Cell & Plant Sci 2011 2 (3):12-21

Journal of Cell &Plant Sciences

www.academyjournals.net

Orjinal Article

Physiological and Biochemical Traits Analysis of Capsicum annum L. Germplasm for Resistance to Colletotrichum capsici
Navneet KAUR1, Jagtar Singh DHIMAN2, Daljit Singh KHURANA3
2 1 University of Illinois, Department of Crop Sciences, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA; Punjab Agricultural University, Additional Director of Communication, Ludhiana, Punjab 152107, India; 3 Punjab Agricultural University, Department of Vegetable Crops, Ludhiana, Punjab 152107, India

Received:

Accepted:

Published:

Abstract Colletotrichum capsici, the casual fungus of die back/fruit rot causes heavy losses in chilli (Capsicum annum L.) yield. The presence of this disease in India have a great impact on chilli production, as the current commercial varieties are considered to be susceptible, and the use of fungicides add additional costs to production in addition to environmental hazards. The objectives of this study were (i) to screen 17 chilli germplasm for field resistance to die back/fruit rot, (ii) to compare various biochemical and physiological characters among resistant and susceptible chilli genotypes. The experiment was randomized complete block with three replications and 17 genotypes (BC-30, Breek-1, Breek-2, Byadgi Kaddi, CH-1, CH-3, Jalandhri, Jaun, KDS-810, Ludhiana Local Selection (LLS), Longi, My12(3)3, Punjab Guchhedar, Punjab Lal, Punjab Surkh, Sanauri, Shahkoti). These genotypes were evaluated based on visual fruit rot severity in the field after inoculation with Colletotrichum capsici. Of the 17 chilli accessions, four accessions LLS, Breek-1, Breek-2, and Jaun were identified as resistant to die back/fruit rot. The resistant chilli genotypes were high in capsaicin and orthodihydroxy phenols (ODP) and exhibited more plant height, fruit length, days to first picking as compared to susceptible ones. The other characters which had a positive and direct effect on fruit rot were fruit width, fruit number per plant, stem thickness, fruit weight per plant, leaf area, and -carotene whereas total flavonols, ascorbic acid, total sugars had a direct and negative effect on die back/fruit rot. A various physiological and biochemical traits that varied significantly among resistant and susceptible genotypes can be deployed in resistant breeding or as physiological and biochemical markers in marker assisted selection (MAS) breeding of chilli varieties. Additionally, these resistant chilli genotypes may be used as one of the donor parent to breed a new variety of chilli resistant to dieback/fruit rot.
Key words: breeding, chilli, die back, evaluation, fruit rot, genotypes

Corresponding Author: N.Kaur, E-mail: navneet@illinois.edu, Phone:0012172446150, Fax: 0012173334582

INTRODUCTION India is the major chilli producing country in the world, but the average productivity of chilli is low (1 ton/ha) as compared to China, Taiwan, and Mexico where it yields 3 tons/ha of dry chilli (Peter 1998). The main cause for low productivity in India is the cultivation of open pollinated varieties which do not have the genetic capacity to break the yield barriers. Moreover, the local cultivars are prone to various diseases perhaps account for significant reduction in productivity. The most important fungal disease of chilli is die back/fruit rot, drastically reduces yields, deteriorates the quality of fruit, and hence gives low returns to the farmers. Yield losses had been significant in Punjab and Haryana (2060%) and Assam (12-30%) (Bansal and Grover 1969; Chowdhry 1957). Major fungal disease control strategy includes the use of chemicals which greatly increases the yield (Ekbote 2002; Jayasekhar et al. 1987; Hegde 2001).
Aademy Journals 2011

