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Evan Mullvain, Nate Wagoner, Craig Worley National History Day December, 2013 Annotated Bibliography Primary Sources Adams, P. John. The Twelve Tablets. 10 June 2009. Analyze Article. 19 October 2013. <http://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/12tables.html> The twelve tables of the early Roman Empire, is a primary source. It was the first attempt to create a basis of law for Roman citizens, before this the justice system was based solely on the integrity of adjudicators of the Roman court. With the creation of this set of laws, they had something to base their early judicial structure upon. This will allow us to get a deeper understanding of the Twelve Tablets, which was the base of the Roman law, which is one of the societies we are investigating. Duyvendak,J.J.-L. The Book of Lord Shang. 1928. Analyze of Primary Document. 19 October 2013. <http://classiques.uqac.ca/classiques/duyvendak_jjl/B25_book_of_lord_shang/duyvlord.pdf> The book of Lord Shang was created to draw boundaries for the people of the state of China. This book of rules and guidelines was known specifically for being of anti-Confucianistic opinions. The purpose is to convey the message that obedience is the most important trait of humanity. This will help our project as it will allow us to further analyze our understanding of the "Book of Lord Shang" and the legalism government that accompanied it, and how the government viewed their citizens and made their decisions. Congress.Gov. Constitution Annotated. 26 June 2013. Analyze Primary Document. 19 October 2013. < http://beta.congress.gov/constitution-annotated> This is a primary source document of the exact wording and specifications of the U.S. constitution that has been modified over the years since its creation. The U.S. constitution was built under different circumstances and standards than previous laws and rights at the time. It was the first written constitution and allowed citizens to view their rights and the rules they must follow on paper. Before, this was not an option as to British constitutions were not written. This source will allow us to easily read the constitution and understand the components involved with it. This will also allow us to understand the components that are involved with the rights and responsibilities of the modern citizen. Hammurabi. Babylonian Law-The Code of Hammurabi. 1910-1911. Primary Document Translation. 19 October 2013. http://www.fordham.edu/Halsall/ancient/hamcode.asp This is a translation of Hammurabi's Code of Law to English. Hammurabi was an organized ruler of Babylon who developed a strict set of rules and punishments to keep the peace of the people. The most miniscule of crimes had its punishments too. The Code of Hammurabi is not the first to be applied within a society; this is a new form of old government techniques. The list containing

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the 282 laws is set for three class within a society: Amelu (Patrician, Aristocrats, Rulers), Muskinu (Beggars), and the Ardu (Slaves). This is important as this was the 1st written law code and it will allow us to compare it to today's law systems Han Dynasty Legal Code. n.d. Article. 19 October 2013. <http://bladams.tripod.com/empire/han_e/handynastylegalcode.html> The Han Dynasty's contribution towards redefining the law system remains under-crediting. Romans receive the highest amount of glory, when it was the Han dynasty that gave the most effort in their efforts at changing the law structure. Dong Zhongshu, a Prime Minister during the Han Dynasty's Era, lessened the harshness of laws. Many of his beliefs can be related to laws and writes that are in effect today. He was more focused on using more peaceful methods to keep the unity of the society. This is significant, as it will allow us to view the law code of the great Han dynasty, which gave the people such few freedoms that the dynasty was eventually overrun with crime and a revolution that over threw the government. Madison, James. Bill of Rights. 25 September 1789. Document. 19 October 2013. <http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/bill_of_rights_transcript.html> This is a primary document of the United States' Bill of Rights. The first ten amendments are known as the Bill of Rights, and as a whole are a part of the United States Constitution. The reasoning behind the Bill Of Rights was to protect the rights of the people. This will allow us to analyze how the rights and responsibilities of the society has been able to change because of the changing times and issues. Philadelphia Convention. Constitution of the United States. 17 September 1787. Document. 19 October 2013. < http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_transcript.html> This is a primary document of the United States. The constitution divides the United States government into three branches, and is the base for all the laws that are brought upon by the government. Amendments that are included in the Constitution protect the rights of many people including African Americans and women. This will also allow us to compare and contrast the constitution and the Bill of Rights which will show how laws can change.

Superbus ,Tarquinius; Porsenna, Lars. The Roman Republican Constitution. 509 BCE. Translated Primary Document. 19 October 2013. <http://web.archive.org/web/20010412095946/http://web.reed.edu/academic/departments/classics /RepublicanConstitution1.html> This is a translation to English, from the original constitution that was made in Rome. One of the major advanced methods in the court system is that there can be an appeal to the decision, in case there is no certainty on the decision. This method of being able to appeal the court decision is still used to day in politics. This document was also one of the first that was openly adapted to the changing times. This will help our project as it will help us get a better understanding of the

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Roman Law code, which is an essential component in our for comparing the past and the present rights and responsibilities of the citizens have changed through time. The Tale of The Eloquent Peasant. 1800 BCE. Translated Primary Document. 19 October 2013. <http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/1800egypt-peasant.asp> This is a folk table from the 1800BCE Egypt. It helps illustrate the rights that the citizens had back then. This story follows the life of Hunanup, a normal citizen who is only conserved feeding his family. This is only a portion of the original document, as the rest is lost, or not translated yet. This is a translation of an primary document. This will help our project as it will recount one of the oldest law fables that was used to live your lifestyle by, which is absent today in our society. UsHistory.Org. The Bill of Rights. 2013. Article. 19 October 2013. <http://www.ushistory.org/us/18a.asp> After the construction of the constitution in 1787, there was the need to adapt the constitution to the changing society that was found in that time period. To do this, the bill of rights was created, in which amendments could be created to change the constitutions. The 5th amendment stated that you have the right to a trial without in dictionary, not to be double jeopardy, or self-incrimination. That all stated that the legal system was a lot more fair and logical compared to the ancient law systems that was used in Hammurabis time period. The 6th amendment stated that the defendant had a right to a speedy trial, a right to be informed of the charges, to call a witness, and the right to have a lawyer consult with you. This was a lot more fair compared to the ancient methods used, like being throw into the river, and if you survived, you were not guilty, and if not, well you died. The 7th amendment stated that the defendant had to right to be trialed by one's own peers. This also illustrated the new fairness of the law code. However that is all of the responsibility of the government to rightfully convict the right citizen. However the punishments have gotten a lot weaker. The 8th amendment stated that you were protected from excessive bail, excessive fines, and finally cruel and unusual punishment. This reduced the hoarseness that the criminals experienced. In the ancient times, death was the common punishment for such crimes ranging from theft, to the destruction of other's property. This resulted in the death of Thousands of people. However no, it takes a jury to determine that a mass murder was evil before they can even put him on death row. This resulted in only a thousand people being put to death in the last 50 years in the United States. This article will help our presentation as it will give us information on how the modern law systems of today compared to previous versions of the law systems, like the systems adopted in China, Rome, and Egypt. Yang, Shang. Reform of the Law. n.d. Translation of Primary Document. 19 October 2013. <http://ctext.org/shang-jun-shu/reform-of-the-law> This is a translation to some of the text that is used in the legalism code. It illustrates that when a ruler is getting ready to step down from power, or getting ready to die, that it was their duty to make sure "an intelligent ruler reigns." which illustrates that they were worried that another political group was going to come to power after the turmoil of a leader's death. So as a result it is like a duty of the prince to prepare for the worse. This is still used today. Also the emperors couldn't be afraid to act, or respond on a wimp, as "he who hesitates in action, does not accomplish

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anything," revealing that empires must act spontaneously which usually results in rash, extreme decisions that usually violent actions and decisions. Also the system of legalism believe that the intelligent population of the nation should be rulers of the nation as "the stupid do not even understand an affair when it has been completed, but the wise see it even before it has sprouted," meaning that the stupid populations should be in charge of lower responsibilities and the smarter populations be in charge of higher positions, like roles of leadership. When there is a large difference between the education levels in the population, and the educated get the political power, it eventually leads to them extorting money out of the educated, as they don't understand the complex law and tax system. Also with this system, the government can especially control the uneducated mines of the majority population because of the threat of the harsh punishments. This then controls their way of life, as they are afraid of what could happen to them if they made the wrong decisions. This source will help our project as it will allow us to analyze the law code of the time, and then make a comparison to present methods. Yu,Guanghua. The Development of the Chineses Legal Systems: Change and Challenges. Routledge; Reprint Edition. 2012. Online <http://www.chinalawdeskbook.com/pdf/CLD%20Ch2.pdf> This system of legalism is the type that is the most influential to the legal system that is still used today. It traces its roots to the teacher of Shang Yang. This system of legalism followed a system of rewards and punishments in order to keep the population in check, as legalist viewed man as selfish and devilish. The system held the population accountable for their actions. This system also didn't favor the nobles over the common population. They viewed that the stick, public, clear law was created to help control the country, and also reduce the risk of a revolution. The legalist viewed that they couldn't rule well without the use of stick laws. The reason that the people where so worried, as they were ever afraid of the consequences of their actions. So they acted in according to the law to avoid the heavy hand of the consequences. This system led to the unification of China. This source will help our project as it will help us analyze the legal law code of China, which will then compare the system of legalism to the present method that is used in all of the modern powers of the world today. Secondary Sources Clark. Capital Punishment in Ancient Rome. n.d. Analyze Document. 19 October 2013. <http://www.xavier.edu/classics/documents/Theses/Clark.pdf> This is a secondary source. It describes punishments distributed by Roman Empire as means of creating a system of discipline to enforce laws amongst the society. Since the beginning of time, death has always been referred to as man's worst punishment, as the example was set by the highly achieved empire of the Romans. Other forms of cruel and violent retributions are clubbing, stoning, flogging, and beating. It will contribute to our project by supplying us with an example of punishment used in a used in ancient Rome, a society that has greatly affected and massive area across different locations throughout the world. This is one of the main sources that we will be investigating as this is still a method that is used today to punish the population. So we will be able to compare the numbers of death between the ages, through the same method of killing. Congressional Quarterly Researcher. Chronology of Capital Punishment. 10 March 1995. Article. 19

