Chapter 1

NAS-Unisel -MAC13 1
At the end of this course students should be

able to:
Explain and analyze the basic concept of flow
of incompressible fluid in a pipe
NAS-Unisel -MAC13 2
At the end of this course students should be
able to:
identify and understand various characteristics of the
flow in pipes
discuss the main properties of laminar and turbulent pipe
flow and appreciate their differences.
calculate losses in straight portions of pipes as well as
those in various pipe system components.
NAS-Unisel -MAC13 3
Reynolds Number

where V
avg
average flow velocity (in m/s), is density (in kg/m
3
)
D is characteristic length of the geometry (in m), is kinematic viscosity of
the fluid (in m
2
/s) Is the dynamic viscosity of the fluid (in N.s/m
2
or Pa.s or
kg/m.s )of the fluid
Inertial forces
Re
Viscous forces
avg avg
V D V D

= = =
Osborne Reynolds
Sir George Stokes
NAS-Unisel -MAC13 4
NAS-Unisel -MAC13 5
At small or moderate Reynolds numbers, the viscous
forces are large enough to suppress these
fluctuations and to keep the fluid in line
At large Reynolds numbers, the inertial forces,
which are proportional to the fluid density and the
square of the fluid velocity, are large relative to the
viscous forces, and thus the viscous forces cannot
prevent the random and rapid fluctuations of the fluid

NAS-Unisel -MAC13 6
NAS-Unisel -MAC13 7

Flow issuing at constant
speed from a pipe:
(a) High viscosity,
low-Reynolds-number,
laminar flow;
(b) Low viscosity,
high-Reynolds-number, turbulent
flow.
NAS-Unisel -MAC13 8
For flow in tubes/pipes,
Re 2300 laminar
2300 Re 4000 transitional
Re 4000 turbulent
NAS-Unisel -MAC13 9
For flow through noncircular pipes, the Reynolds
number is based on the hydraulic diameter, D
h

4
:
Cross section area
perimeter
c
h
c
A
D
p
where
A
p
=
NAS-Unisel -MAC13 10
Calculate the Reynolds number and state whether the
fluid is in laminar, transition or turbulent.
i. Oil with a kinematic viscosity of 0.00062 m
2
/s and 25
m/s velocity is being discharged by a 5-mm-diameter
horizontal pipe from a storage tank open to the
atmosphere. (Re=202, Laminar)
ii. Oil with a density of 850 kg/m
3
, viscosity of 0.527 N.s/m
2

and 200 m/s velocity is being discharged by a 5-mm-
diameter horizontal pipe from a storage tank open to
the atmosphere. (Re=1613, Laminar)

iii. Water with a density of 1kg/m
3
, kinetic viscosity of
1.52x10
-6
m
2
/s being discharged by a 50-mm-
diameter horizontal pipe from a storage tank open
to the atmosphere with a velocity of 0.1 m/s.
(Re=3289, transition)
iv. Oil with a Reynolds number of 5000 and density of
850 kg/m
3
being discharged by a 5-mm-diameter
horizontal pipe from a storage tank open to the
atmosphere. (Re=5000, turbulent)

Fluid typically enters the pipe with a nearly uniform
velocity profile at section 1
As the fluid moves through the pipe, viscous effects
cause it to stick to the pipe wall
Thus, a boundary layer is produced along the pipe
wall such that the initial velocity profile changes with
distance along the pipe, x, until the fluid reaches the
end of the entrance length, section 2.
Beyond section 2, the velocity profile does not vary
with x.
The boundary layer has grown in thickness to
completely fill the pipe.
Viscous effects are of considerable importance
within the boundary layer.
For fluid outside the boundary layer [inviscid core
surrounding the centerline from 1 to 2], viscous
effects are negligible.
Inviscid Flow?
= nonviscous = frictionless flow
Flow with small (or no) viscosity

Can use Bernoulli equation
2
Constant
2
dP V
gz
+ + =
2
Constant
2
P V
gz
+ + =
General (valid for compressible
and incompressible flow)
Only valid for incompressible
flow)
Once the fluid reaches the end of the entrance
region, section 2 or when inviscid core terminates and
the flow is all viscous, the velocity is a function of only
the distance from the pipe centerline, r, and
independent of x.
Starting from section 2 the flow is now called a Fully
Developed Flow
The velocity profile becomes parabolic

