Energy and Energy Transfer: Answers To Questions

Energy and Energy Transfer
CHAPTER OUTLINE
6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 Systems and Environments Work Done by a Constant Force The Scalar Product of Two Vectors Work Done by a Varying Force Kinetic Energy and the Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem The Nonisolated System Situations Involving Kinetic Friction Power Context ConnectionHorsepower Ratings of Automobiles
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS
Q6.1 The force isrperpendicular to every increment of displacement. r Therefore, F r = 0 .
Q6.2
6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9
Yes. Force times distance over which the toe is in contact with the ball. No, he is no longer applying a force. Yes, both air friction and gravity do work. Force of tension on a ball rotating on the end of a string. Normal force and gravitational force on an object at rest or moving across a level floor.
Q6.3
Q6.4 Q6.5
Work is only done in accelerating the ball from rest. The work is done over the effective length of the pitchers armthe distance his hand moves through windup and until release. (a) (c) Tension (b) Air resistance
Positive in increasing velocity on the downswing. Negative in decreasing velocity on the upswing.
Q6.6
No. The vectors might be in the third and fourth quadrants, but if the angle between them is less than 90 their dot product is positive. The scalar product of two vectors is positive if the angle between them is between 0 and 90. The scalar product is negative when 90 < < 180 . k = 2 k . To stretch the smaller piece one meter, each coil would have to stretch twice as much as one coil in the original long spring, since there would be half as many coils. Assuming that the spring is ideal, twice the stretch requires twice the force. Kinetic energy is always positive. Mass and squared speed are both positive. A moving object can always do positive work in striking another object and causing it to move along the same direction of motion. The longer barrel will have the higher muzzle speed. Since the accelerating force acts over a longer distance, the change in kinetic energy will be larger.
143
Q6.7
Q6.8
Q6.9
Q6.10
144
Q6.11 Q6.12
Kinetic energy is proportional to mass. The first bullet has twice as much kinetic energy. No violation. Choose the book as the system. You did work and the earth did work on the book. The average force you exerted just counterbalanced the weight of the book. The total work on the book is zero, and is equal to its overall change in kinetic energy. (a) (b) Kinetic energy is proportional to squared speed. Doubling the speed makes an objects kinetic energy four times larger. If the total work on an object is zero in some process, its speed must be the same at the final point as it was at the initial point.
Q6.13
Q6.14
The larger engine is unnecessary. Consider a 30-minute commute. If you travel the same speed in each car, it will take the same amount of time, expending the same amount of energy. The extra power available from the larger engine isnt used. If the instantaneous power output by some agent changes continuously, its average power in a process must be equal to its instantaneous power at least one instant. If its power output is constant, its instantaneous power is always equal to its average power. The rock increases in speed. The farther it has fallen, the more force it might exert on the sand at the bottom; but it might instead make a deeper crater with an equal-size average force. The farther it falls, the more work it will do in stopping. Its kinetic energy is increasing due to the work that the gravitational force does on it. The normal force does no work because the angle between the normal force and the direction of motion is usually 90. Static friction usually does no work because there is no distance through which the force is applied. An argument for: As a glider moves along an airtrack, the only force that the track applies on the glider is the normal force. Since the angle between the direction of motion and the normal force is 90, the work done must be zero, even if the track is not level. Against: An airtrack has bumpers. When a glider bounces from the bumper at the end of the airtrack, it loses a bit of energy, as evidenced by a decreased speed. The airtrack does negative work.
Q6.15
Q6.16
Q6.17
Q6.18
SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS
Section 6.1 Systems and Environments
No problems in this section
Section 6.2
P6.1 (a)
Work Done by a Constant Force

W = Fr cos = 16.0 N 2.20 m cos 25.0 = 31.9 J
fa
(b), (c) The normal force and the weight are both at 90 to the displacement in any time interval. Both do 0 work. (d)
W = 31.9 J + 0 + 0 =
31.9 J
Chapter 6
145
P6.2
The component of force along the direction of motion is

F cos = 35.0 N cos 25.0 = 31.7 N . The work done by this force is
W = F cos r = 31.7 N 50.0 m = 1.59 10 3 J .
fa
P6.3
Method One.
Let represent the instantaneous angle the rope makes with the vertical as it is swinging up from i = 0 to f = 60 . In an
incremental bit of motion from angle to + d , the definition of radian measure implies that r = 12 m d . The angle between the incremental displacement and the force of gravity is = 90+ . Then cos = cos 90+ = sin . The work done by
a f g
= 60 =0
the gravitational force on Batman is

