E&ES

CONTENTS
About the Department Messages Introduction Programs Overview Eligibility Criteria Bachelor Programs in Earth & Environmental Sciences (i) (ii) (iii) Bachelor of Science (BS) Geology Bachelor of Science (BS) Geophysics Bachelor of Science (BS) Environmental Sciences 8 21 27 1 2 4 6 7
Master Programs in Earth & Environmental Sciences (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) Master of Science (MS) Geology Master of Science (MS) Geophysics Master of Science (MS) Environmental Science Master of Science (MS) Environmental Policy & Management 38 49 57 67 70
Faculty
About the Department

The Prospectus contains information about various academic programs of Earth & Environmental Sciences that Bahria University, one of the country's foremost institutions of higher education, offers. The information in the prospectus applies to all students being enrolled in the department regardless of their classification as Geology, Geophysics or Environmental Science. Information in the individual sections applies specific-ally to students who intend to graduate in one of those programs. It is important for students to be familiar with all the information that applies to them. Students are strongly encouraged to consult their advisors at least once each semester to be certain that they are completing requirements that apply to their degree programs. The prospectus is intended to complement other university information including such as field and laboratory work performed.
Black iron sandstone at the top of a differentially weathered landform in the Salt Range, Pakistan
HOD's Message
Dr Muhammad Zafar
Islamabad Campus
As Head of the Department, I feel proud to inform that Bahria University is the only academic institute in Pakistan that offers four years BS program in Geophysics. Other programs offered at the Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences include BS and MS in Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Sciences. The curricula, designed to cater the present day requirement of the industry, are a fine blend of core subjects and courses from mathematics, computer science and humanity disciplines. Along with highly qualified permanent faculty members, experienced instructors from internationally renowned exploration and production companies in the energy sector are invited to impart knowledge to the students. Field and laboratory work plays a pivotal role in academic excellence. Students are provided ample opportunities to enhance their knowledge through field observations and laboratory experiments. The department is equipped with a rock museum and chemical, GIS and computer laboratories. The department has established student chapters of professional organizations such as Pakistan Association of Petroleum Geoscientists (PAPG) and Society of Exploration Geophysists (SEG). The Green Club of the department, in collaboration with other student chapters, organizes events of national and international interest in the university. The students have been awarded in terms of scholarships and international visits. The department helps students get internships and secure jobs in various professional organizations through placement office. The alumni frequently visit the department and provide valuable feedback which helps to improve learning in our class rooms. Today, our graduates are playing an important role towards sustainable development in various energy and environment sectors in Pakistan and abroad.
HOD's Message
Prof. Dr. Mubarik Ali Karachi Campus

We are proud that we have excellent academic environments in Bahria University Karachi Campus, we are also proud that we are the pioneer in southern Pakistan offering top quality education in Geophysics on B.S and M.S level. Soon we will launch Ph.D program as well. The department of Earth and Environmental Science of Bahria University has standard infrastructure, foreign qualified faculty, essential lab facilities, strong linkage with national oil industry, and with international academic and research institutes. Also to be mentioned that Pakistan Petroleum Limited (PPL) has created PPL Chair of Geophysics specially in the department of Earth & Environmental Sciences to share their educational responsibility in promoting, enhancing, and strengthening the academic and research activities in geophysics. The oil industry of Pakistan and the Middle East is always in the search of qualified and skillful young graduates in geophysics, and Bahria University has taken initiative to provide high standard geophysical education matching with the industrial needs. We invite the youth to join our geophysics programs, learn about the earth as custodian of natural resources (oil and gas, minerals, and water), learn about the technology used to explore, find, and exploit these hidden treasures of the earth. Geophysics is a science and most effective technology of the oil industry, it gives a vision and skill, and makes you an important individual of the society. Geophysicists, as a matter of fact, are the leading scientists in the oil industry who enjoy the status, and lucrative salary packages. We have to know that the natural resources such as hydrocarbon, minerals, and water are the backbone of a country's economy and strength. The rich economies of the world such as USA, Russia, Middle East and other oil exporting countries are heavily dependent on natural resources. But unfortunately we have gained meager benefits from those resources although God has blessed our lands with plenty resources. The present energy crisis is a challenge for the oil industry , for the planners, and for the earth scientists to rescue the nation by giving a break-through with rich discoveries of oil and gas. Intensification of the exploration activities in the whole country is a possible solution. We have several national and multinational oil companies in Pakistan engaged in exploration and exploitation activities, and have important oil and gas discoveries in their credit through a continued struggle of geophysicists along with the other earth scientists. Come and join our department, receive quality education in geophysics, become a part of the industry, and make brilliant career as a geophysicist. Department of E&ES has also earned high appreciations through its quality M.S and Ph.D programs in Environmental Science. We offer annual admission to the young enthusiastic graduates to make true their dreams of M.S and Ph.D. We have standard research facilities not only for degree programs but also for commercial services being provided to the private and public sectors.
