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Number & Algebra Terms 1-4: Addition and Subtraction 1 Terms 1-4 : Multiplication & Division 1 Terms 1 & 3: Patterns and Algebra 1 Terms 2 & 4: Fractions and Decimals 1
Measurement & Geometry Term 1: Length 1 / Time 1 / 2D 1 / Position 1 Term 2: Mass 1 / 3D 1 / Angles 1 Term 3: Volume and Capacity 1 / Time 1 / 2D 1 / Position 1 Term 4: Area 1 / 3D1 / Angles 1
TERM 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
Yr 1 Yr 2 Yr 3 Yr 4 Yr 5 Yr 6 NB: Where a content strand has a level 1 & 2, the 1 refers to the lower grade within the stage, eg. Whole Number 1 in S1 is for Yr 1, Whole Number 2 is for Yr 2.
STRAND: S3
WEEK: 1 2
10
OVERVIEW
Recognise, represent and order numbers to at least tens of millions apply an understanding of place value & the role of zero to read & write numbers of any size state the place value of digits in numbers of any size arrange numbers of any size in ascending & descending order record numbers of any size using expanded notation, eg 163 480 = 100 000 + 60 000 + 3000 + 400 + 80 partition numbers of any size in non-standard forms to aid mental calculation, eg when adding 163 480 & 150 000, 163 480 could be partitioned as 150 000 + 13 480, so that 150 000 could then be doubled & added to 13 480 use numbers of any size in real-life situations, including in money problems -interpret information from the internet, the media, the environment & other sources that use large numbers recognise different abbreviations of numbers used in everyday contexts, eg $350 K represents $350 000 round numbers to a specified place value, eg round 5 461 883 to the nearest million Identify and describe factors and multiples of whole numbers and use them to solve problems determine all 'factors' of a given whole number, eg 36 has factors 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18 & 36 determine the 'highest common factor' (HCF) of two whole numbers, eg the HCF of 16 & 24 is 8 determine 'multiples' of a given whole number, eg multiples of 7 are 7, 14, 21, 28, determine the 'lowest common multiple' (LCM) of two whole numbers, eg the LCM of 21 &63 is 63 determine whether a particular number is a factor of a given number using digital technologies - recognise that when a given number is divided by one of its factors, the result must be a whole number solve problems using knowledge of factors & multiples, eg 'There are 48 people at a party. In how many ways can you set up the tables & chairs, so that each table seats the same number of people & there are no empty chairs?'
Background Information Students need to develop an understanding of place value relationships, such as 10 thousand = 100 hundreds = 1000 tens = 10 000 ones. Language Students should be able to communicate using the following language: ascending order, descending order, zero, ones, tens, hundreds, thousands, tens of thousands, hundreds of thousands, millions, digit, place value, expanded notation, round to, whole number, factor, highest common factor (HCF), multiple, lowest common multiple (LCM). In some Asian languages, such as Chinese, Japanese and Korean, the natural language structures used when expressing numbers larger than 10 000 are 'tens of thousands' rather than 'thousands', and 'tens of millions' rather than 'millions'. For example, in Chinese (Mandarin), 612 000 is expressed as '61 wn, 2 qin', which tran slates as '61 tens of thousands and 2 thousands'. The abbreviation 'K' is derived from the Greek word khilios, meaning 'thousand'. It is used in many job advertisements to represent salaries (eg a salary of $70 K or $70 000). It is also used as an abbreviation for the size of computer files (eg a size of 20 K, meaning twenty thousand bytes).
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General capabilities Critical & creative thinking Ethical understanding Information & communication technology capability Intercultural understanding Literacy Numeracy Personal & social capability
Other learning across the curriculum areas Civics & citizenship Difference & diversity Work & enterprise
CONTENT
Recognise, represent and order numbers to at least tens of millions Identify and describe factors and multiples of whole numbers and use them to solve problems
WEEK
ADJUSTMENTS
Reduce, enlarge the numbers according to ability. Provide a concrete example of an abacus for those students who require this level of support
RESOURCES
whiteboard and markers, abacus, paper and pencils
1-2
3-4
Discuss the value of the other columns, starting from the right, and label them. Draw small circles in each column, to represent a number. Write the number in figures on the board, point out the spacing, then ask a student to read the number. Change the circles to make a different five, six or seven-digit number and ask students to write it in figures, then read it aloud together. Repeat with other numbers. Read out some five, six and seven-digit numbers and ask students to write them in figures. Focus on a seven-digit number and ask: - How could I increase this number by ten thousand? - What would the new number be? Repeat with other changes to the number, e.g. 300 thousand smaller, 2 million bigger etc, asking students to record the new number each time. Ask students to write any seven-digit number. Ask them to raise their hands if their number contains: fifty thousand; nine thousand; eight hundred thousand, forty; six; three million etc. Whole Numbers Ask children to make the largest possible six-digit number on their calculators without pressing any key more than once. Possible questions: - Which number should everyone have made? (987 654) Why? Repeat with different criteria such as: - the smallest possible number, - the largest/smallest odd number etc. Check that children are using the calculator correctly as they do these. If necessary clarify how to key in numbers. Write on the board: 25 24 < < 630 800. Revise the meaning of the symbols, then ask students to make a number on their calculators which could go in the box. Ask a few children to read their numbers and discuss whether they are correct. Repeat with a few more outer numbers and include < symbols. Write 52 < 063 . Explain that the new symbol means greater than or equal to and ask children to
