Common Communicabl e Diseases

(Preventions, Symptoms & Cure)

Kenneth Karl V. Pilapil III y!ro"en

Common Col!s Prevention Here are 4 proven ways to help lower your chances of getting sick: Always wash your hands: Children and adults should wash hands after nose-wiping, diapering, and using the bathroom, and before eating and preparing food. isinfect: Clean commonly touched surfaces !such as sink handles, door knobs, and sleeping mats" with an #$A-approved Choose smaller day-care classes: Attending a day care where there are si% or fewer children dramatically reduces the spread of germs. &se paper towels instead of sharing cloth towels. 'he immune system helps your body fight off infection. Here are 4 ways to support the immune system: Avoid second-hand smoke: (eep as far away from second-hand smoke as possible. )t is responsible for many health problems, including colds. rink water: *luids help your immune system work properly. #at yogurt: Certain yogurts contains +active cultures,+ or beneficial bacteria that helps prevent colds. ,et enough sleep: -ot getting enough sleep makes you more likely to get sick. Cold symptoms usually start about . or / days after you came in contact with the virus, although it could take up to a week. 0ymptoms mostly affect the nose. 'he most common cold symptoms are: -asal congestion, runny nose, scratchy throat, snee1ing #reatment ,et plenty of rest and drink plenty of fluids. C23 4# )C)-#0 Symptoms

2ver-the-counter cold and cough medicines may help ease symptoms in adults and older children. A-')5)2')C0 Antibiotics should not be used to treat a common cold. 'hey will not help and may make the situation worse. 'hick yellow or green nasal discharge normally occurs with a cold after a few days. )f it does not get better within 67 to 64 days, then your doctor may prescribe antibiotics.

Kenneth Karl V. Pilapil Communicable Diseases

$lu 'he flu, more scientifically known as influen1a, is a highly contagious respiratory infection caused by influen1a viruses. 'he influen1a virus usually enters the body through mucus membranes in the mouth, nose, or eyes. 8hen a person with the flu coughs or snee1es, the virus then becomes airborne and can be inhaled by anyone nearby. 9ou can also get the flu if you:ve touched a contaminated surface like a telephone or a doorknob and then touch your nose or mouth. 2f course, the risk of infection is greater in highly populated areas like schools, buses, and crowded urban settings. *lu symptoms can be mild or severe, and can come on suddenly ; be sure you know your flu treatment options so you can be prepared. 0ymptoms generally appear 6 to 4 days after e%posure to the virus. Symptoms 0ymptoms of the flu include chills, fever, aches, and tiredness. 'he common symptoms of the flu include: *ever !677<* or greater", headache, muscle aches, chills, tiredness, cough, runny nose !more common in children than adults"= f you have one or more of these symptoms, it could be the flu. #reatment Antivirals *lu >accines ,ood hygiene Antibiotics

Prevention %ash those han!s 'he flu virus can spread by direct contact, such as sharing drinks, or through indirect contact, such as when an infected co-worker snee1es on her hands and touches an ob?ect like the lunchroom microwave door. 'he influen1a virus can live for . to @ hours on surfaces. others. Cover your mouth 8hen you snee1e or cough, cover your nose and mouth with a tissue !not your hands", and be sure to throw the tissue away immediately. uring flu season, everyone should wash their hands freAuently to reduce the risk of transmitting germs to