Introduction What are Earth & Environmental Sciences?

Earth science also known as geoscience, is an all-embracing term for the sciences related to the planet Earth. It is arguably a special case in planetary science, the Earth being the only known life-supporting planet. The formal discipline of Earth Sciences includes the study of the atmosphere, oceans and biosphere, as well as the solid earth. Typically Earth Scientists will use tools from physics, chemistry, biology, chronology and mathematics to build a quantitative understanding of how the Earth system works and how it evolved to its current state. Like all other scientists, Earth scientists apply the scientific methods. They formulate hypotheses after observing events and gathering data about natural phenomena and then they test hypotheses from such data. Environmental science is an interdisciplinary academic field that integrates physical and biological sciences (including physics, chemistry, biology, soil science, geology and geography) to the study of the environment and the solution of environmental problems. Environmental science provides an integrated, quantitative and interdisciplinary approach to the study of environmental systems. Environmental Scientists work on subjects like the understanding of earth processes, evaluating alternative energy systems, pollution control and mitigation, natural resource management and the effects of global climate change. Environmental issues almost always include an interaction of physical, chemical and biological processes. Environmental Scientists bring a systems approach to analyze environmental problems. Key elements of an effective environmental scientist include the ability to relate spatial and temporal relationships as well as quantitative analysis.
Visit of Bahria University Environmental Sciences students to Ayubia National Park, Dunga Gali, organized by WWF.
What the Graduates of Environmental Sciences, Geology and Geophysics do?

You can work in many areas of industry, academics and government as an applied and/or research scientist. As an applied scientist, you would be involved in exploration for petroleum and mineral resources, An offshore oil rig identification and remediation of potential environmental problems and hazards. As a research scientist, you would delve on natural phenomena such as the origin and distribution of volcanoes and earthquakes, past life on Earth including the dinosaurs, the origin and structure of the oceans, continents and even other planets.
Bahria University Environmental Sciences students are investigating cut-off drain.
Programmes Overview
The Bahria University Earth & Environmental Sciences Department confers the Bachelors of Science (BS) (4 years programme), Master of Science (MS) degrees (2 years program) in the fields of Geology, Geophysics, Environmental Sciences and Environmental Policy & Management (EPM). The Master's degree is the highest degree offered and is conferred only upon completion of a coherent and focused programme of advanced study. The department has set its own minimum degree requirements as per HEC criteria. The bachelor degree offers students advanced training and opportunities for research. The program is for the prospective professional, earth and environmental scientists in the corporate sector and emphasizes practical work. Requirements necessary to earn these degrees are listed in the Eligibility Criteria section.
Chemical Lab
Eligibility Criteria
S. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Program BS Geology BS Geophysics BS Environmental Sciences MS Geology MS Geophysics MS Environmental Sciences MS EPM Eligibility F.Sc (Pre-Engg/Pre-Medical) / A level or equivalent with 50% marks BS/M Sc Earth Sciences with 3.0 CGPA BS/M Sc Earth Sciences / Natural Sciences 3.0 CGPA BS/M Sc in all Sciences with 2.5 CGPA
Earth Sciences graduates of Bahria University
Bachelor of Science (BS) Geology (4 years)

Bachelor of Science in Geology is a four years program comprising 135 credit hours in total. Summary and semester-wise details are given in the ensuing tables:
Summary
Compulsory Courses
Other Courses BS Thesis Total Credit Hours
91
38 6 135
Bahrian Earth Science Faculty member setting up a resistivity meter for water prospecting in Kalar Kahar.
