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HYDRAULICS MANUAL
PRINCIPLES OF HYDRAULICS
HYDRAULICS MANUAL
PART 1: PRINCIPLES OF HYDRAULICS
INTRODUCTION ...... .. .. .. .. .. 1
1. Theorems
1.1 Bernoulli's Theorems .... .. .. .. 2
1.2 Fanning Friction Factor ....... .. .. .. 3
2. Friction Loss Through Pipes
2.1 Pipes and Pipe Fittings ... .. .. .. 5
2.2 Friction Loss Through Pipes
2.2.1 Equivalent Lengths .... .. .. 6
2.2.2 Resistance Coefficients . .. .. 7
2.3 Review of Concepts ... .. .. .. 9
3. Elements of a Hydraulic System
3.1 Overview .. .. .. .. .. 10
3.2 Total Line Pressure Drop .... .. .. .. 12
3.3 Elements
3.3.1 Static Equipments ........ .. .. 12
3.3.2 Pump and Compressors ... .. .. 13
3.3.3 Control Valves ... .. .. .. 19
3.3.4 PRVs, BDVs .. .. .. 24
3.4 Dynamic System AP ....... .. .. .. 27
4. Overview of Different Types of Fluid Flow
4.1 Single Flow..
4.1.1 Incompressible Fluids .. .. .. 31
4.1.1 Compressible Fluids ... .. .. 31
4.2 Two-Phase System
4.2.1 Horizontal Flow for 2-Phase System 33
4.2.2 Vertical Flow for 2-Phase System . .. 34
4.2.3 Flow Regime Maps .. .. .. 35
4.3 Calculation Basis of PRODraw ...... .. .. 39
5. Line Sizing Criteria
5.1 Definition of Hyd. Calculation System ..... .. 49
5.2 Line Sizing Criteria ..... .. .. .. 49
5.3 General Guidelines ... .. .. .. 50
Attachments
Attachment 1.1 Friction Factor Diagram (R
m
) ... .. 52
Attachment 1.2 Friction Factor Diagram (R
e
) . .. 53
Attachment 2.1 Crane Chart for Equiv. Length ... .. 54
Attachment 3.1 Pressure Drop at Diff. Flowrates ... 55
Attachment 3.2 Pump Head Calculation Sheet . .. 56
Attachment 3.3 Pump Head Curve .... .. 57
Attachment 5.1 Comparison of Line Sizing Criteria ..... .. 58
INTRODUCTION
This Manual presents a comprehensive discussion of hydraulics concepts. The aim
is to provide the neophyte process engineer with the necessary theoretical back-
ground needed for the execution of hydraulic works. Hydraulic systems vary
according to the process operations involved, by project process design require-
ments, and by the inclusion or exclusion of elements such as equipments, flow
elements, control elements, and depressuring devices in the given system. Thus
the analysis of hydraulic systems does not only require a solid understanding of
concepts but the ability to utilize the application of these concepts to any hydraulic
system.
The discussion begins with Bernoulli's Theorem. All practical formulas of fluid flow
are derived from Bernoulli's Equation. From this, the discussion focuses on the
component we call as the friction loss: Fanning's Equation is presented and both the
methods of Equivalent Lengths and Resistance Coefficients for pipes and pipe
fittings are discussed.
A discussion on the hydraulic characteristics of the different elements of
the hydraulic system follows: equipments ( both static and rotating), control
valves and inlet to PRV/BDVs. It is then supplemented by the explanation of the
Dynamic System Pressure Drop for both Pump and Non-Pump systems.
An overview of the hydraulic characteristics of the three types of fluid flow is
provided, including the calculation basis of PRODraw, Chiyoda Corporation's
proprietary hydraulic software. Finally,the Chiyoda Standard for Pipe Velocity is
presented and compared with Line Sizing Criteria of two actual projects.
Care has been taken to provide concise yet clear discussions of topics. It is hoped
that this Manual in tandem with the ProDraw User's Manual and the Text of Hydraulic
Calculation Examples, will aid the neophyte process engineer in attaining
the necessary skills to perform hydraulic works.
1.0 THEOREMS
1.1 BERNOULLI'S THEOREM
The Law of Conservation of Energy: the total energy entering the system must
equal the total energy leaving the system.
Bernoulli's Theorem
Bernoulli's theorem is a mathematical derivation based on the law of conservation
of energy. This theorem states that the total energy of a fluid at any particular point
above a datum plane is the sum of the elevation head, the pressure head, and the
velocity head.
(Eq 1-01)
Where: H = total energy of the fluid at a point above the datum
Z = height above datum, m
P = pressure, kPa (abs)
= fluid density, kg/m
3
U = fluid velocity, m/s
g = acceleration due to gravity, 9.8067 m/s
2
If there are no friction losses and no energy is added to or taken from the system,
H is constant . In reality, whenever a fluid is moving there is friction loss(h
L
).
This loss describes the difference in total energy at two points in the system.
Expressing the energy at point 1 versus point 2:
Bernoulli's Equation:
(Eq 1-02)
All practical formulas for fluid flow are derived from the above equation.
(GPSA Engineering Data Book 1998)
g
U P
Z H
2
2
+ + =

L
h
g
U P
Z
g
U P
Z + + + = + +
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1

1.2 FANNING FRICTION FACTOR
Reynold's Number, N
Re
A dimensionless number that may be considered as the ratio of the dynamic forces
of mass flow to the shear stress due to viscosity.

where : D = internal pipe diameter, m
V = fluid velocity, m/s
= fluid density, kg/m
3
= fluid viscosity, Pa.s

for N
Re
< 2000 Laminar Flow
2000 <N
Re
< 4000 Transition Region (flow could be either turbulent or laminar)
N
Re
> 4000 Turbulent Flow
Fanning Friction Factor, f
f
Flow is always accompanied by friction, This friction translates to a loss in energy
available for work.
When the fluid flow is laminar, the friction factor has a direct relationship to the
Reynolds Number:
When the flow is turbulent, the friction factor depends on the Reynolds number and
the relative roughness of the pipe.