W = F cos dr =
i
FIG. P6.3
z
f
mg sin 12 m d
2 60 0
ga
f z sin d = b80 kg ge9.8 m s ja12 mfb cos g = a 784 N fa12 mfa cos 60+1f = 4.70 10 J
= mg 12 m
60 0
Method Two.
The force of gravity on Batman is mg = 80 kg 9.8 m s 2 = 784 N down. Only his vertical displacement contributes to the work gravity does. His original y-coordinate below the tree limb is 12 m. His final y-coordinate is 12 m cos 60 = 6 m . His change in elevation is 6 m 12 m = 6 m . The work done by gravity is
W = Fr cos = 784 N 6 m cos 180 = 4.70 kJ .
ge
fa f
P6.4
(a) (b)
W = mgh = 3.35 10 5 9.80 100 J = 3.28 10 2 J
ja fa f
Since R = mg , Wair resistance = 3.28 10 2 J
146
Section 6.3
P6.5
The Scalar Product of Two Vectors
We must first find the angle between the two vectors. It is:
= 36011890.0132 = 20.0
Then
r r F v = Fv cos = 32.8 N 0.173 m s cos 20.0
r
fb
r r J Nm or F v = 5.33 = 5.33 = 5.33 W s s r r $+A $ $ $ $ $ A B = Ax i y j + A z k B x i + By j + Bz k
FIG. P6.5 P6.6
A B = A x Bx + A y B y + A z Bz P6.7
je j r r $$ $ A B = A B ei ij + A B e$ i$ jj + A B e $ i k j $ +A B $ $ + A B e$ j i j e j $jj + A B e$j k j $ $ $ $ $ k $ + A B ek i j + A B ek jj + A B ek j r r
x x x y x z y x z x y y y z z y z z
(a) (b)
r r W = F r = Fx x + Fy y = 6.00 3.00 N m + 2.00 1.00 N m = 16.0 J
a fa f
2
fa f
2
= cos
r r FF I GH Frr JK = cos a6.00f + a2.00f16 a3.00f + a1.00f = e je j

1 2 2
36.9
P6.8
r r $+$ $ i $ + 2.00 $ $ A B = 3.00 i jk j + 5.00k
j e
j j a f a f
r r $$ $ A B = 4.00 i j 6.00k r r r $ 4.00 i $$ $ = 0 + 2.00 + +18.0 = 16.0 C A B = 2.00 $ j 3.00k j 6.00k
j e
je
P6.9
(a)
r A = 3.00 $ i 2.00 $ j r $ 4.00 $ B = 4.00 i j r $ 4.00 $ $ B = 3.00 i j + 2.00k r A = 2.00 $ i + 4.00 $ j r $ A=$ i 2.00 $ j + 2.00k r $ B = 3.00 $ j + 4.00k
= cos
r r AB 12.0 + 8.00 = cos 1 = 11.3 AB 13.0 32.0
a fa f
(b)
r r 6.00 16.0 AB cos = = AB 20.0 29.0
a fa f
1
= 156
(c)
= cos
r r FA BI 00 + 8.00 I J= GH AB JK = cos FGH 96..00 25.0 K
82.3
Chapter 6
147
Section 6.4
P6.10
Work Done by a Varying Force
Fx = 8 x 16 N (a) (b) See figure to the right.

Wnet = 2.00 m 16.0 N 1.00 m 8.00 N + = 12.0 J 2 2
Fx N
af
fa
f a
fa
FIG. P6.10 P6.11

W = Fx dx
Fx N
af
and W equals the area under the Force-Displacement curve (a) For the region 0 x 5.00 m ,
W= (b)
a3.00 Nfa5.00 mf =
2
7.50 J
FIG. P6.11
For the region 5.00 x 10.0 , W = 3.00 N 5.00 m = 15.0 J
fa
(c)
For the region 10.0 x 15.0 , W=
a3.00 Nfa5.00 mf =
2
7.50 J
(d)
For the region 0 x 15.0 W = 7.50 + 7.50 + 15.0 J = 30.0 J
148
P6.12
Compare an initial picture of the rolling car with a final picture with both springs compressed K i + W = K f . Work by both springs changes the cars kinetic energy
Ki + 1 1 k 1 x 1i 2 x 1 f 2 + k 2 x 2 i 2 x 2 f 2 = K f 2 2 1 1 2 2 mvi + 0 1600 N m 0.500 m 2 2 1 2 + 0 3400 N m 0.200 m = 0 2 1 6 000 kg vi 2 200 J 68.0 J = 0 2
FN
a f
ga
ga
2 268 J = 0.299 m s vi = 6 000 kg
FIG. P6.12
P6.13
k=
4.00 9.80 N F Mg = = = 1.57 10 3 N m y y 2.50 10 2 m For 1.50 kg mass y = Work = Work = 1 2 ky 2 1 1.57 10 3 N m 4.00 10 2 m 2 1.50 9.80 mg = = 0.938 cm k 1.57 10 3
a fa f
(a) (b)
a fa f
je
= 1.25 J
P6.14
r r 5m i + 3 y$ j N dx$ i W = F dr = 4x $
i
0
z
f
ze
5m 0
z b4 N mgxdx + 0 = b4 N mg x2
2 5m 0
= 50.0 J
P6.15
(a)
Spring constant is given by F = kx k= 230 N F = = 575 N m 0.400 m x
(b)
Work = Favg x =
1 230 N 0.400 m = 46.0 J 2
fa
Chapter 6
149
P6.16
(a)
f r r W = F dr i 0.600 m
W=
ze
0
15 000 N + 10 000 x N m 25 000 x 2 N m 2 dx cos 0