suggest numbers that could be placed in the box. (If 52 063 is not suggested, then point out that it is one of the possible numbers and explain why.) Repeat using the < symbol. Write 73 73 > > 832 833 and ask students to show numbers on their calculators which could go in the box. - How many possible numbers are there? Discuss responses. Repeat with a few more outer numbers and include > symbols. In pairs, students make up and complete statements similar to those done with the class, recording them in their books. Allow about 10 minutes. Ask children to make a number with between four and seven digits on their calculators. Ask about five students to write their numbers on the board. Ask the class to write the numbers in ascending order in their books, then discuss strategies used. Repeat with five different numbers for the class to record in descending order. Repeated Operations Using an online calculator, press 10 x 7 = and ask students to look at the display. Now press the = key repeatedly as children watch the display. Ask: - What was happening to the digits? - What has the calculator been doing? - How do you know? Establish that it multiplied by 10 repeatedly because the digits moved one place to the left each time, the empty column being filled with zero. Repeat with 100 x 7 and discuss to revise the effect as before. Enter 7 000 000 10 on the online calculator then repeatedly press =, asking students to watch the display as before. Stop when the display shows 7 and repeat the questions. Establish that the calculator divided by 10 repeatedly because the digits moved one place to the right each time. Continue to press = as students watch the display. Discuss that the digits continue to move to the left of the decimal point. Repeat with 7 000 000 100 = =. - What will happen if we enter 10 x 2 = =? And 100 x 2 = = =? Ask the students to test their predictions on their calculators. - What will happen if we enter 2 x 10 = = ? and 2 x 100 = = =? Ask the students to test their predictions. Discuss their reasoning. Explain that the calculator was performing a constant function, i.e. a quick way to repeat the same operation, (N.B. on most simple calculators the multiplication constant operates on the first number entered, so 10 x 7 = = results in 70, 700 etc. 7 x 10 = = results in 70, 490 etc. The division constant acts on the second number entered). In pairs, challenge the students to predict the answers to 10 x 5 = = = and 5 x 10 = = = and then to test their predictions. Collect their responses and discuss their strategies. Ask students to explore multiplying and dividing different numbers by 10 and 100 on their calculators, including two and three-digit starting numbers. Ask them to record their results to show patterns and write the numbers alongside. - What could you do to 6 000 to get an answer of 60? - What could you do to 6 to get an answer of 0.06? Repeat for other pairs.
Factors Explore and discuss (encouraging student predictions as you go): - The factors of 2 are 1 and 2 because 2 divides by 1 and 2 - The factors of 3 are 1 and 3 because 3 divides by 1 and 3 - The factors of 4 are 1, 2 and 4 because 4 divides by 1, 2 and 4 - The factors of 5 are 1 and 5 because 5 divides by 1 and 5 - The factors of 6 are 1, 2, 3 and 6 because 6 divides by 1, 2, 3 and 6 - The factors of 7 are 1 and 7 because 7 divides by 1 and 7 - The factors of 12 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 12 because 12 divides by 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 12 Factors Pairs Explore and discuss (encouraging student predictions as you go): - The factors of 6 are 1, 2, 3 and 6 because 6 divides by 1, 2, 3 and 6 1 and 6 are a factor pair of 6 since 1 x 6 = 6 2 and 3 are a factor pair of 6 since 2 x 3 = 6 - The factors of 9 are 1, 3, and 9 because 9 divides by 1, 3 and 9 1 and 9 are a factor pair of 9 since 1 x 9 = 9 3 and 3 are a factor pair of 9 since 3 x 3 = 9 - The factors of 24 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24 because 24 divides by 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24 1 and 24 are a factor pair of 24 since 1 x 24 = 24 2 and 12 are a factor pair of 24 since 2 x 12 = 24 3 and 8 are a factor pair of 24 since 3 x 8 = 24 4 and 6 are a factor pair of 24 since 4 x 6 = 24 Common Factors Explore and discuss (encouraging student predictions as you go): - The factors of 4 are 1, 2, and 4 because 4 divides by 1, 2, and 4 - The factors of 6 are 1, 2, 3 and 6 because 6 divides by 1, 2, 3 and 6 The common factors of 4 and 6 are 1 and 2 since 1 and 2 are factors of both 4 and 6 - The factors of 8 are 1, 2, 4, and 8 because 8 divides by 1, 2, 4, and 8 - The factors of 24 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24 because 24 divides by 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24 The common factors of 8 and 24 are 1, 2, 4 and 8 since 1, 2, 4 and 8 are factors of both 8 and 24 Highest Common Factor [HCF] Explore and discuss (encouraging student predictions as you go): - The factors of 4 are 1, 2, and 4 because 4 divides by 1, 2, and 4 - The factors of 6 are 1, 2, 3 and 6 because 6 divides by 1, 2, 3 and 6 The common factors of 4 and 6 are 1 and 2 The highest common factor of 4 and 6 is 2 - The factors of 8 are 1, 2, 4, and 8 because 8 divides by 1, 2, 4, and 8 - The factors of 24 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24 because 24 divides by 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24 The common factors of 8 and 24 are 1, 2, 4 and 8 The highest common factor of 8 and 24 is 8 Revisit a Selection of Above Activities Revision Assessment
9 10
ASSESSMENT OVERVIEW
STRAND: S3
WEEK: 1 2
10
OVERVIEW
Use efficient mental and written strategies and apply appropriate digital technologies to solve problems use the term 'sum' to describe the result of adding two or more numbers, eg 'The sum of 7 and 5 is 12' add three or more numbers with different numbers of digits, with and without the use of digital technologies, eg 42 000 + 5123 + 246 select and apply efficient mental, written and calculator strategies to solve addition and subtraction word problems, including problems involving money - interpret the words 'increase' and 'decrease' in addition and subtraction word problems, eg 'If a computer costs $1599 and its price is then decreased by $250, how much do I pay?' record the strategy used to solve addition and subtraction word problems - use empty number lines to record mental strategies -use selected words to describe each step of the solution process check solutions to problems, including by using the inverse operation Use estimation and rounding to check the reasonableness of answers to calculations round numbers appropriately when obtaining estimates to numerical calculations use estimation to check the reasonableness of answers to addition and subtraction calculations, eg 1438 + 129 is about 1440 + 130 Create simple financial plans use knowledge of addition and subtraction facts to create a financial plan, such as a budget, eg organise a class celebration on a budget of $60 for all expenses -record numerical data in a simple spreadsheet -give reasons for selecting, prioritising and deleting items when creating a budget