where: c = pipe roughness
D = pipe diameter

DV
N =
Re
Re
16
N
f
f
=
D
hness lativeRoug
c
= Re
Conversion of Fanning Friction Factor, f
f
to Moody friction factor, f
m
:
In the basic Fanning correlation, f
f
is is plotted against N
Re
with parameters c/D.
See Attachment-1.1 . Note that a modified Reynolds' Number is used; specific
gravity is used instead of fluid density.
Fanning's Equation
The irreversible loss in straight piping due to friction for Turbulent flow is
calculated by Fanning's Equation:
where: DP = pressure drop due to friction, bar
f = Fanning's friction factor
L = pipe length, m
D = pipe inside diameter, m
= Density, kg/m
3
V = fluid velocity, m/s
f m
f f = 4
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
= A
2
4
2
V
D
L
f P
f

2.1 PIPES AND PIPE FITTINGS

Friction head loss develops as fluids flow through pipes, elbows, valves, etc.
These losses are often expressed in Equivalent lengths or by the use
of Resistance Coefficients.
Commonly used Pipe Fittings:
1. Elbows 4. Reducers
2. Tees 5. Flanges
3. Crosses 6. Temporary strainers
72 1800
80 2000
56 1400
64 1600
42 1050
48 1200
30 750
36 900
(26) (650)
(28) (700)
20 500
24 600
16 400
18 450
14 350
8 200
10 250
2 50
3 80
12 300
20
1 25
1 1/2 40
4 100
6 150
2.0 FLOW THROUGH PIPES
TABLE 1 - PIPE SIZES
Inch
Metric
System
1/2 15
3/4
Note 1: Nominal pipe size (DN) shall be used. Sizes in between brackets are
to be used only if economically justified for long lines (i.e. LNG rundown lines/
loading lines/ vapor return lines). Nominal sizes of flanges and valves in lines
sizes between brackets shall be as per the standard range.
Note 2: All correlations for pressure drop determination in piping are based on
the inside diameter. For pipe size of 12 inches and smaller, the inside
diameter corresponds closely the nominal size. For larger sizes however, the
nominal size corresponds to the outside diameter and the required wall
thickness must be calculated to arrive at the inside diameter.
The following are some of the common piping general requirements:
PIPING GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
(1) Pipe sizes not to be used unless very necessary:
1 1/4, 2 1/2, 3 1/2, 4 1/2, 5, 7, 9
(2) Pipe sizes greater than 22 must be specially ordered from the
manufacturer.
(3) In general, minimum size for process piping is 3/4
"
.
Some lines, like anti-foam injection lines, sampling lines and instrument
pressure tap lines may need special instrumentation pipes of smaller .
sizes-- 1/2, 1/4 or 6mm |.
2.2 FRICTION LOSS THROUGH PIPES
Friction head loss develops as fluids flow through pipes, elbows, tees, valves, etc.
These losses are often expressed in Equivalent lengths or by the use
of Resistance Coefficients.
2.2.1 Equivalent Lengths
The pressure drop effects of valves and fittings can be calculated by the addition
the "equivalent lengths" of the fittings to the actual pipe length. This
corrected pipe length may then be used for pressure drop calculations.
There are a number of Equivalent LengthTables available for general use. Note
however that values for Equivalent Lengths may vary depending on the
standards adopted. An example of an Equivalent Length Table is shown below.
Table-1 SAMPLE TABLE OF EQUIVALENT LENGTH OF VALVES AND FITTINGS
For valves and fittings, Equivalent Length (Le) is given in the table below:
Le (m)
Gate valve
Globe valve
Check valve
Plug valve 45 D
Butterfly valve 20 D
250 D
A graphical method for the calculation of Equivalent Lengths is also presented
on Attachment- 2.1.
2.2.2 Resistance Coefficients, K
Alternatively, the friction head loss may also be expressed as a function of the
velocity head equation:

where K : Resistance Coefficient
v :
g : acceleration due to gravity
150 mm and larger
Fittings
Tee-equal
Flow straight through
Flow through side outlet
340 D
160 D
145 D
Elbow
90
0
, R = 1 1/2 D
45
0
, R = 1 1/2 D
135 D
340 D
Bend
Valves (fully open)
Reduced bore 40 mm and smaller
Reduced bore 50 mm and larger
Straight pattern
Y pattern
Angle pattern
Swing type
Ball or piston type, 40 mm and smaller
Regular pattern
65 D
45 D
13 D
65 D
Type of valve / fitting
Standard bore
Reduced bore 40 mm and smaller
14 D
16 D
25 D
28 D
32 D
64 D
flow velocity
90
0
, R = 4 D
90
0
, R = 5 D
180
0
, R = 4 D
180
0
, R = 5 D
Note: D = Nominal pipe size
Miscellaneous
Strainer Pump suction Y-type and bucket type
Nozzle
Product outlet nozzle vessel/tank
Product inlet nozzle vessel/tank
Ball valve
20 D
65 D
20 D
16 D
) 2 /(
2
g v K h
L
=
RESISTANCE COEFFICIENTS FOR VALVES AND FITTINGS
2.3 REVIEW OF CONCEPTS
(1) Equivalent Diameter for non-circular flow ducts or pipes

(2) Conversion of Pressure to Liquid Head and vice versa
1 kg/cm2 = 10 m H20
1 bar = 1.0197 kg f/cm2 = 10.197 m H20
a. Pressure to Liquid Head
b. Liquid Head to Pressure
(3) Cp/Cv Ratio for Gases
(4) Compressibility Factor, Z
where:
Actual Density : kg/m3
T :
0
C
P : bar a
(

=
duct of perimeter wetted
duct of flow fluid for available tion cross
Diameter Equiv
sec
.
head liquid m
gravity spec
P
Head Liquid Actual
.
10
=
197 .. 10
.
, Pr
gravity spec Head Liquid Actual
bar essure

