A PAPER ON ADVANCED ROBOTIC

APPLICATIONS

CYBORGS

Presented By J.P.Lakshmanan lakshmanan"#$%& 'mail.()m [III year

Email CSE! CSE!

J.*ari#rasanth [III year hari#rasanth"ayaseelan&'mail.()m

C)lle'e Name+ MUTHAYAMMAL ENGINERING COLLEGE.

C)nta(t N)+

,,-.%/-.0%

ABSTRACT+
People usually agree that we are living through a technological revolution, and at the same time they seem confused a out what it means! A revolution may e defined as a leap etween two "uasi# stationary states, so if we want to understand the meaning of it, we should identify the current and ne$t stages, as well as the nature and purpose of the transition! Cy1erneti( tehn)l)'ies stands as a est e$ample for this . cy orgs are more fre"uently people who use cy ernetic technology to repair or overcome the physical and mental constraints of their odies a person ecomes capa le of much more than they were efore! Prostheses li%e the C#&eg and the more advanced i&im are considered y some to e the first real steps towards the ne$t generation of real# world cy org applications! 'he cy org is often seen today merely as an organism that has enhanced a ilities due to technology!'his is li%e computers, which gain power y using (nternet protocols to connect with other computers! Cy org proliferated in society in medical ,military ,arts ,sports fields etc!

Intr)d2(ti)n
Cy1)r')cy* org +s,i- org. n! a hypothetical human eing modified for life in a hostile or alien environment y the su stitution of artificial organs and other ody parts!)

/ictional cy orgs are portrayed as a synthesis of organic and synthetic parts, and fre"uently pose the "uestion of difference etween human and machine as one concerned with morality, free will, and empathy! /ictional cy orgs may e represented as visi ly mechanical +e!g! the terminator movie character.0 Cy orgs in fiction often play up a human contempt for over#dependence on technology, particularly when used for war, and when used in ways that seem to threaten free will! Cy orgs are also often portrayed with physical or mental a ilities far e$ceeding a human counterpart +military forms may have in uilt weapons, among other things.! Real +as opposed to fictional. cy orgs are more fre"uently people who use cy ernetic technology to repair or overcome the physical and mental constraints of their odies

*ist)ry
'he concept of a man#machine mi$ture was widespread in science fiction efore 1orld 1ar ((! As early as 2345, Edgar Allan Poe descri ed a man with e$tensive prostheses in the short story )'he 6an 'hat 1as 7sed 7p)! One of the earliest uses of the term was y 6anfred E! Clynes and Nathan 8! 9line in 2:;< to refer to their conception of an enhanced human eing who could survive in e$traterrestrial environments!

Indi3id2al (y1)r's
=enerally, the term )cy org) is used to refer to a man or woman with or ro otic, implants! ionic,

(n current prosthetic applications, the C#&eg system developed y Otto >oc% ?ealthCare is used to replace a human leg that has een amputated ecause of in@ury or illness! 'he use of sensors in the artificial C#&eg aids in wal%ing significantly y attempting to replicate the user-s natural gait, as it would e prior to amputation! A:B Prostheses li%e the C#&eg and the more advanced i&im are considered y some to e the first real steps towards the ne$t generation of real#world cy org applications! Additionally cochlear implants and magnetic implants which provide people with a sense that they would not otherwise have had can additionally e thought of as creating cy orgs! (n C<<C,under the heading Pro@ect Cy org, a >ritish scientist, 9evin 1arwic%, had an array of 2<< electrodes fired in to his nervous system in order to lin% his nervous system into the internet! 1ith this in place he successfully carried out a series of e$periments including e$tending his nervous system over the internet to control a ro otic hand, a form of e$tended sensory input and the first direct electronic communication etween the nervous systems of two humans!A2<B

S)(ial (y1)r's
6ore roadly, the full term ) (y1erneti( )r'anism) is used to descri e larger networ%s of communication and control! /or e$ample, cities, networ%s of roads, networ%s of software, corporations, mar%ets, governments, and the collection of these things together! A corporation can e considered as an artificial intelligence that ma%es use of replacea le human components to function! People at all ran%s can e considered replacea le agents of their functionally intelligent government institutions, whether such a view is desira le or not!

Cy1)r' #r)li4erati)n in s)(iety

6any people could e ma%ing the transition to cy org sooner than they thought! Applied Digital 8olutions leads in the development of the human implant R/(D chip! 'his small, rice siDed chip has een mar%eted to help trac% medical records and %eep credit information safe and convenient! Although there is a large community that is critical of this technology, R/(D technology has done well in the past as a trac%ing chip in the industrial world +R/(D-s reduction for out#of#stoc% study at 1al#6art, R/(D radio., and for

trac%ing pets and endangered wildlife +78DA >ets the /arm on Animal (D Program.! 'his in effect turns all chipped people or organisms into cy orgs, which is also a source of discomfort to some! 'he critics of this movement claim that chipping people is an invasion of privacy

In medi(ine
(n medicine, there are two important and different types of cy orgsE 2. restorative and C. enhanced! Restorative technologies Frestore lost function, organs, and lim sG 'he %ey aspect of restorative cy orgiDation is the repair of ro%en or missing processes to revert to a healthy or average level of function! 'here is no enhancement to the original faculties and processes that were lost! On the contrary, the enhanced cy org Ffollows a principle, and it is the principle of optimal performanceE ma$imising output +the information or modifications o tained. and minimising input +the energy e$pended in the process. G! 'hus, the enhanced cy org intends to e$ceed normal processes or even gain new functions that were not originally present! Although prostheses in general supplement lost or damaged ody parts with the integration of a mechanical artifice, ionic implants in medicine allow model organs or ody parts to mimic the original function more closely! >y C<<4, a fully functioning artificial heart was developed! 'he continued technological development of ionic and nanotechnologies egins to raise the "uestion of enhancement, and of the future possi ilities for cy orgs which surpass the original functionality of the iological model! 'he ethics and desira ility of )enhancement prosthetics) have een de ated0 their proponents include the transhumanist movement, with its elief that new technologies can assist the human race in developing eyond its present, normative limitations such as ageing and disease, as well as other, more general incapacities, such as limitations on speed, strength, endurance, and intelligence! Opponents of the concept descri e what they elieve to e iases which propel the development and acceptance of such technologies0 namely, a ias towards functionality and efficiency that may compel assent to a view of human people which de#emphasises as defining characteristics actual manifestations of humanity and personhood, in favour of definition in terms of upgrades, versions, and utility! One of the more common and accepted forms of temporary modification occurs as a result of prenatal diagnosis technologies! 6odern parents willingly use testing methods such as ultrasounds and amniocentesis to determine the se$ or health of the fetus! 'he discovery of irth defects or

other congenital pro lems y these procedures may lead to neonatal treatment in the form of open fetal surgery or the less invasive fetal intervention! A rain#computer interface, or >C(, provides a direct path of communication from the rain to an e$ternal device, effectively creating a cy org! Research of (nvasive >C(s, which utiliDe electrodes implanted directly into the grey matter of the rain, has focused on restoring damaged eye sight in the lind and providing functionality to paralysed people, most nota ly those with severe cases, such as &oc%ed#(n syndrome! Retinal implants are another form of cy orgiDation in medicine! 'he theory ehind retinal stimulation to restore vision to people suffering from retinitis pigmentosa and vision loss due to aging +conditions in which people have an a normally low amount of ganglion cells. is that the retinal implant and electrical stimulation would act as a su stitute for the missing ganglion cells +cells which connect the eye to the rain.! 1hile wor% to perfect this technology is still eing done, there have already een ma@or advances in the use of electronic stimulation of the retina to allow the eye to sense patterns of light! A specialiDed camera is worn y the su @ect +possi ly on the side of a their glasses frames. the camera converts the image into a pattern of electrical stimulation! A chip located in the users eye would then electrically stimulate the retina with this patten and the image appears to the user! Current prototypes have the camera eing powered y a hand siDed power supply that could e placed in a poc%et or on the waist! Currently the technology has only een tested on human su @ect for rief amounts of time and the amount of light pic%ed up y the su @ect has een minimal! ?owever, if technological advances proceed as planned this technology may e used y thousands of lind people and restore vision to most of them!