The length of the pipe between the start and the
point where the fully developed flow begins is called
the Entrance Length, le

The entry length is much shorter in turbulent flow

*- the are many formulae to calculate the entrance
length suggested by different scholars. To make it
simple we will use the one written here
( )
16
0.06Re laminar flow
4.4 Re turbulent flow
e
e
D
D
=
=
Blue and yellow streams of paint at (each with a density of
825 kg/m
3
and a viscosity 1000 times greater than water)
enter a pipe with an average velocity of 1.2 m/s as shown in
Figure. Would you expect the paint to exit the pipe as green
paint or separate streams of blue and yellow paint? Explain.
Repeat the problem if the paint were thinned so that it is
only 10 times more viscous than water. Assume the density
remains the same. (viscosity of water, 1.12x10
-3
N.s/m
2
)

3
Re
825 1.2 0.05
Re
1000 1.12 10
Re 44.2
44.2 2300
this is laminar flow
avg
V D
x x
x x
=
=
=
<
3
Re
825 1.2 0.05
Re
10 1.12 10
Re 4419.6
4419.6 4000
this is turbulent flow
avg
V D
x x
x x
=
=
=
>
The paint will exits separately The paint will exits in green
(mixed- turbulent)

for laminar flow
0.06Re
0.06Re
0.06 45.5 0.05
0.1365
e
e
e
e
D
D
x x
m
=
=
=
=
( )
( )
( )
16
16
16
for turbulent flow
4.4 Re
4.4 Re
4.4 0.05 4553.6
0.89
e
e
e
e
D
D
x x
=
=
=
=

p = p
2
-p
1
p/ x is larger at the entrance region compared to
fully developed region.
p/ x is constant at the fully developed region.
p/ x = p/ l < 0

Free body diagram of a cylinder of fluid

NAS-Unisel -MAC13
P
1
-P
2
=P
P
2
=P
1
-P
24
A. For shear stress
dx
2r
2r
dx
, 2 Area A rdx =

2
F PxA
F rdx
=
=
B. For Pressure
2r
dx
2
, Area A r =
2r
P
P- P
1
2
1
P
F PxA
F r
=
=
Point 1 Point 2
( )
2
2
2

F PxA
F P p r
=
=
Force equilibrium/balance

We can see that p and l are independent to r, so
2/r must be dependent in the radius, r

( )
2 2
2 2 2
2
2
P 2 0
P P 2 0
2 0
2
2
r P p r rl
r r p r rl
p r rl
p r rl
p
l r

=
+ =
=
=
=
Cr =

From here we can have,

Into the pressure difference equation we will get,
when 0, 0, 0
when 2, , 2
w w w
r C
r D C D r

= = =
= = = =
2
w
r
D
=
4
w
l
p
D
=
If we still remember that,

To make the always in positive, it will be easier
to change above equation to,

This is because >0 with du/dr < 0. (du/dr < 0
mean that the velocity decreases from the pipe
centerline to the pipe wall)
du
dr
=
du
dr
=
Using this equation into the pressure different
equation we will get

Because we want to know the velocity profile in
term of radius, r, we need to integrate above
equation
( )
4
2
4 4 2
l du
p
D dr
p r
du pD pr
dr l l l

| |
=
|
\ .
| |
| | | |
= = =
|
| |
\ . \ .
\ .