=
MW
Cp
Cp
Cv
Cp
32 . 8

=
( )
( ) ) 15 . 273 314 . 8 (
100
Density Actual Temp
P MW
Z
+

=
3.0 ELEMENTS OF THE HYDRAULIC SYSTEM
3.1 OVERVIEW
A typical hydraulic system may include any of these components:
A. Pipes and pipe fittings
B. Equipments
1. Static Equipments - tanks, vessels, heat exchangers
2. Rotating Equipments - pumps, compressors, turbines, expanders,
blowers, mixers, agitators
C. Instrumentation and Control Elements
1. Control Valves
2. Pressure Relief Valves
3. Measuring and Transmitting Instruments ( Flow, Level, Temperature,
Pressure)
Examples of Hydraulic Systems :
a. Hydraulic System without Pump
b. Hydraulic System with Pump
3.2 TOTAL LINE PRESSURE DROP
Example of a pipe system
The Total Line Pressure Drop for a particular pipe installation is the sum of
the friction drop in pipes and fittings, plus the pressure drop across control valves,
plus pressure drop through equipments in the system, plus static pressure drop
due to elevation change and difference of operating pressure levels.
This Total Line Pressure Drop is necessary when establishing gravity flow or
or pumping head.
3.3 ELEMENTS
3.3.1 Static Equipments
a. Towers or Columns, Drums, Pressure Vessels
b. Heat Exchangers
c. Flow measuring elements
d. Miscellaneous Equipments-- filters, strainers
Generally, a pressure drop for each static equipment and flow element is
given to account for the friction loss in the equipment and the pressure
loss inherent to the mechanical design of the equipment. In most cases,
a reference pressure drop is provided for the design case of a given
equipment. In case of turbulent flow, the "Power Factor of 2" Rule is
applied to calculate the pressure drop at a different flowrate.
The Power Factor of Two Rule :
where: AP: Pressure Drop, bar
: Density, kg/m3
W: Mass flowrate, kg/h
Suffix 1: conditions at which the Max allowable AP is given
Suffix 2: conditions at other flow cases
An Excel based spreadsheet is used for the calculation of the Equip-
ment AP's at different flowrates. Refer to Attachment - 3.1 Pressure Drop
at Different Flowrates for a sample of Equipment/Instrument AP Calcu-
lation Sheet.
For detailed discussion of Drums and Pressure Vessels, refer to
CYO Process Engineering Training Manual (Text 2) .
For detailed discussion of Heat Exchangers, refer to Heat Exchangers
Instruction Manual and to CYO Process Engineering Training
Manual (Text 2).
3.3.2 Pumps and Compressors
In the typical flow system it is usually necessary to add energy to the
fluid to maintain flow. This energy is added to the system by fluid motive
devices such as pump and compressors. This added energy may
compensate for frictional losses, or provide for increases in velocity,
pressure, or height of fluid.
Conventionally, pumps are used for handling liquids. Special pumps
are also designed for handling slurries ( mixtures of a liquid and a finely
divided solid). Fans, blowers, and compressors are used to handle
gases, which have lower densities, viscosity, and greater compres-
sibility.
For high pressure fluids, turbines and expanders are used to recover
hydraulic energy from the high pressure fluid stream by dropping it to a
lower pressure. Turbines are used for liquid streams while expanders
recover useful work from the expansion of a gas stream.
A. Pumps
The discussion on pumps is limited to pump hydraulic properties. For
detailed discussions of pumps refer to Process Training Manual,
Pumps and Compressors.
( ) ( )
2
1 2 1 2 1 2
W W P P A = A
Pump Suction Head System
Pump Suction Lift System
Hydraulic Properties of Pumps
Total Pump Differential Pressure = Pd - Ps Pd : Pump Discharge Press.
Ps : Pump Suction Press.
Ps = P1 + Suction Static Differential Pressure + friction loss (suction line)
Pd = P2 + Discharge Static Differential Pressure + friction loss (discharge line)
Pd - Ps = ( P2 - P1 ) + ( Discharge Static AP - Suction Static DP) +
( friction loss (discharge line) + friction loss (suction line) )
Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH):
NPSH is defined as the absolute pressure available at the pump suction
flange. NPSH above the vapor pressure of the liquid must be considered
in the selection of pumps which might handle liquids at or near their
boiling points. The significance of NPSH is to ensure sufficient head of
liquid at the entrance of the pump impeller to overcome the internal flow
losses of pumps. Poor suction conditions or low NPSH might lead to
cavitation.
Cavitation occurs when the pump suction pressure falls below the liquid
vapor pressure, causing vaporization to occur. The bubbles of vapor
formed move to a region of higher pressure and collapse. The collapse of
these vapor bubbles is so fast that the liquid will hit the impeller vane with
extreme force and will likely chip out small pieces of the impeller. In
addition to the pitting of the impeller, cavitation also creates noise and
vibration.
where: p
'
a
: absolute pressure in the vessel
on liquid surface of the suction side
of the pump
p
'
VP
: Absolute vapor pressure of liquid at
pumping temperature
S : Suction static head
h
SL
: friction loss on suction side of
pump
The available NPSH of the system must always be greater than the
the NPSH required (stated by the pump manufacturer) .
Pump Performance Characteristic Curve
Examples of a typical single stage centrifugal Pump Performance Curve:
( )
SL
vp a h p p S NPSH + =
' '
The Pump Performance Curve allows us to check the pump
performance for varying flow rate conditions and examine the
rough distribution of the overall system AP for varying flow cases.
1. Zero Flow
a. Friction head is minimal since there is no flow through
pipes.
b. Maximum Control Valve AP
c. Pump Shut-off Pressure is approximately equal to
Control Valve AP
Pump Shut-off Pressure: the maximum differential head
(converted to pressure) between pump suction and
discharge plus suction pressure. The max differential head
occurs at zero flow (shut-off). It is normally assumed to be
125% to 130% of the Rated Differential Pressure.
2. Maximum Flowrate
At maximum flowrate, the Control Valve may or may not
be fully open. If the Control Valve is fully open, the
pressure drop across the Control Valve becomes minimal,
and a significant percentage of the DP is due to friction
losses. If the Control Valve is not fully open, the
pressure drop due to CV still acounts for a significant
percentage of the over-all System Pressure Drop (usually
20-30% of the total system pressure drop).
The Pump Head Curve is generally parabolic. CYO provides an
Excel-based program that calculates the Pump head and AP of a
cetrifugal pump using the parabolic model. See Attachment- 3.2 :
Pump Differential Pressure Calculation Sheet.
B. Compressors
The discussion on compressors is limited to pertinent hydraulic related
topics. For detailed discussions of compressors refer to Process
Training Manual, Pumps and Compressors.
The equipment used in compressing gases often bears a superficial
resemblance to liquid pumps because the designs are based on the
same physical principles. However, because of the compressibility of
gases, the design of compressors is far more complicated.
Compressibility
Gas compressibility has an important role in determining compressor
capacity performance. Compressibility values at several temperatures
and pressure points over the compression range is usually given. When
possible, a compressibility curve is provided.
Compressibility is expressed as the multiplier, Z, for the perfect gas law
to account for deviation from the ideal. At a given set of conditions of
temperature and pressure:
Gas volumes are corrected at the intake conditions on the first and each
succeeding stage of compression, Compressibility factors are calculated
at these individual intake conditions.
Classification of Centrifugal and Axial Blowers and Compressors
Blowers (turbo blowers) : the discharge pressure does not exceed
40 psig ( based on air)
Compressors : the discharge pressure exceeds 40 psig
Fans : Low speed centrifugal machine as operated in the very low
pressure range below 1 psig and with large volumes.
nRT Z PV =
Compression ratio
The compression ratio R
c
, is the ratio of the absolute discharge pressure
to the absolute suction pressure of the compressor.

