Sodium hydrogencarbonate solution and
dilute nitric acid
HCO
3
(aq) + H
+
(aq) H
2
O(l) + CO
2
(g) (1)
d) Iron(III) hydroxide and dilute nitric acid Fe(OH)
3
(aq) + 3H
+
(aq) Fe
3+
(aq) + 3H
2
O(l) (1)
e) Dilute sodium hydroxide solution and dilute
hydrochloric acid
OH
(aq) + H
+
(aq) H
2
O(l) (1)
97
128
Reaction between Ionic equation(s)
a) Solution containing calcium ions and dilute
Ca
2+
(aq) + 2OH
(aq) Ca(OH)
2
(s) (1)
b) Solution containing aluminium ions and
dilute sodium hydroxide solution
Al
3+
(aq) + 3OH
(aq) Al(OH)
3
(s)
Al(OH)
3
(s) + OH
(aq) [Al(OH)
4
]
(aq)
(1)
(1)
c) Solution containing magnesium ions and
dilute sodium hydroxide solution
Mg
2+
(aq) + 2OH
(aq) Mg(OH)
2
(s) (1)
d) Solution containing iron(II) ions and dilute
Fe
2+
(aq) + 2OH
(aq) Fe(OH)
2
(s) (1)
e) Solution containing iron(III) ions and dilute
aqueous ammonia
Fe
3+
(aq) + 3OH
(aq) Fe(OH)
3
(s) (1)
f) Solution containing copper(II) ions and
dilute aqueous ammonia
Cu
2+
(aq) + 2OH
(aq) Cu(OH)
2
(s)
Cu(OH)
2
(s) + 4NH
3
(aq) [Cu(NH
3
)
4
]
2+
(aq) + 2OH
(aq)
(1)
(1)
g) Solution containing zinc ions and dilute
aqueous ammonia
Zn
2+
(aq) + 2OH
(aq) Zn(OH)
2
(s)
Zn(OH)
2
(s) + 4NH
3
(aq) [Zn(NH
3
)
4
]
2+
(aq) + 2OH
(aq)
(1)
(1)
h) Solution containing ammonium compound
and dilute sodium hydroxide solution (with
heating)
NH
4
+
(aq) + OH
(aq) NH
3
(g) + H
2
O(l) (1)
129
Name of ion in solution Reagent(s) added to the solution Result
Copper(II) ion
dilute sodium hydroxide solution /
dilute aqueous ammonia (1)
a blue precipitate
Chloride ion (1)
dilute nitric acid followed by silver
nitrate solution
a white precipitate
Iron(II) ion / nickel(II) ion (1) dilute sodium carbonate solution a green precipitate
Lead(II) ion / barium ion (1) dilute sulphuric acid a white precipitate
Ammonium ion
warm with sodium hydroxide solution /
calcium hydroxide solution (1)
a gas that turns moist red
litmus paper blue is given off
130
Reaction Name of salt Formula of salt
Calcium hydroxide and dilute hydrofluoric acid calcium fluoride CaF
2
(1)
Magnesium oxide and dilute sulphuric acid magnesium sulphate MgSO
4
(1)
Dilute sodium hydroxide solution and carbonic
acid
sodium hydrogencarbonate /
sodium carbonate
NaHCO
3
/ Na
2
CO
3
(1)
Iron(II) carbonate and dilute hydrochloric acid iron(II) chloride FeCl
2
(1)
Lead(II) oxide and dilute nitric acid lead(II) nitrate Pb(NO
3
)
2
(1)
98
131 a) Gas bubbles are given off. / Magnesium dissolves. (1)
Mg(s) + 2H
+
(aq) Mg
2+
(aq) + H
2
(g) (1)
b) Copper(II) oxide dissolves in the acid. / A blue solution forms. (1)
CuO(s) + 2H
+
(aq) Cu
2+
(aq) + H
2
O(l) (1)
c) Effervescence occurs. / Nickel(II) carbonate dissolves in the acid. / A green solution forms. (1)
NiCO
3
(s) + 2H
+
(aq) Ni
2+
(aq) + H
2
O(l) + CO
2
(g) (1)
d) A white precipitate forms; the precipitate dissolves in excess dilute sodium hydroxide solution to give a
colourless solution. (1)
Pb
2+
(aq) + 2OH
(aq) Pb(OH)
2
(s) (1)
Pb(OH)
2
(s) + 2OH
(aq) [Pb(OH)
4
)]
2
(aq) (1)
e) A white precipitate forms. (1)
Ca
2+
(aq) + CO
3
2
(aq) CaCO
3
(s) (1)
f) A white precipitate forms. (1)
Pb
2+
(aq) + 2Cl
(aq) PbCl
2
(s) (1)
g) A green precipitate forms. (1)
Fe
2+
(aq) + 2OH
(aq) Fe(OH)
2
(s) (1)
h) The solution mixture warms up. (1)
H
+
(aq) + OH
(aq) H
2
O(l) (1)
132 a) pH of solution = log
10
[H
+
] = 3.40
i.e. log
10
[H
+
] = 3.40 (1)
[H
+
] = 10
3.40
= 3.98 x 10
4
mol dm
3
(1)
b) One mole of ZnCl
2
contains 2 moles of Cl
ions.
i.e. concentration of Cl
ions = 2 x concentration of ZnCl