To solve this equation we need to have the
boundary condition
We can see that, u=0 at r=D/2. Using this we can
get the value of C
1
2
1
2
2 2
pr
du dr
l
p r
u C
l
| |
=
|
\ .
= +

2 2
1
16 4
pD pR
C
l l

= =
The equation we can simplify becoming,

2 2
2 2
2
2
2
4 16
4
1
16
2
1
16
pr pD
u
l l
pD r
u
l D
pD r
u
l D

= +
| |
=
|
\ .
| |
| |
=
|
|
|
\ .
\ .
When we plot the equation in R vs. U, we will this
about this graph
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
-4000 -3000 -2000 -1000 0 1000 2000
We can see that at R = 0, the velocity is maximum.
So we introduce a new term that we call as,
centerline velocity, V
c

2
16
c
pD
V
l
=
Previous equation can be simplify as

Previously we know that,

By re arranging the equation we can get,

Velocity equation can again re write as,
2 2
2
1 1
, 2
c c
r r
u V V
D R
where R D
| | | |
| | | |
= =
| |
| |
| |
\ . \ .
\ . \ .
=
4
w
l
p
D
=
4
w
pD
l

=
2 2
2
1 1
4 4
w w
D D r r
u
D R

| | | |
| | | |
= =
| |
| |
| |
\ . \ .
\ . \ .
The flow rate, is given by
By using previous equation,
we can re write above equation

Q udA =
2
2
1
1 2
c
r R
c
r o
r
Q V dA
R
r
Q V rdr
R

=
=
| |
| |
=
|
|
|
\ .
\ .
| |
| |
=
|
|
|
\ .
\ .
We can solve above equation

2
2 3
2 2
2 4 2
2
0
1
2
2 2
2 2
2 4 2
c
r R r R
c c
c c
r o r o
R
c c c
r
Q V dA
R
V r V r
Q V rdr V r dr
R R
V r V r V R
Q
R

= =
= =
| |
| |
=
|
|
|
\ .
\ .
| | | |
= =
| |
\ . \ .
(
= =
(

If we still remember that,
From this equation we can re write above
equation becoming

where, V is the average velocity
From previous equation,
So the velocity, V can been wrote as,

2
2
2
2 2
c c
V Q R
V R V
V
R
=
= =
Q VA =
2
16
c
pD
V
l
=
2
32
pD
V
l
=
As we seen before, most of the equation are in
term of the radius. If we want to get the equation
in term of the diameter,

2 2
32 4
Q VA
pD D
Q x
l
=

This Equation is commonly referred as Poiseuilles
Law and the flow is termed as Hagen-Poiseuille flow

Gotthilf Heinrich
Ludwig Hagen J ean Louis
Marie Poiseuille
4
128
p D
Q
l
=
Take note that
this equation
only valid for
laminar flow
only!
From equation before, we know that,
By arranging the equation we will get,

Previously, the dynamic pressure is given by
Dividing the equation to the dynamics pressure,
we will get,

If we still remember, the definition of
Reynolds number is given by
2
32
pD
V
l
=
2
32l V
p
D
=
2
2
V
2 2 2 2
32 64
2 2
p l V l
V D V D V

= =
Re
avg
V D
=
Using the Reynolds number, we can simplify
previous equation becoming

In term of pressure drop, we can write it as,

2
64
2 Re
p l
V D
=
2
64
Re 2
l V
p
D
=
As we know, for certain velocity, the Reynolds
number are constants. Above equation can be
simplify by(only valid for horizontal pipes)

Where f is what we call friction factor or Darcy
Friction Factor

We can also write this friction factor in term
of shear stress. By recalling that
The equation can be written as,

2
2
l V
p f
D
=
Henry Philibert
Gaspard Darcy
2
64 64 64 2
Re
pD
f
VD VD V l

= = = =
4
w
pD
l

=
2
8
w
f
V
=
Do not confuse with Fanning Friction Factor, f/4,
which is less used in fluid mechanics, unless those
who follow British conversion or chemical engineer.

Head loss, h
L
something that commonly used can
be extract from

Using the previous pressure drop equation,

We can create new equation

This equation is well known as Darcy-Weisbach
equation and is valid for any fully developed,
steady, incompressible, horizontal or inclined pipe
p g h =
2
2
l V
p f
D
=
2
2
L
l V
h f
D g
=
J ulius Ludwig
Weisbach
Take note that

only valid for horizontal pipe only but valid for
turbulent or laminar flow
Head loss h
L
represents the additional height that
the fluid needs to be raised by a pump in order to
overcome the frictional losses in the pipe
The required pumping power to overcome the
pressure loss is obtained from

