Notes Chapter 3

Chapter 3
ET201 ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS

1
Prepared by WAY/JKE/PKS
Chapter 3
SINUSOIDAL STEADY-STATE
CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
2
Chapter 3 (3.1)
THE AC BASIC CIRCUITS
3
AC
Basic
Circuits
Purely
Resistive
Circuit
Purely
Inductive
Circuit
Purely
Capacitive
Circuit
4
Purely resistive circuit
The Ac Basic Circuits
5
Purely resistive circuit
When alternating voltage supplied to the circuit consists
of resistor, alternating current flow in the circuit can be
determined using Ohm Law.

6
AC Voltage & Current in Resistive Circuit
In AC pure resistive circuit, both waveforms attain their
peak values at the same time, and pass through zero at the
same time.
Voltage and current in a purely resistive circuit are therefore
said to be "IN PHASE" with each other

7
8
Phase angle for resistance
9
Resistive Effect in AC Circuit
If resistive increase, the current will decrease.

If resistive decrease, the current will increase.

AC value that flows at any point in the pure resistive
circuit does not affected by frequency of that circuit.

10
Purely inductive circuit
11
Purely inductive circuit
Inductors oppose changes in current through them, by
dropping a voltage directly proportional to the rate of change
of current.

12
In a purely inductive circuit the voltage and current waveforms are not in phase.
Inductance opposes change in current due to the back emf effect.
This causes the current to reach its peak value some time after the voltage.
So in an inductive circuit, current "LAGS" voltage.

13
14
Inductive reactance, XL
Reactance in ohms for any inductor is directly proportional to the frequency of
the alternating current, f and inductance, L .

The exact formula for determining reactance is as follows:

X
= 2 or X
=

Where 2 or is the angular velocity and L is the inductance in henries.

15
Inductive reactance, XL
Inductive reactance depends on the frequency where as when
frequency, value increase then the value of voltage and inductive
also increase.

16
Phase Angle For Inductive Reactance
17
Purely capacitive circuit
18
Purely capacitive circuit
Capacitors oppose changes in voltage by drawing or supplying current as they
charge or discharge to the new voltage level.

The flow of electrons through a capacitor is directly proportional to the rate of
change of voltage across the capacitor.

19
Capacitance has the property of delaying changes in voltage.
That is, the applied voltage reaches steady state only after a time dictated by the time
constant.
In AC circuits voltage and current are changing continuously, and in a purely
capacitive AC circuit the peak value of the voltage waveform occurs a
quarter of a cycle after the peak value of the current.
20

21
Capacitive reactance, XC
Reactance in ohms for any capacitor is inversely
proportional to the frequency of the alternating current.

Capacitive reactance has the same value with resistance
of resistor.

X
=
1
2
or X
=
1

22
Capacitive reactance, XC
When a higher frequency is applied, the capacitor changes from charging to
discharging sooner in its charge curve and it remains further from its fully
charged state.

23
Phase angle for capacitive reactance
24
Example 1
Given f=500 Hz, L=500mH. Find the value of XL

X
= 2 = 2 Suu Suum = 1.S71k

25
Example 2
Given f=500 Hz, L=50F. Find the value of XC

X
=
1
2
=
1
2 Suu Su
= 6.S66
26
Example 3
Determine the capacitive reactance a capacitor 10F when
connected to a circuit with input frequency 100kHz and
10kHz. Plot a graph Xc vs frequency based on the answer.

27
Answer Of Example 3
X
=
1
2

At 10 kHz
X
=
1
2
=
1
2 1uk 1u
= 1.S92
At 100 kHz
X
=
1
2
=
1
2 1uuk 1u
= u.1S9

28
Answer Of Example 3
29

PHASORS AND RESISTORS, CAPACITORS, AND INDUCTORS

30
V-I Relationship
Based on the Ohms law:

ELEMENT

REACTANCE

Voltage

Resistive Circuit
R

R (oms, )

I = IR

Inductive Circuit
L

X
= 2
X
=

I = ]X
I = ]I

Capacitive Circuit
C
X
=
1
2

X
=
1

I = ]X
I = ]
I

31
R-L Series Circuit
The Circuit With Inductive And Capacitive Load
32
R-L Series Circuit
In an AC series circuit containing inductance L and resistance R,
the applied voltage V is the phasor sum of V
R
and V
L

Thus the current I lags the applied voltage V by an angle lying
between 0 and 90 (depending on the values of V
R
and V
L
), shown
as angle .