Background Information In Stage 3, mental strategies need to be continually reinforced. Students may find recording (writing out) informal mental strategies to be more efficient than using formal written algorithms, particularly in the case of subtraction. Eg, 8000 673 is easier to calculate mentally than by using a formal algorithm. Written strategies using informal mental strategies (empty number line): The jump strategy can be used on an empty number line to count up rather than back. The answer will therefore be 7000 + 300 + 20 + 7 = 7327. Students could share possible approaches and compare them to determine the most efficient. The difference can be shifted one unit to the left on an empty number line, so that 8000 673 becomes 7999 672, which is an easier subtraction to calculate. Written strategies using a formal algorithm (decomposition method):
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General capabilities Critical & creative thinking Ethical understanding Information & communication technology capability Intercultural understanding Literacy Numeracy Personal & social capability
Other learning across the curriculum areas Civics & citizenship Difference & diversity Work & enterprise
An inverse operation is an operation that reverses the effect of the original operation. Addition and subtraction are inverse operations; multiplication and division are inverse operations. Language Students should be able to communicate using the following language: plus, sum, add, addition, increase, minus, the difference between, subtract, subtraction, decrease, equals, is equal to, empty number line, strategy, digit, estimate, round to, budget. Teachers should model & use a variety of expressions for the operations of addition & subtraction, & should draw students' attention to the fact that the words used for subtraction may require the operation to be performed with the numbers in the reverse order to that in which they are stated in the question. Eg, '9 take away 3' & 'reduce 9 by 3' require the operation to be performed with the numbers in the same order as they are presented in the question (ie 9 3). However, 'take 9 from 3', 'subtract 9 from 3' and '9 less than 3' require the operation to be performed with the numbers in the reverse order to that in which they are stated in the question (ie 3 9).
CONTENT
Use efficient mental and written strategies and apply appropriate digital technologies to solve problems Use estimation and rounding to check the reasonableness of answers to calculations Create simple financial plans
WEEK
Rounding
ADJUSTMENTS
Provide assistance and extension as required
RESOURCES
whiteboard and markers, paper and pencils
Repeat with calculations such as: 368 + 51, 286 97, 5250 1998, 458 + 199 etc. Each time emphasise the adjustment to be made and have students record the process on the board. Provide examples for students to practise the strategy. Go over some of the practice examples, asking students to explain how they rounded and adjusted the numbers involved. Write a variety of addition and subtraction calculations on the board, e.g. 73 + 26, 182 95, 6003 5994, 56 29, 73 + 200, 583 71 etc. - For which of these would you use the rounding and adjusting strategy? For each suggestion ask how the calculation would be performed, focussing on the rounding and adjusting. Ask children to suggest how they would tackle the other calculations. Strategies Write 40 + 90 + 60 + 50 on the board. - How would you find the total? Discuss different methods such as looking for pairs with a sum of 100, and starting with largest number first. Repeat with other sets of two-digit numbers. Include numbers that involve doubling and near doubling, e.g. 60 + 70 + 80 + 20 + 30 + 80 + 70; 20 + 80 + 10; 50 + 60. Record the strategies in a list on the board. Introduce three two-digit numbers, e.g. write 28 + 35 + 12 on the board and ask students to
suggest strategies for finding the total, such as looking for unit pairs that make 10, and starting with the largest number. Write on the board the digits: 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 9. Ask children to add them up. Recap the strategy of finding pairs to 10. Identify that there are 5 pairs that sum to 10. Establish that: 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 9 is equivalent to 10 x 5. Write on the board: 4 + 4 + 3 + 5. - What is multiplication is this equivalent to? Agree it is 4 x 4. Discuss the method the children used to arrive at this. Write on the board: 18 + 20 + 22. - How can we represent this as a multiplication? Establish that the calculation is equivalent to 20 x 3. Discuss the idea of balancing the numbers. Repeat for sets such as 48 + 49 + 50 + 51 + 52 and 26 + 28 + 30 + 32 + 34, and discuss the strategy. Provide addition questions for children to discuss and answer in pairs. Ask them to decide on an appropriate strategy for each, using the list on the board for reference, then find the total. Ask them to record their method so that they will remember how they worked out the answer. Magic Tools Show the table below. Ask the students to find the total of given rows and then given columns.
13 12 17 18 14 10 11 16 15
- What do you notice about the totals? Establish the totals are the same. - Can you find any other patterns in the square? Allow time for students to discuss in pairs, then take feedback, drawing out and listing points such as the following on the board: - All rows, columns and diagonals have the same total (42). - The sum of each pair of numbers on opposite sides of the centre is twice the middle number. - The odd numbers are at the corners. - The sum of the corner numbers is equal to the sum of the numbers in the middle of each side. Remind students that this is a 3 by 3 magic square. - Suppose we subtract 7 from each number, will it still be a magic square? Discuss childrens views and get them to confirm it is still a magic square. - What is the magic total for this square? How could you have predicted this? Collect answers and work through other cases where a number is added to or subtracted from the numbers in the square. List some of the magic totals for the different squares. - What do you notice about these totals? Establish they are multiples of 3. Refer back to the table and remind students that the total is the middle number multiplied by 3. Show the table below. Ask students to find the sum of the first row, then the first column. Confirm these each total 46. - Is 46 a multiple of 4? Agree it is not. Ask students to sum the other rows and columns to confirm they all total 46.