Bachelor of Science (BS) Geology

(Road Map)
Semester 1 (First Year) Course Code Course SOC-105 SOC-110 ENG-103 GEO-105 MAT-105* CSC-105 PHY-101 Pakistan Studies Islamic Studies English I Physical & General Geology Mathematics Introduction to Computers Physics Contact Hours Credit Hours Theory Lab Total 2 0 2 2 2 0 2 2 3 0 3 3 4 2 2 3 3 0 3 0 4 2 2 3 4 2 2 3 Total 16 16 6 22
*Academic credit of this course is zero but its contact hours; teaching material and tuition fee are equal to a 3-credit hour course.
Semester 2 Course Code

ENG-104 GEO-110 GEO-115 GEO-120 MAT-115 CHM-105
Course Title English II Fundamentals of Geography & Geomorphology Introduction to Geophysics Field Geology Calculus & Analytical Geometry Chemistry Total
Credit Hours 3 3 3 3 3 3 18 Credit Hours 3 3 3 3 3 3
Contact Hours Theory Lab Total 3 0 3 3 0 3 3 2 3 2 16 0 2 0 2 4 3 4 3 4 20
Semester 3 (Second Year) Course Code ENG-205 GEO-205 GEO-210 CSC-205 MAT-205 HSS-III or HSS-115 or HSS-201 or HSS-202 Course Title Oral English / Oral Communication Structural Geology Mineralogy & Crystallography Programming Fundamentals Statistics Humanities and Social Sciences Contact Hours Theory Lab Total 3 0 3 4 2 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 3 0 3
Total
Note: The students will be offered only one subject of HSS given above.
18
14
22
Semester 4 Course Code GEO-215 GEO-220 GEO-225 GEO-230 MAT-210 Course Title Sedimentology Optical Mineralogy Geochemistry Geotectonics Advance Mathematics Contact Hours Credit Hours Theory Lab Total 4 2 2 3 4 2 2 3 4 2 2 3 4 2 2 3 3 0 3 3 Total 15 11 8 19
Field Work 1
Course Code GEO-235 Course Title Geology Field Work & Report-I Credit Hours 3 Contact Hours Theory Lab Total 0 0 3
Semester 5 (Third Year)

Course Code GEO-305 GEO-310 GEO-315 GEO-320 GEO-325 CSC-305 Course Title Environmental Geology Paleontology Igneous & Metamorphic Petrology Marine Geology Stratigraphy of Pakistan Data Structures Total Credit Hours 3 3 3 3 3 3 18 Contact Hours Theory Lab Total 3 0 3 4 2 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 3 0 3 4 2 2 14 8 22
Semester 6
Course Code GEO-330 GEO-335 GEO-340 GEO-345 GEO-350 Course Title Micropaleontology & Biostratigraphy Earthquake Seismology Well Logging Petroleum Geology Geology of Pakistan Total Credit Hours 3 3 3 3 3 15 Contact Hours Theory Lab Total 3 0 3 4 2 2 4 2 2 3 0 3 4 2 2 12 6 18
Field Work 2
Course Code
GEO-355
Course Title Geology Field Work & Report-2
Credit Hours 3
Contact Hours Theory Lab Total 0 0 3
Semester 7 (Fourth Year)

Course Code
GEO-405 GEO-410 GEO-415 GEO-420 GEO-425
Course Title Petroleum Engineering Engineering Geology Economic Geology Hydrogeology Research Methodology Total
Credit Hours 3 3 3 3 2 14
Contact Hours Theory Lab Total 4 2 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 2 0 2 10 8 18
10
Semester 8
Course Code Course Title Geochemical Exploration Techniques GIS & Remote sensing Seismic Stratigraphy Thesis Total Credit Hours 3 3 6 3 15 Contact Hours Theory Lab Total 3 2 0 2 7 0 2 0 2 4 3 4 6 4 17
GEO-430 GEO-435 GEO-445 GEO-440
Bahrian University Geological Museum
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Bachelor of Science (BS) Geology

(Course Description)
SOC-110 Islamic Studies (2CH)
Introduction to Quranic Studies, Study of selected Text of Holly Quran, Study of Selected Text of Holy Quran, Steerat of Holy Prophet (S.A.W) I, Seerat of Holy Prophet (S.A.W) II, Introduction To Sunnah, Selected Study from Text of Hadith, Introduction to Islamic Law & Jurisprudence, Islam Culture & Civilization, Islam & Science, Islam Economice System, Political System of Islam, Islam History, Social of Islam.