2
solution
Concentration of Cl
ions in solution =
1.80 x 10
2
mol
(
40.0
1 000
)
dm
3
= 0.450 mol dm
3
(1)
concentration of ZnCl
2
solution =
0.450
2
mol dm
3
= 0.225 mol dm
3
(1)
99
c) One mole of K
2
CO
3
contains 2 moles of K
+
ions.
i.e. number of moles of K
+
ions from K
2
CO
3
(aq) = 2 x molarity of solution x volume of solution
= 2 x 2.00 mol dm
3
x
100.0
1 000
dm
3
= 0.400 mol (1)
One mole of KCl contains 1 mole of K
+
ions.
i.e. number of moles of K
+
ions from KCl(aq) = molarity of solution x volume of solution
= 0.500 mol dm
3
x
150.0
1 000
dm
3
= 0.0750 mol (1)
Total number of moles of K
+
ions in X = (0.400 + 0.0750) mol
= 0.475 mol
Concentration of K
+
ions in X =
number of moles of K
+
ions
volume of solution
=
0.475 mol
(
100.0 + 150.0
1 000
)
dm
3
= 1.90 mol dm
3
(1)
d) i) (MV) before dilution = (MV) after dilution, where M = molarity, V = volume
8.00 x
400.0
1 000
= M x 25.0 (1)
M = 0.128 (1)
molarity of the diluted acid is 0.128 mol dm
3
.
ii) Molar mass of H
2
SO
4
= (2 x 1.0 + 32.1 + 4 x 16.0) g mol
1
= 98.1 g mol
1
Concentration of diluted acid = 0.128 mol dm
3
x 98.1 g mol
1
= 12.6 g dm
3
(1)
Structured questions
133 a) When solid citric acid dissolves in water, the molecules dissociate to give hydrogen ions. (1)
Hydrogencarbonate ions react with hydrogen ions to give carbon dioxide gas. Effervescence occurs. (1)
b) Concentrated sulphuric acid is hygroscopic. (1)
c) Concentrated sulphuric acid reacts with ammonia gas. (1)
100
d) Sulphuric acid is a strong acid. It almost completely dissociates in water to give hydrogen ions. (1)
Carbonic acid is a weak acid. It only partially dissociates in water, forming very few hydrogen ions. (1)
Hence 0.1 mol dm
3
sulphuric acid has a higher concentration of mobile ions than 0.1 mol dm
3
carbonic
acid. (1)
Thus the electrical conductivity of 0.1 mol dm
3
sulphuric acid is higher than that of 0.1 mol dm
3
carbonic
acid.
e) The conical flask should not be washed with the solution it is going to contain because the additional
amount of solute remaining in the flask will affect the titration results. (1)
134 a) Add dilute hydrochloric acid to both solids. (1)
Effervescence occurs for zinc carbonate. A gas that turns limewater milky is given off. (1)
The zinc oxide just dissolves in the acid. (1)
b) Add dilute sodium hydroxide solution / dilute aqueous ammonia to the solutions. (1)
Magnesium sulphate solution gives a white precipitate (1)
while there is no observable change for sodium sulphate solution. (1)
c) Add dilute sulphuric acid to the solutions. (1)
Barium nitrate solution gives a white precipitate (1)
while there is no observable change for potassium nitrate solution. (1)
d) Add dilute hydrochloric acid to the solutions. (1)
Lead(II) ethanoate solution gives a white precipitate (1)
while there is no observable change for zinc sulphate solution. (1)
135 a) A weak acid is an acid that only partially dissociates in water. (1)
b) pH = log
10
[H
+
] = 1.41
i.e. log
10
[H
+
] = 1.41 (1)
[H
+
] = 10
1.41
= 3.89 x 10
2
mol dm
3
(1)
c) H
2
SO
4
(aq) 2H
+
(aq) + SO
4
2
(aq)
0.100 mol dm
3
? mol dm
3
2
SO
4
3
= 0.200 mol dm
3
(1)
pH of acid = log
10
(0.200) = 0.700 (1)
101
d) Any one of the following:
Measure the pH using universal indicator / pH meter (1)
The pH of the sulphuric acid is lower than that of the sulphurous acid. (1)
This shows that the sulphuric acid has a higher concentration of hydrogen ions than the sulphurous
acid does. (1)
Test with magnesium / zinc / sodium carbonate (1)
The sulphuric acid reacts more quickly than the sulphurous acid. (1)
This shows that the sulphuric acid has a higher concentration of hydrogen ions than the sulphurous
acid does. (1)
Measure the electrical conductivity (1)
The electrical conductivity of the sulphuric acid is higher than that of the sulphurous acid. (1)
This shows that the sulphuric acid has a higher concentration of mobile ions than the sulphurous acid
does. (1)
136 a) i) Sodium hydroxide is corrosive. (1)
ii) Use weak bases such as magnesium hydroxide and aluminium hydroxide. (1)
b) i) There is no reaction between copper and dilute hydrochloric acid. (1)
ii) Use the reaction between copper(II) oxide / copper(II) hydroxide / copper(II) carbonate and dilute
hydrochloric acid (1)
c) i) A lot of heat is released when vinegar reacts with potassium hydroxide solution. This will cause skin
burn. (1)
ii) Wash the hand with plenty of water. (1)
d) i) Concentrated sulphuric acid will react with ammonia. (1)
ii) Use calcium oxide. (1)
137 a) i) HCl(aq) H
+
(aq) + Cl
(aq) (1)
ii) CH
3
COOH(aq) H
+
(aq) + CH
3
COO
(aq) (1)
b) Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl
2
(aq) + H
2
(g)
Number of moles of Mg present =
mass of Mg
molar mass of Mg
=
1.5 g
24.3 g mol
1
= 0.062 mol (1)
Number of moles of HCl used = molarity of solution x volume of solution
= 1.0 mol dm
3
x
100
1 000
dm
3
= 0.10 mol (1)
102
According to the equation, 1 mole of Mg reacts with 2 moles of HCl. During Reaction 1, 0.10 mole of
HCl reacted with 0.050 mole of magnesium. Therefore magnesium was in excess. (1)
c) i) No more gas bubbles were given off. (1)
ii) The time required for the completion of Reaction 2 would be longer. (1)
During the reaction between magnesium and the acids, magnesium would react with hydrogen ions
in the acids.
Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid that completely dissociates in water. (1)
On the other hand, ethanoic acid is a weak acid that only partially dissociates in water. (1)
Therefore hydrochloric acid has a higher concentration of hydrogen ions than ethanoic acid does. (1)
The reaction rate between magnesium and ethanoic acid is thus lower and the reaction takes a longer
time to complete.
Measuring their pH (1)
The pH of 1.0 mol dm
3
HCl(aq) is lower than that of 1.0 mol dm
3
CH
3
COOH(aq). (1)
Measuring their electrical conductivity (1)
The electrical conductivity of 1.0 mol dm
3
HCl(aq) is higher than that of 1.0 mol dm
3