In any AC series circuit the current is common to each component
and is thus taken as the reference phasor.

33
34
Resistor, R Inductor, L R-L Circuit
Voltage, V I
R
= IR I
= IX

I
S
= I
R
2
+ I
2

= ton
1
I
I
R

Impedance, Z R ]X

Z = R + ]X

Z
1
= R
2
+ X
2

= ton
1
X
R

Current
I =
I
Z
1

35
Example 1
A series circuit consists of R=20, L=20mH, and an AC
supply of 60V with f=100Hz. Calculate;
the current
the voltage across R
the voltage across L
the phase angle of current with respect to the supply voltage.

36
Solution Of Example 1
Given R = 2u, = 2umE, E = 6uI, = 1uuE
Where
X
= 2 = 2 1uu 2um = 12.S7

the current

I =
E
Z
wcrc Z = R
2
+X
2
= 2u
2
+ 12.S7
2
= 2S.62
I =
6u
2S.62
= 2.S4

37
Given R = 2u, = 2umE, E = 6uI, = 1uuE
Where
X
= 2 = 2 1uu 2um = 12.S7


I
R
= IR = 2.S4 2u = Su.8I

the voltage across L

I
= IX
= 2.S4 12.S7 = S1.9I

the phase angle of current with respect to the supply voltage

= ton
1
X
R
= ton
1
12.S7
2u
= S2.1S, lagging

38
R-C Series Circuit
39
R-C Series Circuit
In an AC series circuit containing capacitance C and
resistance R, the applied voltage V is the phasor sum of
V
R
and V
C

Thus the current I leads the applied voltage V by an angle
lying between 0 and 90 (depending on the values of VR
and VC), shown as angle .

40
41
Resistor, R Capacitor, L R-CCircuit
Voltage, V I
R
= IR I
= IX

I
S
= I
R
2
+ I
2

= ton
1
I
I
R

Impedance, Z R -]X

Z = R ]X

Z
1
= R
2
+ X
2

= ton
1
X
R

Current
I =
I
Z
1

42
Example 2
A series RC circuit consists of R=47, C=10F, and an AC
supply of 100V with f=300Hz. Calculate;
the current
the voltage across C
the phase angle of current with respect to the supply voltage.

43
Given R = 47, = 1uF, E = 1uuI, = SuuE
Where

X
=
1
2
=
1
2 Suu 1u
= SS.1

the current

I =
E
Z
wcrc Z = R
2
+ X
2
= 47
2
+SS.1
2
= 7u.9
I =
1uu
7u.9
= 1.41

44
Given R = 47, = 1uF, E = 1uuI, = SuuE
Where
X
=
1
2
=
1
2 Suu 1u
= SS.1


I
R
= IR = 1.41 47 = 66.27I


I
= IX
= 1.41 SS.1 = 74.87I


= ton
1
X
R
= ton
1
SS.1
47
= 48.S, leauing

45
R-L-C Series Circuit
46
The phase relationship between the supply voltage VS and the
circuit current IS depends on the relative values of inductance
and capacitance, and whether the inductive reactance (XL) is
greater or less than the capacitive reactance (XC).

47
V
C
and V
L
are in anti-phase to each other due to their 90 leading
and lagging relationship with the circuit current (I
S
).
As V
L
and V
C
directly oppose each other, a resulting voltage is
created, which will be the difference between V
C
and V
L
.
This is called the REACTIVE VOLTAGE and its value can be
calculated by simply subtracting V
C
from V
L
.

48
When
When
>
When
>

Voltage, V I
= I
R

I
S
= I
R
2
+ I
2

and
an =
I
I
R

I
S
= I
R
2
+ I
2

and
an =
I
I
R

Impedance, Z Z = R Z = R
2
+ X
2

and
an =
X
R

Z = R
2
+ X
2

and
an =
X
R

Current
I =
I
S
R
I =
I
S
Z
I =
I
S
Z

When X
L
= X
C
, the applied voltage V and the current I are in phase.
This effect is called series resonance.
49
Example 3
A series RLC circuit consists of R=33, L=50mH, C=10 F,
and an AC supply of 75V with f=200Hz. Calculate;
The current, I
Voltage across resistor V
R
Voltage across inductor V
L
Voltage across capacitor V
C
The phase angle of current with respect to the supply voltage.