0.600 m
10 000 x 2 25 000 x 3 W = 15 000 x + 2 3
W = 9.00 kJ + 1.80 kJ 1.80 kJ = 9.00 kJ (b) Similarly,
b10.0 kN mga1.00 mf e25.0 kN m ja1.00 mf W = a15.0 kN fa1.00 mf + 2 3

2 2
W = 11.7 kJ , larger by 29.6%
*P6.17
4.00 J =
1 k 0.100 m 2
k = 800 N m and to stretch the spring to 0.200 m requires W = 1 800 0.200 2
a fa
4.00 J = 12.0 J
*P6.18
If the weight of the first tray stretches all four springs by a distance equal to the thickness of the tray, then the proportionality expressed by Hookes law guarantees that each additional tray will have the same effect, so that the top surface of the top tray will always have the same elevation above the 1 floor. The weight of a tray is 0.580 kg 9.8 m s 2 = 5.68 N . The force 5.68 N = 1.42 N should 4 Fs 1.42 N = = 316 N m . We did not stretch one spring by 0.450 cm, so its spring constant is k = 0.004 5 m x need to know the length or width of the tray.
P6.19
(a)
The radius to the object makes angle with the horizontal, so its weight makes angle with the negative side of the x-axis, when we take the xaxis in the direction of motion tangent to the cylinder.
Fx = ma x
F mg cos = 0 F = mg cos
FIG. P6.19
(b)
r r W = F dr
i
z
f
continued on next page
150
We use radian measure to express the next bit of displacement as dr = Rd in terms of the next bit of angle moved through:
2
W=
z
0
mg cos Rd = mgR sin 0
W = mgR 1 0 = mgR
a f
*P6.20
The same force makes both light springs stretch. (a) The hanging mass moves down by
x = x1 + x 2 = (b) mg mg 1 1 + = mg + k1 k2 k1 k 2
FG H
IJ K
We define the effective spring constant as k= mg F = = x mg 1 k1 + 1 k 2
FG 1 + 1 IJ g Hk k K
1 2
Section 6.5 Section 6.6

P6.21
(a)
Kinetic Energy and the Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem The Nonisolated System
KA = 1 0.600 kg 2.00 m s 2
gb
= 1.20 J 2K B = m
(b) (c)
1 2 mv B = KB: 2
vB = 1
a2fa7.50f =
0.600
5.00 m s 6.30 J
2 v2 W = K = K B K A = 2 m e v B A j = 7.50 J 1.20 J =
P6.22
(a) (b)
K= K=
1 1 mv 2 = 0.300 kg 15.0 m s 2 2 1 0.300 30.0 2
gb
= 33.8 J
2
fa f
1 0.300 15.0 2
fa f a4f = 4a33.8f =
135 J
P6.23
r v i = 6.00 $ i 2.00 $ j ms
(a)
2 2 vi = vix + viy = 40.0 m s
Ki = continued on next page
1 1 mvi2 = 3.00 kg 40.0 m 2 s 2 = 60.0 J 2 2
ge
Chapter 6
151
(b)
r v f = 8.00 $ i + 4.00 $ j
r r 2 2 v2 f = v f v f = 64.0 + 16.0 = 80.0 m s