CH
3
COOH(aq). (1)
e) Sulphuric acid is a dibasic acid while hydrochloric acid is a monobasic acid. (1)
Therefore 1.0 mol dm
3
sulphuric acid has a higher concentration of hydrogen ions. (1)
The initial rate of Reaction 3 is thus higher than that of Reaction 1.
138 a) Pb
2+
(aq) + SO
4
2
(aq) PbSO
4
(s) (1)
b)
solution B
filter funnel
precipitate A
filter paper
mixture
glass rod
(1 mark for correct set-up; 1 mark for labelling filter funnel and filter paper; 1 mark for labelling precipitate
A and solution B; 0 mark if the set-up is not workable) (3)
103
c) Cu
2+
(aq) + 2OH
(aq) Cu(OH)
2
(s) (1)
d) The presence of NH
4
+
(aq) ions can be shown by warming solution D. An alkaline gas will evolve. (1)
The presence of K
+
(aq) ions cannot be shown. As in flame test, the lilac flame of potassium will be masked
by the golden yellow colour of sodium. (1)
e) Blue (1)
Cu
2+
(aq) ions are blue in colour while the other ions in solution X are colourless. (1)
139 a) A: lead (0.5)
B: lead(II) oxide (0.5)
C: lead(II) nitrate solution (0.5)
D: lead(II) carbonate (0.5)
E: lead(II) hydroxide (0.5)
F: plumbate ion (0.5)
b) i) 2Pb(s) + O
2
(g) PbO(s) (1)
ii) PbO(s) + 2HNO
3
(aq) Pb(NO
3
)
2
(aq) + H
2
O(l) (1)
iii) Pb
2+
(aq) + CO
3
2
(aq) PbCO
3
(aq) (1)
iv) Pb
2+
(aq) + 2OH
(aq) Pb(OH)
2
(s) (1)
v) Pb(OH)
2
(s) + 2OH
(aq) [Pb(OH)
4
]
2
(aq) (1)
c) Carbon reduction (1)
140 A was Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
(aq) as it reacted with C and E to give a white precipitate (Al(OH)
3
): (1)
Al
3+
(aq) + 3OH
(aq) Al(OH)
3
(s) (1)
C and E are alkalis because Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
(aq) reacted with the alkalis to give a white precipitate. As the precipitate
dissolved when E was in excess, E was NaOH(aq). The white precipitate dissolved due to the formation of
complex ions: (1)
Al(OH)
3
(aq) + OH
(aq) [Al(OH)
4
]
(aq) (1)
Thus C was NH
3
(aq). (1)
B was HCl(aq) as it underwent neutralization with E and heat was liberated. (1)
2
O(l) (1)
D was AgNO
3
(aq) as it reacted with Cl
(aq) ions (in B) to give a white precipitate (AgCl): (1)

Ag
+
(aq) + Cl
(aq) AgCl(s) (1)

104
141 a) Wash a 25.0 cm
3
pipette first with distilled water and then with the sulphuric acid. (1)
Using a pipette filler, suck up the acid until the meniscus is 2 3 cm above the graduation mark. (1)
Use the forefinger to control the flow. Release the solution until the meniscus reaches the graduation
mark. (1)
Transfer the solution into a conical flask. Allow the tip of the pipette to touch the side of the conical
flask. (1)
b) To obtain consistent results. / To obtain three titres within 0.1 cm
3
. (1)
c) Average volume of sodium hydroxide solution required for neutralization
=
22.2 + 22.3 + 22.2
3
cm
3
= 22.2 cm
3
(1)
d) 2NaOH(aq) + H
2
SO
4
(aq) Na
2
SO
4
(aq) + 2H
2
O(l)
0.180 mol dm
3
? mol dm
3
22.2 cm
3
25.0 cm
3
3
= 0.180 mol dm
3
x
22.2
1 000
dm
3
= 0.00400 mol (1)
2
SO
4
2
SO
4
in 25.0 cm
3
solution =
0.00400
2
mol
= 0.00200 mol (1)
2
SO
4
volume of solution
=
0.00200 mol
(
25.0
1 000
)
dm
3
= 0.0800 mol dm
3
(1)
3
.
e) The next titre would be lower. (1)
Some alkali remained in the conical flask. (1)
142 a) Use a burette to contain the hydrochloric acid. (1)
Wash the burette with distilled water and then with the hydrochloric acid. (1)
Add the indicator to the conical flask, and then the acid from the burette until the indicator changes
from yellow to red. (1)
105
b) i) Average volume of hydrochloric acid used =
18.8 + 18.8 + 18.7
3
cm
3
= 18.8 cm
3
(1)
ii) NH
3
(aq) + HCl(aq) NH
4
Cl(aq)
9.97 g 0.150 mol dm
3
250.0 cm
3
18.8 cm
3