50
Given R = SS, = SumE, = 1uF, E = 7SI, = 2uuE
Where
X
= 2 = 2 2uu Sum = 62.8

X
=
1
2
=
1
2 2uu 1u
= 79.6

Based on the calculation above we can see that
>

q
x pt

the current

I =
E
Z
wcrc Z = R
2
+ X
2
= SS
2
+ 79.6 62.8
2
= S7
I =
7S
S7
= 2.uS

51
Where
X
= 2 = 2 2uu Sum = 62.8

X
=
1
2
=
1
2 2uu 1u
= 79.6


I
R
= IR = 2.uS SS = 66.99I

The voltage across L

I
= IX
= 2.uS 62.8 = 127.48I

52
Where
X
= 2 = 2 2uu Sum = 62.8

X
=
1
2
=
1
2 2uu 1u
= 79.6


I
= IX
= 2.uS 79.6 = 161.S9I


= ton
1
X
R
= ton
1
79.6 62.8
SS
= ton
1
16.8
SS
= 27, leauing

53
R-L Parallel Circuit
54
Through Resistor,
R
Through Inductor,
L
R-L Parallel Circuit
Current, I
i
R
=
I
S
Z
1
i
=
I
S
Z
2

i = i
R
+ i

i = i
R
2
+ i
2

= ton
1
i
i
R

Impedance, Z Z
1
= Ru Z
2
= 9u

1
Z
1
=
1
Z
1
+
1
Z
2

Z
1
=
Z
1
Z
2
Z
1
+ Z
2

Z =
I
S
I

55
Example 5
A 20 resistor is connected in parallel with an inductor of
2.4mH across a 60V, 1 kHz supply. Calculate
The current in each branch,
The supply current,
The current phase angle
The circuit impedance

56
Answer Of Example 5
57
R-C Parallel Circuit
58
Through Resistor,
R
Through
Capacitor, C
R-C Parallel
Circuit
Current, I
i
R
=
I
S
Z
1
i
=
I
S
Z
2

i = i
R
+ i

i = i
R
2
+ i
2

= ton
1
i
i
R

Impedance, Z Z
1
= Ru Z
2
= 9u

1
Z
1
=
1
Z
1
+
1
Z
2

Z
1
=
Z
1
Z
2
Z
1
+ Z
2

Z =
I
S
I

59
Example 6
A 80 resistor is connected in parallel with an capacitor 30
across a 240V, 50Hz supply. Calculate

The current in each branch,
The supply current,
The current phase angle
The circuit impedance

60
Answer Of Example 6
61
R-L-C Parallel Circuit
62
R-L-C Parallel Circuit
63
R-L-C parallel circuit analysis procedure
Calculate the inductive reactance ,
X
= 2
Calculate the capacitive reactance ,
X
=
1
2

Determine the currents through each component:
I
R
=
I
S
R
I
=
I
S
X
=
I
S
X

Calculate the reactive circuit,
I
= I

Calculate the supply current ,
I = I
R
2
+I
2

Calculate the phase angle,
= ton
1
I

64
Through
Resistor, R
Through
Inductor, L
Through
Capacitor, C
R-C Parallel Circuit
Impedance,
Z
Z
1
= Ru Z
2
= 9u Z
3
= 9u 1
Z
1
=
1
Z
1
+
1
Z
2
+
1
Z
3

65
Example 7
A 50 resistor, a 20mH coil and a 5uF capacitor are all
connected in parallel across a 50V, 100Hz supply. Calculate:
The total current drawn from the supply,
The current for each branch,
The total impedance of the circuit
The phase angle.
Also construct the current and admittance triangles
representing the circuit.

66
Answer Of Example 7
67
68
SERIES/PARALLEL R-L-C CIRCUIT
69
Differences between resistance and
impedances
Resistance Impedance
Resistance usually refers to direct current
(DC).
Impedance is much more complicated than resistance,
taking into consideration that it relates to AC.
Resistance will only have to deal with non-
shifting phases of voltage and current which
makes it simple
impedance as it is determined by another value, which
is based on phase shifts

Resistance is simple and Resistance is pure
ohmic impedance (absence phase shift)
Impedance will consider reactance in addition to
resistance to determine it

Resistance is often in (R) Impedance is often denoted with symbol (Z)
Resistance may not often take into
consideration the overall circuit
Impedance may often take into consideration the
overall circuit
Both resistance and impedance are expressed in unit ohms ()
70
COMBINATION OF SERIES-
PARALLEL R-L-C CIRCUIT
71
The combination of series-parallel R-L-
C circuit
72
Analysis procedure for series-parallel R-
L-C circuit.
Resolve all series-connected impedance into single
equivalent impedance.
Resolve all parallel-connected impedance into single
equivalent impedance.
Repeat procedures 1 and 2 until a single equivalent
impedance determined for the whole circuit.
Calculate the supply current
Use the current divider rule to determine the individual
branch currents.