Cell & Plant Sci 2011 2 (3):12-21 However, biological control of this pest has been reported using Saccharomyces cerevisae and Bacillus subtilis (Gupta et al 1982; Jeyalakshmi et al. 1998). But due to high cost of chemicals, environment hazards, and weather conditions these approaches are not feasible. The identification and use of resistant genotypes against die back/fruit rot is the important component for genetic improvement of chilli. A number of resistant cultivars of chilli had been identified against die back/fruit rot at national and international level (Bansal et al. 1982; Chang and Chung 1985; Hegde and Anahosur 2001; Jeyalakshmi and Seetharaman 1998; Kadu 1978, Singh et al. 1977, Singh et al. 1997; Singh and Thind 1980; Smith and Crossan 1958; Ullalsa et al. 1981; Waraich and Saimbhi 1974). Since the host plant resistance provides the cheapest and most economic control of die back/fruit rot in chilli, therefore in this research 17 chilli genotypes were screened to identify resistance to this disease. A various biochemical characters also affect die back/fruit rot intensity in chilli such as total phenol, total sugars, capsaicin, ascorbic acid and total sugars that imparted resistance to fruit rot (Azad 1991; Borua and Das 2000; Hegde and Anahosur 2001). Numerous studies of effect of physiological characters on die back/fruit rot had also been reported. Increase in leaf area and leaf yield had been showed to provide

N.Kaur et al.
resistance to die back/fruit rot in chilli (Roy et al. 1998). Red ripe fruits were more susceptible to fruit rot as compared to semiriped ones (Bhale et al. 1999; Hegde et al. 2001). A various biochemical and physiological characters play a specific role in imparting resistance against diseases. Thus, the present investigation also includes biochemical and physiological evaluation of 17 chilli genotypes which can help in breeding resistant cultivars.

MATERIAL AND METHODS Experiment Design and Inoculation Method Chilli germplasm was screened under field conditions at Vegetable Research Farm, Department of Vegetable Crops, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India. The experiment was randomized block design with three replications and 17 chilli genotypes (Table 1). Seedlings were inoculated when plants were at flowering stage and disease intensity was evaluated at maturity. Based on visual observation, disease severity was rated from 0 5 scale, where 0= no disease and 5= 80% of the fruit was covered with disease

Table 1 Chilli germplasm and their source at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India.
Serial No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Chilli Genotype CH-1 CH-3 BC-30 Breek-1 Breek-2 Byadagi Kaddi Jalandhri Jaun KDS-810 Ludhiana Local Selection (LLS) Longi My 12 (3)3 Punjab Guchhedar (PG) Punjab Lal (PL) Punjab Surkh (PS) Sanauri Shahkoti Source Punjab Agricultural University (PAU), Ludhiana, India PAU, Ludhiana, India Bhubneshwar, Orissa, India University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, India University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, India University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, India Jalandhar, Punjab, India Ropar, Punjab, India Kalyanpur, India PAU, Ludhiana, India Khalra, Amritsar, India PAU, Ludhiana, India PAU, Ludhiana, India PAU, Ludhiana, India PAU, Ludhiana, India Sanaur, Patiala, India Shahkot, India

13
Aademy Journals 2011

Cell & Plant Sci 2011 2 (3):12-21 Physiological Characters Plant Height (cm) and Stem Thickness (mm) At maturity, the height was measured form the ground level to the highest bud point. The stem thickness was measured at the ground level using Vernier caliper. Days to First Picking The number of days taken from the transplant to the first picking was observed daily until fruits developed full red color and were ready to harvest. Fruits/Plant The fruits from each harvesting were added after last harvesting to get the total number of fruits per plant Fruit Length and Width (cm) Ten fruits from each treatment/genotype of each replication were used for measuring fruit length and width. The fruit length was measured with the help of a measuring scale after removing the pedicel. Fruit width was measured with vernier caliper at the maximum width of the fruit. Branches/Plant The number of primary branches was counted from five plants of each replication and each genotype at the time of last picking. Leaf Area (cm2) Five mature or fully expanded leaves from each replication of each genotypes were taken for measuring the leaf area at the end of the experiment. The area of the leaves was measured on graph paper and the average leaf area was worked out. Total Yield The average weight of fresh mature fruits harvested from five plants of each replication and genotype (all harvesting) was taken as total yield/plant. Biochemical Characters Capsaicin Content Capsaicin content from oven dried red ripe fruits was estimated following the method described by Bajaj and Kaur (1979). Briefly, 0.5 g of dried chilli powder was extracted with 25 ml acetone. The mixture was shaken for 10 min, allowed to stand for 2 hrs, and filtered through glass wool in a short-stemmed funnel. Then, 2 ml of the extract was passed through a basic alumina column (10 x 1 cm) covered with approximately 1 g of Na2SO4 crystals at the top. The column was washed thrice with 5 ml of acetone. Capsaicin was eluted with methanol: acetone: water solvent (75: 25: 1) and 50 ml volume was collected. Then 10 ml aliquot was evaporated to