(used) 25.0 cm
3
3
= 0.150 mol dm
3
x
18.8
1 000
dm
3
= 0.00282 mol
According to the equation, 1 mole of NH
3
requires 1 mole of HCl for complete neutralization.
i.e. number of moles of NH
3
in 25.0 cm
3
of the diluted solution = 0.00282 mol (1)
Number of moles of NH
3
in 250.0 cm
3
of the diluted solution
= number of moles of NH
3
in the original household ammonia solution
= 0.00282 mol x
250.0 cm
3
25.0 cm
3
= 0.0282 mol
Mass of NH
3
= number of moles of NH
3
x molar mass of NH
3
= 0.0282 mol x 17.0 g mol
1
= 0.479 g (1)
Percentage by mass of NH
3
=
0.479 g
9.97 g
x 100%
= 4.80% (1)
the percentage by mass of ammonia in the houseold ammonia solution is 4.80%.
c)
Distilled water
Original
household
ammonia solution
Diluted household
ammonia solution
Standard
hydrochloric acid
i) 250.0 cm
3
volumetric flask (0.5)
ii) 25.0 cm
3
pipette for
delivering the diluted
household ammonia solution
(0.5)
iii) Conical flask (0.5)
iv) Burette (0.5)
106
143 a) Molar mass of KOH = (39.1 + 16.0 + 1.0) g mol
1
= 56.1 g mol
1
3
solution =
mass
molar mass
=
7.00 g
56.1 g mol
1
= 0.125 mol (1)
Concentration of potassium hydroxide solution =
volume of solution
=
0.125 mol
(
100.0
1 000
)
dm
3
= 1.25 mol dm
3
(1)
b) i) 25.0 cm
3
of 6.00 mol dm
3
sulphuric acid are needed for the dilution.
Wash a 25.0 cm
3
pipette first with distilled water and then with the acid. (1)
Deliver exactly 25.0 cm
3
of the original acid into a 250.0 cm
3
volumetric flask using the pipette and
pipette filler. (1)
Add distilled water to the flask until the meniscus reaches the graduation mark.
Stopper the flask. Turn it upside down several times to mix the solution well. (1)
ii) 2KOH(aq) + H
2
SO
4
(aq) K
2
SO
4
(aq) + 2H
2
O(l)
1.00 mol dm
3
0.600 mol dm
3
25.0 cm
3
? cm
3
3
= 1.00 mol dm
3
x
25.0
1 000
dm
3
= 0.0250 mol (1)
According to the equation, 2 moles of KOH require 1 mole of H
2
SO
4
2
SO
4
=
0.0250
2
mol
= 0.0125 mol (1)
Volume of sulphuric acid required for neutralization =
2
SO
4
=
0.0125 mol
0.600 mol dm
3
= 0.0208 dm
3
= 20.8 cm
3
(1)
the lowest acceptable titre is 20.8 cm
3
.
c) To check that the peaches are free from potassium hydroxide (1)
because potassium hydroxide is corrosive. (1)
107
144 a) Sodium hydroxide solutions absorb moisture from air. So their masses change. (1)
b) Any two of the following:
It is obtainable in a very pure form. (1)
It has a known chemical formula. (1)
It dissolves in water completely at room temperature. (1)
It is stable and does not absorb moisture from the air. (1)
It has a high molar mass. (1)
c) Wash the burette first with distilled water and then with the sodium hydroxide solution. (1)
Clamp the burette vertically in a stand. Close the stopcock. Fill the burette with dilute sodium hydroxide
solution. (1)
Open the stopcock for a few seconds so as to fill the tip of the burette with solution. (1)
d) Phenolphthalein (1)
From colourless to red / pink (1)
e) (COOH)
2
(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) (COONa)
2
(aq) + 2H
2
O(l)
4.95 g ? mol dm
3
250.0 cm
3
29.2 cm
3

(used) 25.0 cm
3
Molar mass of (COOH)
2
2H
2
O = [2 x (12.0 + 2 x 16.0 + 1.0) + 2 x (2 x 1.0 + 16.0)] g mol
1
= 126.0 g mol
1
2
2H
2
O in 250.0 cm
3
solution =
mass
molar mass
=
4.95 g
126.0 g mol
1
= 0.0393 mol (1)
2
2H
2
O in 25.0 cm
3
solution = 0.0393 mol x
25.0 cm
3
250.0 cm
3
= 0.00393 mol
According to the equation, 1 mole of (COOH)
2
i.e. number of moles of NaOH = 2 x 0.00393 mol = 0.00786 mol (1)
Molarity of NaOH solution =
volume of solution
=
0.00786 mol
(
29.2
1 000 )
dm
3
= 0.269 mol dm
3
(1)
the molarity of the sodium hydroxide solution is 0.269 mol dm
3
.
108
145 a) Transfer the solution into a 250.0 cm
3
volumetric flask. (1)
Wash the beaker, the glass rod and the filter funnel with a little distilled water several times. Pour all the
washings into the flask. (1)
b) Phenolpthalein (1)
From colourless to red / pink (1)
c) i) Number of moles of NaOH in 26.4 cm
3
= 0.500 mol dm
3
x
26.4
1 000
dm
3
= 0.0132 mol (1)
ii) Let n be the basicity of tartaric acid, so we can represent the acid by H
n
X.
H
n
X(s) + nNaOH(aq) Na
n
X(aq) + nH
2
O(l)
n
X =
mass
molar mass
=
9.90 g
150.0 g mol
1
= 0.0660 mol (1)
n
X in 25.0 cm
3
solution = 0.0660 mol x
25.0 cm
3
250.0 cm
3
= 0.00660 mol

=
1
n
=
0.00660 mol
0.0132 mol
n = 2 (1)
the basicity of tartaric acid is 2.
d) i) A solution of accurately known concentration. (1)
ii) Not appropriate as sodium hydroxide absorbs moisture in air readily. (1)
e) Use a pH meter / pH sensor. (1)
109
146 a) The final volume of the solution would be more than 250.0 cm
3
as the solute has volume. / The exact
volume of the solution would not be known. (1)
b)
dilute hydrochloric acid
burette
solution of metal hydroxide
+ methyl orange
conical flask
(1 mark for correct set-up; 0.5 mark for each correct label; 0 mark if the set-up is not workable) (3)
c) From yellow to red (1)
d) i) Average volume of hydrochloric acid used =
20.2 + 20.3 + 20.2
3
cm
3
= 20.2 cm
3
(1)
ii) MOH(aq) + HCl(aq) MCl(aq) + H
2
O(l)
1.26 g
250.0 cm
3