73
S = P
2
+
2

P = S
2

2

= S
2
P
2

74
TERM SYMBOL DEFINITION FORMULA UNIT
Apparent
Power
S The combination of reactive
power and true power is called
apparent power, and it is the
product of a circuit's voltage and
current, without reference to
phase angle.
S = I
2
Z
@
S = II
Where;
I = current, A
V = voltage, V
Z = total
impedances
Volts-
Amps (VA)
True
Power
P The actual amount of power
being used, or dissipated
P = I
2
R
@
P = II cos
Watts
(W)
Reactive
Power
Q Power stored and returned to
generator by circuits inductive
and capacitive components
= I
2
X
@
= II sin
Volts-
Amps-
Reactive
(VAR)

75
Power factor
When expressed as a fraction, this ratio between true power and apparent
power is called the power factor for this circuit.
p. =
truc powcr
opporcnt powcr

Because true power and apparent power form the adjacent and hypotenuse sides
of a right triangle, respectively, the power factor ratio is also equal to the cosine
of that phase angle.

p. = cos
76
Example 1
The capacitance 4.7F , 1.5 F, inductive 650mH and
resistor 470 in figure bellow. Find the:
total impedance
Total current and the branch current
Voltage drop across each branch in circuit.
The power consumed
The apparent power
The reactive power
Sketch the phasor diagram

77
Total impedance
Find XL and XC
X
= 2 = 2 6u 6Sum = 24S
X
1
=
1
2
=
1
2 6u 4.7
= S64
X
2
=
1
2
=
1
2 6u 1.S
= 1768

78
Total impedance
0cncrol cquotion or impcJoncc Z
= R +]X
]X

Then
Z
1
= ]X
= ]S64
Z
2
= +]X
]X
= +]24S ]1768 = ]1S2S

Z
R
= 47u
Solve the parallel part :
Z
= Z
2
Z
R
=
Z
2
Z
R
Z
2
+ Z
R
=
]1S2S 47u
]1S2S + 47u
= 429 ]1S2
Calculate total impedance:
Z
1
= Z
1
+ Z
= ]S64 + 429 ]1S2 = 429 ]696

= 818 S8.SS

79
Total current and the branch current
I
1
=
I
Z
1
=
12u
818 S8.SS
= u.u8 + ]u.12S = u.147S8.SS
Using current divider rule to get the branch current
I
2
=
Z
R
Z
R
+ Z
2
I
1
=
47u
47u ]1S2S
u.147
= u.u1S + ]u.u41 = u.u4S72.8S

I
1
= I
2
+ I
R
then I
R
= I
1
I
2

I
R
= u.147S8.SS u.u4S72.8S = u.u64 + ]u.u84
= u.1u6S2.S

80
Voltage drop across each resistor

I
1
= I
1
Z
1
= u.147S8.SS ]S64 = 7u.S8 ]4S.S
= 82.91 S1.6S I

I
2
= I
2
Z
2
= u.u4S72.8S ]1S2S = 62.S8 ]19.S1
= 6S.49 17.1S I

I
R
= I
R
Z
R
= u.1u6S2.S 47u = Su.SS + ]S9.S2
= 49.82S2.S I

81
The power consumed
P = II cos
Where take from phase angle of IT
P = II cos = u.147 12u cos S8.SS = 9.2Sw

The apparent power
S = II = u.147 12u = 17.64 I

The reactive power
P = II sin = u.147 12u sin S8.SS = 1S.u2 :or

82
The work, power and energy
The concept of work, power and energy
83
TERM SYMBOL DEFINITION UNIT FORMULA
WORK W The joule is defined as the work
done or energy transferred
when a force of one newton is
exerted through a distance of
one metre in the direction of the
force.
Joule
J
W=Fs
ENERGY E The capacity for doing work. Joule
J
POWER P The rate of doing work or
transferring energy.
Watt
W
P =
w
t

P = II
EFFICIENCY e
efficiency
=
poei op
poei inp

84
PURE RESISTIVE CIRCUIT
Power consumption in ac circuit
85
Pure Resistive Circuit

In this example, the current to the
load would be 2 amps, RMS.
The power dissipated at the load
would be 240 watts.
Because this load is purely resistive
(no reactance), the current is in
phase with the voltage, and
calculations look similar to that in
an equivalent DC circuit.
86
Pure Resistive Circuit
Note that the waveform for power is always positive, never
negative for this resistive circuit.