K = K f K i = 1 3.00 2 m v2 80.0 60.0 = 60.0 J f vi = 2 2
a f
P6.24
(a)
K = K f K i =
vf =
2 area = m
a f
1 mv 2 f 0 = W = (area under curve from x = 0 to x = 5.00 m) 2
2 7.50 J = 1.94 m s 4.00 kg
(b)
K = K f K i = vf =
2 area = m
a f
1 mv 2 f 0 = W = (area under curve from x = 0 to x = 10.0 m) 2 2 22.5 J = 3.35 m s 4.00 kg
(c)
K = K f K i = vf =
2 area = m
a f
1 mv 2 f 0 = W = (area under curve from x = 0 to x = 15.0 m) 2 2 30.0 J = 3.87 m s 4.00 kg
P6.25
Consider the work done on the pile driver from the time it starts from rest until it comes to rest at the end of the fall. Let d = 5.00 m represent the distance over which the driver falls freely, and h = 0.12 m the distance it moves the piling.
W = K :
so Thus,
Wgravity + Wbeam =
1 1 2 mv 2 f mv i 2 2
bmggah + df cos 0+dF iadf cos 180 = 0 0 . bmggah + df = b2 100 kg ge9.80 m s ja5.12 mf = F=
2
driver is upward .
0.120 m
8.78 10 5 N . The force on the pile
P6.26
(a)
Ki + W = K f = 0 + W =
1 mv 2 f 2
1 15.0 10 3 kg 780 m s 2
jb
= 4.56 kJ
(b)
F=
W 4.56 10 3 J = = 6.34 kN r cos 0.720 m cos 0
(c)
a=
2 v2 f vi
2x f
b780 m sg 0 = 2a0.720 mf
2
422 km s 2 m s 2 = 6.34 kN
(d)
F = ma = e15 10 3 kg je422 10 3
152
P6.27
W = K = 0 :
mg sin 35.0 dl
kx dx = 0
mg sin 35.0 L = d= d=
af
1 2 kd 2
2mg sin 35.0 L k
af
= 0.116 m
2(12.0 kg )( 9.80 m s 2 )(sin 35.0 )( 3.00 m) 3.00 10 4 N m
P6.28
(a)
v f = 0.096 3 10 8 m s = 2.88 10 7 m s Kf = 1 1 mv 2 9.11 10 31 kg 2.88 10 7 m s f = 2 2
je
= 3.78 10 16 J
(b)
Ki + W = K f :
0 + Fr cos = K f F 0.028 m cos 0 = 3.78 10 16 J F = 1.35 10 14 N
(c)
(d)
F = ma ;
v xf = v xi + a x t
a=
F =
m
1.35 10 14 N = 1. 48 10 +16 m s 2 31 9.11 10 kg
2.88 10 7 m s = 0 + 1.48 10 16 m s 2 t t = 1.94 10 9 s
Check:
x f = xi +
1 v xi + v xf t 2
0.028 m = 0 +
1 0 + 2.88 10 7 m s t 2
t = 1.94 10 9 s
Section 6.7
P6.29
Situations Involving Kinetic Friction

n 392 N = 0 n = 392 N
r r r
Fy = ma y :
(a) (b)
WF
a fa f = Fr cos = a130 fa5.00f cos 0 = a fa f
f k = k n = 0.300 392 N = 118 N 650 J
Eint = f k d = 118 5.00 = 588 J
FIG. P6.29
Chapter 6
153
(c) (d) (e)
Wn = nr cos = 392 5.00 cos 90 = 0 W g = mgr cos = 392 5.00 cos 90 = 0 K = K f K i = Wother Eint 1 mv 2 f 0 = 650 J 588 J + 0 + 0 = 62.0 J 2
a fa f
a fa f a f
(f)
vf =
2K f m
2 62.0 J = 1.76 m s 40.0 kg
P6.30
(a)
Ws = Ws = so
1 2 1 2 1 kxi kx f = 500 5.00 10 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 mv 2 mv 2 f mvi = f 0 2 2 2 vf = 2
a fe
0 = 0.625 J
c W h = 2a0.625f m s =
m 2.00
0.791 m s
(b)
1 1 mvi2 f k d + Ws = mv 2 f 2 2
fa fa fb g 1 0.282 J = b 2.00 kg gv 2 2a0.282 f v = m s = 0.531 m s

2 f f
0 0.350 2.00 9.80 0.050 0 J + 0.625 J =
1 mv 2 f 2
FIG. P6.30
2.00
P6.31
(a)
W g = mgl cos 90.0+ Wg
a f = b10.0 kg gd9.80 m s ia5.00 mf cos 110 =

2
168 J
(b)
f k = k n = k mg cos Eint = lf k = l k mg cos

r r
Eint = 5.00 m 0.400 10.0 9.80 cos 20.0 = 184 J (c) (d) (e) WF = Fl = 100 5.00 = 500 J K = Wother Eint = WF + W g Eint = 148 J K = vf = 1 1 2 mv 2 f mvi 2 2 2 K + vi2 = m
fa
fa fa f
a fa f
FIG. P6.31
a f
2 148 + 1.50 10.0
a f a f
= 5.65 m s
154
P6.32
Fy = ma y :
n + 70.0 N sin 20.0147 N = 0 n = 123 N
f k = k n = 0.300 123 N = 36.9 N
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

P6.33
W = Fr cos = 70.0 N 5.00 m cos 20.0 = 329 J W = Fr cos = 123 N 5.00 m cos 90.0 = 0 J W = Fr cos = 147 N 5.00 m cos 90.0 = 0 Eint = f k d = 36.9 N 5.00 m = 185 J K = K f K i = W Eint = 329 J 185 J = +144 J
fa
a a
fa fa
f f
FIG. P6.32
fa
vi = 2.00 m s K i f k d + Wother = K f :
k = 0.100
1 mvi2 f k d = 0 2
d=
1 mvi2 = k mgd 2
2 k g
vi2
b2.00 m sg = 2a0.100 fa9.80 f