(used) 25.0 cm
3
Let m g mol
1
be the molar mass of MOH.
Number of moles of MOH in 250.0 cm
3
solution =
mass
molar mass
=
1.26 g
m g mol
1
3
solution =
1.26
m
mol x
25.0 cm
3
250.0 cm
3
=
1.26
m
x
1
10
mol
3
= 0.155 mol dm
3
x
20.2
1 000
dm
3
= 0.00313 mol (1)
According to the equation, 1 mole of MOH requires 1 mole of HCl for complete neutralization.
i.e. number of moles of MOH in 25.0 cm
3
solution = 0.00313 mol (1)
110
3
solution =
1.26
m
x
1
10
mol = 0.00313 mol
m = 40.3 (1)
the molar mass of the metal hydroxide is 40.3 g mol
1
.
147 a) Pipette (1)
b) Wash the pipette with distilled water and then with sodium hydroxide solution. (1)
c) Wash the burette first with distilled water and then with the sulphuric acid. (1)
Clamp the burette vertically in a stand. Close the stopcock. Fill the burette with the acid through a filter
funnel. (1)
Open the stopcock for a few seconds so as to fill the tip of the burette with acid. (1)
Methyl orange (1)
from yellow to red (1)
Phenolphthalein (1)
from red / pink to colourless (1)
e) Extra water in the conical flask will not change the number of moles of solute it holds. (1)
f) H
2
SO
4
(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) Na
2
SO
4
(aq) + 2H
2
O(l)
? mol dm
3
0.600 mol dm
3
15.0 cm
3
25.0 cm
3
3
= 0.600 mol dm
3
x
25.0
1 000
dm
3
= 0.0150 mol (1)
2
SO
4
for complete neutralization. 1 mole
of Na
2
SO
4
is produced.
2
SO
4
=
0.0150
2
mol
= 0.00750 mol (1)
2
SO
4
volume of solution
=
0.00750 mol
(
15.0
1 000
)
dm
3
= 0.500 mol dm
3
(1)
3
.
111
g) Number of moles of Na
2
SO
4
produced = 0.00750 mol
Concentration of sodium sulphate in the resulting solution
=
2
SO
4
volume of solution
=
0.00750 mol
(
25.0 + 15.0
1 000
)
dm
3
= 0.188 mol dm
3
(1)
the concentration of sodium sulphate in the resulting solution is 0.188 mol dm
3
.
h) Mix 25.0 cm
3
of dilute sodium hydroxide solution and 15.0 cm
3
of dilute sulphuric acid. (1)
Heat the sodium sulphate solution gently to obtain a concentrated solution.
Set the concentrated solution aside to cool and crystallize. (1)
Filter the crystals from the remaining solution. (1)
Wash the crystals with a little cold distilled water. Dry the crystals using filter paper. (1)
148 a)
x.xx
pH meter
electrode of pH
meter
magnetic stirrer
sodium hydroxide
solution
25.0 cm
3
of aqueous solution
of monobasic acid HA
magnetic stirring bar
(1 mark for showing the burette and beaker; 1 mark for showing the pH meter and stirrer; 2 marks for
6 correct labels) (4)
b) An acid that can produce one hydrogen ion per molecule. (1)
c) i) 3.2 (1)
ii) pH of HA = log
10
[H
+
] = 3.2
i.e. log
10
[H
+
] = 3.2 (1)
[H
+
] = 10
3.2
= 6.3 x 10
4
mol dm
3
(1)
112
d) HA(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaA(aq) + H
2
O(l)
? mol dm
3
0.100 mol dm
3
25.0 cm
3
28.0 cm
3
3
= 0.100 mol dm
3
x
28.0
1 000
dm
3
= 0.00280 mol (1)
According to the equation, 1 mole of HA requires 1 mole of NaOH for complete neutralization.
i.e. number of moles of HA in 25.0 cm
3
Molarity of acid HA =
number of moles of HA
volume of solution
=
0.00280 mol
(
25.0
1 000
)
dm
3
= 0.112 mol dm
3
(1)
the concentration of the acid HA is 0.112 mol dm
3
.
e) Thymol blue is a suitable indicator (1)
because the indicator changes colour within the pH range of the vertical part of the titration curve. (1)
149 a) Add the sodium hydroxide solution quickly to 27 cm
3
. Swirl the conical flask when adding the alkali. (1)
Adjust the stopcock of the burette to add one drop of alkali at a time. Swirl the flask after each
addition. (1)
Continue adding the alkali until the colour of the indicator just changes from colourless to red / pink.
(1)
As the titration approaches its end point, wash down any solution sticking to the inside of the conical
flask with small amount of distilled water. (1)
b) (CH
2
COOH)
2
(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) (CH
2
COONa)
2
(aq) + 2H
2
O(l)
? mol dm
3
0.0980 mol dm
3
25.0 cm
3
27.6 cm
3
3
= 0.0980 mol dm
3
x
27.6
1 000
dm
3
= 0.00270 mol (1)
According to the equation, 1 mole of (CH
2
COOH)
2
requires 2 moles of NaOH for complete
neutralization.
i.e. number of moles of (CH
2
COOH)
2
=
0.00270
2
mol
= 0.00135 mol (1)
113
Concentration of butanedioic acid =
number of moles of (CH
2
COOH)
2
volume of solution
=
0.00135 mol
(
25.0
1 000
)
dm
3
= 0.0540 mol dm
3
(1)
the concentration of the butanedioic acid is 0.0540 mol dm
3
.
c) Error is less with a large titre. (1)
d) i) A solution of accurately known concentration. (1)
ii) Not appropriate as sodium hydroxide absorbs moisture in air readily. (1)
150 a) A strong acid is an acid that almost completely dissociates in water. (1)
Concentration refers to the number of moles (or amount) of acid in a unit volume of solution / 1 dm
3