ENG-103
English-1 (3 CH)
Process of Comprehension; Understanding and segmentation of important information; Importance and Principles of Comprehension; Passage, Paragraph; extracting required and relevant information; Direct & Indirect approaches; Introduction to speech analysis; Comprehension of speech; Speaking correct English; Oral Communication / Practice; Listening Techniques; Taking and giving instructions orally / written and by telephone; Direct / Indirect Speech; Idioms / Synonyms; Communication through Visual Aids; Demonstrations / Presentations.
GEO-105
Physical Geology and General Geology (3 CH)
Fundamentals of Physical Geology, including composition and structure of the earth; Surface and ground water; Weathering and erosion; Sedimentation; Glaciations, Diastrophisms, and volcanism; Laboratory exercises in identification of common minerals and rocks; and interpretation of topographic maps; Field rips to nearby geological localities.
MAT-105
Mathematics (0 CH)
Number System: Real Numbers; Properties of Real Numbers; Complex Numbers and related laws of addition, multiplication and division; Functions Domain & Range; Inverse of a Function; Quadratic equations and their solutions; Matrices and Determinants; Partial Fractions; Sequences and Series; Permutations and Combinations; Mathematical Induction and Binomial Theorem; Basics of Vector Analysis; Elementary Coordinate Geometry; Limits and Continuity of Functions; Differentiation and Integration of Functions
CSC-105
Introduction to Computers (3 CH)
History of computer development; Application of computers; Classification and types of computers; Basic block diagram of a computer; Hardware (input, output, memory, CPU) and software (system software & application software); Social impact of computer age; Computer in education and scientific research; Introduction to, and history of Internet; Internet service providers and connections; The World Wide Web.
PHY-101
Physics (3 CH)
Newton's gravitation law; Kepler laws; Electrostatistics; Magnetisms; Amperes law; Magnetic flux density B; Reflection and refraction Interference and diffraction; Natural and artificial radioactivity; Heat and Conductivity; Pressure and Density; Thermodynamic Principles; Electricity and Magnetism; Semi Conductor; Transistors; Satellite Communication; Introduction to Meteorology.
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ENG-104 Pre-requisite:
English 2 (3 CH) ENG-103
Report writing, letter writing (formal), prcis writing (advance), listening skill (advance), reading skills (advance), essay writing, story writing, curriculum vitae/rsum writing, vocabulary (advance), and presentations
GEO-110 Pre-requisite:
Fundamentals of Geography and Geomorphology GEO- 105
The nature and scope of Geography, structure and composition of atmosphere, horizontal and vertical distribution of temperature, air pressure and winds, impacts of lithosphere on human being, role of hydrosphere on mankind, movements in oceanic water, concept of map making, socio-physical environment of Pakistan, concept of resources and human role. Geomorphological processes, Glaciers and their erosional and depositional land forms. Geological works of wind. Erosional and depositional work of surface and subsurface water, valley and baselevel development and its type, drainage pattern, stream meandering and development of flood plans.
The erosional and depositional work of sea, development of coastal land forms. Geomorpphic cycles and associated landforms produced by tectonics and volcanic activity.
Introduction to Geophysics (3 CH) PHY-101
Elementary study of the gravitational, seismic, magnetic, thermal, and radioactive properties of the earth; Methods of measurement, interpretations of data and their applications to the scientific and economic exploration of the earth's interior; Introduction to palaeomagnetism.