2
2.04 m
Section 6.8
P6.34
Power
The distance moved upward in the first 3.00 s is
y = vt =
(a)
LM 0 + 1.75 m s OPa3.00 sf = 2.63 m . N 2 Q
The motor and the earths gravity do work on the elevator car: 1 1 mvi2 + Wmotor + mgy cos 180 = mv 2 f 2 2 1 2 Wmotor = 650 kg 1.75 m s 0 + 650 kg g 2.63 m = 1.77 10 4 J 2
gb
ga
Also, W = P t so P =
(b)
W 1.77 10 4 J = = 5.91 10 3 W = 7.92 hp. 3.00 s t
When moving upward at constant speed v = 1.75 m s the applied force equals the weight = 650 kg 9.80 m s
ge
j = 6.37 10
N . Therefore,
P = Fv = 6.37 10 3 N 1.75 m s = 1.11 10 4 W = 14.9 hp .
jb
P6.35 P6.36
Power = (a)
W t
P=
mgh 700 N 10.0 m = = 875 W t 8.00 s
fa
Chapter 6
155
W = K , but K = 0 because he moves at constant speed. The skier rises a vertical

distance of 60.0 m sin 30.0 = 30.0 m . Thus, Win = W g = 70.0 kg 9.8 m s 2 30.0 m = 2.06 10 4 J = 20.6 kJ .
ge
ja
(b)
The time to travel 60.0 m at a constant speed of 2.00 m/s is 30.0 s. Thus,
Pinput =
*P6.37
energy = power time For the 28.0 W bulb:
W 2.06 10 4 J = = 686 W = 0.919 hp . t 30.0 s
Energy used = 28.0 W 1.00 10 4 h = 280 kilowatt hrs total cost = $17.00 + 280 kWh $0.080 kWh = $39.4 For the 100 W bulb: Energy used = 100 W 1.00 10 4 h = 1.00 10 3 kilowatt hrs # bulb used = 1.00 10 4 h = 13.3 750 h bulb
fe
fb
fe
total cost = 13.3 $0.420 + 1.00 10 3 kWh $0.080 kWh = $85.6 Savings with energy-efficient bulb = $85.60 $39.40 = $46.2
g e
jb
P6.38
(a)
Burning 1 lb of fat releases energy The mechanical energy output is Then
1 lb
FG 454 g IJ FG 9 kcal IJ FG 4 186 J IJ = 1.71 10 H 1 lb K H 1 g K H 1 kcal K e1.71 10 Jja0.20f = nFr cos .

7
J.
3.42 10 6 J = nmgy cos 0 3.42 10 6 J = n 50 kg 9.8 m s 2 80 steps 0.150 m 3.42 10 6

3
b ge jb J = ne5.88 10 Jj
ga
where the number of times she must climb the steps is n =
3.42 10 6 J = 582 . 5.88 10 3 J
This method is impractical compared to limiting food intake. continued on next page
156
(b)
Her mechanical power output is
P=
1 hp W 5.88 10 3 J = = 90.5 W = 90.5 W = 0.121 hp . 65 s 746 W t 1h 3 mi 220 kcal h
FG H
IJ K
P6.39
(a)
The fuel economy for walking is
(b)
IJ FG 1 kcal IJ FG 1.30 10 J IJ = K H 4 186 J K H 1 gal K 1 h F 10 mi I F 1 kcal I F 1.30 10 J I For bicycling G J H 4 186 J JK GH 1 gal JK = 776 mi gal . 400 kcal H h K G FG H
8 8
423 mi gal .
Section 6.9
P6.40
Context ConnectionHorsepower Ratings of Automobiles
A 1 300-kg car speeds up from rest to 55.0 mi/h = 24.6 m/s in 15.0 s. The output work of the engine is equal to its final kinetic energy, 1 1 300 kg 24.6 m s 2
gb
= 390 kJ
with power P =
390 000 J ~ 10 4 W around 30 horsepower. 15.0 s
P6.41
Pa = f a v:
fa =
Pa 2.24 10 4 = = 830 N v 27.0
Additional Problems
P6.42
b g b g r At apex, v = b 40.0 m sg cos 30.0 $ i + 0$ j = b34.6 m sg$ i 1 1 And K = mv = b0.150 kg gb34.6 m sg = 90.0 J 2 2
2 2
r At start, v = 40.0 m s cos 30.0 $ i + 40.0 m s sin 30.0 $ j
*P6.43
Concentration of Energy output = 0.600 J kg step 60.0 kg
gb
1 step I gFGH 1.50 J = 24.0 J m mK
F = 24.0 J m 1 N m J = 24.0 N
gb
P = Fv
70.0 W = 24.0 N v v = 2.92 m s
Chapter 6
157
*P6.44
As it moves at constant speed, the bicycle is in equilibrium. The forward frictional force is equal in magnitude to the air resistance, which we write as av 2 where a is a proportionality constant. The exercising woman exerts the friction force on the ground; by Newtons third law, it is this same size again. The womans power output is P = Fv = av 3 = ch , where c is another constant and h is her heart rate. We are given a 22 km h
3 min
g = cb90 beats ming . For her minimum heart rate we have F v I = 136 . v = FG 136 IJ b22 km hg = 25.2 km h . av = cb136 beats ming . By division G H 90 K H 22 km h JK 90 F 166 IJ b22 km hg = 27.0 km h . Similarly, v =G H 90 K
3 3 min 13 min 13 max
P6.45
(a)
x = t + 2.00t 3 Therefore, dx = 1 + 6.00t 2 dt 1 1 K = mv 2 = 4.00 1 + 6.00t 2 2 2 v=
a fe
j = e2.00 + 24.0t
2
+ 72.0t 4 J
(b)
a12.0tf m s F = ma = 4.00a12.0t f = a 48.0t f N