of solution. (1)
Concentrated and dilute refer to the relative values of mol dm
3
. (1)
b) i) BaCO
3
(s) + 2HCl(aq) BaCl
2
(aq) + CO
2
(g) + H
2
O(l) (1)
ii) To make sure that all the hydrochloric acid has been reacted. (1)
iii)
glass rod
solution
filter funnel
barium carbonate
filter paper
mixture of barium
carbonate and solution
(1 mark for correct set-up; 1 mark for labelling filter funnel and filter paper; 1 mark for labelling
barium carbonate and solution; 0 mark if the set-up is not workable) (3)
iv) The solubility of barium chloride decreases when the temperature of the solution drops. (1)
As the saturated solution cools, the solvent cannot hold all the solutes. The extra solutes separate out
as crystals. (1)
v) (1) Anhydrous barium chloride will form. / The water of crystallization will be removed. (1)
(2) Absorb the water by filter paper. / Place the crystals in a desiccator. (1)
114
vi) BaCO
3
(s) + 2HCl(aq) BaCl
2
(aq) + CO
2
(g) + H
2
O(l)
1.00 mol dm
3
50.0 cm
3
3
= 1.00 mol dm
3
x
50.0
1 000
dm
3
= 0.0500 mol (1)
According to the equation, 2 moles of HCl react with 1 mole of BaCO
3
to give 1 mole of BaCl
2
.
i.e. number of moles of BaCl
2
=
0.0500
2
mol
= 0.0250 mol (1)
Mass of BaCl
2
2H
2
O = number of moles x molar mass
= 0.0250 mol x 244.3 g mol
1
= 6.11 g (1)
6.11 g of barium chloride crystals can be obtained.
vii) Any one of the following:
Some crystals may be lost when the crystals are washed with distilled water. (1)
Little splashes may cause some of the solution and hence the crystals to lose. (1)
Some BaCl
2
may remain in the solution and do not crystallize out. (1)
151 a)
or
(1)
b) Mass of HNO
3
in 80 m
3
acid = 86 400 000 g x 70.0%
= 60 480 000 g
3
=
mass
molar mass
=
60 480 000 g
63.0 g mol
1
= 960 000 mol (1)
Molarity of nitric acid =
3
volume of solution
=
960 000 mol
80 000 dm
3
= 12.0 mol dm
3
(1)
115
c) The 10.0 cm
3
pipette should be used to deliver the concentrated nitric acid.
Suppose V cm
3
of 0.240 mol dm
3
nitric acid can be obtained.
12.0 x
10.0
1 000
= 0.240 x
V
1 000
V = 500.0
Volume of dilute nitric acid obtained = 500.0 cm
3
Hence use the 500.0 cm
3
volumetric flask for the dilution. (1)
Wash the 10.0 cm
3
pipette first with distilled water and then with the original acid. (1)
Deliver exactly 10.0 cm
3
of the original acid into the 500.0 cm
3
volumetric flask using the pipette and
pipette filler. (1)
d) i) pH of acid = log
10
(0.100) (1)
= 1 (1)
ii)
6
4
2
8
10
12
14
0
Volume 0.100 mol dm
-3

aqueous ammonia added (cm
3
)
p
H
10 20 30 40
(0.5 mark for curve starting from pH 1; 0.5 mark for vertical part of curve between pH 2 6; 0.5
mark for showing equivalence point at 25 cm
3
; 0.5 mark for curve finishing between pH 9 10,
extending to 40 cm
3
) (2)
iii) Chloro-phenol red (1)
because the indicator changes colour within the pH range of the vertical part of the titration curve.
(1)
116
152 a) Consider 1 000 cm
3
(i.e. 1.00 dm
3
) of the sample.
Mass of 1 000 cm
3
of the sample = 1.27 g cm
3
x 1 000 cm
3
= 1 270 g
Mass of H
3
PO
4
in 1 000 cm
3
of sample
= mass of 1 000 cm
3
of sample x percentage by mass of H
3
PO
4
in sample
= 1 270 x 85.0%
= 1 080 g (1)
Molar mass of H
3
PO
4
= (3 x 1.0 + 31.0 + 4 x 16.0) g mol
1
= 98.0 g mol
1
3
PO
4
in 1.00 dm
3
of sample =
mass
molar mass
=
1 080 g
98.0 g mol
1
= 11.0 mol (1)
Molarity of phosphoric acid =
3
PO
4
volume of solution
=
11.0 mol
1.00 dm
3
= 11.0 mol dm
3
(1)
b) Wash the hand with plenty of water. (1)
c) Use a burette to contain the sodium hydroxide solution. (1)
Wash the burette with distilled water and then with the sodium hydroxide solution. (1)
Add the indicator to the flask, and then the alkali from the burette until the indicator changes from
colourless to red / pink. (1)
d) i) Average volume of sodium hydroxide solution used =
20.0 + 20.1 + 20.0
3
cm
3
= 20.0 cm
3
(1)
ii) Number of moles of NaOH required = molarity of solution x volume of solution
= 1.10 mol dm
3
x
20.0
1 000
dm
3
= 0.0220 mol (1)
iii) Number of moles of NaOH required = 0.0220 mol x
250.0 cm
3
25.0 cm
3
= 0.220 mol (1)
e) Number of moles of H
3
PO
4
in 10.0 cm
3
= 11.0 mol dm
3
x
10.0
1 000
dm
3
= 0.110 mol (1)