Kenneth Karl V. Pilapil Communicable Diseases

&ronchitis 5ronchitis is an inflammation of the lining in the bronchial tubes. 'his is the airways that connect the windpipe !trachea" to the lungs. 'he respiratory system is covered and protected by a mucus-producing lining. 8hen a person contacts bronchitis, it is often painful and hard for air to pass through in and out of the lungs when breathing. Symptoms 'he main sign of bronchitis is a cough that brings up yellowish-grey or green mucus !sputum". 4ucus itself is normal. 9our airways produce at least an ounce of normal secretions every day. Prevention )f you have freAuent or repeated attacks of bronchitis, the culprit may be the environment of where you live or work in. Combination of cold, damp locations, pollutions or smoke can make you susceptible to bronchitis whether it is acute or chronic. #reatment )f you get acute bronchitis as a result from a viral infection antibiotics will not be effective. )n most cases you are advised to get plenty of rest, drink plenty of fluids and to stay in a warm and moist environment. 'his would be your best cure. *or chronic bronchitis suffer, your goal is to reduce you e%posure to whatever it is irritating your bronchial tubes. )f you are a smoker, the best advice is to stop smoking. Antibiotic maybe prescribed in some cases. 5ut there are not guarantee that bronchitis wonBt occur again. )n some cases bronchitis can be life threatening. Are you working or living in an environment that continually irritates your airways and you have repeated bouts of bronchitis and your doctor has not been able to help you. Causes 5ronchitis may be caused by a virus, bacteria, smoking or the inhalation of chemical pollutants or dust. 0moking is said to main cause @7C of all cases of bronchitis. 'his is a long term conditions and suffers who smoke find it much harder to recover from bronchitis and other respiratory infections. 5ronchitis occurs when the cells of the bronchial lining tissues are irritated, the tiny hair !cilia" within them, which normally traps and eliminate pollutants, such as smoke, dust and etc., stop functioning. 8hen the air passages become clogged by debris and irritation increased, a heavy secretion of mucus develops, which causes the characteristic cough of bronchitis.

Kenneth Karl V. Pilapil Communicable Diseases

#uberculosis 'uberculosis is a chronic infection caused by the bacteria 4ycobacterium tuberculosis !and occasionally other variants of 4ycobacterium". )t usually involves the lungs, but other organs of the body can also be involved. Symptoms )n the early stages of the disease, there is an irritating cough, particularly in the morning, either without an e%pectoration or with a clear mucus or phlegm. 'he first sign of the disease is bloodflecked phlegm accompanied by fever in the evenings and below normal temperatures in the early morning and also night sweats. 8hen the symptoms are aggravated and emaciation has set in, the second stage is supposed to have been reached. )f e%treme care is not taken and treatment is not done it may spread to the throat and the intestines 'he terminal stage is characteri1ed with illness reaching deep into the lungs and they become full of cavities. 'he voice of the patient may become husky at this stage, there may be diahorrea and e%treme prostration, with the patient being unable to leave the bed and finally. 'he death comes because of e%tensive haemorrhage. #reatment 'n! Preventive (easures 'reatment of tuberculosis has two faces: $reventive, and Curative or remedial. 'he preventive aspect is more social than medical. $rovision of clean, healthy surroundings with properly ventilated and clean houses is the first imperative. etection and isolation of the victims of the disease is the second most important thing that can be done.

Kenneth Karl V. Pilapil Communicable Diseases

(umps 4umps is an acute viral illness characteri1ed by swelling of the parotid glands, ?ust below and in front of the ear, and at times, the salivary glands under the ?aw. Symptoms 'he symptoms and signs of mumps are: 0oreness or swelling of the parotid glands on one or both sides. iscomfort may range from vague tenderness to obvious pain when opening the mouth or swallowing *ever, usually lasting about two to three days 0ore muscles 3oss of appetite Headache #arache that is aggravated by chewing 'reatment includes analgesics for pain, antipyretics for fever, and adeAuate fluid intake to prevent dehydration from fever and anore%ia. )f the patient cannot swallow, ).>. fluid replacement may be used. Acetaminophen or ibuprofen is commonly used to reduce fever and relieve discomfort. 5ed rest is advised for the duration of the fever. )ce packs or heating pads may ease the pain of swollen glands. *or males with orchitis, doctors may prescribe stronger pain medication as well as corticosteroids to reduce inflammation. Prevention *or prevention, the 44D !measles, mumps, and rubella" vaccine should be given to children. 'here is no effective post-e%posure treatment. Causes 4umps is a virus that is spread through saliva. 8hen someone coughs or snee1es those small drops of moisture inter the air and can land on another person spreading the illness. )t can also be spread through kissing or through the sharing of eating utensils or cups.