This means that power is always being dissipated by the
resistive load, and never returned to the source as it is with
reactive loads.

87
PURE CAPACITANCE AND
INDUCTANCE CIRCUIT
88
Pure Inductance & Capacitance Circuit
Note that the power alternates
equally between cycles of positive
and negative.
This means that power is being
alternately absorbed from and
returned to the source.
Power is not dissipated in a
purely reactive load
(capacitance and inductance).

89
THE POWER TRIANGLE
90
Power Triangle
S = P
2
+
2

P = S
2

2

= S
2
P
2

91
TERM SYMBOL DEFINITION FORMULA UNIT
Apparent
Power
S The combination of reactive
power and true power is called
apparent power, and it is the
product of a circuit's voltage
and current, without reference
to phase angle.
S = I
2
Z
@
S = II
Where;
I = current, A
V = voltage, V
Z = total
impedances
Volts-
Amps
(VA)
True
Power
P The actual amount of power
being used, or dissipated
P = I
2
R
@
P = II cos
Watts
(W)
Reactive
Power
Q Power stored and returned to
generator by circuits inductive
and capacitive components
= I
2
X
@
= II sin
Volts-
Amps-
Reactive
(VAR)
92
Power factor
93
Power factor
Power factor can be an important aspect to consider in an AC
circuit, because any power factor less than 1 means that the
circuit's wiring has to carry more current than what would
be necessary with zero reactance in the circuit to deliver the
same amount of (true) power to the resistive load.
The angle of the power triangle graphically indicates the
ratio between the amount of dissipated (or consumed) power
and the amount of absorbed/returned power
94
Power factor
When expressed as a fraction, this ratio between true power
and apparent power is called the power factor for this circuit.
p. =
truc powcr
opporcnt powcr

Because true power and apparent power form the adjacent
and hypotenuse sides of a right triangle, respectively, the
power factor ratio is also equal to the cosine of that phase
angle.

p. = cos
95
Power factor
For the purely resistive circuit, the power factor is 1
(perfect), because the reactive power equals zero.

For the purely inductive circuit, the power factor is zero,
because true power equals zero. The same could be said for a
purely capacitive circuit.

96
Power factor correction
Poor power factor can be corrected, paradoxically, by:
Adding another load to the circuit drawing an equal and
opposite amount of reactive power, to cancel out the effects
of the load's inductive reactance.
Inductive reactance can only be cancelled by capacitive
reactance, so we have to add a capacitor in parallel to our
example circuit as the additional load.
The effect of these two opposing reactance in parallel is to
bring the circuit's total impedance equal to its total resistance
(to make the impedance phase angle equal, or at least closer,
to zero).

97
Example 1
Calculate the true power, reactive power and apparent power
for below circuit.

98
Iruc powcr, P = I
2
R = 24uw

Rcocti:c powcr, = I
2
X = u IR

pporcnt powcr, S = I
2
Z = 24uI

powcr octor =
truc powcr
opporcnt powcr
=
24u
24u
= 1

99
Example 2
for below circuit.

100

Iruc powcr, P = I
2
R = uw

Rcocti:c powcr, = I
2
X = 2S8.7S IR

2
Z = 2S8.7SI

powcr octor =
truc powcr
opporcnt powcr
=
u
24u
= u

101
Example 3
for below circuit.

102

Iruc powcr, P = I
2
R = 119.S8Sw

Rcocti:c powcr, = I
2
X = 119.998IR

2
Z = 169.2S6I

powcr octor =
truc powcr
opporcnt powcr
=
119.S8S
169.2S6
= u.7uS

103

104

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Chapter 3

ET201 ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS

= 2 = 2 Suu Suum = 1.S71k

= 2 = 2 1uu 2um = 12.S7

= 2 = 2 1uu 2um = 12.S7

= 2.S4 12.S7 = S1.9I

= 1.41 SS.1 = 74.87I

= 2 = 2 2uu Sum = 62.8

= 2 = 2 2uu Sum = 62.8

= 2.uS 62.8 = 127.48I

= 2 = 2 2uu Sum = 62.8

= 2.uS 79.6 = 161.S9I

= +]24S ]1768 = ]1S2S

= ]S64 + 429 ]1S2 = 429 ]696

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