17 14 8 7
10 5 19 12
15 16 6 9
4 11 13 18
- Can you find any other sets of four numbers that total 46? Ask students to work in pairs to find sets of four numbers. Inverse Operations Write 468 + 573 on the board and ask students to suggest how they might work out the total. Discuss suggestions and demonstrate the informal method of adding the most or the least significant digits first, i.e. 468 468 + 573 + 573 900 11 130 130 11 900 1041 1041 Repeat with 4676 + 768. Emphasise the importance of lining up the digits correctly according to their place value. Set similar questions for students to practise the method on. Check answers and go over any the students found difficult, asking students to prompt each stage of the calculations. - How can we check that the answers are correct? Discuss suggestions and remind students addition and subtraction are inverse operations. Demonstrate an informal counting-up method for 1041 573. Record as:
9 10 ASSESSMENT OVERVIEW
Set subtractions questions for students to practise the method. Check answers and correct any misunderstandings. Give students two three-digit numbers. Ask students to find the difference and check the answer using addition. Set students questions that include three-digit and four-digit numbers. Revisit a Selection of Above Activities Revision Assessment
STRAND: S3
WEEK: 1 2
10
OVERVIEW
Solve problems involving multiplication of large numbers by 1 or 2 digit numbers using efficient mental & written strategies & appropriate digital technologies use mental & written strategies to multiply 3 & 4 digit numbers by 1 digit numbers, including: multiplying the 1000s, then the 100s, then the 10s and then the 1s, eg
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Background Information Students could extend their recall of number facts beyond the multiplication facts to 10 10 by memorising multiples of numbers such as 11, 12, 15, 20 and 25. They could also utilise mental strategies, eg '14 6 is 10 sixes plus 4 sixes'. In Stage 3, mental strategies need to be continually reinforced. Students may find recording (writing out) informal mental strategies to be more efficient than using formal written algorithms, particularly in the case of multiplication. An inverse operation is an operation that reverses the effect of the original operation. Addition and subtraction are inverse operations; multiplication and division are inverse operations. The area model for two-digit by two-digit multiplication in Stage 3 is a precursor to the use of the area model for the expansion of binomial products in Stage 5. Language Students should be able to communicate using the following language: multiply, multiplied by, product, multiplication, multiplication facts, area, thousands, hundreds, tens, ones, double, multiple, factor, divide, divided by, quotient, division, halve, remainder, fraction, decimal, equals, strategy, digit, estimate, round to
using the formal algorithm, eg 432 5 use mental & written strategies to multiply 2 & 3 digit numbers by 2 digit numbers, including: using an area model for 2 digit by 2 digit multiplication, eg 25 26
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factorising the numbers, eg 12 25 = 3 4 25 = 3 100 = 300 using extended form (long multiplication) of the formal algorithm,
Other learning across the curriculum areas Civics & citizenship Difference & diversity Work & enterprise
use digital technologies to multiply numbers of up to 4 digits - check answers to mental calculations using digital technologies apply appropriate mental 7 written strategies, 7 digital technologies, to solve multiplication word problems - use the appropriate operation when solving problems in real-life situations - use inverse operations to justify solutions record the strategy used to solve multiplication word problems - use selected words to describe each step of the solution process Solve problems involving division by a 1 digit number, including those that result in a remainder use the term 'quotient' to describe the result of a division
calculation, eg 'The quotient when 30 is divided by 6 is 5' recognise 7 use different notations to indicate division, eg 25 4, , record remainders as fractions 7 decimals, eg or 6.25 use mental 7 written strategies to divide a number with 3 or more digits by a 1 digit divisor where there is no remainder, including: dividing the 100s, then the 10s, and then the 1s, eg 3248 4
using the formal algorithm, eg 258 6 use mental & written strategies to divide a number with 3 or more digits by a 1 digit divisor where there is a remainder, including: dividing the 10s and then the 1s, eg 243 4
using the formal algorithm, eg 587 6 - explain why the remainder in a division calculation is always less than the number divided by (the divisor) show the connection between division & multiplication, including where there is a remainder, eg 25 4 = 6 remainder 1, so 25 = 4 6 + 1 use digital technologies to divide whole numbers by 1 & 2 digit divisors - check answers to mental calculations using digital technologies apply appropriate mental & written strategies, & digital technologies, to solve division word problems - recognise when division is required to solve word problems - use inverse operations to justify solutions to problems use & interpret remainders in solutions to division problems, eg recognise when it is appropriate to round up an answer, such as 'How many 5-seater cars are required to take 47 people to the beach?' record the strategy used to solve division word problems - use selected words to describe each step of the solution process Use estimation & rounding to check the reasonableness of answers to calculations round numbers appropriately when obtaining estimates to numerical calculations use estimation to check the reasonableness of answers to multiplication & division calculations, eg '32 253 will be about, but
more than, 30 250'
CONTENT
Solve problems involving multiplication of large numbers by 1 or 2 digit numbers using efficient mental & written strategies & appropriate digital technologies Solve problems involving division by a 1 digit number, including those that result in a remainder Use estimation & rounding to check the reasonableness of answers to calculations
WEEK
ADJUSTMENTS
Provide assistance and extension as required
RESOURCES
calculators, whiteboards and marker, paper and pencils
Extension: Students record and discuss square and triangular numbers and look for patterns eg numbers with 3 factors are squares of prime numbers.
in to the principal. They will get a share of the $50 if no one claims it after a week. Possible questions include: - how much would each child get? - how much would each child get if $5 was found? - how much would each child get if 50c was found? - which operation would you use to check if your answer is correct? Students discuss the solutions and make generalisations about placement of the decimal point when dividing by ten. They investigate similar problems to test their ideas. Revision Assessment
9 10 ASSESSMENT OVERVIEW
STRAND: S3
WEEK: 1 2
10
OVERVIEW
Describe, continue and create patterns with fractions, decimals and whole numbers resulting from addition and subtraction identify, continue and create simple number patterns involving addition and subtraction describe patterns using the terms 'increase' and 'decrease', eg for the pattern 48, 41, 34, 27, , 'The terms decrease by seven' create, with materials or digital technologies, a variety of patterns using whole numbers, fractions or decimals, eg or 2.2, 2.0, 1.8, 1.6, use a number line or other diagram to create patterns involving fractions or decimals Use equivalent number sentences involving multiplication and division to find unknown quantities complete number sentences that involve more than one operation by calculating missing numbers, eg , 5 x = 4 x 10, 5 x = 30 - 10 - describe strategies for completing simple number sentences and justify solutions identify and use inverse operations to assist with the solution of number sentences, eg 125 5 = becomes x 5 = 125 - describe how inverse operations can be used to solve a number sentence complete number sentences involving multiplication and division, including those involving simple fractions or decimals, eg 7 x = 7.7 - check solutions to number sentences by substituting the solution into the original question write number sentences to match word problems that require finding a missing number, eg 'I am thinking of a number that when I double it and add 5, the answer is 13. What is the number?'