#reatment

Kenneth Karl V. Pilapil Communicable Diseases

Diphtheria iphtheria is a life-threatening disorder caused by a highly contagious bacterial infection caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Symptoms iphtheria to%in usually attacks the tonsils first and causes fever, red sore throat, weakness, and headache. 'he to%in destroys the normal throat tissue, causing the throat to swell. As the tissue dies, the to%in forms a thick, grayish white membrane that completely covers the throat. 'he appearance of this membrane is important in making a diagnosis. 8ithout treatment, the membrane will spread to cover the entire throat and laryn%. 'he victim has difficulty breathing and cannot talk. 'he lymph glands in the neck become enlarged and swollen. 'he breath has an unpleasant, distinct odor. 0kin diphtheria causes a nasal discharge and e%coriated skin around the nose. #reatment )f a diagnosis of diphtheria is suspected upon physical e%amination, diphtheria antito%in is administered !either intravenously or by intramuscular in?ection" before laboratory results of the culture confirm the diagnosis. 'he antito%in helps to prevent damage caused by the bacterial to%in to vital organs. Antibiotics are given to treat the infection. Prevention )mmuni1ation for diphtheria has been part of routine well-child care for decades. 'his is the + + in the + $'+ shots. )mmuni1ation of all infants and booster doses throughout life will prevent any resurgence of diphtheria. iphtheria vaccine is made of a to%oid, which is a weakened form of the diphtheria to%in. 'his stimulates the immune system to make antibodies against the to%in to protect against the disease. 'he immunity wanes so that a booster is needed every ten years.

Kenneth Karl V. Pilapil Communicable Diseases

)ubella or (easles Symptoms 'he symptoms of rubella are often very mild and rarely noticed. 8hen they are noticed they only last . to / days. 'he most well-known symptom of rubella is a rash. 'he rash is fine and pink and begins on the face. )t then spreads to the trunk and then to the arms and legs. 'he rash disappears in the same order it appeared. Dubella may also cause a mild fever not e%ceeding 67. degrees *ahrenheit, headache, stuffy or runny nose, red and inflamed eyes, aching ?oints and enlarged, tender lymph nodes located at the base of the skull, the back of the neck and behind the ears. #reatment 'here is no treatment available to shorten the length of a rubella infection. )n almost all cases the infection is simply allowed to run its course. )t is recommended that the person with the virus be isolated as to prevent them from spreading it to others. A pregnant woman who contracts rubella is given antibodies that help fight the infection. However, this does not decrease the risk of the baby contracting the virus. Prevention Dubella is easily prevented through vaccination. A vaccination is given to babies between the ages of 6. and 6E months and then a second vaccination is given between 4 and F years old. 'hese vaccinations are combinations vaccines called 44D. 'he prevent measles, mumps and rubella. )f a person did not receive the vaccination as a child they can receive it at any time. $regnant women should not get the 44D vaccine as it could cause the fetus to contract the measles, mumps or rubella viruses. $eople who are allergic to gelatin, to the antibiotic neomycin or have had an allergic reaction to the 44D vaccine in the past should not get the 44D vaccine.

Kenneth Karl V. Pilapil Communicable Diseases

Polio $olio is a crippling and potentially fatal infectious disease. 'here is no cure, but there are safe and effective vaccines. 'he strategy to eradicate polio is therefore based on preventing infection by immuni1ing every child until transmission stops and the world is polio-free. Symptoms 4ost infected people !G7C" have no symptoms or very mild symptoms and usually go unrecogni1ed. )n others, initial symptoms include fever, fatigue, headache, vomiting, stiffness in the neck and pain in the limbs. 'cute *lacci! paralysis ('$P) 2ne in .77 infections leads to irreversible paralysis, usually in the legs. 'his is caused by the virus entering the blood stream and invading the central nervous system. As it multiplies, the virus destroys the nerve cells that activate muscles. 'he affected muscles are no longer functional and the limb becomes floppy and lifeless H a condition known as acute flaccid paralysis !A*$". All cases of acute flaccid paralysis !A*$" among children under fifteen years of age are reported and tested for poliovirus within 4@ hours of onset. &ulbar polio 4ore e%tensive paralysis, involving the trunk and muscles of the thora% and abdomen, can result in Auadriplegia. )n the most severe cases !bulbar polio", poliovirus attacks the nerve cells of the brain stem, reducing breathing capacity and causing difficulty in swallowing and speaking. Among those paralysed, EC to 67C die when their breathing muscles become immobili1ed. #reatment an! prevention 'here is no cure for polio, only treatment to alleviate the symptoms. Heat and physical therapy is used to stimulate the muscles and antispasmodic drugs are given to rela% the muscles. 8hile this can improve mobility, it cannot reverse permanent polio paralysis. $olio can be prevented through immuni1ation. $olio vaccine, given multiple times, almost always protects a child for life.

Kenneth Karl V. Pilapil Communicable Diseases