Identification LESSON 1: VIEWS ABOUT LEARNING Learning is a way of knowing things o is an increase of knowledge o refers to the method of acquiring

information o is a way of thinking, means the process of storing ideas o is defined as a process of memorization, is one way of storing information that can be reproduced, retrieved, and used when it is needed o is a means through which we make sense out of this world o is a way of interpreting and understanding realities and is a way through which we conceptualize the world. o is viewed as experiential process resulting in a relatively permanent change in behavior that cannot be explained by temporary states, maturation, or innate response tendencies o has also been defined as a reorganization of the cognitive structures o a change in behavior due to practice. a relatively permanent change in ones behavior as a result of his interaction in the environment. o involves change in knowledge and behavior o is acquisition of knowledge, involves experience o it describes accumulation of knowledge Learning is a heartbeat of society Jacques Lucien Jean Delors Understanding is created b6 individuals as they interact with the world and with people around them. LEARNER-CENTERED PSYCHOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES is divided into cognitive and metacognitive, motivational and affective, developmental and social, and individual differences factors. Independence it means that learners have to posses their own learning. Creativity it means that learners should posses the ability to develop new ideas and especially in an artistic way. Self-motivation the learners should be responsible for their own motivations, Resilience the learners should posses the ability to recover quickly from setback failures. Assessment provides relevant information to both learners and teachers at all stages of learning process. LESSON 2 LEARNING METAPHORS Metaphor is a cognitive tool that enables us to see one thing in terms of another. - Give meanings to new experiences or events in a symbolic manner. - It means that if things are perceived to be similar, then we intend to transfer their meanings to other objects. - Are assumptions about learning; they are cognitive systematizations to our experiences to facilitate our thoughts about learning. - Is a process of utilizing the embodied of our personal experiences. Effective Teaching leads to effective learning Poor Teaching leads to poor learning Hearing and vision are receptors of knowledge and not expressers of such knowledge. LESSON 3: TYPES OF KNOWLEDGE Knowledge -is very important. -it is what we use in everything we do in our everyday in our life -should be integrate between the old and new facts to maintain the equilibration -is of powerful for it can make and unmake us even our strongest relationships. Episodic Knowledge refers to our biographical memory reflecting not only what happened, but also when it happened. Semantic Knowledge deals with memories and information that are not tied to our personal biographies. Declarative Knowledge deals with the statement of truth; it also deals with what we know about the world. Accounts for knowing what. Episodes these are specific events in a certain story which has its essentials elements such as setting, plot, climax, style, point of view, denouncement and others. Generalizations are statements of conclusions that are derived from and can be applied in a number of situations. Principles these are statements of generalizations that expresses rules or relationships that exist between or among events. Procedural knowledge - is the knowledge about how things are to be done. Accounts for knowing how. Conditional knowledge - Accounts for knowing when. The appropriate time and condition in which certain information is to be used. Rational- if it is based on correct premise. Empirical - if it is can be verified. Pragmatic- if it is based on practical results.

Facts are things that are known to be true are very specific bits of information that relate to a specific events , person, object, or situation. -never stand alone, they are always interpreted and have ascribed meaning. Data are the things gathered through the process of research. Information is a definite knowledge. -superhighway Internet is an incredibly rich source of information on virtually all aspects and disciplines. Ideas are maybe suggestions, impressions, or opinion. Wisdom - is gained through experiences. Concepts are labels given to categories of information or things that have common characteristics. these are commonly single words that label a category or class of persons, things, objects or events. -basic units of thinking. -is general categories of things, events, and qualities that are linked by common features. Properties- are common characteristics shared by all of the example concepts. Generalizations are statements that contain the if-then or predictive characteristics. LESSON 4: PRIOR KNOWLEDGE Prior knowledge is a mental structure that describes our knowledge and experiences gain during the course of our life and how old experiences are used to understand new ones. Schemata are called mental organizers. - are cognitive structures that help us make sense of the world around us. Schema Theories support the idea that new information is constructed to fit information currently existing in the mind. Organizational Schema is one of many approaches to understand how our memory works. Schemas are organizational hierarchies of information established in our brain that provide blueprints for perceiving, interpreting, and remembering incoming information. Deep Learning occurs when students digest are nourished by their learning and able to make sense out of it. -entails the use of metacognition that encapsulates our ability to recognized, organized, and develop the learning process and such leads to what we know as ownership of learning. Learner autonomy is one of the new paradigms of learning. Superficial Learning knowing facts without their use in acquiring other forms of knowledge for its only focused on signs and symbols. -it is the knowledge of what one is not how one is. -it deals with the quantitative aspects of learning. Chunking -it is the process of breaking a whole thing into small and workable components. -is another way to maintain the information in STM. Outlining -it gives the readers a birds eye view of what will be discussed in the material. Highlighting students can easily locate the most important points in lesson. Questioning if we provide students with organizing information, we need to give them guide questions before we expose them to a certain task. LESSON 5: TRANSFER OF LEARNING Transfer of Learning is one of the basic concerns of educational practitioners. Transfer is a process of extending knowledge acquire in one context to other contexts. Transfer of knowledge and skills - is a major concern of every teacher. Positive Transfer it occurs when students have the ability to harness strong associations for some recall in the future. - is what we develop among our students Negative Transfer it occurs when students find two events or items similar when in fact they are not. -happens when two materials are different. Vertical Transfer occurs when complex skills are more easily learned because of simple skills that are acquired earlier. Lateral Transfer refers to the students ability to generalized knowledge or skill to a novel situation. LESSON 9: COGNITIVE THEORY Cognitive Theory is influenced by Gestalt movement and later by Swiss psychologist, Jean Piaget, and Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky. American cognitive theorist such as Tolman, Bruner. Gestalt Theory was developed by three psychologist Wolfgang Kohler, Max Weitheimer, and Kurt Koffka. Gestalt - is of German origin which means pattern, shape or form. Law of Continuity the law states that we link individual elements together so they form a continuous pattern that makes sense.