Background Information Students should be given opportunities to discover and create patterns and to describe, in their own words, relationships contained in those patterns. This sub strand involves algebra without using letters to represent unknown values. When calculating unknown values, students need to be encouraged to work backwards and to describe the processes using inverse operations, rather than using trial-and-error methods. The inclusion of number sentences that do not have whole-number solutions will aid this process. To represent equality of mathematical expressions, the terms 'is the same as' and 'is equal to' should be used. Use of the word 'equals' may suggest that the right-hand side of an equation contains 'the answer', rather than a value equivalent to that on the left. Language Students should be able to communicate using the following language: pattern, increase, decrease, missing number, number sentence, number line. In Stage 3, students should be encouraged to use their own words to describe number patterns. Patterns can usually be described in more than one way and it is important for students to hear how other students describe the same pattern. Students' descriptions of number patterns can then become more sophisticated as they experience a variety of ways of describing the same pattern. The teacher could begin to model the use of more appropriate mathematical language to encourage this development.
Aboriginal &Torres Strait Islander histories & cultures Asia & Australias engagement with Asia Sustainability
General capabilities Critical & creative thinking Ethical understanding Information & communication technology capability Intercultural understanding Literacy Numeracy Personal & social capability
Other learning across the curriculum areas Civics & citizenship Difference & diversity Work & enterprise
CONTENT
Describe, continue and create patterns with fractions, decimals and whole numbers resulting from addition and subtraction Use equivalent number sentences involving multiplication and division to find unknown quantities
WEEK
ADJUSTMENTS
Provide assistance and extension as required
RESOURCES
paper and pencils
The answers to this grid (90, 140, 190, 240, 290 and 340) maintain the pattern which has already been established. Identifying the rule and completing the pattern You might be given a sequence of paired numbers and asked to identify a rule for the pattern. You may also then be asked to complete the sequence. Example:
9 10 ASSESSMENT OVERVIEW
You must work out what number operation has been used to create the pattern and then use the rule to calculate the missing values in the pattern. Patterns and problem solving We can also make use of patterns for solving problems. Being able to identify patterns can save a great deal of time in working out a solution to a problem. 1. Where will the postman call next? Have a large number line at the front of the class for reference. Introduce the idea of a postman calling at houses to drop off letters. Have your postman call at regular intervals e.g. doors numbered 3, 6, 9, 12. Ask the students if they can predict where the postman will call next. Questions to ask. - Can you explain to your partner how you knew it was that house? - Can you explain the pattern using a number line? - Can you tell me a house number over 20 that you know he would not call at? How did you know that? - What house number will he deliver his seventh / seventieth letter to? How could you check this? 2. Make it bigger Present students with a multilink model of roughly 6 blocks. E.g. an h or s shape. Ask the children if they can work out how to make the model exactly twice as big. Questions to ask - Can you estimate how many cubes you will need - Can you explain to your partner how you decided on your estimate? - Which part of the model was the hardest part to estimate? Why? - Which part was the easiest? Why - How are you going to check your answer? - How many cubes would you need if you were going to make it 2, 3, 100 times bigger? How do you know? How could you check? Students may want to record their predictions or findings on squared paper. Etc Revision Assessment
extension: include prime numbers or sequences such as +1 +2 +3 +4 Students may find it helpful to draw a picture to help
S3
MATHEMATICS PROGRAM PROFORMA STRAND: TERM: MEASUREMENT AND GEOMETRY 1 2 3 3 KEY CONSIDERATIONS
WEEK: 1 2
10
OVERVIEW
Choose appropriate units of measurement for length recognise the need for a formal unit longer than the metre for measuring distance recognise that there are 1000 metres in one kilometre, ie 1000 metres = 1 kilometre - describe one metre as one thousandth of a kilometre measure a kilometre & a half-kilometre record distances using the abbreviation for kilometres (km) select & use the appropriate unit & measuring device to measure lengths & distances - describe how length or distance was estimated & measured - question & explain why two students may obtain different measures for the same length, distance or perimeter estimate lengths & distances using an appropriate unit & check by measuring record lengths & distances using combinations of millimetres, centimetres, metres & kilometres, eg 1 km 200 m Calculate the perimeters of rectangles using familiar metric units use the term dimensions to describe the lengths & widths of rectangles measure & calculate the perimeter of a large rectangular section of the school, eg a playground, netball courts calculate perimeters of common 2D shapes, including squares, rectangles, triangles & regular polygons with more than 4 sides (ie regular polygons other than equilateral triangles & squares) - recognise that rectangles with the same perimeter may have different dimensions - explain that the perimeters of 2D shapes can be found by finding the sum of the side lengths - explain the relationship between the lengths of the sides and the perimeters for regular polygons (including equilateral triangles & squares) record calculations used to find the perimeters of 2D shapes
OUTCOMES A student: describes and represents mathematical situations in a variety of ways using mathematical terminology and some conventions MA3-1WM gives a valid reason for supporting one possible solution over another MA3-3WM selects and uses the appropriate unit and device to measure lengths and distances, calculates perimeters, and converts between units of length MA3-9MG
Background Information When students are able to measure efficiently and effectively using formal units, they should be encouraged to apply their knowledge and skills in a variety of contexts. Following this, they should be encouraged to generalise their method for calculating the perimeters of squares, rectangles and triangles. When recording measurements, a space should be left between the number and the abbreviated unit, eg 3 cm, not 3cm. Language Students should be able to communicate using the following language: length, distance, kilometre, metre, centimetre, millimetre, measure, measuring device, ruler, tape measure, trundle wheel, estimate, perimeter, dimensions, width. 'Perimeter' is derived from the Greek words that mean to measure around the outside: peri, meaning 'around', and metron, meaning 'measure'.