dryness and mixed with 0.5 ml of phenol reagent. The mixture was allowed to stand for 3 min. Thereafter, 1 ml of saturated Na2CO3 solution was added and volume was made to 10 ml. After 1 hr, optical density (OD) was taken at 760 nm. -carotene A 2 g of fresh sample was extracted with a solution (3% acetone in petroleum ether and a pinch of Na2SO4). The extracted sample was filtered 2-3 times till it turned colorless and then its volume was made to 50 ml. The extract was poured in separating funnel along with water and kept it overnight (ON). When the impurities were separated the pure aliquot was collected in a beaker and the volume was made to 50 ml with petroleum ether. The OD was taken at 452 nm. Total Sugars A 0.2 g of dried sample was refluxed with 80% ethanol/alcohol for 2 hrs. After filtration, 5 ml of lead acetate was added to filtrate and the mixture was shaken vigorously. The mixture was allowed to stand for 1 hr and filtration was done again. To filtrate, 1-2 g of sodium oxalate was added and kept for 15 min. Then again filtration was done and the final volume was made to 50 ml with distilled water. For OD at 490 nm, 1 ml aliquot was mixed with 1 ml 5% phenol and 4 ml conc. H2SO4. Total Phenols A 0.5 g of dried chilli powder was refluxed in 15-20 ml of 80% methanol for 2 hrs and filtered it through Whatman No.1 filter paper. The final volume of filtrate was made to 25 ml with 80% methanol. A 5 ml aliquot was evaporated it to dryness and the residue was dissolved in 6.5 ml of distilled water. Then 0.5 ml of 1 N Folin-Ciaclateaun reagent was added to the mixture and kept it for 5 min. Later, 1 ml of saturated Na2CO3 was added to the mixture and the volume was made to 25 ml and kept in dark for 1 hr that developed a blue color and OD was taken at 760 nm Total Flavonols A 0.5 g of dry sample was refluxed in 15-20 ml of 80% methanol for 2 hrs. The mixture was filtered and the volume of the filtrate was made to 25 ml with 80% methanol. A 5 ml aliquot was evaporated it to dryness and the residue was dissolved in 0.1 M methanolic solution and 10 ml AlCl3 which developed a yellow color and OD was taken at 420 nm. ODP A 0.5 g of dry sample was refluxed in 15-20 ml of 80% methanol for 2 hrs, filtered and the volume was made to 25 ml with 80% methanol. A 5 ml aliquot was evaporated it to dryness. To the residue, 1 ml distilled water + 0.5 ml of 10%

Aademy Journals 2011

Cell & Plant Sci 2011 2 (3):12-21 TCA + 1 ml of 10% sodium tungstate + 0.5 ml of 0.5 N HCL + 1 ml of 0.5% NaNO2 was added and after 5 min, 2 ml of 0.5 N NaOH was added. The mixture developed a red color and OD was taken at 540 nm after 15 min. Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) A 2 g of fresh sample was extracted with buffer (200 ml of sodium dihyroxy orthometaphosphate, 103 ml of disodium hydrogen phosphate-2 hydrate, and 303 ml of water) and the volume was made to 25 ml. For OD at 495 nm, 1 ml extract was mixed with 1 ml catechol solution and readings were taken for 2 min at intervals of 15 sec. Statistical Analysis The statistical analysis for the 17 chilli germplasm included an analysis of varitation (ANOVA). The experiment was randomized complete block design with three replications per genotype. The correlations at phenotypic and