a= dv = dt
2
(c)
P = Fv = 48.0t 1 + 6.00t 2 =
W=
2.00 0
fe
j e48.0t + 288t j W
3
(d)
Pdt =
2.00 0
ze
48.0t + 288t 3 dt = 1 250 J
*P6.46
The work done by the applied force is
W = Fapplied dx =
i x max
z
f
x max 0
k1 x + k 2 x 2 dx
2 x max 0
x2 = k 1 x dx + k 2 x dx = k1 2 0 0 = k1
2 x max
x max
x3 + k2 3
xmax 0
+ k2
3 x max
158
P6.47
(a)
The work done by the traveler is mghs N where N is the number of steps he climbs during the ride. N = (time on escalator)(n) where and Then, h atime on escalatorf = vertical velocity of person vertical velocity of person = v + nhs N= nh v + nhs mgnhhs v + nhs
and the work done by the person becomes Wperson = (b) The work done by the escalator is
We = power time = force exerted speed time = mgvt where Thus, t= h as above. v + nhs mgvh . v + nhs
ga f a
fb
ga f
We =
As a check, the total work done on the persons body must add up to mgh, the work an elevator would do in lifting him. It does add up as follows:
W = Wperson + We =
mgnhhs mgvh mgh nhs + v + = = mgh v + nhs v + nhs v + nhs
*P6.48
During its whole motion from y = 10.0 m to y = 3.20 mm, the force of gravity and the force of the plate do work on the ball. It starts and ends at rest Ki + W = K f
0 + Fg y cos 0+ Fp x cos 180 = 0
mg 10.003 2 m Fp 0.003 20 m = 0
2
Fp
g b g 5 kg e9.8 m s ja10 mf = = 1.53 10

3.2 10 3 m
N upward
r r r
P6.49
Fx = ma x : k=
kx = ma
ma (4.70 10 3 kg)0.800(9.80 m s 2 ) = = 7.37 N m x 0.500 10 2 m
FIG. P6.49
Chapter 6
159
*P6.50
The spring exerts on each block an outward force of magnitude
Fs = kx = 3.85 N m 0.08 m = 0.308 N .

For the light block on the left, the vertical forces are given by Fg = mg = 0.25 kg 9.8 m s2 = 2.45 N ,
ga
Fy = 0 , n 2.45 N = 0 , n = 2.45 N . Similarly for the heavier block

n = Fg = 0.5 kg 9.8 m s2 = 4.9 N .
(a) For the block on the left,
ge
ge
Fx = ma x , 0.308 N = b0.25 kg ga ,
a = 1.23 m s 2 . For the heavier block, +0.308 N = 0.5 kg a , a = 0.616 m s 2 .

(b) For the block on the left, f k = k n = 0.1 2.45 N = 0.245 N
n Fs 2.45 N
FIG. P6.50
Fx = ma x
a = 0.252 m s 2
0.308 m s 2 + 0.245 N = 0.25 kg a
if the force of static friction is not too large. For the block on the right, f k = k n = 0.490 N . The maximum force of static friction would be larger, so no motion would begin and the acceleration is zero . (c) Left block: f k = 0.462 2.45 N = 1.13 N . The maximum static friction force would be larger, so the spring force would produce no motion of this block or of the right-hand block, which could feel even more friction force. For both a = 0 .
P6.51
(a)
P = Fv = F vi + at = F 0 +
g FGH
F t = m
IJ FG F IJ t K H mK
2
(b)
P=
LM a20.0 Nf MN 5.00 kg
OPa3.00 sf = PQ
240 W
P6.52
(a)
The new length of each spring is
x 2 + L2 , so its extension is
x 2 + L2 L and the force it exerts is k
FH
x 2 + L2 L toward its
IK
fixed end. The y components of the two spring forces add to zero. Their x components add to
r F = 2 $ ik
FH
x 2 + L2 L
IK
x x 2 + L2
i 1 = 2 kx$
F GH
L x 2 + L2
I JK
FIG. P6.52
160
(b)
W = Fx dx
i
z
f
W = 2 kx 1
A
z
0
F GH
L x 2 + L2
2
I dx JK
12 0 A
W = 2 k x dx + kL
A
z
0
ze
0
x +L
2 1 2
2 x dx
x2 W = 2 k 2
ex + kL
j b1 2g
+ L2
W = 0 + kA 2 + 2 kL2 2 kL A 2 + L2
P6.53
W = 2 kL2 + kA 2 2 kL A 2 + L2
(a)
W = K :
Ws + W g = 0
1 2 kxi 0 + mgx cos 90+60 = 0 2 1 2 1.40 10 3 N m 0.100 0.200 9.80 sin 60.0 x = 0 2 x = 4.12 m
j a
f a
fa fa
(b)
W = K + Eint :
Ws + W g Eint = 0
1 2 kxi + mgx cos 150 k mg cos 60 x = 0 2 1 2 1.40 10 3 N m 0.100 0.200 9.80 sin 60.0 x 0.200 9.80 0.400 cos 60.0 x = 0 2 x = 3.35 m
j a
f a
fa fa
fa fa
fa
P6.54
(a)
r F1 = 25.0 N cos 35.0 $ i + sin 35.0 $ j =
r F2 (b)
fe j e20.5$i + 14.3$jj N = a 42.0 N fecos 150 $ i + sin 150 $ jj = e36.4$ i + 21.0 $ jj N