Aboriginal &Torres Strait Islander histories & cultures Asia & Australias engagement with Asia Sustainability
General capabilities Critical & creative thinking Ethical understanding Information & communication technology capability Intercultural understanding Literacy Numeracy Personal & social capability
Other learning across the curriculum areas Civics & citizenship Difference & diversity Work & enterprise
CONTENT
Choose appropriate units of measurement for length Calculate the perimeters of rectangles using familiar metric units
WEEK
ADJUSTMENTS
Adjust the length required to measure if students are having difficulty with task
RESOURCES
grid paper, scissors, 30cm and 1m rulers, paper and pencils
Use online geo-boards for students who are unable to manipulate concrete materials
lengths of string, shape cards, 30 cm rulers, paper and pencils paper, pencils, 30cm rulers, assorted objects variety of items, 30cm rulers, paper and pencils trundle wheels, tape measures, watches or stop watches, pencils and paper
4 5 6
Support and extension as required Support and extension as required Support and extension as required
10
Desks Over the Horizon Students estimate, then calculate how many desks aligned end to end would fit into a line 1 kilometre long. Students record measurements and calculations. Variation: students calculate how many times their body length would need to be repeated to measure 1 kilometre or how many times the length of a pair of students would need to be repeated. How Long? Students work in small groups to answer: How long is the wool in a ball of wool? Students may need to discuss a range of strategies before commencing to measure. Students express the measurement in kilometres, and in metres. Introduce Scale Students investigate how the representation of an object is reduced, when the object is drawn to scale. Small groups of students photocopy an object such as a pencil. The pencil is copied again, reduced to 50% of the original size (1:2). The pencil is copied a third time, reduced to 25% of its original size (1:4). Students discuss the lengths of the pencil in the second and third copies, compared with the original length. Students measure the length of an object (watch, pencil case, strip of paper) and predict the length when the object is drawn to a scale of 1:4. Check by cutting a strip of paper the predicted length, folding and using this to measure the object. Whole class discusses why and how maps are drawn to scale, and the units of measure which are commonly cited on a scale. Finding the Detail Whole class discuss how to use a scale to represent kilometres or metres on a street map. Students are given a map of the local area, showing the location of the school. Students use scale and a drawing compass to mark the area within 500 metres of the school in all directions. Students list the street names or landmarks within this area.
desks, measuring tapes, 30cm and 1m rulers, calculators, pencils and paper
balls of wool, measuring devices, paper and pencils different objects, 30cm and 1m rulers, photocopier, strips of paper, pencils
Questioning techniques
ASSESSMENT OVERVIEW
S3
MATHEMATICS PROGRAM PROFORMA STRAND: TERM: MEASUREMENT AND GEOMETRY 1 2 3 3 KEY CONSIDERATIONS
WEEK: 1 2
10
OVERVIEW
Compare 12- and 24-hour time systems and convert between them tell the time accurately using 24-hour time, eg '2330 is the same as 11:30 pm' - describe circumstances in which 24-hour time is used, eg transport, armed forces, digital technologies convert between 24-hour time and time given using am or pm notation compare the local times in various time zones in Australia, including during daylight saving Determine and compare the duration of events select an appropriate unit to measure a particular period of time use a stopwatch to measure and compare the duration of events order a series of events according to the time taken to complete each one use start and finish times to calculate the elapsed time of events, eg the time taken to travel from home to school
OUTCOMES A student: describes and represents mathematical situations in a variety of ways using mathematical terminology and some conventions MA3-1WM uses 24-hour time and am and pm notation in real-life situations, and constructs timelines MA3-13MG
Background Information Australia is divided into three time zones. In non-daylight saving periods, time in Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania is Eastern Standard Time (EST), time in South Australia and the Northern Territory is half an hour behind EST, and time in Western Australia is two hours behind EST. Typically, 24-hour time is recorded without the use of the colon (:), eg 3:45 pm is written as 1545 or 1545 h and read as 'fifteen forty-five hours'. Language Students should be able to communicate using the following language: 12-hour time, 24-hour time, time zone, daylight saving, local time, hour, minute, second, am (notation), pm (notation).
Aboriginal &Torres Strait Islander histories & cultures Asia & Australias engagement with Asia Sustainability
General capabilities Critical & creative thinking Ethical understanding Information & communication technology capability Intercultural understanding Literacy Numeracy Personal & social capability
Other learning across the curriculum areas Civics & citizenship Difference & diversity Work & enterprise
CONTENT
Compare 12- and 24-hour time systems and convert between them Determine and compare the duration of events
WEEK
ADJUSTMENTS
Support and extension as required
RESOURCES
timetables, computers, paper and pencils
Extension: Students research the world records of different sports. They then record and order them.