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October 2013. <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/angel/timeline.html> This source is a summary of capital punishment throughout American History and how it has been viewed over the last 400 years, making this a secondary source. It starts off by describing how originally 14 crimes could be punishable by death, while in modern times, categorized, there are only 3. This reveals how the American justice system has become more lenient in distributing sentences as we have progressed to the future. This will allow us to compare the punishments of the modern times to the methods of the past, which will come from other sources. Dunn, Jimmy. Egypt: Law and the Legal System in Ancient Egypt. n.d. Article. 19 October 2013. < http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/law.htm> This is an example of a secondary a source. This source reveals common morals and laws used by ancient Egyptians to evaluate that their moral code was deeper than what is right and what is wrong. Their rules were based on order, balance, and justice in the universe. This is important to our project as it allowed us to further our analysis of the Egyptian law system and how stick they were. This will then allow use to compare it to modern times Harris&Greenwell. The Tale of the Eloquent Peasant: Ancient Advice for the Modern Judge. n.d. Analyze of Primary Document. 19 October 2013. < http://www.harrisgreenwell.com/HGS/TheTaleOfTheEloquentPeasant> This is an analysis of a primary document written by an Egyptian scribe. This story reveals the relationships between justice and punishment, and justice and reward during the Ancient Egyptian time period by narrating through the eyes of Khunanup. Justice and truth were seen as of equal importance with the Egyptians. This is significant as it allowed us to analyze the written fable of the ancient Egyptians, hence allow us to compare it to todays law systems dealing with responsibility and rights of the citizens. John, Claude Hermann Walter. Babylonian Law-The Code of Hammurabi. n.d. Analyze of Primary Document. 19 October 2013. < http://www.come-andhear.com/supplement/hammurabi.html#Analysis> This is a secondary document on the code of Hammurabi, and explains the history, and laws of the Code. With the mixed population of different races in Babylonia, Hammurabi was still capable of a uniform law system that appealed to all people. This law system was very firm in that it was heavily if, then oriented meaning the punishment was similar to the crime committed. This is significant as it will allow us to analyze the 1st written code that was ever written, and will allow us to go back the furthers in history to retrieve information McGrath, Jane. Whats so important about the Code of Hammurabi?. 17 February 2009. Article. 19 October 2013. < http://history.howstuffworks.com/historical-events/code-of-hammurabi.htm> This is a secondary document on the analyzing of the significance of the Code of Hammurabi. Hammurabi was not a vicious leader, like many rulers that took over that time period. He wanted everyone to be treated in the way that they deserved. The discovery of the stela (Stone Pillar) led

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historians into being able to identify life during the Babylonian time period. This will allow us to further analyze the Code of Hammurabi, which is one of the societies that we are investigating. Rough Justice. 22 July 2010. Analyze Article. 19 October 2013. <http://www.economist.com/node/16640389> This is a 3rd document. American has as many people in jail compared to any other rich nation in the world. 1 out of 100 Americans will spend their life in prison. There is a trend of politicians promising for tougher laws, which means that every time a politician promises this, the laws only get tougher. Since 1970 the rate of people left in prison is nearly quadrupled. This is because the standard time in prison as greatly increased, as the public views that the most dangerous criminals need to spend more time in prison. Many states are now removing the chance of a judge showing mercy, as they now have minimum amounts of time that each criminal needs to serve. Community service convictions now results in lower amount of repeat offenders, as the punishments usually entail larger physical work that the criminals dont want to have to do. This will help our project as it will help us in the fact that it is helping us compare the procedures of the past, and compare them to today standards.