r r r
F = F1 + F2 =
r a=
e15.9 $i + 35.3 $jj N

2
(c) (d)
F =
m
e3.18 i$ + 7.07 $jj m s e j
r r r v f = v i + at = 4.00 $ i + 2.50 $ j m s + 3.18 $ i + 7.07 $ j m s 2 3.00 s r vf =
je
ja
e5.54$i + 23.7 $jj m s

e jb ga j f e je ja f
(e)
r r r 1r r f = ri + v i t + at 2 2
r 1 r f = 0 + 4.00 $ i + 2.50 $ j m s 3.00 s + 3.18 $ i + 7.07 $ j m s 2 3.00 s 2 r r $ $ r = r = 2.30 i + 39.3 j m
f
Chapter 6
161
(f) (g)
Kf = Kf = Kf =
1 1 5.00 kg 5.54 mv 2 f = 2 2
g a f + a23.7f em s j =
2 2 2 2
1.48 kJ
r r 1 mvi2 + F r 2
1 2 5.00 kg 4.00 + 2.50 2 K f = 55.6 J + 1 426 J = 1.48 kJ

P6.55
g a f a f bm sg + a15.9 Nfa2.30 mf + a35.3 Nfa39.3 mf

2
K i + Ws + W g = K f
1 1 1 1 mvi2 + kxi2 kx 2 mv 2 f + mgx cos = f 2 2 2 2 1 1 0 + kxi2 0 + mgxi cos 100 = mv 2 f 2 2
FIG. P6.55
1 1 1.20 N cm 5.00 cm 0.050 0 m 0.100 kg 9.80 m s 2 0.050 0 m sin 10.0 = 0.100 kg v 2 2 2 2 3 0.150 J 8.51 10 J = 0.050 0 kg v
v=
P6.56
ga
fb b
g b g
ge
jb
0.141 = 1.68 m s 0.050 0

FN
(a)
a f Lammf FaNf Lammf

15.0 32.0 49.0 64.0 79.0 98.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 112 126 149 175 190
FN
a f
2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.0 12.0
FIG. P6.56
(b)
A straight line fits the first eight points, together with the origin. By least-square fitting, its F slope is 0.125 N mm 2% = 125 N m 2%. In F = kx , the spring constant is k = , the x same as the slope of the F-versus-x graph.
F = kx = 125 N m 0.105 m = 13.1 N
(c)
ga
162
P6.57
If positive F represents an outward force, (same as direction as r), then

rf f r r W = F dr = 2 F0 13r 13 F0 7 r 7 dr
z
i
ri
ze
W=
2 F0 13r 12 F0 7 r 6 12 6 F0
13
rf
W=
r f12 6
ri
12
j + F er
7 0
ri
6 f
ri 6
6
134
j= F
0
r f6 ri 6
F0 13 12 r f ri 12 6
. 10 W = 103
77
r f6
ri
. 10 189
r f12
ri12
. 10 77 188 . 10 6 2.44 10 4 1060 189 . 10 134 354 . 10 12 5.96 10 8 10120 W = 103 W = 2.49 10 21 J + 112 . 10 21 J = 137 . 10 21 J
P6.58
1 2 Eint = K = m v 2 f vi : 2
Eint =
1 0.400 kg 2
gea6.00f a8.00f jbm sg

2 2
= 5.60 J
(b)
Eint = fd = k mg 2r :
a f
5.60 J = k 0.400 kg 9.80 m s 2 2 1.50 m
ge
j a
Thus, (c)
k = 0.152 .
After N revolutions, the object comes to rest and K f = 0 . Thus, or This gives
Eint = K = 0 + K i =
1 mvi2 2
k mg N 2r =
N=
1 2
a f
mvi2
1 mvi2 . 2
=
1 2 2
b8.00 m sg = mg a 2r f a0.152fe9.80 m s j2 a1.50 mf

k
2.28 rev .
P6.59
We evaluate
375dx by calculating 12.8 x + 3.75 x

3
23.7
f + 375a0.100f + K 375a0.100f = 0.806 a12.8f + 3.75a12.8f a12.9f + 3.75a12.9f a23.6f + 3.75a23.6f