Law of Closure this law holds the idea that incomplete figures tend to perceived as complete Law of Similarity this law holds that similar things appear to be group together. O O O O O ******* Law of Proximity this law states that things that other appear to be group together. Q Q Q Q Q ******* Law of Pragnanz the word pragnanz is a German word which means good figure. -A.K.A. law of simplicity and law of good figure. 00000 -this holds the beliefthat all possible organization could be perceived in a stimulus array one that possesses the best, the simplest, and themost stable form. O Cognitive Development Jean Piaget popularized the cognitive development. Jean Piaget born on August 9, 1896 and died on September 16, 1980. Genetic Epistemology refers to the formation of meaning of knowledge. Scheme - the knowledge structure responsible for our ability to reason and adapt to the environment. Schemes are specific patterns of mental activities for acquiring information about the environment. Assimilation is the process of fitting information into existing schemes. Accommodation is a process of modifying our scheme in order to interact with the world around us. Assimilation and Accommodation are inseparable processes. Equilibration is responsible for reducing cognitive conflicts in order to create a balance cognitive state. Domains are specific areas of knowledge which share a specific focus and are distinct from each other. -are concepts such as morality, number, socialization, feelings, perception, illustration and others. Sensorimotor stage birth 2 years. Children begin to make sense of the world by using their sensory impressions and motor actions. Knowledge of objects is reflected in the childs understanding that object is permanent. Object permanence states that the objects still exist even they are out of sight. Knowledge of causation is reflected in the childs ability to understand perceived causes. Knowledge of space is manifested in the childs ability to probe the inside of containers. Knowledge of time is evident in various activities. Pre operational Stage- 2 7 years, the childs language increasingly becomes an important tool in dealing with the environment. The development of semiotic function which is the ability of the childs to use symbols, is activated. -are represented by the childs deferred imitation, mental imaginary, symbolic play, and language. Mental Imaginary is affected by what the child has seen or experienced in the past. Centration is the tendency to focus the attention only in one aspect of situation. Concrete-operational stage 7-11 years, the child posses operative schemes that necessitate him to think in logical terms. Classification is the childs ability to group a set of objects and then to group around a common category of attributes. Seriation the child develops the ability to order objects according to height, length or width. Horizontal decalage it deals with tempo difference in levels of performance that a child shows between various cognitive domains or activities within a given stage of development. -it refers to the childs tendency to solve some kind of concrete operational problems earlier than others. Decalage is of French word which means SHIFT Formal operational stage 11 years older the development of abstract reasoning is the benchmark of formal operational stage. Sensory Registers this is a separate register to each sensory modality (e.g. visual, auditory, tactile, kinesthetic, or olfactory) which is expected to hold large amount of information, but only for a matter of milliseconds. Information Processing Approach/Theory there are two theoretical ideas considered fundamental to cognitive psychology and the information processing framework. Chunk is any meaningful unit of information. TOTE or Test operate test exit should replace the stimulus response as the fundamental unit of behavior. The Short Term Memory functions into two important ways. -organizes information by integrating new information with the existing information. -it temporarily stores information for the learners use. -A.K.A. working memory.

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The Long Term Memory information that stays at the LTM is expected to be stored indefinitely. -is labeled as verbal or visual information for future use; it contains the episodic and semantic knowledge. -A.K.A. warehouse of knowledge. -A.K.A. data bank that store information. -is the repository of stored information. -a permanent storage of information. Primary means the capacity of the brain to remember the best information that is learned recently. 7 Sins of Memory Transience this sin refers to the gradual forgetting of information over time. Absent-mindedness the second sin deals with our failure to fully attend to the actual encoding process that causes us to forget. Blocking the third sin accounts for our memory that is present but inaccessible. Misattribution the forth sin maintain the idea that the memory is presented but it is attributed to the incorrect source. Suggestibility the fifth sin of memory pertains to the incorrect information that is unknowingly incorporate into the memory representation. Bias the sixth sin is about the formation of bias. Persistence the last sin accounts for the memory that is highly intrusive or obsessive.

Illustration INFORMATION PROCESSING THEORY

Routes traveled by the information in the INFORMATION PROCESSING THEORY