N.Kaur et al.
genotypic level were estimated from ANOVA and covariance of all the characters.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Seventeen chilli genotypes from various sources in India were screened against Colletotrichum capsici with respect to physiological and biochemical traits. A visual observation had identified four chilli genotypes: LLS, Breek-1, Breek-2, and Jaun that were resistant to fruit rot/die back. There were a significant amount of variations at physiological and biochemical levels present in chilli genotypes for resistance to fruit rot/ die back. Analysis on 10 physiological traits data revealed that the fruit rot/die back resistant chilli genotypes exhibited more plant height, fruit length, fruit width, days to first picking and less number of fruits per plant, fruit weight per plant as compared to the susceptible genotypes (Table 2 & Fig.1 A).

Table 2 Means of physiological traits and disease intensity in chilli genotypes

Genotypes Fruit rot* Plant height (cm) Branches/ plant Leaf area (cm)2 Stem thickness (mm) Fruit length (cm) Fruit width (mm) Fruit number/ plant Fruit weight/ plant Days to first picking

CH-3 CH-1 Byadgi Kaddi LLS PG PL Shahkoti Longi PS Breek-1 My 12 (3)3 KDS-810 Breek-2 Jalandhri Jaun Sanauri BC-30

0.90 1.03 0.63 0.00 0.60 0.43 0.53 0.77 0.17 0.00 0.80 0.93 0.17 0.57 0.17 0.50 0.97

74.80 73.80 80.00 90.33 64.47 50.73 62.67 49.40 67.90 83.47 55.93 54.90 80.60 54.20 75.27 58.73 66.47

8.33 7.67 8.00 8.00 9.33 9.67 8.00 8.00 5.00 7.67 9.67 6.67 7.00 7.67 8.33 6.67 8.33

7.43 6.47 7.30 7.27 6.83 6.53 17.23 3.37 2.43 5.73 5.27 6.50 17.30 7.97 6.57 7.13 8.87

20.56 21.56 19.78 20.95 13.84 13.44 16.33 12.97 13.64 17.13 22.89 19.72 19.51 12.18 19.33 21.53 19.17

5.78 4.89 8.47 6.00 4.33 3.85 6.75 1.62 5.73 6.92 5.70 5.05 6.89 4.57 4.14 5.00 3.33

12.44 13.16 12.85 11.79 6.99 8.15 11.61 11.05 13.92 17.84 8.08 8.93 15.84 12.43 9.33 7.56 7.32

40.00 69.67 33.00 22.00 25.00 50.00 34.67 60.67 26.00 8.33 80.00 82.33 27.00 66.67 19.67 45.33 51.00

116.33 219.67 83.00 127.67 121.00 145.00 121.33 57.00 109.33 43.67 208.33 175.00 31.67 178.33 76.33 147.67 78.33

88.33 84.33 105.67 107.67 97.33 95.67 91.67 78.00 76.33 128.67 99.33 93.67 138.33 76.67 131.67 95.33 93.67

L.S.D.(P= .05) 0.60 10.92 1.89 1.27 6.09 1.70 NS 30.72 89.11 16.99 * The genotypes were evaluated by visual observation and disease severity was rated on 0-5 scale, where 0= no disease and 5= more than 80% of fruit is rotten

15
Aademy Journals 2011

Cell & Plant Sci 2011 2 (3):12-21

N.Kaur et al.