Compression ratios usually vary from 1.05 - 7 per stage, however, a ratio
of 3.5- 4.0 per stage is considered maximum for most process
operations. In PRODraw Hydraulic Calculations, R
c
is usually specified.
3.3.3 Control Valves
A control valve is the most commonly used final control element to
regulate the material flow in a process.
Topics covered in this manual is limited to hydraulic principles, for
detailed discussion of Control Valves refer to Process Training
Manual, Control Valves.
ProDraw Calculation of Control Valve AP
ProDraw, CYO's proprietary software for Hydraulic Calculation, calculates
the Control Valve AP of the Hydraulic System by first calculating the
Control Valve inlet and outlet Pressures based on the two fixed
Pressure Points and the APs ( static, equipment, due to friction loss) of
the system. To get the CV AP, the calculated CV outlet Pressure is
subtracted from the CV inlet Pressure.
As an example, the CV AP of the above hydraulic system is calculated
as follows:
Pump Discharge Pressure: P1 + hs + Pump AP
CV inlet P: Pump Discharge P - AP due to friction loss in pipes
(1)
CV outlet P: P2 + AP due to friction loss in pipes
(2)
+ Static AP
(2)
+ AP of flow elements and Equipments
(2)
Notes:
(1)
From Pump discharge to Control Valve inlet
(2)
From Control Valve outlet to Destination (Equipment, BL)
Static DP is ( - ) if Descending ( going down)
( + ) if ascending (going up)
Valve Characteristics
The valve characteristic is the relationship between the position of a valve
plug (or stem lift) and the area open for flow. For a constant AP across
the valve, this relationship would also hold for flow rate.
But in process services, the control valve AP is seldom constant. It varies
with flowrate due to the influence of flow rate on such items as pipe friction
and pump head. It may also vary with time due to such items as fouling.
Thus the effective valve characteristic (or the flow-lift relationship) is a
function of the entire system of which the valve is a part.
- Static AP
(1)
- AP of Flow elements and Equipments
(1)
The figure above illustrates how the control valve AP of a typical system
varies with system flow rate.
Control Valve Flow Fundamental Concepts
Flow Through a Control Valve:
The Vena Contracta (VC) is the point of minimum cross-sectional area
of the flow stream which occurs just downstream of the actual physical
constriction.
A. Gas Service
For gaseous service, the critical flow limitation may pose as a significant
problem. Critical flow is a choked flow condition caused by increasing
gas velocity at the vena contracta.
When the velocity at the vena contracta reaches sonic velocity, additional
increase in pressure drop by reducing the downstream pressure will
produce no increase in flow.
Because of this limitation, for Gas in critical service:
where:
P1 : inlet Pressure to control valve
P2 : outlet Pressure from control valve
B. Liquid Service
The sizing of control valves for liquid service should consider the
possibility of cavitation and flashing since these limit the capacity of the
valve and produce physical damage to the valve.
For normal condition the pressure at all points within the valve
must remain above the vapor pressure of the liquid.
2
1
2
P
P >
Inside the control valve, the fluid stream is accelerated as it flows through
the restricted area of the valve. Its highest maximum velocity is reached
at the vena contracta. As the velocity increases, the pressure is reduced.
If the pressure becomes lower than the vapor pressure, the liquid starts to
generate bubbles. This is the first stage of cavitation. Downstream from
the vena contrata, the fluid stream undergoes a deceleration process
which decreases the fluid velocity and raises the pressure above the
liquid vapor pressure. At this point, the second stage of cavitation occurs.
The bubbles generated collapse.The collapse of these bubbles generate
noise, vibration, physical damage and other valve performance problems.
B. Flashing
A. Cavitation
If at some points within the valve, the pressure is reduced to that below
the liquid vapor pressure, cavitation or flashing will occur:
The first stages of cavitation and flashing are the same: vapor forms as
the pressure at the vena contracta is reduced to the vapor pressure of the
liquid. In the second stage of the flashing process, a portion of the vapor
formed in the vena contracta remains because the downstream pressure
is equal or less than the vapor pressure of the liquid. Thus the fluid
at the outlet becomes two-phase. For flashing service, the control valve
must be located right before next equipment to minimize piping length
from the valve to the equipment.
3.3.4 Pressure Safety Valves/Blowdown Valves
Pressure safety valves, pressure relief valves and other relieving devices
are used to protect piping and equipments from overpressure. This
excess pressure in equipments may be caused by fire or excessive
temperature due to other causes.
The following upset conditions are usually considered during the
analysis of different depressuring scenarios for a given process facility:
A. Fire
B. Blocked Discharge due to mechanical failure or human
error.
C. Tube Rupture in heat exchangers
D. Control Valve Failure
E. Thermal Expansion
F. Utility failure ( total power failure, steam failure, cooling
water failure, steam failure, instrument air failure)
Each process system must be analyzed and reviewed. A Depressuring
study/evaluation of a system is the basis for a realistic, safe and
economical overpressure protection installation on any equipment or
group of equipment in the system.
Examples of PSV systems:
Calculation of PRV/BDV Inlet Piping Pressure Drop
The proper design of inlet piping to safety relief valve is very important.
Relief valves installations must give careful consideration to inlet pressure
losses. The ideal location is direct connection to protected equipment
to minimize inlet losses.
Sample PRV and BDV Inlet Line Assembly
API 520, Part II 2.2.2 limits the maximum inlet piping pressure drop to
3% of PRV/BDV set pressure ( gauge). This pressure loss shall be
calculated using the maximum rated flow through the safety relief valve.
For cases where the inlet piping AP exceeds the 3% rule, an increase
in pipe size of the PRV/BDV inlet line may resolve the problem.
3.4 Dynamic System Pressure Drop
Dynamic System Pressure Drop, AP
s
: the total system pressure drop due to
friction loss in pipes and equipments plus the pressure drop inherent to the
mechanical design of the equipments.
The Dynamic System Pressure Drop is used for the selection of the control
valve characteristic, linear or the equal percentage.
a. AP
s
for systems without pump
AP
s
= (Pressure Difference between Start Point and End Point) -
(Pressure drop due to elevation change)* - (Control Valve DP)
AP
s
= total friction losses in equipments and pipings (except CV)
b.