2
2
l V
p f
D
=
L
pump
pump pump
Q gh Q p
W

= =
For fully developed flow the kinetic energy is the

same at any section and the energy equation
becomes

Sometimes Head loss is refereed as Major Loss
1 2
1 2 L
p p
z z h
g g
| | | |
+ + =
| |
\ . \ .
The basic equation is written as;

Remember that the V is the average velocity in
the pipe
kinetic energy coefficient
NAS-Unisel -MAC13
2 2
1 1 2 2
1 1 2 2
2 2
pump turbine L
p V p V
z h z h h
g g g g

+ + + = + + + +
48

Uphill flow, > 0
Downhill flow, < 0

Using the same approach before, we can get
these equations:

Using the same approach we can get these
equations:

Centerline velocity,

Average velocity,

2
2
2
sin 1
16
D p r
u g
l D

| |
| | | |
=
|
| |
|
\ . \ .
\ .
2
sin
16
c
p gl D
V
l

=
2
sin
32
p gl D
V
l

=
sin 2 p g
l r

=
Flow rate
( )
4
sin
128
p gl D
Q
l

=

A large artery in a persons body can be
approximated by a tube of diameter 9 mm and
length 0.35 m. Also assume that blood has a
viscosity of approximately 4x10
-3
N.s/m
2
, a specific
gravity of 1.0, and that the pressure at the
beginning of the artery is equivalent to 120 mm Hg.
The specific gravity of mercury is 13.3. If the flow
were steady (it is not) with V=0.2m/s, determine the
pressure at the end of the artery if it is oriented
a)vertically up (flow up) or
b)horizontal.
P
2
??

P
1

P
2

D=0.009m
l=0.35m
=1000SG
= 4x10
-3
N.s/m
2
V=0.2m/s
1
1
1
1
120
13.3 1000 9.81 0.12
15.96
P mmHg
P gH
P x x x
P kPa
=
=
=
=
3
1000 0.2 0.009
Re
Re 450
450
4 10
2300
laminar
x
x x
=
=
<

this equation can be simplify
1 2
1 2 L
p p
z z h
g g
| | | |
+ + =
| |
\ . \ .
( )
( )
1 2
1 2
2 1 1 2
2
2 1 1 2
2
L
L
p p
z z h
g g
p p g z z h
l V
p p g z z f
D

| | | |
+ + =
| |
\ . \ .
= +
= +
For vertical
64
Re
64
0.1422
450
f
f
=
= =
( )
( )
2
2 1 1 2
2
2
2
2
2
1000 0.350.2
15.96 1000 9.81 0.35 0.1422
0.009 2
15.96 3.433 0.1106
12.52
l V
p p g z z f
D
x
p x
p kPa kPa kPa
p kPa
= +
= +
=
=
For horizontal

Or can just use
( )
( )
2
2 1 1 2
2
2
2
2
2
1000 0.350.2
15.96 1000 9.81 0 0.1422
0.009 2
15.96 0 0.1106
15.95
l V
p p g z z f
D
x
p x
p kPa kPa
p kPa
= +
= +
=
=
2
1 2
2
l V
p p p f
D
= =
Can we use Bernoulli equation?
For Vertical flow

For Horizontal

We can use, only and ONLY if we ignore the friction effects
NAS-Unisel -MAC13
( )
( )
2 1 1 2
2
2
2
15.96 1000 9.81 0.35
15.96 3.433
12.527
p p g z z
p x
p kPa kPa
p kPa
= +
= +
=
=
( )
2 1 1 2
2
15.96
p p g z z
p
= +
=
58
Oil with = 876 kg/m
3
and =0.24 kg/ms is flowing
through a 1.5-cm-diameter pipe that discharges into
the atmosphere at 88 kPa. The absolute pressure 15
m before the exit is measured to be 135 kPa.
Determine the flow rate of oil through the pipe if
the pipe is
a) horizontal,
b) inclined 8 upward from the horizontal, and
c)inclined 8 downward from the horizontal.
Assume that the flow is in laminar