3
PO
4
=
0.220 mol
0.110 mol
= 2 (1)
equation 2 best describes the reaction occurring in the titration. (1)
117
153 a) Step 1 Should not prepare the standard sodium hydroxide solution using the method described. (1)
This is because sodium hydroxide is deliquescent and would absorb moisture from the air. (1)
Step 2 Should not use a measuring cylinder to transfer the lemon juice. (1)
This is because a measuring cylinder cannot give accurate measurements of liquid volumes. (1)
Step 3 Should not rinse the burette with distilled water only. (1)
This is because water that remains in the burette would dilute the sodium hydroxide
solution. (1)
Step 5 Should not perform the calculation using only one titration result. (1)
This is because errors may occur in the titration. (1)
b) Step 1 Standardize the sodium hydroxide solution before use. (1)
Step 2 Use a pipette to transfer the lemon juice. (1)
Step 3 Rinse the burette with distilled water and sodium hydroxide solution before use. (1)
Step 5 Repeat the titration at least 3 times to obtain consistent results. Use the mean titre for the
calculation. (1)
154 a) As sulphuric acid was added, it removed both the barium ions (by precipitation) and hydroxide ions (by
neutralization). (1)
Ba(OH)
2
(aq) + H
2
SO
4
(aq) BaSO
4
(s) + 2H
2
O(l) (1)
At the equivalence point, all the barium ions and hydroxide ions had been removed. Hence the electrical
conductivity of the reaction mixture fell to almost zero. (1)
b) 15.0 cm
3
(1)
c) Ba(OH)
2
(aq) + H
2
SO
4
(aq) BaSO
4
(aq) + 2H
2
O(l)
? mol dm
3
1.00 mol dm
3
100.0 cm
3
15.0 cm
3
2
SO
4
in 15.0 cm
3
= 1.00 mol dm
3
x
15.0
1 000
dm
3
= 0.0150 mol (1)
According to the equation, 1 mole of Ba(OH)
2
2
SO
4
i.e. number of moles of Ba(OH)
2
in 100.0 cm
3
Molarity of barium hydroxide solution =
number of moles of Ba(OH)
2
volume of solution
=
0.0150 mol
(
100.0
1 000
)
dm
3
= 0.150 mol dm
3
(1)
the concentration of the barium hydroxide solution is 0.150 mol dm
3
.
118
d) Only barium sulphate and water are produced in the reaction. Barium sulphate can be obtained by
filtration. (1)
155 a) Aluminium hydroxide in the tablet neutralizes the excess hydrochloric acid in the stomach. (1)
Al(OH)
3
(s) + 3HCl(aq) AlCl
3
(aq) + 3H
2
O(l) (1)
b) Chewing breaks down the tablets into smaller pieces. This increases the surface area of the tablets and
thus increases the reaction rate (brings faster relief of pain). (1)
c) i) Methyl orange: from red to yellow / Phenolphthalein: from colourless to red or pink (2)
ii) NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) NaCl(aq) + H
2
O(l)
0.190 mol dm
3
18.1 cm
3
3
= 0.190 mol dm
3
x
18.1
1 000
dm
3
= 0.00344 mol (1)
i.e. number of moles of excess HCl in 25.0 cm
3
diluted solution = 0.00344 mol (1)
iii) Number of moles of HCl added in Step 1 = molarity of solution x volume of solution
= 1.00 mol dm
3
x
50.0
1 000
dm
3
= 0.0500 mol (1)
iv) Number of moles of HCl left over after reaction with drug tablet in Step 1
= 0.00344 mol x
250.0 cm
3
25.0 cm
3
= 0.0344 mol
Number of moles of HCl reacted with Al(OH)
3
in drug tablet = (0.0500 0.0344) mol
= 0.0156 mol (1)
Al(OH)
3
(s) + 3HCl(aq) AlCl
3
(aq) + 3H
2
O(l)
According to the equation, 1 mole of Al(OH)
3
requires 3 moles of HCl for complete neutralization.
i.e. number of moles of Al(OH)
3
in drug tablet =
0.0156
3
mol
= 0.00520 mol
Molar mass of Al(OH)
3
= (27.0 + 3 x 1.0 + 3 x 16.0) g mol
1
= 78.0 g mol
1
Mass of Al(OH)
3
in drug tablet = number of moles x molar mass
= 0.00520 mol x 78.0 g mol
1
= 0.406 g (1)
the drug tablet contains 0.406 g of aluminium hydroxide.
119
v)
Liquid used for washing immediately before use
(1) 250.0 cm
3
volumetric flask used in Step 2 distilled water (0.5)
(2) 25.0 cm
3
pipette used for delivering the
diluted solution in Step 3
diluted solution (0.5)
(3) Conical flask for containing the diluted
solution in Step 3
distilled water (0.5)
(4) Burette for containing the sodium hydroxide
solution
sodium hydroxide solution (0.5)
156 a) Transfer the resulting solution into a 250.0 cm
3
volumetric flask. (1)
Wash the beaker, the glass rod and the filter funnel with a little distilled water several times. Pour all the
washings into the flask. (1)
b) i) NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) NaCl(aq) + H
2
O(l)
0.125 mol dm
3
20.8 cm
3
3
= 0.125 mol dm
3
x
20.8
1 000
dm
3
= 0.00260 mol (1)
i.e. number of moles of excess HCl in 25.0 cm
3
diluted solution = 0.00260 mol (1)
ii) Number of moles of HCl added in Step 1 = molarity of solution x volume of solution
= 1.00 mol dm
3
x
100.0
1 000
dm
3
= 0.100 mol (1)
iii) Number of moles of HCl left over after reaction with magnesium in Step 1
= 0.00260 mol x
250.0 cm
3
25.0 cm
3
= 0.0260 mol
Number of moles of HCl reacted with magnesium in Step 1
= (0.100 0.0260) mol
= 0.074 mol (1)
Mg(aq) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl
2
(aq) + H
2
(g)
According to the equation, 1 mole of Mg requires 2 moles of HCl for complete reaction.
i.e. number of moles of Mg in sample =
0.074
2
mol
=
mass of Mg
molar mass of Mg

120
molar mass of Mg =
mass of Mg
0.074
2

mol
=
0.900 g
0.074
2

mol
= 24 g mol
1
(1)
the relative atomic mass of Mg is 24.
c) Oxide layer would cover the surface of magnesium. (1)
The oxide would react with hydrochloric acid, just as magnesium did. (1)
The oxide layer would not cause any difference to the value of the titre because magnesium oxide would
react with the same volume of acid as magnesium. (1)
157 a) Nickel / Ni (1)
b) Ni
2+
(aq) + CO
3
2
(aq) NiCO
3
(s) (1)
c) i) Number of moles of K
2
CO
3
in 20.0 cm
3
= 0.250 mol dm
3
x
20.0
1 000
dm
3
= 0.00500 mol (1)
2
CO
3
requires 1 mole of NiSO
4
i.e. number of moles of NiSO
4
= 0.00500 mol (1)
Volume of NiSO
4
solution =
number of moles of NiSO
4
=
0.00500 mol
0.100 mol dm
3
= 0.0500 dm
3
= 50.0 cm
3
(1)
50.0 cm
3
of NiSO
4
solution would react exactly with 20.0 cm
3
of 0.250 mol dm
3
K
2
CO
3
solution.
ii) Remove the nickel carbonate by filtration. (1)
Heat the potassium sulphate solution to evaporate about half of the water. Set the concentrated
solution aside to cool and crystallize. (1)
121
158 a) i) By the reaction between sulphuric acid and aqueous ammonia. (1)
ii) H
2
SO
4
(aq) + 2NH
3
(aq) (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
(aq) (1)
iii) So the fertilizer can be taken in by the roots of plants. (1)
b) Used in car batteries (1) / manufacture detergents (1) / manufacture paints (1)
c) i) A process in which heat is released to the surroundings. (1)
ii) Diluting concentrated sulphuric acid / any specific neutralization reaction (1)
d) i)
(1)
ii) Any two of the following:
Wear safety glasses / protective gloves. (1)
Never add water to the acid. (1)
In case any acid is split on the skin or clothes, wash the affected area with plenty of water. (1)
iii) Any one of the following:
Keep container tightly closed. (1)
Store in a dry area. (1)
Keep away from heat sources / combustible materials / reducing agents / bases / metals / organic
materials / oxidizing agents. (1)
e) i) CaO(s) + SO
2
(g) CaSO
3
(s) (1)
ii) Neutralization reaction (1)
f) i) Attack the respiratory system / lungs. (1)
ii) Move the student to a well ventilated area / open space. (1)
159 a) i) [Al(OH)
4
]
(1)
ii) 2Al(s) + 2OH
(aq) + 6H
2
O(l) 2[Al(OH)
4
]
(aq) + 3H
2
(g) (1)
b) Diluting concentrated sulphuric acid / any specific neutralization reaction (1)
c) i) The cleanser is corrosive. (1)
ii) An acidic substance would react with the sodium hydroxide and aluminium in the cleanser, making
the cleanser ineffective. (1)
A great amount of heat and gas would be generated. (1)
This may cause a violent eruption from the drain. The mixing may cause severe injury to the user as
well as damage to porcelain tubs and toilets.
122
iii)
(1)
d) A strong alkali is an alkali that almost completely dissociates to give hydroxide ions (OH
(aq) in water.
(1)
e) i) By electrolysis of concentrated sodium chloride solution (1)
ii) Manufacture of bleach / manufacture of soaps and detergents (1)
160 a) SiO
2
(s) + 6HF(aq) H
2
SiF
6
(aq) + 2H
2
O(l) (1)
b) Coat the glass with layers of beeswax. Then trace the patterns with a metal needle. (1)
Dip the glass into hydrofluoric acid to attack the unprotected glass surface. (1)
c) i) An acid that can produce one hydrogen ion per molecule. (1)
ii) 0.1 mol dm
3
sulphuric acid < 0.1 mol dm
3
hydrochloric acid < 0.1 mol dm
3
hydrofluoric acid (1)
Both sulphuric acid and hydrochloric acid are strong acids. They dissociate completely in water. (1)
Sulphuric acid is dibasic while hydrochloric acid is monobasic. (1)
Hence 0.1 mol dm
3
sulphuric acid contains a higher concentration of hydrogen ions than 0.1 mol
dm
3
hydrochloric acid.
Hydrofluoric acid is a weak acid. It only partially dissociates in water. (1)
Hence 0.1 mol dm
3
hydrofluoric acid has a lower concentration of hydrogen ions than 0.1 mol dm
3