The maximum plant height was observed in resistant genotypes such as LLS (90.33 cm) followed by Breek-1 (83.5 cm), Byadgi Kaddi (80.8 cm), and Breek-2 (80.6 cm) where as susceptible genotypes showed minimum plant height (Table 2 & Fig.1B). Thus, present study revealed that tall plants were less prone to fruit rot as compared to dwarf one which could be explained on the grounds that the pathogenic dissemination by rain splashes and air would be more efficient in the fruits of dwarf genotypes than the tall genotypes. There is also an evident in literature that Colletotrichum capsici had led to reduction in the length of the shoots and thus resulted in reduced plant height

(Jeyalakshmi et al. 1998). Fruit length and width had showed a wide range of genetic variability in chilli genotypes in the present study. Analysis on physiological traits of chilli germplasm revealed that Byadgi Kaddi exhibited maximum fruit length (8.47 cm) followed by Breek-1 (6.92 cm), and Breek-2 (6.89 cm) (Table 2 & Fig.1B). The maximum fruit width was observed in Breek-1 (17.84 mm) while the minimum was observed in Plant Gucchedar (6.99 mm) (Table 2). Thus, our research showed that genotypes with more fruit length and width had less disease intensity where as the genotypes with small fruits had more disease intensity. Number of fruits per plant had showed a positive correlation

16
Aademy Journals 2011

Cell & Plant Sci 2011 2 (3):12-21 with disease intensity (Table 3). The genotypes with more fruit numbers per plant such as KDS-810, My 12 (3)3, and CH-1 contracted more disease intensity of 0.93, 0.80, 1.03, respectively (Table 2). LLS, bearing less number of fruits (22) did not contract fruit rot and this can be explained on the basis that pathogen dissemination in the field is more efficient in prolific genotypes. Grewal and Grover (1973) also reported that genotypes: EC 21667 and IC 11670 with more number of fruits per plant showed more fruit rot symptoms. There was a significant and positive correlation between fruit weight and fruit rot (Table 3). The minimum fruit weight per plant was observed in resistant genotypes: Breek-2 (31.67) and Breek-1

N.Kaur et al.
(43.67) (Table 2). The present study also revealed that more the maturity period, less is the disease intensity or vice versa. The genotypes such as Breek-2, Jaun, and Breek-1 with long maturity period of 138.33, 131.67, and 128.67 days, respectively had less disease intensity of 0.17, 0.17, and 0.00 respectively (Table 2 & Fig.1B). It might be due to the reasons that maturity period of genotype overlap the infection period of pathogen and thus genotypes with long maturity period perhaps escape from the attack of fruit rot pathogen. However, the physiological characters such as branches per plant and leaf area had not shown any correlation with fruit rot (Table 3)

Table 3 Genotypic (G) and Phenotypic (P) correlation coefficients for different pairs of physiological traits and diseases in chilli genotypes.
Serial No. Characters Fruit rot (0-5) Plant height (cm) Branches/ plant Leaf area (cm) Stem thickness (mm) Fruit length (cm) Fruit width (mm) Fruit No./plant Fruit wt./plant (g)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Plant height (cm) Branches/plant Leaf area (cm) Stem (mm) thickness

G P G P G P G P G P G P G P G P G P

-0.6413** -0.3374* 0.4297** 0.0918 -0.1196 -0.0883 0.2773 0.1191 -0.318** -0.3109* 0.2841* 0.2619 0.6179** 0.5696** 0.7003** 0.3171* -0.7862** -0.3846** -0.2024 -0.1078 0.2106 0.1829 0.5768** 0.2990** 0.6583** 0.5596** 0.4425** 0.0826 -0.8363** -0.5062** -0.5782** -0.2172 0.6501** 0.5294** 0.0296 0.0333 0.0463 0.023 -0.3104* -0.1201 -0.0863 -0.078 0.1563 -0.0943 0.1271 0.153 0.1398 0.1019 0.1721 0.094 0.4137** 0.3528* -0.5036** -0.0403 -0.1961 -0.1769 -0.2776 -0.1678 0.4049** 0.3233* 0.4817** 0.2897 0.3154* 0.0488 0.2011 0.0575 0.3026* 0.1441 0.4885** 0.2425 -0.5768** 0.0231 -0.4908** -0.2608 -0.1631 0.0086 0.4701** 0.3143* 0.9722** 0.0563 0.3259* -0.0309 -0.8893** -0.0331 0.7786** 0.6365** -0.6891** -0.4142** -0.6785** -0.3854**

