Professional Documents
Culture Documents
The devastation
Christchurch 2010
The devastation
Risk to Structures
DSHA or PSHA by Seismologists Majority depends on nature. Human Beings are observers.
Risk to Structures
Seismicity and Seismic Hazard Evaluation
Deterministic Approach
Its objective is to DETERMINE the MAXIMUM earthquake shaking.
Risk to Structures
Seismicity and Seismic Hazard Evaluation
Probabilistic Approach
Rectifies a number of problems inherent in DSHA by quantifying uncertainty and the probability of earthquake occurrence. Its objective is to DETERMINE the MOST probable level of earthquake shaking during the lifetime o a structure on the particular site.
Risk to Structures
DSHA or PSHA by Seismologists Majority depends on nature. Human Beings are observers.
Depends on engineers. Set of rules to address the seismic hazard. The main purpose of the Antiseismic rules in Codes of Practice
The Past-1920s-70s
Seismic Loads 2-10% of dead loads Loads applied as static Elastic Design-Stiffness based on gross section properties No account of the dynamic behaviour of structures No differentiation of response due to various soil conditions No account of inelastic behaviour and ductility RESULT?
The Past-1920s-70s
The wrong approach which lead to poor performance
Seismic Loads 2-10% of dead loads Loads applied as static Elastic Design-Stiffness based on gross section properties No account of the dynamic behaviour of structures No differentiation of response due to various soil conditions No account of inelastic behaviour and ductility RESULT?
Elastic Approach
Where have we got it wrong?
Specified Rebar
Actual Strength
Vertical Loads
Transverse Response
Combined Response
Displacement damages
Unseating
San Fernando,1971
Kobe, 1995
Displacement damages
Unseating-Skewed spans
Chile, 2010
Displacement damages
Unseating - Use of Restrainers and shock absorbers
Shock absorbers
Displacement/Foundation damages
Dynamic Amplification-Soft soils
Displacement/Foundation damages
Lateral Spread
Displacement/Foundation damages
Liquefaction and Lateral Spread-Soil Improvements
Stone Columns
Compaction Grouting
Displacement damages
Pounding
Northridge, 1994
Loma Prieta,1989
Displacement/Foundation damages
Abutment Slumping
Displacement/Foundation damages
Abutment Slumping
Column failures
Very common type of failure with dramatic consequences for the majority of the cases. Mainly due to:
Inadequate Flexural Strength Undependable Flexural Strength Premature Termination of Laps Shear Brittle Failures
Column Failures
Undependable flexural strength
Kobe, 1995