hydrochloric acid.
d) i) Calcium carbonate (1)
ii) The materials for making glass are readily available / abundant in the Earths crust. (1)
e) i) Hydrated iron(III) oxide (1)
ii) Fe
2
O
3
(s) + 6HF(aq) 2FeF
3
(aq) + 3H
2
O(l) (1)
161 Any three of the following:
Add barium chloride solution / barium nitrate solution to the acids. (1)
1 mol dm
3
H
2
SO
4
(aq) gives a white precipitate while 1 mol dm
3
HCl(aq) gives no precipitate. (1)
Add dilute nitric acid followed by silver nitrate solution to the acids. (1)
1 mol dm
3
HCl(aq) gives a white precipitate while 1 mol dm
3
H
2
SO
4
(aq) gives no precipitate. (1)
Add calcium carbonate to excess acids. (1)
Calcium carbonate disappears after reaction when added to 1 mol dm
3
HCl(aq).
Calcium carbonate does not react completely with 1 mol dm
3
H
2
SO
4
(aq) due to the formation of insoluble
calcium sulphate on its surface. (1)
123
Titrate equal volumes of the acids with sodium hydroxide solution. (1)
1 mol dm
3
H
2
SO
4
(aq) requires more sodium hydroxide solution to reach the end point than 1.0 mol dm
3

HCl(aq) as H
2
SO
4
(aq) is dibasic while HCl(aq) is monobasic. (1)
(3 marks for organization and presentation)
162 Titrate dilute sodium hydroxide solution with dilute hydrochloric acid until the end point is reached. (1)
Mix the same volumes of alkali and acid as in the previous experiment. Do not use any indicator this
time. (1)
Heat the resulting solution to obtain a concentrated solution. (1)
Set the concentrated solution aside to cool and crystallize. (1)
163 Carry out flame test on all the solids. (1)
Only potassium sulphate gives a lilac flame. (1)
Dissolve the remaining three solids separately in water. Then add dilute sodium hydroxide solution until
excess. (1)
Aluminium sulphate solution gives a white precipitate which is soluble in excess alkali. (1)
Magnesium sulphate solution gives a white precipitate which does not dissolve in excess alkali. (1)
Ammonium sulphate solution gives no observable change. (1)
OR
Dissolve some of each solid in water separately. Then add dilute sodium hydroxide solution until excess. (1)
Aluminium sulphate solution gives a white precipitate which is soluble in excess alkali. (1)
Magnesium sulphate solution gives a white precipitate which does not dissolve in excess alkali. (1)
Ammonium sulphate solution and potassium sulphate solution give no precipitate. (1)
Warm each of the two solutions. (1)
The solution containing ammonium sulphate gives a gas that turns moist red litmus paper blue (ammonia).
There is no observable change for the solution containing potassium sulphate. (1)
124
164 Add sodium chloride solution to all the four solutions.
The solution that gives a white precipitate is silver nitrate solution. (1)
Add silver nitrate solution to the remaining three solutions. (1)
Both calcium chloride solution and potassium chloride solution give a white precipitate, (1)
while there is no observable change with potassium sulphate solution. (1)
Add potassium sulphate solution to calcium chloride solution and potassium chloride solution. (1)
The solution that gives a white precipitate is calcium chloride solution. (1)

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1

Topic 4 Acids and Bases

) can dissociate to give hydrogen

(aq)) and water molecules.

(aq) ions in ZnCl

(aq) ions in NaCl(aq) = 0.0600 mol

(aq) ions = (0.600 + 0.0600) mol

(aq) ions in solution X =

(aq) ions in solution X is 3.30 mol dm

ions in the filtrate = 0.0154 mol

ions used for precipitation = (0.0250 0.0154) mol

ions to give 1 mole of

ions and one mole of ZnCl

ions in the mixture =

ions in sodium hydrogencarbonate reacted with the H

ions in sodium hydrogencarbonate react with the H

ions = 2 x concentration of ZnCl

(aq) ions (in B) to give a white precipitate (AgCl): (1)

(aq) AgCl(s) (1)

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