AP
s
for systems with pump/s
AP
s
= (Total pump differential pressure)**
- [(Static pressure at destination) - (Static pressure at origin)]
- (Pressure drop due to elevation change)* - (Control valve DP)
Notes: * When flow is ascending ( going up) = positive
when flow is descending (going down) = negative
**differential head must be adjusted to pumping rate
against the pump rated capacity
4.0 OVERVIEW OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF FLUID FLOW
4.1 SINGLE PHASE FLOW
The irreversible loss in straight piping due to friction for incompressible
fluids in turbulent flow is calculated by Fanning's Equation.
where: DP : pressure drop due to friction, bar
f : Fanning's friction factor
L : pipe length, m
D : pipe inside diameter, m
: Density, kg/m
3
V : fluid velocity, m/s
The friction loss for compressible fluid (gas) shall be calculated
considering its density change due to different pressure along with the flow.
However, if the pressure difference is expected to be small due to low
velocity or short piping, the pressure balance can be approximately
calculated by considering the fluid to be incompressible.
The Summary Table below are critical factors to be considered in the deter-
mination of the applicable assumptions for Gas/Vapor flow:
Mach Number
where: U : fluid velocity, m/s
U
s
*

: sonic velocity, m/s
* The Crane Co. provides the computation for the Sonic Velocity for
different fluids:
where Cp/ Cv : specific heat ratio
MW : Molecular weight
t : Temp.
0
F
4.1.1 Incompressible Fluids (Liquids)
4.1.2 Compressible Fluids (Gases and Vapors)
U
s
: ft/s
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
= A
2
4
2
V
D
L
f P
f

Us
U
Ma =
( )( )( )
2
1
460
1544
2 . 32
(

+ |
.
|

\
|
= t
MW C
C
U
v
p
s
Low velocity, small AP Ma < 0.3 Incompressible Approximation
AP/P
1
<0.1
(P
1
: *Note)
Low velocity, large AP Ma < 0.3 Incompressible approximation
AP/P1 >0.1 with divided small segments
(P
1
: *Note)
High Velocity Ma < 0.5 Isothermal flow approximation
for ideal gas
Ma <1.0 Adiabatic flow equation for
ideal gas ( use FANNO eq.)
High velocity with Ma = 1.0 Isentropic flow approximation
acceleration for ideal gas
(*Note: P
1
is operating pressure at piping inlet)
The following equation, derived from Bernoulli's theorem, is for the
isothermal flow of ideal gases and vapors . This equation takes into
account the lost work of expansion or contraction:
where: AP: Lb/in
2
P
1
: Upstream pressure, Lb/in
2
absolute
P
2
: Downstream pressure, Lb/in
2
absolute
S
1
: Specific gravity of vapor relative to water
T : absolute temperature,
0
R =
0
F +460
M : Molecular weight
f : friction factor
V
1
: Upstream velocity, ft/s
D : inside pipe diameter, in.
L : pipe length, ft
Operating Condition Limitation Applied Equation
2
1 1
2
1
2 1
1
2 1
24
ln
323 . 0 *
2
U S
P
P
D
fL
P P
P
P P P -
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
= = A
4.2 TWO PHASE (VAPOR-LIQUID) SYSTEM
4.2.1 Horizontal Flow for Two-Phase System
Seven types of flow pattern are usually considered in evaluating two-phase
horizontal flow. (See Figure-2 on the following page) Only one type can
exist in a line at a time, but as conditions change ( velocity, pipe roughness
, elevation, etc) the flow type may also change.
A stepwise procedure for the calculation of the Two Phase Modulus and
Pressure Drop for V-L Horizontal Flow is given in the CYO TRAINING
MANUAL FOR PROCESS ENGINEERING (Text 2), pp. 7-8,7-9,7-10
For gas-liquid two-phase flow, Horizontal or Vertical, prevention of
Intermittent Flow- Slug and Plug" is the primary criteria for line sizing, rather
than the economic pressure drop allocation. Annular flow is preferred. Even
so, in some situations, intermittent flow may be inevitable in some regions
of the overall operating envelop. In this case, the pipe size should be
selected to minimize the effect on operations of such unstable flow even
though intermittent flow cannot be prevented, and the pipe shall be securely
fixed for such unstable flow conditions which result in vibration and water
hammering.
Two phase gas-liquid flow is often encountered in process design, both with
and without mass exchange between phases. Examples of gas-liquid system
with mass exchange between phases are streams in furnace, reboilers, blow
down lines, and condensate lines. An example of gas-liquid system without
mass transfer between phases is the air or gas lift where an inert gas is used
to move liquids.
different for Horizontal and Vertical Flow.
For gas-liquid two phase flow, the calculation method of pressure drop is
Figure- 2 Flow Pattern for Horizontal Flow
4.2.2 Vertical Flow for Two-Phase System
Several types of flow pattern are usually considered in evaluating vertical
upward flow.
The table below shows the different types of two-phase vertical flow.
In the determination of pipe size for vertical upward pipe lines, smooth flow
should be selected( either annular, mist, or bubble flow).
Figure-3 Flow Pattern for Vertical Flow
A stepwise procedure for the calculation of the 2-Phase Modulus, Pipe
Size and Press. Drop for V-L Vertical Flow is given in the CYO TRAINING
MANUAL FOR PROCESS ENGINEERING ( Text 2) pp. 7-11,7-12,7-13.
The pressure drop for a V-L fluid in an inclined pipe is the sum of the
horizontal pressure drop and the vertical pressure drop.
4.2.3 Flow Regime Maps
Several flow regime maps have been developed empirically to determine
vapor-liquid flow patterns as function of fluid properties and flow rates. A
few of the flow regime maps available for use are presented in the following
pages:
(1) Aziz Flow Regime Maps
One map commonly used was developed by Gregory, Aziz and Mandhane.
where: V
sL
, V
sg
: superficial velocity ( L: liquid, g: gas), m/s
Q
l
, Q
g
: volumetric flow rate (l: liquid, g: gas), m
3
/h
The coordinates of the Aziz horizontal flow map are:
A Q V
L sL
=
A Q V
g sG
=
The coordinates for the Aziz vertical flow map (Figure-) are:
where: V
sL
, V
sg
: superficial velocity ( L: liquid, g: gas), m/s

l
,
g,

a
: density (l: liquid, g: gas, a: air at 15
0
C ~1.22 kg/m
3
), kg/m
3
o
wa
: interfacial surface tension of air and water at 15
0
C, 72.4 x 10
-7
N.m
o : interfacial surface tension at flowing conditions, N.m
(2) Taitel-Dukler's Map
Taitel-Dukler's Map is recommended for the evaluation of V-L
Horizontal flow patterns.
A sg x
X V N =
A sL Y
Y V N =
A
a
g
A
Y X
333 . 0
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

