AP Physics B Formula Study Sheet NEWTONIAN MECHANICS

Kinematics !et Force Friction force centripetal acceleration tor)ue momentum impulse -inetic energy gravitational potential energy mechanical 0orpo0er 2general definition3 po0er in terms of velocity spring force spring potential energy period of a spring period of a pendulum

x = area under v-t graph v = area under a-t graph Fnet = ma Ff = "F!
ac = v# r

+ = rF p = mv , = Ft = mv K=
. #

displacement is a change in position; velocity is the rate of change of displacement acceleration is the rate of change of velocity the sum of all forces is proportional to mass x acceleration the friction force is proportional to the coefficient of friction x the normal force the acceleration of an o$%ect experiencing &'( is e)ual to the speed# * the radius tor)ue is e)ual to the perpendicular distance x the force momentum is e)ual to mass x velocity impulse is e)ual to the change in momentum -inetic energy is / mass x velocity# gravitational potential energy is mass x gravitational field x height 0or- is the energy done $y an external force moving through a displacement po0er is the rate of energy transfer po0er is the rate at 0hich an external force moves through a displacement the force in a spring is e)ual to the spring constant x the amount of stretch or compression of the spring the energy stored in a spring = / x spring constant x the stretch or compression the period of a spring depends on mass and spring constant 2not amplitude3 the period of a pendulum depends on length and gravitational field

mv#

&g = mgh 1 = Fx P=
Wnet t

P = Fv Fs = -x &s = 4s = 4p =
. #

-x#
m k
l g

#
#

relationship $et0een period and fre)uency

4= F5 = &5 =

. f

period and fre)uency are reciprocals of each other any t0o masses exert a gravitational force on each other any #-mass system near has potential energy

gravitational force $et0een any t0o o$%ects 0ith mass

gravitational potential energy $et0een any t0o o$%ects 0ith mass

Gm. m# r#
Gm. m# r

FLUID MECHANICS AND THERMAL PHYSICS

a$solute pressure in a fluid gage pressure $uoyant force fluid flo0 continuity volume flo0 rate Bernoulli:s principle pressure 2general definition3 ideal gas la0 internal energy in a gas velocity of a gas molecule thermal 0orchange in internal energy efficiency 2general3 ideal 2'arnot3 efficiency

P = P6 7 8gh P = 8gh F$ouy = 89g A.v. = A#v# A.v. P 7 8gy 7 # 8v# = constant P=
F A .

P9 = n;4 = !-B4 Kavg = vrms =

< #

-B4
<k B T

<RT M

1 = P9 or area under graph & = = 7 1 e= ec =

Wnet Qin

TH TC TH

ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM

>lectrostatic force >lectrostatic field >lectrostatic potential energy >lectrostatic potential 'harge on a capacitor 'apacitance >nergy stored in a capacitor 'urrent 2definition3 ;esistance of a 0ire @hm:s Aa0 Po0er in a circuit >)uivalent resistor for series >)uivalent resistor for parallel >)uivalent capacitance for series >)uivalent capacitance for parallel

Fe = >= &e = 9=

kq. q # r#
kq. r#

kq. q # r kq. r

= = 9' '=
6 A
d

&' = / =9 = / '9# ?= ;=
Q t

l
A

9 = ?; P = ?9 =
V# R

= ?#;

;e) = ;. 7 ;# 7 B ;e) = 'e) =

. . R + R +CCC . # . . C + C +CCC . #
.

'e) = '. 7 '# 7B

(agnetic force on a moving charge in a magnetic field (agnetic force on a current carrying 0ire in a magnetic field (agnetic field around a current carrying 0ire (agnetic flux Average >(F generated $y a changing magnetic field >(F generated $y a loop moving into or out of a magnetic field
Force BIl:s qvB 4a-e ast

FB = )vBsinD FB = B?lsinD B=
6 I #r

Em = BAcosD Favg =
m t

F = Blv

Blvd 0hen the flux is changingC

WAVES AND OPTICS

9elocity of a 0ave ?ndex of refraction Snell:s Aa0 'ritical angle (irror I lens e)uation (agnification Focal length in terms of radius of curvature Jiffraction pattern path difference Jiffraction pattern spacing

v = fG n=
c v

n.sinD. = n#sinD# n.sinD. = n#sinH6 or sinDc =

n# n.
. . . + = si s o f

(=

hi s = i ho so
R #

f=

mG = dsinD xm =
m d

ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS

>nergy of a photon (aximum -inetic energy of an emitted electron deBroglie 0avelength of an emitted electron ;est energy of a mass

> = hf = pc -K 7 hf = Kmax G=
h !

> = 2m3c#