MAE 361. Aerodynamics I.

Homework Solution 6
1. Consider the case of a cylinder of radius R with circulation in a uniform flow.
The otential of the resultin! flow field is !i"en in olar coordinates #y
cos
cos
$ $
k
V r
r

+
%here
$
$ k R V

. &ind'
(a) The ressure coefficient as a function of . *lot
P
C
"s. for + $ . ,se
-ernoulli.s e/uation to find p in terms of the (known) "elocities.
(#) The lift on the cylinder. &ind this #y inte!ratin! o"er the surface0 and show that
l V


.
(c) The dra! on the cylinder. &ind this #y inte!ratin! o"er the surface.
&irst off0 in order to do all three of these ro#lem o#1ecti"es0 we must !et an e2ression
of the "elocity of the air on the surface of the cylinder. %e can accomlish this as such'
sin 1 sin
$ $
V r k
u
r r r r r

( )
$
$
$
sin
sin $ sin
$ $ $
r R
R V
u V V
R R R

a) In order to determine the coefficient of ressure as a function of theta0 we need
to incororate #ernoulli.s e/uation. This is done like this.
( )
$ $ $
1 1 1
( 0 ) ( 0 ) 0
$ $ $
P V P r V P r P V r

+ +
$
$ $ $
$ $
1 1
( 0 ) 3 sin $ sin
$ $ 3
V
P R V P V
R R

_
+ + +

,
( )
$
$ $ $
$ $ $
$
$ $ $
$ $
1 1
3 sin $ sin
0 $ $ 3
1 3sin $ sin
1 1
3
$ $
P
V
V V
P R P R R
C
RV V R
V V

_
+ + +


,
+ + +
#)The lift of the cylinder can #e determined as'
$
$ $
$ $ $
$ $
+ +
1 1
sin ( 0 ) sin 3 sin $ sin
$ $ 3
V
l R P R d R V P V d
R R

1 _
+ + +
1
, ]

$
$
$ $ 3 $
$ $
+
1 1
sin 3 sin $ sin sin
$ $ 3
V
l R V P V d
R R

1 _ _
+ + +
1
,
, ]

( )
$
$
$
$ $ 3
$ $
+
+
1 1
cos cos 3 sin 1 cos $
$ 3 $
V
l V P R V d
R R

1 1 _ _
+ + +
1 1
, , ] ]

( ) ( )
$ $
$ $
+ +
1
+ $ 1 cos sin 1 cos $
$
V
l RV d d

+ +

cos u
( )
$
1
$ $
1
+
1 sin $
$ 1
$ $
V
l V u du

1
+
1
]

[ ]
1
+ $ +
$
V
l

+
l V


c)The dra! on the cylinder can #e determined as'
$
$ $
$ $ $ $
$
+ +
1 1
cos ( 0 ) cos 3 sin $ sin
$ $ 3
V R
d R P R d R V P V R d

1 _
+ + +
1
, ]

$
$
$ $ $ $
$
+
1 1
cos 3 sin cos $ sin cos cos
$ $ 3
V R
d R V P V R d

1 _ _
+ + +
1
,
, ]

( )
$
$ $
$ $
$ $ 3 $
$
+ +
+
1
sin $ sin cos sin cos
$ 3
V R
d V P R V R d d

_
1
+ + + +

]
,

$
+ $
$ 3 $
+ +
+ $ sin $
$
V R
d V R u du d

+ +

$
$
+
cos $
+
$ $
V R
d

+
$ $
1 1
+
$ $ $ $
V R V R
d




$. &or this ro#lem0 refer to section 3.11 in the te2t#ook. 4et 5 V b

and
5 y y b
where is a source stren!th and b is a reference len!th. Consider a source6
sink6sink com#ination in a uniform flow. *lace a source of stren!th at
1 y
0 a
sink of stren!th
7
8
at
+ y
and a sink of stren!th
1
8
at
1 y
. Thus0 the
dimensionless stream function can #e written as
1 1 1
7 1
tan tan tan
$ 1 8 8 1
y y y
y
x x x

1
+
1
+
]
,se MAT4A- to do the followin!
(a) &ind and lot the sta!nation oints in this flow.
(#) &ind and lot the sta!nation streamline for this #ody.
(c) *lot se"eral streamlines for this flow.
Turn in your MAT4A- code0 your lot and a comlete e2lanation of your work. 9ou
may wish to utili:e the function f:ero to comlete this ro#lem. &eel free to work with
other mem#ers of the class on this assi!nment0 #ut lease acknowled!e the hel of your
teammates.
In order to determine sta!nation oints0 the "elocity in the 2 direction must #e
determined. It can #e done as so'
( ) ( )
$ $ $
1 1
1
1 1 7 1
1
$ 8 8
1 1 1
1 1
x
x x
x
u
y
y y y
x x x

1
1
+
1
+
1
_ _ _
+ + +
1

+
, , , ]
-y definition of the sta!nation condition0 the "elocity is e/ual to :ero. Also0 in the
ro#lem statement0 it had stated that the stren!th we will use is i. 4astly0 since this is a
symmetric com#ination of sources and sinks a#out the 2 a2is with no rotation0 we can
state that the sta!nation oints occur on the 2 a2is0 i.e. y ; +. Alyin! these conditions0
and usin! some al!e#ra to simlify the followin! can #e done.
( )
( )
( )
( )
$ $ $ $
$ $
1 1 7 1
1 +
$ 8 8
1 1
x
x x x
u
x y
x y x y

1
+
+ 1
+
+ + +
1
]
( ) ( )
7 1
1
8 8
1 +
$ 1 1
x
u
x x x
1
1

+
1
+
1
]
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
7 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 +
$ 8 8
x
u x x x x x x x x x

1
+ + + +
1
]
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
$ $ $
7 1
1 1 1 +
$ 8 8
x
u x x x x x x x x

1
+ + +
1
]
( ) ( )
7 1
1 1 +
$ 8 8
x
u x x x x x

1
+ + +
1
]
[ ]
3
7 < +
16
x
u x x x

+
3
1 < 7 +
16 16
x
u x x

_
+ +

,
-y usin! matla# to sol"e for the 3 roots of this e/uation we can determine that'
2; 61.37170 +.$<670 and 1.+73<
&or our uroses0 the two 2 "alues that are ertinent are0 61.3717 and 1.+73<. The middle
num#er is within our =airfoil> and is not hysically alica#le. -y alyin! these two
"alues to our streamfunction to determine the constant for the sta!nation streamline0 we
!et'
1 1 1
1 7 1
( 1.3717 1.+73<0 +) tan + tan + tan + +
$ 8 8
or

1

1
]
Therefore0 the sta!nation streamline is alon! *si ; +. -y lottin! this with matla#0 as
well as many other "alues for *si0 the followin! fi!ure can #e o#tained. The red circles
in the fi!ure indicate the sta!nation oints. The sta!nation streamline is that which
defines our #oundary of our =airfoil>. ?ee in mind that ne!ati"e "alues of the stream6
function lead to streamlines within the =airfoil> and are therefore not hysically
alica#le.
Hoefully this assi!nment0
articularly lottin! this fi!ure0 has
!i"en you a #etter understandin!
and areciation for the analytical
reresentations of fluid flow.
@Aemem#er0 usin! these
methods there will always #e :ero
dra! due to the in"iscid
incomressi#le model we chose.
Howe"er0 #y usin! enou!h
sources0 sinks0 dou#lets0 and
"orte2.s we can de"elo an airfoil
with cam#er (non6symmetric) that
will roduce lift. These methods
are called anel methods.
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