1332

Innovations in Portland Cement Manufacturing

Metric Conversion Factors

The following list provides the conversion relationship between U.S. customary units and SI (International System) units. The proper conversion procedure is to multiply the specified value on the left
(primarily U.S. customary values) by the conversion factor exactly as given below and then round to the
appropriate number of significant digits desired. For example, to convert 11.4 ft to meters: 11.4 x 0.3048
= 3.47472, which rounds to 3.47 meters. Do not round either value before performing the multiplication, as accuracy would be reduced. A complete guide to the SI system and its use can be found in
IEEE/ASTM SI-10, Metric Practice.
To convert from

to

multiply by

Length
inch (in.)
inch (in.)
inch (in.)
foot (ft)
yard (yd)
mile

micrometer (m)
millimeter (mm)
meter (m)
meter (m)
meter (m)
kilometer (km)

Area
square foot (ft2)
square inch (in.2)
square inch (in.2)
square yard (yd2)

square meter (m2)

square millimeter (mm2)
square meter (m2)
square meter (m2)

0.09290304 E
645.2 E
0.00064516 E
0.8361274

Volume
cubic inch (in.3)
cubic inch (in.3)
cubic foot (ft3)
cubic yard (yd3)
gallon (gal) U.S. liquid**
gallon (gal) U.S. liquid
fluid ounce (fl oz)
fluid ounce (fl oz)

cubic millimeter (mm3)

cubic meter (m3)
cubic meter (m3)
cubic meter (m3)
liter (L)
cubic meter (m3)
milliliters (mL)
cubic meter (m3)

16.387064
0.00001639
0.02831685
0.7645549
3.7854118
0.00378541
29.57353
0.00002957

Force
kip (1000 lb)
kip (1000 lb)
pound (lb) avoirdupois
pound (lb)

kilogram (kg)
newton (N)
kilogram (kg)
newton (N)

Pressure or stress
pound per square
foot (psf)
pound per square
foot (psf)
pound per square
inch (psi)
pound per square
inch (psi)
pound per square
inch (psi)
Mass (weight)
pound (lb) avoirdupois
ton, 2000 lb

kilogram per square

meter (kg/m2)
pascal (Pa)
kilogram per square
centimeter (kg/sq cm)
pascal (Pa)
megapascal (MPa)

kilogram (kg)
kilogram (kg)

25,400
25.4
0.0254
0.3048
0.9144
1.6093

E*
E
E
E

453.6
4,448.222
0.4535924
4.448222

4.8824
47.88
0.07031
6,894.757
0.00689476

0.4535924
907.1848

Metric Conversion Factors

1333

To convert from

to

multiply by

Mass (weight) per length

kip per linear foot (klf)
pound per linear foot (plf)

kilogram per meter (kg/m)

kilogram per meter (kg/m)

Mass per volume (density)

pound per cubic foot (lb/ft3)
pound per cubic yard (lb/yd3)

kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3)

kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3)

Temperature
degree Fahrenheit (F)
degree Fahrenheit (F)
degree Kelvin (K)

degree Celsius (C)

degree Kelvin (K)
degree Celsius (C )

Energy and heat

British thermal unit (Btu)
calorie (cal)
Btu/F hr ft 2
kilowatt-hour (kwh)
British thermal unit
per pound (Btu/lb)
British thermal unit
per hour (Btu/hr)
Permeability
darcy
feet per day (ft/day)

0.001488
1.488

16.01846
0.5933

tC = (tF 32)/1.8
tK = (tF + 459.7)/1.8
tC = tK 273.15

joule (J)
joule (J)
W/m 2 K
joule (J)
calories per
gram (cal/g)
watt (W)

centimeter per second (cm/sec)

centimeter per second (cm/sec)

1055.056
4.1868 E
5.678263
3,600,000
0.55556

0.2930711

0.000968
0.000352

* E indicates that the factor given is exact.

** One U.S. gallon equals 0.8327 Canadian gallon.
A pascal equals 1.000 newton per square meter.
Note:
One U.S. gallon of water weighs 8.34 pounds (U.S.) at 60F.
One cubic foot of water weighs 62.4 pounds (U.S.).
One milliliter of water has a mass of 1 gram and has a volume of one cubic centimeter.
One U.S. bag of cement weighs 94 lb.
The prefixes and symbols listed below are commonly used to form names and symbols of the decimal multiples and submultiples of the SI units.
Multiplication Factor
1,000,000,000 = 10 9
1,000,000 = 10 6
1,000 = 10 3
1=1
0.01 = 10 2
0.001 = 10 3
0.000001 = 10 6
0.000000001 = 10 9

Prefix
giga
mega
kilo

centi
milli
micro
nano

Symbol
G
M
k

c
m

1334

Innovations in Portland Cement Manufacturing

LENGTH
m

mm

in

ft

yd

mi

km

111

1000

39.4

3.28

1.09

6.21E-04

0.001

0.001

0.039 4

0.003 28

0.001 09

6.210E-07

1.00E-06

0.0254

25.4

0.0833

0.0278

1.58E-05

2.54E-05

0.305

304.8

12

0.333

1.89E-04

3.05E-04

0.914

914

36

5.68E-04

9.14E-04

1610

1.610E+06

6.34E+04

5280

1760

1.61

1000

1.00E+06

39400

3280

1090

0.621

lb

oz

US TON

carat

2.2

35.3

0.001

0.0011

1000

5000

0.454

16

4.54E-04

5.00E-04

454

2270

0.0283

0.0625

2.83E-05

3.13E-05

28.3

142

1000

2200

35300

1.1

1.00E+06

5.00E+06

907

2000

32000

0.907

9.07E+05

4.54E+06

0.001

0.0022

0.0353

1.00E-06

1.10E-06

0.0002

4.41E-04

0.00705

2.00E-07

2.20E-07

0.2

m2

in2

ft2

yd2

ha

acres

cm2

1970

10.8

1.2

1.00E-04

2.47E-04

10000

6.45E-04

0.006 94

7.72E-04

6.45E-08

1.59E-07

6.45

0.0929

183

0.111

9.29E-06

2.30E-05

929

0.836

1,300

8.36E-06

2.07E-04

8,360

10,000

1.55E+06

1.08E+05

12,000

2.47

1.00E+08

4,050

6.27E+06

7.99E+06

4,840

0.41

4.05E+07

0.0001

0.16

0.00108

0.00012

1.00E-08

2.47E-08

in3

ft3

yd3

gal

pints

61000

35.3

1.31

264

1000

2110

1.64E-05

5.79E-04

2.14E-05

4.33E-03

0.0164

0.0346

1730

0.037

7.48

28.3

59.8

27

202

765

1620

4.95E-03

3.79

0.264

2.11

0.473

MASS
kg
11

AREA

VOLUME
m3

0.0283
0.765
3.79E-03
0.001
4.73E-04

46700
231
61
28.9

0.134
0.0353
0.0167

1.31E-03
6.19E-04

0.125

Metric Conversion Factors

1335

DENSITY
kg/m3

g/cm3

lb/ft3

lb/gal

oz/gal

kg/l

t/m3

0.001

0.0624

8.35E-03

0.134

0.001

0.001

1000

62.4

8.35

134

16

0.016

0.134

2.14

0.016

0.016

120

0.12

7.48

16

0.12

0.12

7.49

7.49E-03

0.468

0.0625

7.49E-03

7.49E-03

1000

62.4

8.35

134

1000

62.4

8.35

134

SPEED
m/s
11
0.305

ft/s

m/h

ft/h

mi/h

km/h

MACH

3.28

3600

11800

2.24

3.6

3.02E-03

1100

3600

0.682

1.1

9.19E-04

3.28

6.21E-04

0.001

8.38E-07

1.89E-04

3.05E-04

2.55E-07

1.61

1.35E-03

11