Fruit length (cm) Fruit width (mm) Fruit No./plant Fruit wt./plant Days to first picking

* Significant at 5% level of significance, ** Significant at 1% level of significance

Among the 7 biochemical traits studied, only capsaicin and orthodihydroxy phenol showed a relation with fruit rot (Table 4 & Fig. 2A). The relation of capsaicin content was inversely proportional to the fruit rot intensity. For example, the genotypes such as Byadgi Kaddi, Breek-2, and Punjab Lal with high capsaicin content of 1.33, 1.23 and 0.93 % had less disease intensity of 0.63, 0.17 and 0.43, respectively (Table 4 & Fig. 2B). Whereas the genotypes with low capsaicin content such as CH-3 and Longi showed more fruit rot intensity of 0.90 and 0.77, respectively (Table 3). Our findings also supports the previous work performed by Jeyalakshmi et al. 1999, reported that chilli fruits infected

with Colletotrichum capsici showed reduced capsaicin content. Phenols have long been reported to provide disease resistance in plants in host-pathogen interaction. ODP content was high in resistant chilli genotypes such as Jaun, Breek-1, and Breek-2 (Table 4 & Fig. 2C).The infection of Colletotrichum capsici might have triggered the defense response in chilli plant which led to the production of secondary metabolites such as ODP that imparts disease resistance. The resistant genotype such as Breek-2 showed more PPO activity (Table 3). The sharp increase in PPO activity was observed due to infestation by anthracnose pathogen in chilli plants (Bharath et al. 2004; Borua 2000).

17
Aademy Journals 2011

Cell & Plant Sci 2011 2 (3):12-21 There was no definite trend or correlation between sugar content and disease intensity in our study (Table 5). But these results are contradictory to the literature where they estimated

N.Kaur et al.
more sugar in susceptible cv Clustard but low in resistant genotypes such as Rukuni (Azad 1991).

Table 4 Means of biochemical traits and disease intensity in chilli genotypes.

Genotypes CH-3 CH-1 Byadgi Kaddi LLS PG PL Shahkoti Longi PS Breek-1 My 12 (3)3 KDS-810 Breek-2 Jalandhri Jaun Sanauri BC-30 L.S.D. (P= 0.05) Fruit rot* 0.90 1.03 0.63 0.00 0.60 0.43 0.53 0.77 0.17 0.00 0.80 0.93 0.17 0.57 0.17 0.50 0.97 0.60 Total flavonols (%) 0.17 0.73 0.85 0.68 0.58 0.56 0.63 0.43 0.11 0.19 0.85 0.16 0.13 0.12 0.24 0.43 0.11 0.21 Capsaicin (%) 0.57 0.81 1.33 0.66 0.82 0.93 0.53 0.55 0.63 0.85 0.62 0.54 1.23 0.90 0.72 0.77 0.80 0.66 -carotenea 5.52 1.58 1.17 0.70 0.57 6.40 0.62 2.53 1.25 1.87 0.65 0.67 4.55 1.24 4.70 1.47 0.54 0.35 Total phenols (%) 0.24 0.23 0.22 0.20 0.28 0.22 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.21 0.18 0.21 0.27 0.29 0.12 ODP (%) 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.01 0.03 0.00 0.07 0.03 0.02 0.04 PPOa 0.08 0.05 0.05 0.01 0.04 0.28 0.04 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.57 0.37 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.02 Total sugars (%) 1.68 4.63 4.69 4.75 5.03 4.88 4.51 1.76 1.47 3.77 2.48 2.33 4.82 2.23 1.11 1.63 1.81 1.62

* The genotypes were evaluated by visual observation and disease severity was rated on 0-5 scale, where 0= no disease and 5= more than 80% of fruit is rotten. a (OD/min/ml)