Field Geology (3 CH) GEO-105
Instruments used in field mapping; Introduction to topographic and Geological maps; Methods and techniques of surface and subsurface Geological mapping; Correlation techniques; Field description of igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks; Modes of Geological illustration including structural contour, isopach and litho-facies maps, block and fence diagrams; Field mapping, preparation of Geological maps and cross-section; Field work; Each student is required to do field work and submit a report in the examination; The field work should cover; observation of physical features and their plotting on topographic sheet; Study of geomorphic feature; Measurement of stratigraphic sections; Recognition of structural features; Fauna observation; Study of primary and secondary structures; Field description of sedimentary; igneous and metamorphic rocks;
MAT-115
Calculus & Analytical Geometry (3 CH)
Limit of a function and theorems on limits; Calculating limits using limit theorems; One-sided limits. Limits at infinity; Infinite limits; Continuity of functions and theorems on Continuity; The Intermediate Value of theorem; Differentiation rules; Derivatives of algebraic and transcendental functions; Derivative of Composite functions (The chain rule); Implicit differentiation; Higher derivatives; Differentials and errors; Integral and derivative; Rules for indefinite integration; Integration by substitution, by Parts and by Partial Fractions.; Trigonometric integrals and trigonometric substitutions; Definite integrals Application to arc length and area between curves; Sequences; Limit of a sequence; Infinite series; Convergent and divergent series; Test for convergence; Power Series; Taylor and Maclovrin Series; Review of Analytic Geometry (Line, Circle, Conic Sections)
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CHM-105
Chemistry (3 CH)
Fundamentals of chemistry including macroscopic behavior of basic States of Matter; Energetics of Chemical bonding and its applications; Solutions and colloids; Special emphasis on the acid-base equilibria in aqueous solutions; Buffers and pH; Hydrocarbons; Factors effecting the Chmical reactivity of different organic functional groups; Introduction to molecular spectroscopy and modern analytical techniques with their applications.
ENG-205 Pre-requisite:
Oral English (3 CH) ENG-104
Introduction to Oral Communication, Confidence Building/Knowing your Audience, Public Speaking & Presentation Skills, Meeting & Interviewing Skills, Non Verbal Communication, Listening & Communication, Project Reviewing (Recording an interview), Arguing a Point of View.
Structural Geology (3 CH) GEO-105
Dynamics of rock deformation and mechanical properties of rocks; Stress and strain concepts; Factors controlling mechanical behavior of Materials; Folds classification based on morphology, geometry, and vergence; Mechanics of fold formation; Faults classification based on geometry and genesis; Structures in compressional and extensional regimes; Classification of Joints, foliations and lineation; Unconformities, their classification and recognition. Laboratory exercises on geologic map interpretation and cross sections; Field trips to area where good Geological structures are exposed
Mineralogy and Crystallography (3 CH) GEO-105
Introduction to Crystallography; elements of symmetry, symmetry operations, crystal notation, crystal systems study of normal classes of crystallographic systems; Classification and system study of minerals with an emphasis on their crystallographic features, physical properties, Chemical composition, occurrences, associations and uses; Introduction to X-ray crystallography Lab: Identification and description of common minerals. Study of crystal models
CSC-205 Pre-requisite:
Programming Fundamentals (3 CH) CSC-105
Program structure of C; Input & Output functions of C and C + +; Preprocessor directives; Variables and Consonants; Operators; Decision and Loops; Arrays and Pointers.
MAT-205
Statistics (3 CH)
Collection and Interpretation of Data; Data array and frequency distribution; Measure of Central tendency: Mean (all types), Median, Mode; Measure of Dispersion: Mean deviation, standard deviation, variance and skewness; Introduction to probability; Probability distribution; Curve fitting and Regression Analysis; Sampling and Sampling distribution; Estimation of parameters: Point and interval estimates in samples; Statistical Inference; Testing of hypothesis using z, t and f tests.
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Sedimentology (3 CH) GEO-105
Introduction; Sediments, their origin, transportation and deposition; Stratification, digenesis, lithification and origin of sedimentary rocks; Depositional environments; Sedimentary basins; Sedimentary structures, their morphology and interpretation: Classification, composition and textures of sedimentary rocks and their descriptive study
Optical Mineralogy (3 CH) GEO-210
Review of the rock-forming minerals occurrences and associations, light & its nature, basic principles of polarized light microscopy (PLM) & its applications to mineral identification, types of microscopic samples, thin-section preparation techniques, optics of isotropic minerals, optics of anisotropic minerals, uniaxial optics, biaxial optics
Geochemistry (3CH) CHM-105
Introduction; Nature of geochemical data and methods of analysis; Composition of solar system, meteorites and the earth; Geochemical classification of elements; Factors governing behavior of elements in Geological processes; Eh and pH diagrams; Geochemistry of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks; Geochmical cycle; Introduction to exploration, environmental and analytical geochmistry; Laboratory instrumentation and common analytical methods involving rocks, soils, minerals and water.