Cry)ni(s +
Cryonic suspension is an e$perimental procedure where y patients who can no longer e %ept alive with today-s medical a ilities are preserved at low temperatures for treatment in the future! 'he cryonics mailing list +CryoNet. is a forum for topics related to cryonics, which include technical reports of cryonic suspensions, low temperature iology, iochemistry of memory, legal status of cryonics and cryopreserved people, new research and pu lications, conferences, mass media coverage of cryonics, local cryonics group meetings, and even philosophy of identity

In the military
'he )cy org soldier) often refers to a soldier whose weapon and survival systems are integrated into the self, creating a human#machine interface! A nota le e$ample is the Pilot-s Associate, first developed in 2:3H, which would use Artificial (ntelligence to assist a com at pilot! 'he push for further integration etween pilot and aircraft would include the Pilot Associate-s a ility to )initiate actions of its own when it deems it necessary, including firing weapons and even ta%ing over the aircraft from the pilot 6ilitary organiDations- research has recently focused on the utiliDation of cy org animals for inter#species relationships for the purposes of a supposed a tactical advantage! DARPA has announced its interest in developing )cy org insects) to transmit data from sensors implanted into the insect during the pupal stage! 'he insect-s motion would e controlled from a 6E68, or 6icro# Electro#6echanical 8ystem, and would conceiva ly surveil an environment and detect e$plosives or gas!A2IB 8imilarly, DARPA is developing a neural implant to remotely control the movement of shar%s! 'he shar%-s uni"ue senses would e e$ploited to provide data feed ac% in relation to enemy ship movement and underwater e$plosives! Other proposals have integrated the mechanical into the intuitive a ilities of the individual soldier! Researchers at the 7niversity of California, >er%eley have set out to )create an e$os%eleton that com ines a human control system with ro otic muscle! 'he device is distinctly Cy orgian in that it is self#powered, and re"uires no conscious manipulation y the pilot soldier! 'he e$os%eleton responds to the pilot, through constant computer calculations, to distri ute and lessen weight e$erted on the pilot, allowing hypothetically for soldiers to haul large amounts of medical supplies and carry in@ured soldiers to safety!

In s#)rts
'he cy orgiDation of sports has come to the forefront of the national consciousness in recent years! As of now, prosthetic legs and feet are not advanced enough to give the athlete the edge, and people with these prosthetics are allowed to compete, possi ly only ecause they are not actually competitive in the (ronman event among other such #athlons! Prosthesis in trac% and field, however, is a udding issue! Prosthetic legs and feet may soon e etter than

their human counterparts! 8ome prosthetic legs and feet allow for runners to ad@ust the length of their stride which could potentially improve run times and in time actually allow a runner with prosthetic legs to e the fastest in the world! One model used for replacing a leg lost at the %nee has actually improved runners- marathon times y as much as 5< minutes! 'he leg is shaped out of a long, flat piece of metal that e$tends ac%wards then curves under itself forming a 7 shape! 'his functions as a spring, allowing for runners to e propelled forward with y @ust placing their weight on the lim ! 'his is the only form that allows the wearer to sprint!

In art
6achines are ecoming more u i"uitous in the artistic process itself, with computeriDed drawing pads replacing pen and paper, and drum machines ecoming nearly as popular as human drummers! 'his is perhaps most nota le in generative art and music!

C)n(l2si)n+
'he idea is that, in the near future, we may have more and more artificial ody parts # arms, legs, hearts, eyes # and digital computing and communication supplements! 'he logical conclusion is that one might ecome a rain in a wholly artificial ody! And the step after that is to replace your meat rain y a computer rain!