9 10 ASSESSMENT OVERVIEW
1972 Munich Olympics marred by terrorist attack 1976 Montreal hosts the games. 1980 The United States, Canada and 50 other countries boycott the Moscow Games following the invasion of Afghanistan by the Soviet Union. 1984 The Soviet Union boycotts the Olympics in Los Angeles. 1988 1992 South Africa permitted to the games for the first time after a 30-year ban. 12 separate teams represent the countries formerly part of the USSR. 1996 2000 Olympic Games held in Sydney. Timing Experiments Students estimate the amount of time selected events will take and then check by timing the events with a stopwatch eg - the time for a ball dropped from the top floor of a building to reach the ground - the time for a car seen in the distance to reach a chosen point. Students record the times in a table and order the events. Revision Assessment
S3
MATHEMATICS PROGRAM PROFORMA STRAND: TERM: MEASUREMENT AND GEOMETRY 1 2 3 3 KEY CONSIDERATIONS
WEEK: 1 2
10
OVERVIEW
Classify two-dimensional shapes and describe their features
manipulate, identify & name right-angled, equilateral, isosceles & scalene triangles - recognise that a triangle can be both right-angled & isosceles or rightangled & scalene compare & describe features of the sides of equilateral, isosceles & scalene triangles explore by measurement side & angle properties of equilateral, isosceles & scalene triangles explore by measurement angle properties of squares, rectangles, parallelograms & rhombuses select and classify a 2D shape from a description of its features - recognise that 2Dshapes can be classified in more than 1 way identify & draw regular & irregular 2D shapes from descriptions of their side & angle properties - use tools such as templates, rulers, set squares & protractors to draw regular & irregular 2D shapes - explain the difference between regular & irregular shapes - use computer drawing tools to construct a shape from a description of its side & angle properties Describe translations, reflections and rotations of 2D shapes use the terms translate, reflect & rotate to describe movement of 2D shapes - rotate a graphic or object through a specified angle about a particular point, including by using the rotate function in a computer drawing program describe the effect when a 2D shape is translated, reflected or rotated - recognise that the properties of shapes do not change when shapes are translated, reflected or rotated Identify line and rotational symmetries identify & quantify the total number of lines (axes) of symmetry (if any exist) of 2D shapes, including the special quads & triangles identify shapes that have rotational symmetry & determine the order of rotational symmetry - construct designs with rotational symmetry, with/out the use of digital technologies Apply the enlargement transformation to familiar 2D shapes & explore the properties of the resulting image compared with the original make enlargements of 2D shapes, pictures & maps, with/ out the use of digital technologies - overlay an image with a grid composed of small squares - investigate and use functions of digital technologies that allow shapes and images to be enlarged without losing the relative proportions of the image compare representations of shapes, pictures & maps in different sizes - measure an interval on an original representation and its enlargement to determine how many times larger than the original the enlargement is
OUTCOMES A student: describes and represents mathematical situations in a variety of ways using mathematical terminology and some conventions MA3-1WM selects and applies appropriate problem-solving strategies, including the use of digital technologies, in undertaking investigations MA3-2WM gives a valid reason for supporting one possible solution over another MA3-3WM manipulates, classifies and draws two-dimensional shapes, including equilateral, isosceles and scalene triangles, and describes their properties MA3-15MG
Background Information A shape has rotational symmetry if a tracing of the shape, rotated part of a full turn around its centre, matches the original shape exactly. The order of rotational symmetry refers to the number of times a figure coincides with its original position in turning through one full rotation, eg
Aboriginal &Torres Strait Islander histories & cultures Asia & Australias engagement with Asia Sustainability
'Scalene' is derived from the Greek word skalenos, meaning 'uneven'; our English word 'scale' is derived from the same word. 'Isosceles' is derived from the Greek words isos, meaning 'equals', and skelos, meaning 'leg'. 'Equilateral' is derived from the Latin words aequus, meaning 'equal', and latus, meaning 'side'. 'Equiangular' is derived from aequus and another Latin word, angulus, meaning 'corner'. Language Students should be able to communicate using the following language: shape, two-dimensional shape (2D shape), triangle, equilateral triangle, isosceles triangle, scalene triangle, right angled triangle, quadrilateral, parallelogram, rectangle, rhombus, square, trapezium, kite, pentagon, hexagon, octagon, regular shape, irregular shape, features, properties, side, parallel, pair of parallel sides, opposite, length, vertex (vertices), angle, right angle, line (axis) of symmetry, rotational symmetry, order of rotational symmetry, translate, reflect, rotate, enlarge. A 'feature' of a shape or object is a generally observable attribute of a shape or object. A 'property' of a shape or object is an attribute that requires mathematical knowledge to be identified.
General capabilities Critical & creative thinking Ethical understanding Information & communication technology capability Intercultural understanding Literacy Numeracy Personal & social capability
Other learning across the curriculum areas Civics & citizenship Difference & diversity Work & enterprise
CONTENT
Classify twodimensional shapes and describe their features Describe translations, reflections and rotations of 2D shapes Identify line and rotational symmetries Apply the enlargement transformation to familiar 2D shapes & explore the properties of the resulting image compared with the original
WEEK
ADJUSTMENTS
Support and extension as required
RESOURCES
paper, pencils, rulers
Peer tutoring strategy for pairings. 2D shape pictures to prompt drawings Support and extension as required
angle testers, set squares, protractors, rulers, 2D shape pictures, paper and pencils chalk, rope, tape measures, pencils, paper
Extension: to students drawing squares, equilateral triangles, regular hexagons, and regular octagons with in circles. Assistance to use geo-boards or online geo-boards
Students join three or more geo-strips of different lengths at their centres and use other geo-strips to join the ends of these to make various two-dimensional shapes. Possible questions include: - what is the relationship between the number of sides and the number of diagonals? - which shapes are the strongest? - what happens when the diagonals are removed? In groups, students draw their two-dimensional shapes complete with diagonals, and record their findings. The students posters could be displayed.
Enlarging and Reducing Students are given drawings of a variety of two-dimensional shapes on grid paper. Students enlarge or reduce the shapes onto another piece of grid paper. Possible questions include: - what features change when a two-dimensional shape is enlarged or reduced? - what features remain the same? - do properties change or remain the same? Why? Students explain the process they used to enlarge and reduce two-dimensional shapes.