Geotectonics (3 CH) GEO-205
Review of various tectonic theories; Historical development of the plate tectonic theory; Plate Movements, Mantle Plumes, Plate Boundaries, Detail study of plate tectonics; Orogenic belts and evolution of folded mountains; Young folded mountains of the earth with special emphasis on mountain belt in Pakistan; Regional Tectonics of Pakistan.
MAT-210 Pre-requisite:
Advanced Mathematics (3 CH) MAT-115
Differentiation; Trigonometric and inverse trigonometric functions; Three dimensional problems; Indefinite integrals; Definite integrals; Reduction formulae; Ordinary differential equations of first order and 2nd order for system analysis; Laplace transforms; Bassel functions; Fourier series expansion of a function; Fourier transform.
GEO-235
Geology Fieldwork & Report-1 (3 CH)
One-week fieldwork in order to introduce students to Geological and Geophysical field techniques; Method of data collection; Use of field instruments and basic Geological mapping procedures; Identification of structures and mineral occurrence; A written Geological report at the end of the course.
Environmental Geology (3 CH) GEO-105
Fundamental concepts of Environmental Geology; Soil; Earth Materials & Processes; Application of
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Geology to a broad environmental concerns of Society; Evaluation of natural hazards, floods, landslides, subsidence, earthquakes, volcanic activity and coastal erosion; Water resources; Waste disposal management; environmental related health effects; Environmental impacts of mining, petroleum and gas exploitation; Geology in land use and urban planning; Environmental Geology mapping; Preparation of environmental impacts Statements.
GEO-310
Paleontology (3 CH)
General introduction of paleontology and fossils occurrence; Modes of preservation, limitations and Geological distribution of fossils; Evolutionary trends; Systematic study of the principal phyla of invertebrates; Fossils habitats and time ranges of fossils; Practicals include the systematic study of important genera of the main invertebrate fossil phyla; Field trips to fossil bearing localities. Introduction to vertebrate paleontology
Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology (3 CH) GEO-210
Nature and generation of magma; Magmatic crystallization and differentiation; Mode of occurrence and types of extrusive and intrusive igneous rock bodies; Structure and textures of igneous rocks; Classification and systematic study of igneous rocks; Processes and types of metamorphism and tectonism; Field and Laboratory study of igneous rocks in Hand specimen study of igneous and metamorphic rocks; Field trip to igneous & metamorphic areas.
CSC-305 Pre-requisite:
Data Structures (3 CH) CSC-205
Basic Data Structures; Abstract Data Types; Representation of Algorithms, Efficiency Analysis, Arrays; Stacks; Queues; Linked Lists; Graphs; Sorting and Searching.
GEO-320 Pre-reqiuisit:
Marine Geology (3CH) GEO-105
Development of marine geoogy, contribution of deep sea drilling project (DSDP) and ocean drilling program (ODP). Hypsometry, topographic features of the ocean. Plate tectonics and sea floor spreading, major ocean basins, gulfs and seas. Geology of continental margins, estuaries, deltas, barrier islands and coral reefs. Sediment types and distributions, shelf sedimentation, oxygen and strontium-Isotope, deep sea sedimentation. Methods and instrumentation in marine geology. World wide sea level changes through time.
Stratigraphy of Pakistan (3CH) GEO-325
Principle of stratigraphy; laws of superosition and faunal succession. Geological time scale with divisions. Classification and nomenclature of stratigraphics units: lithostragraphic unites, biostratigraphic units and chronostratgraphic units. Geological time scale with divisions. Stratigraphic Code of Pakistan. Principle of strati correlation. Outline of stratigraphy of Pakistan. Principles of bio-stratigraphy and bio-stratigraphy zones. Bio-stratigraphic techniques and procedures. Bio-stratigraphy of Pakistan.
Micropaleontology & Biostratigraphy (3 CH) GEO-310
Introduction to Foraminifera, Bryozoa, Ostracoda, Conodonts, Algae, Pollen and Spores; Organic
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walled microplanktons and nanno fossils; Principles of bio-stratigraphy and bio-stratigraphic zones; Bio-stratigraphic techniques and procedures; Tertiary bio-stratigraphy with special reference to Pakistan. Lab: Basic micro-paleontological and bio-stratigraphic techniques. Morphological and taxonomic studies of selected microfossils
Petroleum Geology (3 CH) GEO-325
Introduction; Properties of petroleum and natural gas; Origin, migration and accumulation of hydrocarbons; Related source, reservoir and seal rocks; Reservoir properties; Various types of Geological traps for hydrocarbon accumulation; Concept of petroleum province and introduction to basin analysis.