CONCLUSION Although there is extensive research going on disease control management and breeding programs for resistant cultivars but there is necessity to enrich diverse genotypes to strengthen the breeding programs. We aimed to improve the genetic resources of chilli genotypes on the basis of physiological and biochemical traits. Among the seventeen genotypes studied, four genotypes- LLS, Breek-1, Breek-2, and Jain were rated as resistant to die back/fruit rot. These resistant genotypes exhibited more plant height, fruit length, days to first picking, capsaicin, and ODP compared to susceptible ones. Hence, these genotypes can be used as one of the donor parents to breed a new variety of chilli resistant to die back/fruit rot. Our findings indicate some useful traits in chilli that have been linked with resistance to fruit rot and can be considered as basis for resistance in breeding resistant varieties or perhaps used as markers in MAS breeding of chilli varieties.

18
Aademy Journals 2011

Cell & Plant Sci 2011 2 (3):12-21

N.Kaur et al.

A 7 6 5 Total flavonols 4 3 2 1 0 Capsaicin b-carotene Total phenols ODP PPO Total sugars

More disease intensity

Less disease intensity

B 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 Capsaicin

0.08 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 ODP

Less disease intensity

Less disease intensity

Figure 2 Changes in biochemical traits among different genotypes of chilli (A). Changes in capsaicin (B) and orthodihydroxy phenol ODP (C) content in resistant and susceptible genotypes.

19
Aademy Journals 2011

Cell & Plant Sci 2011 2 (3):12-21 N.Kaur et al. Table 5 Genotypic (G) and Phenotypic (P) correlation coefficients for different pairs of biochemical traits and diseases in chilli genotypes.
Serial. No. 1 Total flavonols G P 2 Capsaicin G P 3 carotene G P 4 Total phenols G P 5 ODP G P 6 PPO G P 7 Total sugars G P 0.2079 0.1236 -0.3523* -0.0756 -0.2267 -0.1273 -0.4710** 0.3 -0.4236** -0.2549 -0.2703 -0.1544 -0.2329 -0.1418 0.1109 0.0885 -0.2477 -0.2435 0.0038 -0.0055 -0.3046* -0.3021* -0.3030* -0.3007* 0.5552** 0.5307** 0.1954 0.1536 0.1554 0.1234 0.2015 0.1681 0.6026 0.5040** 0.5423** 0.4171** -0.0651 -0.0678 0.3547* 0.3526* 0.4891** 0.4821 -0.032 -0.0327 0.1821 0.1712 -0.195 -0.181 -0.0162 -0.0278 -0.0201 -0.0204 -0.2765 -0.2708 0.2609 0.251 Characters Fruit rot Total flavonols Capsaicin carotene Total phenols ODP1 PPO2

Significant at 5% level of significance, ** Significant at 1% level of significance 1, ODP: Orthodihydroxy phenol 2, PPO: Polyphenol oxidase enzyme activity