25 . 0
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
o
o
W
WA L
A
Y
Figure-6 Taitel - Dukler's Map
(4) Simpson's Map
Simpson's Map is recommended for the evaluation of V-L Vertical
flow patterns.
Figure- 7A Simpson's Map (Laminar Flow)
Figure-7B Simpson's Map (Turbulent Flow)
4.3 CALCULATION BASIS OF PRODRAW SOFTWARE FOR
DIFFERENT FLUID FLOWS
( taken from Chiyoda Engineering Standard, CES L 2001 E R3)
ProDraw is CYO's proprietary software for Hydraulic Calculations.
For instructions of the use of the software, refer to Part-2: ProDraw
User's Manual.
The following equations are the basis for ProDraw's Pipe
A P Calculations:
(1) For single phase liquid
General Equation:
(Eq 1-03)
Where AP
f
: Pressure Drop due to friction loss, Pa
AP
h
: Head loss, Pa
The head loss in straight piping is calculated by the equation:
(Eq 1-04)
Where AP
h
: Head loss, Pa

l
: liquid density, kg/m3
Z
2
,Z
1
: Elevation (1:inlet, 2:outlet), m
The friction loss in straight piping is calculated as shown below:
a. For Turbulent Flow (Re>2000)
Fanning's Equation
( Eq 1-05)
h f
P P P A + A = A
( )
1 2
Z Z g P
l h
= A
2
. . 4
2
l l
f
U
D
L f
P

= A

Where AP
f
: friction loss, Pa
f: friction factor
L: pipe length,m
U
l
:inlet liquid velocity, m/s

l
: liquid density, kg/m3
D : Pipe inside diameter, m
Note : for Turbulent flow the friction factor,f, is dependent on
Reynolds No. and relative roughness.
b. For Laminar flow (Re<2000)
Hagen-Poiseuille's Equation
( Eq 1-06)
Where AP
f
: friction loss, Pa D : Pipe inside diameter, m

l
: absolute liquid viscosity, (kg/m.s)
L: pipe length,m
U
l
: inlet liquid velocity, m/s

l
: liquid density, kg/m3
(2) For Incompressible Vapor
General Equation:
(Eq 1-03)
Where AP
f
: Pressure Drop due to friction loss, Pa
AP
h
: Head loss, Pa
) (
D
F f
c
Re, =
2
32
D
L U
P
L L
f

= A

h f
P P P A + A = A
The head loss in straight piping is calculated by the equation:
(Eq 1-07)
Where AP
h
: Head loss, Pa

g
: vapor density, kg/m3
Z
2
,Z
1
: Elevation (1:inlet, 2:outlet), m
The friction loss in straight piping is calculated as shown below:
a. For Turbulent Flow (Re>2000)
Fanning's Equation
( Eq 1-08)
Where AP
f
: friction loss, Pa
f: friction factor
L: pipe length,m
U
g
:inlet vapor velocity, m/s

g
: vapor density, kg/m3
D : Pipe inside diameter, m
Note: for Turbulent flow the friction factor,f, is dependent on
Reynolds No and relative roughness.
( )
1 2
Z Z g P
g h
= A
2
. . 4
2
g g
f
U
D
L f
P

= A

) (
D
F f
c
Re, =
b. For Laminar flow (Re<2000)
Hagen-Poiseuille's Equation
( Eq 1-09)
Where AP
f
: friction loss, Pa

l
: absolute liquid viscosity, (kg/m.s)
L: pipe length,m
U
l
:inlet vapor velocity, m/s

l
: vapor density, kg/m3
D : Pipe inside diameter, m
(3) For isothermal flow(constant Temp) of ideal gases and vapors, the
Bernoulli's equation becomes:
(Eq 1-10)
Where: P
1,
P
2
: Pressure (1: Inlet, 2:Outlet), Pa
f : friction factor
U
1,
U
2
: velocity(1: inlet, 2:outlet), m/s
D : inside pipe diameter, m.
L : pipe length, m
Z
1
, Z
2
: Elevation (1:inlet, 2:Outlet), m

1
,
2
: Density (1: inlet, 2:outlet), kg/m
3
g : gravity, 9.807 m/s
2
( )
1 2
1
1
2 1
2
1 1
2
1
2 1
1
2 1
2 2
ln 2
4 2
Z Z g
P
P P U
P
P
D
L f
P P
P
P P P
+
+
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+

= = A

2
32
D
L U
P
g g
f

= A

The pressure drop is calculated by inputting the inlet process conditions

( P
1
,
1
, U
1
) to (eq.1-03) and calculating by trial and error since P
2
is
unknown. Chiyoda's own ProDraw software calculates AP iteratively
until the result converges by Newton Method.
If the outlet condition is known, (eq 1-03) becomes:
(Eq 1-11)
Where: P
1,
P
2
: Pressure (1: Inlet, 2:Outlet), Pa
f : friction factor
U
1,
U
2
: velocity(1: inlet, 2:outlet), m/s
D : inside pipe diameter, m.
L : pipe length, m
Z
1
, Z
2
: Elevation (1:inlet, 2:Outlet), m

1
,
2
: Density (1: inlet, 2:outlet), kg/m
3
g : gravity, 9.807 m/s
2
(4) Adiabatic Vapor flow ( no heat is transferred)
The ProDraw software of Chiyoda Corporation generates the pressure
drop and temperature of an adiabatic vapor by calculating equations
(1-13) to (1-15) until convergence is reached (using Newton Method)
Mach Number: the ratio of fluid velocity to sonic velocity
(Eq 1-12)
where: U : fluid velocity, m/s
Us : sonic velocity, m/s
Ma : Mach Number
( )
1 2
2
2
2 1
2
2 2
2
1
2 1
2
1 2
2 2
ln 2
4 2
Z Z g
P
P P U
P
P
D
L f
P P
P
P P P
+
+
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+

= = A

s
U
U
Ma =
(Eq 1-13):
(Eq 1-14):
(Eq 1-15):
Where: P
1,
P
2
: Pressure (1: Inlet, 2:Outlet), Pa
T
1,
T
2
: Temperature (1: Inlet, 2:Outlet),
0
C
f : friction factor
U
1,
U
2
: velocity(1: inlet, 2:outlet), m/s
Ma
1
, Ma
2
: Mach No (1:inlet, 2:outlet)
D : inside pipe diameter, m.
L : pipe length, m
k : Specific heat ratio ( Cp/ Cv)

1
,
2
: Density (1: inlet, 2:outlet), kg/m
3
g : gravity, 9.807 m/s
2
Z
1
, Z
2
: Elevation (1:inlet, 2:Outlet), m
(
(
(
(

|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
=

2
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
ln
2
1 1 1 4
Ma
k
Ma
k
Ma
Ma
k
k
kMa kMa D
L f
2
2
2
1
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
1
1
Ma
k
Ma
k
Ma
Ma
P
P

+
=
2
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
1
1
Ma
k
Ma
k
T
T

+
=
If there is a difference in elevation, the ProDraw calculates convergence
with an additional equation that takes into account the difference in
elevation :
( Upper stream
is known)
(Eq 1-16)
( Lower stream
is known)
(5) Two Phase Flow
ProDraw calculates pressure drop in V-L phase flows (both horizontal and
vertical flows) using the following equations with the assumption that
stream properties along the line are constant and the V-L flow ratio is
constant.
General Equation
(Eq 1-17)
Where, AP
f
: friction loss in piping, Pa
AP
h
: head loss in piping, Pa
AP
m
: Press. loss in piping due to increase in
momentum, Pa
Since AP
m
is derived as:
(Eq 1-18)
substituting (Eq 1-18) to Eq(1-17) gives:
(Eq 1-19)
Friction Loss
(Eq 1-20)
( )
1 2 1
1
2 1
2
Z Z g
P
P P
term Gravity
+
=
( )
1 2 1
1
2 1
2
Z Z g
P
P P

+
=
m h f
P P P P A + A + A = A
( ) P Ma P
m
A = A
2
( ) ( )
2
1 Ma P P P
h f
A + A = A
g g l l f
P P P C P P A + A + A + A = A
Where C is derived as follows;
where:
( )
2
10 1
200
'
D
C C
c

+
=
( )
3 1 2 2 1 1
'
C C C or C C if C C > > > =
( )
1 2 3 2
'
C C C if C C > > =
( )
1 3 2 3
'
C C C if C C > > =
( ) | |
)
8 . 0
3
2
1
( 005664 . 0 1
5 . 2 16 . 0 1 32
2
C m
C
-
+
+
+ =

2
1
2
1
2
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
g
l
l
g
C

( )
)( )
l g g g
l g
C


+ X + X
=
1 (
8 / 1
3
|
.
|

\
|
> =
- - -
300 m m m
C
|
.
|

\
|
<
|
.
|

\
|

+ =
-
-
-
300
40
300
300
2
m
m
mC
Where, AP
f
: friction loss in piping, Pa
AP
h
: head loss in piping, Pa
AP
m
: Press. loss in piping due to increase in
momentum. Pa
Ma : Mach Number
m : Total mass flux , kg/m
2
s
m
g,
m
c
: mass flux for each phase ( l : Liquid, g : Vapor )
, kg/m2s

l
,
g
: Density ( l: liquid, g: vapor), kg/m
3

l
,
g
: absolute viscosity for each phase, (kg/m.s)
Head Loss
The head loss in straight piping is calculated by the following equation;
(Eq 1-20)
Where, is fluid density [kg/m
3
] , derived follows;
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
2 . 0
10
log
g
l
l
g

- -
= X m m
g g
'
sin u = A L g P
h
( )
g l g g
H H + = 1
1
1

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
G
l
s g
Q
Q
R H
R
S
is slip ratio and is calculated as follows;
If the value of R
s
found by the above procedure is less than purity, replace
by Rs = 1.0
Where: L : pipelength, m
u : Angle of piping from the horizontal plane,
0

l
,
g
: Density ( l: liquid, g: vapor), kg/m
3

l
,
g
: absolute viscosity for each phase, (kg/m.s)
Q
l
, Q
g
: Volume flow rate of each phase, m3/h
( )( )( ) | | B vr
B
A
R
s
1377 . 0 1 007 . 4 3792 . 0 1 1292 . 0 1
7563 . 0
log
10
+ + +
+

=

-
= m B
10
log
) 90 0 ( 2 sin 247 . 0 00206 . 0 667 . 1
' ' '
s s + = u u u A
) 0 90 ( 2 sin 772 . 0 00652 . 0 667 . 1
' ' '
s s + + = u u u A
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
l
g
Q
Q
vr
10
log
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
2 . 0
10
log
g
l
l
g

One system (loop) for the hydraulic calculation is basically defined as

follows:
(1) Start and end point of hydraulic calculation system
Start Point: Tower, vessel, tank, Battery limits
End Point: Tower, vessel, tank, battery limits
(2) Pressure must be fixed at start/end points
Parameters for line sizing criteria: Velocity and Friction Loss (bar/100 m)
Line Sizing Criteria may vary according to project specifications and
requirements.
5.2 LINE SIZING CRITERIA
5.0 LINE SIZING CRITERIA FOR HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS
5.1 DEFINITION OF A HYDRAULIC CALCULATION SYSTEM
The Chiyoda Standard for Linear Velocity within Pipe is presented here.
Additionally a comparison of Flow Velocity and Allowable DP/100 m is
presented in Attachment-5.1 Comparison of Line Sizing Criteria.
5.3 GENERAL GUIDELINES
1. For two-phase flow line, unstable flow ( slug flow and plug flow) shall be
avoided.
2. For Pump hydraulic calculations, the pump head is calculated using
Attachment- 3.1 Pump Head Calculation Sheet.
3. In general, Control Valve AP is 1/3 of System Dynamic AP. For CVs
placed on the suction or discharge line of compressor, pressure drop
across CV shall be 5% of compressor suction absolute pressure or
50% System Dynamic AP.
4. To calculate the AP through static equipments, flow elements at different
flowrates, the "Power factor of 2" is applied.
5. For calculation of inlet lines to PRV/ BDV,
Max. line AP < 3% PRV/BDV set pressure (gauge)
( ) ( )
2
1 2 1 2 1 2
W W P P A = A
A T T A C H M E N T S
A
T
T
A
C
H
M
E
N
T