11

2.78E-04

9.11E-04

8.47E-05

2.78E-04

0.305

0.447

1.47

1610

5280

0.278

0.911

1000

3280

0.621

332

1090

1.19E+06

3.92E+06

742

11

11

11
1190

8.38E-04
11

FORCE
N

kgf

lbf

kip

tf

stonf

dynes

0.102

0.225

2.25E-04

1.02E-04

1.12E-04

1.000E+05

9.81

2.2

0.0022

0.001

0.0011

9.810E+05

4.45

0.454

0.001

4.54E-04

5.00E-04

4.450E+05

4450

454

1000

0.454

0.5

4.45E+08

9810

1000

2200

2.2

1.1

9.81E+08

8900

907

2000

0.907

8.90E+08

1.00E-05

1.02E-06

2.25E-06

2.25E-09

1.02E-09

1.12E-09

psi

Pa or N/m2 MPa

mm Hg

atm

bars

14.2

98100

0.0981

736

0.968

0.981

0.0703

6890

6.89E-03

51.7

0.068

0.0689

1.45E-04

1.00E-06

0.0075

9.87E-06

1.00E-05

1.00E+06

7500

9.87

10

1.33E-04

1.32E-03

1.33E-03
1.01
1

PRESSURE
kg/cm2

1.02E-05
10.2
1.36E-03

145
0.0193

133

1.03

14.7

101000

0.101

760

1.02

14.5

100000

0.1

750

0.987

1336

Innovations in Portland Cement Manufacturing

ENERGY
kcal

kWh

Btu

HP.h

kgf.m

ft.lbf

4190

1.16E-03

3.97

1.56E-03

427

3090

2.39E-04

2.78E-07

9.48E-04

3.73E-07

0.102

0.738

860

3.60E+06

3410

1.34

367000

2.66E+06

0.252

1060

2.93E-04

2.93E-04

108

778

641

2.68E+06

0.746

2540

274000

1.98E+06

2.34E-03

9.81

2.72E-06

9.29E-03

3.65E-06

7.23

3.24E-04

1.36

3.77E-07

1.29E-03

5.05E-07

0.138

POWER
kW
11
2.93E-04

Btu/h

kcal/h

hp

MJ/h

kgf.m/s

ft.lbf/s

3410

860

1.36

3.6

102

738

0.252

3.98E-04

1.06E-03

0.0299

0.216

1.58E-03

4.19E-03

0.119

0.858

2.65

75

542

28.3

205

11

11

1.16E-03

3.97

0.735

2 510

632

0.278

948

239

0.378

9.81E-03

33.5

8.43

0.013 3

0.035 3

1.36E-03

4.63

1.17

1.84E-03

4.88E-03

11

11

11
0.138

7.23
11

HEAT FLUX
kcal/m2.h

Btu/ft2.h

W/cm2

W/m2

W/in2

W/ft2

J/m2.s

0.369

1.16E-04

1.16

7.50E-04

0.108

1.16

2.71

3.15E-04

3.15

2.04E-03

0.293

3.15

8 600

3 170

10 000

6.45

929

10 000

0.86

0.317

1.00E-04

6.45E-04

0.092 9

1 330

491

0.155

1 550

144

1 550

9.26

3.41

1.08E-03

10.8

6.94E-03

10.8

0.86

0.317

0.000 1

0.000 645

0.092 9

kcal/m.h.K Btu.in/ft2.h.F J/cm.s.K

W/ft.F

Btu/ft.h.F

W/cm.K

0.86

6.93

0.01

0.169

0.578

0.01

1.16

8.06

0.011 6

0.197

0.672

0.011 6

0.124

0.001 44

0.024 4

0.083 3

1.44E-03

693

16.9

57.8

0.059 1

3.41

0.059 1
0.017 3
1

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
W/m.K

0.144
100
5.91

86
5.08

40.9

1.73

1.49

12

0.017 3

0.293

100

86

693

16.9

57.8

Metric Conversion Factors

1337

THERMAL CONDUCTANCE
W/m2.K

kcal/m2.h.K Btu/ft2.h.C

Btu/ft2.h.F

cal/m2.h.K

kW/m2.K

W/cm2.K

0.86

0.317

0.176

860

0.001

1.00E-04

1.16

0.369

0.205

1 000

1.16E-03

1.16E-04

3.15

2.71

0.556

2 710

3.15E-03

3.15E-04

5.68

4.88

1.8

4 880

5.68E-03

5.68E-04

1.16E-03

0.001

3.69E-04

2.05E-04

1.16E-06

1.16E-07

1 000

860

317

176

860 000

0.1

10 000

8 600

0.881

1 760

8.60E+06

10

SPECIFIC ENERGY MASS

kcal/kg
11
0.556

Btu/lb

kcal/lb

Btu/kg

kJ/lb

kJ/kg

kWh/kg

1.8

0.454

3.97

1.9

4.19

1.16E-03

1.06

2.2

1.06

2.33

6.46E-04

8.75

4.19

9.23

2.56E-03

0.479

1.06

2.93E-04

2.2

6.12E-04

11

11

2.2

3.97

0.252

0.454

0.114

0.527

0.948

0.239

2.09

0.239

0.43

0.454

0.948

0.454

860

1 550

390

3 410

1 630

3 600

11

11

11

11

2.78E-04

SPECIFIC ENERGY VOLUME

kcal/m3

kcal/ft3

Btu/gal

Btu/m3

Btu/ft3

kJ/gal

J/l

0.028 3

0.015

3.97

0.112

0.015 8

4.19

35.3

0.53

140

3.97

0.56

148

66.6

1.89

264

7.48

1.06

279

0.252

7.14E-03

3.79E-03

0.028 3

3.99E-03

1.06

8.9

0.252

0.134

35.3

0.141

37.3

63.1

1.79

0.948

250

7.09

264

0.239

6.76E-03

3.59E-03

0.948

0.026 8

3.79E-03

kg/day

lb/h

g/min

metric t/h

short t/h

oz/min

1440

MASS FLOW
kg/min
11
6.94E-04
7.56E-03
0.001
16.7

132

1000

0.06

0.0661

35.3

0.091 9

0.694

4.17E-05

4.59E-05

0.024 5

10.9

7.56

4.54E-04

5.00E-04

0.267

0.132

6.00E-05

6.61E-05

0.035 3

16 700

1.1

588
533
1

1.44
24 000

2 200

15.1

21 800

2 000

15 100

0.907

0.028 3

40.8

3.75

28.3

1.70E-03

1.88E-03

1338

Innovations in Portland Cement Manufacturing

VOLUME FLOW
m3/min

l/min

ft3/min

gal/min

yd3/h

barrels/min ft3/s

1 000

35.3

264

78.5

6.29

0.589

0.001

0.035 3

0.264

0.078 5

6.29E-03

5.89E-04

0.028 3

28.3

7.48

2.22

0.178

0.016 7

3.79E-03

3.79

0.134

0.297

0.023 8

2.23E-03

0.012 7

12.7

0.45

3.37

0.080 1

0.007 5

0.159

159

5.61

42

12.5

0.093 6

1.7

1 700

60

449

133

10.7

TIME
yr
11
0.0833

mo

da

wk

min

12

365

52.14

8760

525600

3.15E+07

30.44

4.348

730.48

43829

2.60E+07

0.143

24

240

86400

168

10080

604800

60

3600

11

11

2.74E-03

0.0329

0.019

0.23

1.14E-04

1.37E-03

0.042

5.95E-03

1.90E-06

2.28E-05

6.94E-04

9.92E-05

0.0166

3.17E-08

3.80E-07

1.16E-05

1.65E-06

2.77E-04

11

11

11
0.0166

60
11

COURTESY OF RICARDO MOSCI RefrAmerica Inc.

Example of how to use this table:

To convert 20 km/h into ft/s, start from the dark blue cell in the km/h column, move left
towards the ft/s column, pick the factor 0.911 and multiple it by 20.
To change temperature given in Fahrenheit (F) to Celsius (C):
Start with (F); subtract 32; multiply by 5; divide by 9; the answer is (C)
To change temperature given in Celsius (C) to Fahrenheit (F):
Start with (C); multiply by 9; divide by 5; add on 32; the answer is (F)