REFERENCES
AOAC, 1975. Official Methods of Analysis. 12th ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington, DC Azad P, 1991. Fate and role of chemical constituents of chilli fruits during infection with Colletotrichum capsici. Indian Phytopathology 44: 12931 Bansal RD, Grover RK, 1969. Reaction on chilli (Capsicum fruitescens) varieties to Colletotrichum capsici. Journal of Research PAU 6: 345-48 Bansal RD, Khatri HD, Sharma OP, 1982. Interaction between the tobacco mosaic virus and Colletotrichum capsici in Capsicum annum L.varietal reaction. Journal of Research PAU 19: 39-43 Bhale MS, Bhale U and Khare MN, 1999. A method of testing virulence in chilli anthracnose pathogen. Journal of Mycol Plant Pathology 29 Bharathi R, Vivekananthan R, Harish S, Ramanathan A, Samiyappan R, 2004. Rhizo-bacteria based bio-formulations for the management of fruit rot infection in chillies. Crop Protection 23: 835-843 Borua I and Das P, 2000. Changes in activities of polyphenol oxidase, acid phosphatase and phenol content in developing chilli varieties susceptible and resistant to Colletotrichum capsici. Crop Research Hisar 19: 230-40 Chang SH and Chung BK, 1985. Studies on the varietal resistance and effects of nutrients for fungal growth of pepper anthracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum dematiumf.sp. Capsicum. Korean Journal of Mycology 13: 227-33 Chowdhary S, 1957 Studies on the development and control of fruit rot of chillies. Indian Phytopathology 10: 55-62 Ekbote SD, 2002 Bioefficacy of copper hydroxide (Coxid) against anthracnose of chilli. Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences15: 729-30 Gupta JS, Dixit RB, 1982. Streptomyces griseus in relation to Colletotrichum capsici on the surface of chilli. Geobiosciences 9: 249-50 Hegde GM, Anahosur KH, 2001. Biochemical basis of resistance to fruit rot (Colletotrichum capsici) in chilli genotypes. Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences 14: 686-90 Hegde GM, Srikant K, Kulkarni S, 2001. Vulnerable infection stage of chilli fruit by Colletotrichum capsici (Sydow) Butler and Bisby. Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences 14: 162-63 Jayasekhar M, Eswaramurthy S, Natarajan S, 1987. Effect of certain fungicides on chilli fruit rot. Madras Agricultural Journal 74: 10-11, 479-80 Jeyalakshmi C, Seetharaman K, 1998. Effect of culture filtrate of Colletotrichum capsici on seed germination and seedling vigour. Plant Disease Research 13: 157-59 Jeyalakshmi C, Seetharaman K, 1998. Evaluation of chili genotypes against fruit rot disease infected by Colletotrichum capsici (Syd) Butler and Bisby. South Indian Horticulture 46: 104-05 Jeyalakshmi C, Durairaj P, Seetharaman K, Sivaprakasam K, 1998. Biocontrol of fruit rot and die back of chilli using antagonistic microorganisms. Indian Phytopathology 51: 180-83 Jeyalakshmi C, Seetharaman K, Ebenrer EG, 1999. Qualitative losses of chilli fruits due to infection by Colletotrichum capsici (Syd) Butler and Bisby. Capsicum and Eggplant Newsletter No. 18: 80-82 Kadu IK, More BB, Utikar PG, 1978. Field reaction of chilli germplasm to anthracnose. Indian Phytopathology 1: 378-79 Peter KV, 1998. Recent advances in chilli breeding, Indian Spices 35: 3-5 Roy A, Bordoloi DK, Paul SR, 1998. Reaction of chilli genotypes to fruit rot under field conditions. PKV Research Journal 22: 155 Singh J, Thind TS, 1980. Search for Anthracnose and die back resistant varieties of chillies (Capsicum spp.) in Punjab. Punjab Vegetable Grower 15: 37-38

20
Aademy Journals 2011

Cell & Plant Sci 2011 2 (3):12-21

Singh HP, 1987. Genetics of Resistance to Colletotrichum capsici in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) M.Sc. Thesis, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India Singh RP, Singh RN, Singh DR, 1977. Note on fruit rot disease of chilli. Indian Journal of Agricultural Research 11: 188-90 Smith RW, Crosan DF, 1958. The taxonomy etiology and control of Colleteotrichum piperatum (E & E) E & H and Colletotrichum capsici (Syd.) B & B. Plant Disease Reporter 42: 1099-1103

N.Kaur et al.
Ullalsa BA, Rawal RD, Sohi HS, Singh DP, Joshi MC, 1981. Reaction of sweet pepper genotypes to anthrocnose, cercospora leaf spot and powdery mildew. Plant Disease Reporter 65: 600-607 Waraich KS, Saimbhi MS, 1974. Relative reaction of chilli varieties to fruit rot caused by Colletotrichum capsici Punjab Vegetable Grower 9: 68-70

21
Aademy Journals 2011