1
.
1
A
T
T
A
C
H
M
E
N
T

1
.
2
ATTACHMENT 2.1
Pressure drop at different flow rate
Flow rate
kg/h
Density
kg/m3
Max allow.
Delta P, bar.
Flow rate
kg/h
Density
kg/m3
Delta P, bar.
Flow rate
kg/h
Density
kg/m3
Delta P, bar. Flow rate kg/h
Density
kg/m3
Delta P, bar.
10000 980 1.5 9000 980 1.215
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
#DIV/0!
A
T
T
A
C
H
M
E
N
T

3
.
1
Max. or Design Case
A
T
T
A
C
H
M
E
N
T

3
.
2

A
T
T
A
C
H
M
E
N
T

3
.
3

ATTACHMENT-5.1
CHIYODA STANDARD
Velocity m/sec Allowable dP kPa/m Velocity m/sec Allowable dP/ 100 m bar
1. Liquid Bubble point fluid 0.9 - 1.5 2.1 MAX
Pump suction 0.5-2.0 (Piston pump < 1.0) Non boiling NPS < 6 0.9 - 1.6 0.23 - 0.34 Sub cooled fluid 0.9 - 2.1 3.0 MAX
NPS > 8 1.8 MAX 0.23 - 0.34
Boiling NPS < 6 0.3 - 0.9 0.07 - 0.11
NPS > 8 1.8 MAX 0.07 - 0.11
Drain line 0.6 - 1.0 1.8 MAX
Cooling water NPS 2 - 6 0.3 - 0.6 0.02 - 0.03 0.34 - 0.68 For branch header
NPS 8 - 16 0.6 - 0.9 0.02 - 0.03 0.23 - 0.34 For main header
NPS 18 - 0.9 - 1.8 0.02 - 0.03
Pump discharge 1.0 - 3.0 (Piston pump 1.0 - 2.0) 1.5 - 3.0 3.6 MAX 0.11 - 0.32 0.34 MAX
NPS < 4 1.5 - 2.1 0.34 - 0.68 Liquid transfer 1.2 - 2.7 3.6 MAX 0.11 - 0.29 0.34 MAX
NPS = 6 3.0 MAX 0.34 - 0.68
NPS > 8 3.6 MAX 0.34 - 0.68
For off-site NPS < 4 3.0
NPS = 6 -12 4.5
NPS > 14 6.0
Cooling water NPS 2 - 6 0.9-1.8 0.02 - 0.34
NPS 8 - 16 2.1 - 3.0 0.34
NPS 18 - 3.0 - 3.6 0.34 - 0.68
Reboiler Feed 0.9 - 1.5 0.03 - 0.07 0.3 - 1.2 1.5 MAX 0.011 - 0.042 0.068 MAX
Reboiler return (Vapor or 2-phase) 0.07
Sea water 1.2 - 2.0 Cooling water 1.5 - 3.0 3.6 MAX 0.07 - 0.32 0.34 MAX
High press. water (50 - 100 atm) 0.8 - 1.0
Boiler feed water 1.5 - 2.0
General (Low viscosity) 1.5 - 3.0
Viscous fluid 0.6 - 1.2
2. Vapor and gas
Blower suction 10 - 15
Blower discharge 15 - 20
Compressor suction 10 - 15 Reciprocating 6 - 12 0.1% of operating pressure
Centrifugal 12 - 24 0.2% of operating pressure
Compressor Discharge 20 - 30
High press. gas 5 - 10
Low press. Gas 8 - 15
Hydrocarbon vapor Press.level kPa - Length < 90m 0.014 0.07 bar or less 0.011 MAX
- Velocity < 30 m/s 0.34 0.5 bar or less 61 0.023 MAX
0 - 345 0.06 - 0.11 0 - 3 barg 15 - 61 0.02 - 0.05 0.06 MAX
345 - 1034 0.11 - 0.34 3 - 10 barg 12 - 58 50% sonic 0.05 - 0.10 0.23 MAX
1034 - 4140 0.34 - 0.68 10 - 34 barg 9 - 50 0.05 - 0.10 0.45 MAX
Over 4140 0.5% of pressure level Over 34 barg 9 - 50 0.10 - 0.20 0.81 MAX
Pressure relief valve (PSV) lines API RP 520 and 521 API RP 520 and 521
3. Steam
Saturated steam ( <50 atm) 20 - 30
Superheated steam 30 - 60
Steam Pipe ID (")*300m/min. MAX 0.5% of line press/m MAX 0.07 barg or less 61 MAX 0.0002 - 0.001 0.014 MAX
Press. level kPa - Length < 90m 0.014 0.5 barg or less 61 MAX 0.002 - 0.03 0.045 MAX
- Velocity < 30m/s 0.34 0 - 10 barg 3/4 - 2 12 - 24
0 - 345 0.06 - 0.11 3 - 4 14 - 27
345 - 1034 0.11 - 0.34 6 15 - 37
1034 - 4140 0.34 - 0.68 8 - 10 24 - 46
Over 4140 0.5% of pressure level 12 - 14 30 - 52
16 - 18 34 - 58
20 37 - 61
10 - 34 barg 3/4 - 2 9 - 18
3 - 4 11 - 21
6 14 - 24
COMPARISON OF LINE SIZING CRITERIA
Velocity m/sec
PROJECT R PROJECT J
ATTACHMENT-5.1
CHIYODA STANDARD
Velocity m/sec Allowable dP kPa/m Velocity m/sec Allowable dP/ 100 m bar
COMPARISON OF LINE SIZING CRITERIA
Velocity m/sec
PROJECT R PROJECT J
8 - 10 20 -27
12 - 14 24 - 30
16 - 18 27 - 43
20 30 - 46
Over 34 barg 30 - 46
Condensate 0.3 - 0.6 0.2 Low press., 0.5 - 0.7 High press. 0.2 Low press., 0.5 - 0.7 High press. 0.15 - 0.30 0.6 MAX
4. SLURRY (Water)
Activated carbon (Granule) 0.8 - 2.5 (10 - 40 mesh)
Sand 2.5 - 4.0 (0.44 | ave. )
Solid - Liquid 1 - 2.75 max 1.4 -2.7 4.5 MAX
1.7 max
Dilute phase catalyst lines 7.5 - 12 max
5. WASTE WATER 0.9 - 2.4 3.0 MAX