ASSESSMENT OVERVIEW
S3
MATHEMATICS PROGRAM PROFORMA STRAND: TERM: MEASUREMENT AND GEOMETRY 1 2 3 3 KEY CONSIDERATIONS
WEEK: 1 2
10
OVERVIEW
Use a grid-reference system to describe locations find locations on maps, including maps with legends, given their grid references describe particular locations on grid-referenced maps, including maps with a legend, eg 'The post office is at E4' Describe routes using landmarks and directional language find a location on a map that is in a given direction from a town or landmark, eg locate a town that is north-east of Broken Hill describe the direction of one location relative to another, eg 'Darwin is north-west of Sydney' follow a sequence of two or more directions, including compass directions, to find and identify a particular location on a map use a given map to plan and show a route from one location to another, eg draw a possible route to the local park or use an Aboriginal land map to plan a route - use a street directory or online map to find the route to a given location describe a route taken on a map using landmarks and directional language, including compass directions, eg 'Start at the post office, go west to the supermarket and then go south-west to the park'
OUTCOMES A student: describes and represents mathematical situations in a variety of ways using mathematical terminology and some conventions MA3-1WM locates and describes position on maps using a grid reference system MA3-17MG
Background Information In Stage 2, students were introduced to the compass directions north, east, south and west, and north-east, south-east, south-west and north-west. In Stage 3, students are expected to use these compass directions when describing routes between locations on maps. By convention when using grid-reference systems, the horizontal component of direction is named first, followed by the vertical component. This connects with plotting points on the Cartesian plane in Stage 3 Patterns and Algebra, where the horizontal coordinate is recorded first, followed by the vertical coordinate. Language Students should be able to communicate using the following language: position, location, map, plan, street directory, route, grid, grid reference, legend, key, scale, directions, compass, north, east, south, west, north-east, south-east, south-west, north-west.
Aboriginal &Torres Strait Islander histories & cultures Asia & Australias engagement with Asia Sustainability
General capabilities Critical & creative thinking Ethical understanding Information & communication technology capability Intercultural understanding Literacy Numeracy Personal & social capability
Other learning across the curriculum areas Civics & citizenship Difference & diversity Work & enterprise
CONTENT
Use a gridreference system to describe locations Describe routes using landmarks and directional language
WEEK
ADJUSTMENTS
Support and extension as required
RESOURCES
map with grid references, paper and pencils
9 10 ASSESSMENT OVERVIEW
STRAND: S3
WEEK: 1 2
10
OVERVIEW
Pose questions & collect categorical or numerical data by observation or survey pose & refine questions to construct a survey to obtain categorical & numerical data about a matter of interest collect categorical & numerical data through observation or by conducting surveys Construct displays, including column graphs, dot plots & tables, appropriate for data type, with/out the use of digital technologies tabulate collected data, including numerical data, with/out the use of digital tech such as spreadsheets construct column & line graphs of numerical data using a scale of many-to-1 correspondence, with/out the use of digital tech - name & label horizontal & vertical axes when constructing graphs - choose an appropriate title to describe data represented in a data display - determine an approp scale of many-to-1 correspondence to represent the data in a data display - mark equal spaces on the axes when constructing graphs, & use the scale to label the markers construct dot plots for numerical data consider data type to determine & draw most approp display/s - discuss & justify the choice of data display used - recognise that line graphs are used to represent data that demonstrates continuous change - recognise which types of data display are most approp to represent categorical data Describe and interpret different data sets in context interpret line graphs using the scales on the axes describe & interpret data presented in tables, dot plots, column graphs & line graphs - determine total number of data values represented in dot plots & column graphs - identify & describe relationships that can be observed in data displays - use info presented in data displays to aid decision making
OUTCOMES A student: describes and represents mathematical situations in a variety of ways using mathematical terminology and some conventions MA3-1WM gives a valid reason for supporting one possible solution over another MA3-3WM uses appropriate methods to collect data and constructs, interprets and evaluates data displays, including dot plots, line graphs and two-way tables MA3-18SP
Aboriginal &Torres Strait Islander histories & cultures Asia & Australias engagement with Asia Sustainability
General capabilities Critical & creative thinking Ethical understanding Information & communication technology capability Intercultural understanding Literacy Numeracy Personal & social capability
Background Information Column graphs are useful in recording categorical data, including results obtained from simple probability experiments. A scale of many-to-one correspondence in a column graph or line graph means that one unit is used to represent more than one of what is being counted or measured, eg 1 cm on the vertical axis used to represent 20 cm of body height. Line graphs should only be used where meaning can be attached to the points on the line between plotted points, eg temperature readings over time. Dot plots are an alternative to a column graph when there are only a small number of data values. Each value is recorded as a dot so that the frequencies for each of the values can be counted easily. Students need to be provided with opportunities to discuss what information can be drawn from various data displays. Advantages and disadvantages of different representations of the same data should be explicitly taught. Categorical data can be separated into distinct groups, eg colour, gender, blood type. Numerical data is expressed as numbers and obtained by counting, or by measurement of a physical attribute, eg the number of students in a class (count) or the heights of students in a class (measurement). Language Students should be able to communicate using the following language: data, survey, category, display, tabulate, table, column graph, vertical columns, horizontal bars, equal spacing, title, scale, vertical axis, horizontal axis, axes, line graph, dot plots, spreadsheet.
Other learning across the curriculum areas Civics & citizenship Difference & diversity Work & enterprise
CONTENT
Pose questions & collect categorical or numerical data by observation or survey Construct displays, including column graphs, dot plots & tables, appropriate for data type, with/out the use of digital technologies Describe and interpret different data sets in context
WEEK
ADJUSTMENTS
Use online graphs for students with fine motor difficulties
RESOURCES
computers, paper and pencils
Possible questions include: - what sport do half the people surveyed prefer? - what sport do a quarter of the people surveyed prefer? - which two sports combined are preferred by a quarter of the people surveyed? Revision
9
Assessment
10 ASSESSMENT OVERVIEW