Earthquake Seismology (3 CH) GEO-110
Causes and effects of earthquakes; Methods to locate and to assign magnitudes to earthquakes; Types of elastic waves, their propagation, travel-time curves and applications to the study of earth's interior; Earthquake risk analysis and expectations; man-made earthquakes and seismometery; Earthquake Seismology and the mathematical analysis of seismological processes on the basis of elastic wave theory; Seismic waves and their analysis in earthquake seismology; Frequency, magnitude, energy of an earthquake and their relationship; Source parameters and their determination; Composite fault plane solutions of earthquakes and their determination; Geographical distribution of important earthquakes; Earthquakes and their implication on the tectonics of the area; Specified problems on data processing analysis; fault solutions and interpretation.
GEO-340
Well Logging (3 CH)
Introduction; Types of Logs; Methods and principles; Factors influencing Logs; Resistivity logs; SP logs; Gamma Ray logs; Formation density logs; Neutron logs; Sonic logs; Calipar logs, Dip meter logs. Application of logs; Porosity determination; Lithology and hydrocarbon detection; Structural interpretation; Correlation; Laboratory work.
GEO-355
Geology Field Work and Report-II (3 CH)
One-week fieldwork in geologically important areas to further train the students in geological field techniques; method of data collection and measurement of stratigraphic section; Identification of complex structures, sample collection techniques. Use of field instruments and Geological mapping procedures; A written Geological report at the end of Semester.
GEO-405
Petroleum Engineering (3 CH)
Origin and formation of the hydrocarbons (mainly petroleum), methods and processes to drill a well bore, Cores, coring methods and their analysis, pressure calculation, Lag time calculations, electric logging techniques used in well analysis, Casing and Cementation of the well bore to make it stable, introduction to mud logs and logging method, introduction to the production of a well
Engineering Geology (3 CH) GEO-305
Basic concept of Engineering Geology; Mass-wasting, landslide and other rock movements; Uplift and settlement problems; Excavation and tunneling; Introduction to soil mechanics; Classification and characteristics of soil; Engineering properties of soil; Introduction to rock mechanics, stress and
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strain characteristics in deformation of rocks; rock classification; rock engineering properties; Geology of the engineering structures: dams, tunnels, bridges
Economic Geology (3 CH) GEO-315
Introduction and historical development of economic Geology; Processes of formation, classification and importance of mineral deposits; Physical and Chemical controls of mineral deposition; Wall rock alteration; Para genesis and zoning; Occurrence, association of ore deposits; Hand specimen studies of common metallic and industrial mineral.
GEO-420
Hydrogeology (3 CH)
Introduction to the hydrology of surface and groundwater supplies; Water bearing properties of rocks; hydrodynamics of flow though porous Materials; Flow nets; Well hydraulics; Analysis and evaluation of pumping test data; Groundwater quality; Occurrence of groundwater in various rock types and sediments; Introduction to techniques used in groundwater exploration and survey.
GEO-425
Research Methodologies (2 CH)
An Overview of Research Methods and Methodologies; Difference Between Method and Methodology; Epistemology, Methodology, and Method; An Overview of Empirical Research Methods: Descriptive (Qualitative) & Experimental (Quantitative); Assessing Methods; Ethnographies; Case Studies; Survey Research; Focus Groups; Discourse/Text Analysis; Quantitative Descriptive Studies; Prediction and Classification Studies; Meta-Analysis; Validity in Research; Reliability in Research; Rigor in Research; Key Considerations to Design Your Research Approach; The Importance of Methods and Methodology
Geochemical Exploration Techniques (3 CH) GEO-415
What is geochemistry? Geochemistry application to mineral prospecting; Geochemical analysis; Geochemical anomalies in relation to mineralization; regolith types; path-finding minerals; Geochemical exploration for metallic minerals; Assaying; geochemical exploration technology for petroleum; Macro Seepages; Geochemical Indices of Petroleum; Hydrochemical Indicators of Oil, Classification of Waters; Fluorescence of Bitumens; Microbiological Prospecting Techniques; Surface Geochemical Prospecting; Generation of Biogenic Gas; Application of Carbon Isotopes; