Elements of Clause Subject Predicator Clause Object Complement Adverbial S P O C A (NP) (VP) (NP / PP) (NP / Adj P) (AdvP/NP/PP)

Direct Object Indirect Object

Subject Compliment Object Compliment

Dependent clauses a. Nominal (Noun) Clauses (fuctions as S-O-C of a clause) i. Finite Clauses 1. That-Clause (S/O/C) That Noman should take a bath amazed Kamran. 2. WH- Clause (who/where/when/how/whether/if) (S/O/C) A. Indirect Question I wonder if Ali has posted the letter. B. Nominal Relative Clause Nobody know the place to which he went. ii. Non-Finite Clauses 1. Infinitive Clauses (S/C) A. To-infinitive clause I want you to go to the shops for me. B. Bare infinitive clause I saw him run down the road. 2. Participle Clauses (S/C) They accused the keeper of givin g the elephants peanuts b. Relative Clauses (Function as post-modifiers in NP) The old elephant which we saw yesterday. c. Adverbial Clauses (give circumstantial info) i. Conditional clauses If it rains, we wont play today. Unless you come early you wont get a seat. ii. Comparison clauses Jane writes more neatly than Jim does. Jane sews as neatly as Jim writes iii. Reason clauses We cant go on holiday because we dont have any money.

iv. v. vi.

Since we dont have any money, we cant go on holiday. Contrast clauses Although Albert does not have any money, he is going on holliday. Purpose clauses They have dug an air-raid shelter, so that they will be safe in the next war. Result clauses The pictures where so dusty that nobody could see what they were.

Finite Subordinate Clause 1. Noun Clause A. THAT-Clause That ghosts exist is hardly contrversial. B. Zero THAT Clause I told him the earth is round. C. WH- Clause Haris asked me how I grow my carrots. 2. Adverbial Clause They went wherever they could find work. (place) I lent her my savings because she was short of money. (reason) When the weather improves , we are going on holiday. (time) I lent him some money so that he could buy a meal. (purpose) If you follow the instructions carefully, nobody will be hurt. (condition) Although no goals were scored, it was an exciting game. (contrast) 3. Relative Clause Do you know anyone that can lend me a typewriter? . The house where I spent my childhood. 4. Comparative Clause In this country, we eat more food than we can grow. 5. Prepositional Clause The boy was astonished at what he saw. we have little evidence of who committed the murder. Directly Subordinate Clause. Noun Clause Functions as Adverbial Clause = Prepositional Clause = Indirectly Subordinate clause Relative Clause = Comparative Clause = Prepositional Clause = Non- Finite Clause

S, O, C A A M in NP M in NP, Adj P, AvP M in NP, Adj P, AvP

NP AvP PP Adj P, NP AvP , PP PP

Non-finite clauses do not have subjects. 1. Non- Finite Noun Clause a. Infinitive Noun Clause They advised him to resign his job immediately. b. ING Noun Clause Seeing a ghost in your bedroom is a serious matter. 2. Non- Finite Adverbial Clause a. Infinitive Adverbial Clause People work overtime in order to earn extra money. To escape detection, he wore an indigo hairpiece. b. ING ADVERBIAL CLAUSE Not knowing Hitlers intentions, the allies signed the agreement. c. EN ADVERBIAL CLAUSE Heavily disguised as human beings, they frequented the quayside bars. 3. NON-FINITE RELATIVE CLAUSE a. INFINITIVE RELATIVE CLAUSE Some tools with which to do the work properly b. ING RELATIVE CLAUSE WE