A) horizontal pipe
1 2
135 88 47 p p p kPa = = =
4
128
p D
Q
l
=
4
5 3
47 0.015
1.622 10 /
128 15 0.24
k
Q x m s
x x

= =
B) for inclined uphill

C) for inclined downhill
( )
( )
4
4
5 3
sin
128
47 876 9.81 15 sin8 0.015
128 15 0.24
1 10 /
p gl D
Q
l
k x x x
Q
x x
Q x m s

=
=
( )
( ) ( )
4
4
5 3
sin
128
47 876 9.81 15 sin 8 0.015
128 15 0.24
2.24 10 /
p gl D
Q
l
k x x x
Q
x x
Q x m s

=

=
=
As we can see the highest flow rate is the
downhill pipe.
Is this flow really laminar?
2 2
4 2
5 3
5
4
0.015
1.767 10
4 4
we take the highest flow rate,
2.24 10 /
2.24 10
0.127 /
1.767 10
C
C
C
Q VA
Q
V
A
D
A x m
Q x m s
x
V m s
x

=
=
= = =
=
= =
Re
avg
V D
=
Re
876 0.127 0.015
Re
Re 6.94(the highest Reynolds number)
6
0.2
.94 2300
lam
4
inar
avg
V D
x x
=
=
=
<
Can we use Bernoulli equation?

time-averaged velocity
fluctuating component
u u u = +
v v v = +
P P P = +
T T T = +
u
u
Shear stress in a pipe

Reynolds Stresses
lam turb
lam
turb
du
dy
u v
u v

= +
=
=

Turbulent shear stress in term of eddy viscosity,
(or sometime referred also as
t
)

This was proposed by Boussinesq in 1877
In laminar, the constant is constant.
But for turbulent flow the is in function
of fluid type and flow type

turb
du
u v
dy
= =
J oseph Valentin
Boussinesq
In early 1900, L. Prandtl introduce a way to
determine approximate values of .
The method is called mixing length.
He said that, turbulent process could be viewed
as the random transport of bundles of fluid
particles over a certain distance,
the mixing length, l
m
He proposed the eddy viscosity is given
by 2
m
du
l
dy
=
By that we can get

But the new problem arise is to determining the
value of l
m

This value is not a constant and depend on the
distance form a surface
2
2 2
turb m m
du du du
l l
dy dy dy

| |
= =
|
\ .
Average velocity in a pipe
Three region
viscous sublayer very near the pipe wall,
the overlap region,
the outer turbulent layer throughout the center portion of the
flow
Viscous sublayer
commonly called the law of the wall
is valid very near the smooth wall, for
u yu
u
=
0 5 yu

Overlap region
2.5ln 5
u yu
u
| |
= +
|
\ .
Outer turbulent Region

Sometimes, the well known, Power Law Velocity
Profile equation were used.
( )
2.5ln
c
V u
R
u y
| |
=
|
\ .
1
1
:
constant that depend on Reynold Number
n
c
u r
V R
where
n
| |
=
|
\ .


Friction factor in fully developed turbulent pipe
flow depends on the Reynolds number and the
relative roughness /D.
But there are no theoretical analysis about these
relationship.
Cyril F. Colebrook combined available data and
developed an implicit relation called Colebrook
Equation which valid for turbulent flow.
1 2.51
2log
3.7
Re
D
f f
| |
= +
|
\ .
Lewis Ferry Moody capcuring the equation into a
diagram which known as Moody Diagram
S. E. Haaland recontruct Colebrook equation
becoming

This equation can solve the value of f explicitly.

1.11
1 6.9
1.8log
3.7 Re
D
f
| |
| |
= +
|
|
|
\ .
\ .


Human Target Season 1 episode 1
Air enters a 10-m-long section of a rectangular duct
of cross section 15 cm x 20 cm made of commercial
steel at 1 atm and 35C at an average velocity of 7
m/s. Disregarding the entrance effects, determine
the fan power needed to overcome the pressure
losses in this section of the duct.
At 1 atm and 35C are = 1.145 kg/m
3
,
= 1.89510
-5
kg/ms, and = 1.65510
-5
m
2
/s.


( )
4
4 0.15 0.2
0.15 2 0.2 2
0.17
c
h
h
h
A
D
p
X
D
X X
D
=
=
+
=
5
1.145 7
1.895 1
0.17
Re 72506
72506 2
0
300
avg
V D
turbulent
x x

= = =
>

From table, for commercial table is 0.045mm =
0.000045m

Using the Haaland equation,
4
0.000045/ 0.17 2.65 10 D x

= =
1.11
1.11
4
1 6.9
1.8log
3.7 Re
1 2.65 10 6.9
1.8log
3.7 72506
1
7.056
0.02008
D
f
x
f
f
f
| |
| |
= +
|
|
|
\ .
\ .
| |
| |
| = +
|
|
\ .
\ .
=
=

Or from moody diagram, f =0.021
2
1 2
10 1.145 7
0.02008
0.17 2
33.14
x
p p p
p Pa
= =
=
7 0.15 0.2 0.21
Q VA
Q x x
=
= =
fan L
W Q p Q gh = =
0.21 33.14
6.9594
fan L
fan
fan
W Q p Q gh
W x
W W
= =
=
=
4
128
p D
Q
l
=
Can we use this???

Loss coefficient, K
L

Form above equation, we can write minor loss
into
Minor losses are sometimes given in term of an
equivalent length, l
eq

minor
2
2
1
2
2
L
L
h p
K
V g
V
= =
L
eq
K D
l
f
=
2
minor
2
L L
V
h K
g
=


Figure 8.6





Typical commercial valve
geometries:
(a) gate valve;
(b) globe valve;
(c) angle valve;
(d) swing-check valve;
(e) disk type gate valve.


2
2
2 2
total minor losses =
2
total major losses =
2
total losses =
2 2
L
L
V
K
g
L V
f
D g
L V V
f K
D g g
+

2 2 2 2
1 1 2 2
1 1 2 2
2 2 2 2
L
p V p V L V V
z z f K
g g g g D g g

+ + = + + + +

Water flows steadily through the 2-cm diameter
galvanized iron pipe system shown in figure below
at a rate of 5.6x10
-4
m
3
/s. Your boss suggests that
friction losses in the straight pipe sections are
negligible compared to losses in the threaded
elbows and fittings of the system. Do you agree or
disagree with your boss? Support your answer with
appropriate calculations. Take the kinematic
viscocity of water is 1.12x10
-6
m
2
/s

Major losses due to straight pipe

To find the value of f, we need to whether the
flow is laminar or turbulent.
To calculate the Re number we must find the
value of V

2
2
L
l V
h f
D g
=
4
2
,
5.6 10
1.78 /
0.02 4
Q VA
Q x
V m s
A x

=
= = =

To find f for turbulent we need to have the value
of /D
From table we can find for galvanized iron ,
=0.15mm

6
1.12 10
1.78 0.02
Re 31785.7
31785.7 2300
avg avg
V D V D
x
turbulent

= = = =
>

3 2 3
0.15 10 2 10 7.5 10 D x x x

= =

From moody diagram f=0.036
Or by using the Haaland equation

1.11
1.11
3
1 6.9
1.8log
3.7 Re
1 7.5 10 6.9
1.8log
3.7 31785.7
1
5.19
0.037
D
f
x
f
f
f
| |
| |
= +
|
|
|
\ .
\ .
| |
| |
| = +
|
|
\ .
\ .
=
=
Major losses due to straight pipe

2
0.15 0.15 0.1 0.0251.78
0.036
0.02 2
0.1234
L
L
h
g
h m
+ + +
=
=
Minor losses

For reducer, we need to use the graph

2
2
L
V
K
g
for threaded 90 elbow, 1.5

for Tee, 2(threaded,branch flow)
L
L
L
K
K
K
=
=
( ) ( )
2 2
2 1
1.5 2 0.5625 D D = =

K
L
= 0.18
Total minor losses

Disagree with boss, because as we can see, the
total losses about 14.7% less if we neglect the major
losses.
( )
2
1.78
1.5 2 2 0.18 0.8365
2
X m
g
+ + =
major loss 0.1234

