Glaciers Types and Movement Glacier: thick ice mass that originates on land from the accumulation, compaction

and re-crystallization of snow Icebergs: pieces of ice calved (broken off) from glaciers Glaciers: Are an agent of erosion, therefore they flow. hey advance slowly, several cm per day Types of Glaciers A) Valley/Alpine Glaciers-found on mountains in high elevations -a stream of ice that flows down valley from accumulation centre -can be long or short, wide or narrow, single or with branching tributaries !ust like a river. B) Ice S eets- much larger scale than valley glaciers. hey flow out in all directions from one or more centres. "nly two sheets e#ist at present: t e Greenland ice s eet and the Antarctic Ice S eet c) Ice !aps- resemble ice sheets but are much smaller. "ccur in many places such as the Arctic islands and $celand "iedmont An emerged valley glacier. he glacier has moved off the mountain and onto relatively flat land where it spreads out. %ize varies greatly. Glacial Movement %low by our sense of time but can still be dramatic. &ay be solid ice but they flow. T ey can flo# t#o #ays: $% $nternally through pressure &% %lipping along the ground

'hile water flows at a relatively e(ual rate, ice does not move consistently. he flow is greatest in the centre as the bottom is slowed by friction. Anatomy of a glacier 'ones 'one of (ract)re-brittle ice because there is no pressure to hold it together, uppermost portion of glacier !revasses-large cracks formed in the zone of fracture. )an be up to *+ meters deep. Till &aterials deposited directly by the glacier Stratified *rift &aterials deposited by the glacial melt water. Glacial +rratic ,oulders found in the till or lying free on the surface that is different from the bedrock below. Moraines -ayers or ridges of glacial till. here are . types: lateral, medial, end ,ateral moraine: ridge of material left at the sides of glaciers Medial Moraine: the till from !oining edges left when two glaciers merge to form one ice stream. +nd Moraine: form at the terminus (end point) of a glacier. recessional Termin)s Moraine: the end moraine that marks the farthest advance of the glacier -ecessional Moraine: the end moraine that is created as the glacier becomes stationary during retreat. here can be more than one end moraine. T#o Types: terminus or terminal and

.)t#as

"lain: ,road ramps like surface of stratified rift created by melt

water from ice sheets Valley "lain: an outwash plain, only in a mountain valley /ettles: barns or depressions caused by a buried block of ice. Tarn: a small lake that fills the central depression in a cir(ue *r)mlins: streamlined symmetric hills of drift +s0er: a narrow, sinuous ridge of sorted sands and gravels deposited by an under ice stream /ame: a low but steep sided hill or mound composed of poorly sorted sands and gravels deposited in strata into a glacial crevasse Glaciers are constantly gaining and losing ice% 'one of ablation 1#astage) - where all the snow from the previous year and some of the glacial ice melts, erodes and evaporates 'one of acc)m)lation: where snow is accumulated and ice is formed. $f the glacier gains more sno# t an ice in t e 2one of acc)m)lation than it loses in t e 2one of Ablation, the glacier gro#s )onversely, if the glacier loses more sno# and ice in t e 2one of ablation than it gains t e 2one of acc)m)lation, the glacier s rin0s Glaciers also #aste by calving-large c )n0s of ice brea0ing off t e front of a glacier% !alving t at occ)rs by sea#ater creates icebergs% "art & +rosion and *eposition (eat)res "l)c0ing "ccurs when a glacier flows over a fractured bedrock surface, loosens and lifts blocks of rock, carries them off. erosion. Abrasion his is the first ma!or process of glacier

"ccurs when the ice and rock fragments grind the surface below producing rock flow and or glacial striations (long scratches and grooves) Striations /auges in bedrock or on glacial sediments in the direction of the moving glacier. Glacial Tro)g he 0-shaped valley that is formed after a glacier has moved through a 1 shaped valley 3anging Valley he valley of a feeder glacier which stand above the main glacial trough !ir4)e A hollowed out bowl shaped depression that open the down valley his was the zone of accumulation (iords/(5ords 2eep steep sided inlets of the sea formed when sea levels rose and filled glacial troughs Ar6te %harp edged ridge formed by cir(ues on opposite sides of a divide 3orn A pyramid like peak formed by a group of cir(ues Glacial *eposition *rift: a general term for glacial sediments -T#o types: till and stratified