375 0.100
3 3 3
and
f + 375a0.100f + K 375a0.100f = 0.791 . a12.9f + 3.75a12.9f a13.0f + 3.75a13.0f a23.7f + 3.75a23.7f

375 0.100
3 3 3
The answer must be between these two values. We may find it more precisely by using a value for x smaller than 0.100. Thus, we find the integral to be 0.799 N m .
Chapter 6
163
r
P6.60
Pt = W = K =
The density is
amfv
2
m m = . vol Ax x = v, t
FIG. P6.60
Substituting this into the first equation and solving for P , since for a constant speed, we get Also, since P = Fv ,
P=
F=
Av 3
2
. .
Av 2
2
Our model predicts the same proportionalities as the empirical equation, and gives D = 1 for the drag coefficient. Air actually slips around the moving object, instead of accumulating in front of it. For this reason, the drag coefficient is not necessarily unity. It is typically less than one for a streamlined object and can be greater than one if the airflow around the object is complicated.
*P6.61
P=
(a)
1 Dr 2 v 3 2
Pa = 1 1.20 kg m3 1.5 m
3 24 m s Pb v b = 3 = Pa v a 8 ms
1 2
ja
f b8 m sg
2
= 2.17 10 3 W
(b)
F GH
I JK
= 3 3 = 27
Pb = 27 2.17 10 3 W = 5.86 10 4 W
*P6.62
(a)
So long as the spring force is greater than the friction force, the block will be gaining speed. The block slows down when the friction force becomes the greater. It has maximum speed when kxa f k = ma = 0 .
10 . 103 N m xa 4.0 N = 0
e e
j j
x = 4.0 10 3 m
(b)
By the same logic,

10 . 103 N m xb 10.0 N = 0
0
x = 1.0 10 2 m
FIG. P6.62
ANSWERS TO EVEN PROBLEMS

P6.2 P6.4 P6.6
1.59 10 3 J (a) 32.8 mJ; (b) 32.8 mJ see the solution
P6.8 P6.10 P6.12
16.0 (a) see the solution; (b) 12.0 J 0.299 m s
164
P6.14 P6.16 P6.18
50.0 J (a) 9.00 kJ; (b) 11.7 kJ, larger by 29.6% see the solution, 316 N m
P6.44 P6.46 P6.48 P6.50
25.2 km h , 27.0 km h
k1
2 x max x3 + k 2 max 2 3
P6.20 P6.22 P6.24 P6.26
F1 1I F1 1I (a) mg G + J ; (b) G + J Hk k K Hk k K
1 2 1 2
1.53 10 5 N upward (a) 1.23 m s 2 and 0.616 m s 2 ; (b) 0.252 m s 2 and 0; (c) 0 and 0
(a) 33.8 J; (b) 135 J (a) 1.94 m s ; (b) 3.35 m s ; (c) 3.87 m s (a) 4.56 kJ; (b) 6.34 kN; (c) 422 km s 2 ; (d) 6.34 kN (a) 3.78 10 16 J ; (b) 1.35 10 14 N ; (c) 1.48 10 +16 m s 2 ; (d) 1.94 10 9 s
P6.52
(a) see the solution; (b) 2 kL2 + kA 2 2 kL A 2 + L2
P6.54
P6.28
r (a) F1 = 20.5 $ i + 14.3 $ j N, r F2 = 36.4$ i + 21.0 $ j N;
P6.30 P6.32 P6.34
(a) 0.791 m s ; (b) 0.531 m s (a) 329 J; (b) 0; (c) 0; (d) 185 J; (e) 144 J (a) 5.91 10 3 W ; (b) it is 53.0% of 1.11 10 4 W (a) 20.6 kJ; (b) 686 W (a) 582, impractical; (b) 90.5 W = 0.121 hp
~ 10 4 W
e j (c) e3.18 $ i + 7.07 $ jj m s ; (d) e5.54$ i + 23.7 $ jj m s ; (e) e2.30 $ i + 39.3 $ jj m ; (f) 1.48 kJ ;
i + 35.3 $ j N; (b) 15.9 $
2
(g) 1.48 kJ
P6.56
P6.36 P6.38
(a) see the solution; (b) 125 N m 2% ; (c) 13.1 N (a) 5.60 J; (b) 0.152; (c) 2.28 rev see the solution (a) x = 4.0 mm ; (b) 1.0 cm
P6.58 P6.60 P6.62
P6.40 P6.42
90.0 J

Energy and Energy Transfer: Answers To Questions

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Energy and Energy Transfer

6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9