0.147 14.7%
minor loss 0.8365
= = =
Water at 5 C flows through the coils of the heat
exchanger as shown in Figure at a rate of 3.5L/min.
Determine the pressure drop between the inlet and
outlet of the horizontal device. Take the kinematic
viscocity of water is 1.519x10
-6
m
2
/s

To find the value of f, we need to whether the
flow is laminar or turbulent.
2 2 2 2
1 1 2 2
1 2
1 2 1 2
2 2
1 2
2 2
1 2
2 2 2 2
assuming and
2 2
2 2
L
L
L
p V p V L V V
z z f K
g g g g D g g
V V z z
L V V
p p g f g K
D g g
L V V
p p f K
D

+ + = + + + +
= =
= +
= +


To calculate the Re number we must find the
value of V
6
0.44
1.519 10
0.013
Re 3765.6
3765.6 2300
avg avg
V D V D
turbulent
x
= = =
>
2
,
3.5 1
0.44 /
1000 60 0.013 4
Q VA
Q
V x m s
A x x
=
= = =
To find f for turbulent we need to have the value
of /D
From table we can find for drawn tubing,
=0.0015mm

4
0.001513 1.15 10 D x

= =

From moody diagram f=0.042
Or by using the Haaland equation
1.11
1.11
4
1 6.9
1.8log
3.7 Re
1 1.15 10 6.9
1.8log
3.7 3765.6
1
0.2032
0.0413
D
f
x
f
f
f
| |
| |
= +
|
|
|
\ .
\ .
| |
| |
| = +
|
|
\ .
\ .
=
=

for threaded 180 return bend, 1.5
1.5 7
10.5
L
L
L
K
K
x
K
=
=
2 2
1 2
2 2
1 2
1 2
2 2
0.45 81000 0.44 1000 0.44
0.042 10.5
0.013 2 2
2142.3 2.142
L
L V V
p p f K
D
x x x
p p
p p Pa kPa

= +
= +
= =

A horizontal pipe has an abrupt expansion from D
1
=
8 cm to D
2
= 16 cm. The water velocity in the smaller
section is 10 m/s and the flow is turbulent. The
pressure in the smaller section is P
1
= 410 kPa.
determine the downstream pressure P
2
, and
estimate the error that would have occurred if
Bernoullis equation had been used.

For expansion, we need to use the graph

NAS-Unisel -MAC13
( )
2 2
1 1 2 2
1 2 , ,min
1 2
2 2
1 1 2 2
,min
2 2
1 2
2 1 ,min
2 2
2 2
2
L major L or
L or
L or
p V p V
z z h h
g g g g
z z
p V p V
h
g g g g
V V
p p gh

+ + = + + + +
=
+ = + +
= +

( ) ( )
2 2
1 2
0.08 0.16 0.25 D D = =
115

K
L
= 0.57


NAS-Unisel -MAC13
2
2
2
10
0.58
2 9.81
2.96
L L
L
L
V
h K
g
h
x
h
=
=
=
( )
1 1 2 2
1 1
2
2
2
2
2
2
10 0.08
0.16
2.5 /
V A V A
V A
V
A
V
V m s
=
=
=
=
( )
( )
2 2
1 2
2 1 ,min
2 2
2
2
2
1000 10 2.5
410 1000 9.81 2.96
2
427.84
L or
V V
p p gh
p k x x
p kPa
= +
= +
=
117
If we just ignore the friction effect (using
Bernoulli equation)
NAS-Unisel -MAC13
( )
( )
2 2
1 1 2 2
1 2
1 2
2 2
1 1 2 2
2 2
1 2
2 1
2 2
2
2
2 2
2 2
2
1000 10 2.5
410
2
456.875
p V p V
z z
g g g g
z z
p V p V
g g g g
V V
p p
p k
p kPa

+ + = + +
=
+ = +
= +
= +
=
118

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Chapter 1

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NAS-Unisel -MAC13 1

At the end of this course students should be

For fully developed flow the kinetic energy is the

for threaded 90 elbow, 1.5

major loss 0.1234

NAS-Unisel -MAC13 108

NAS-Unisel -MAC13 113

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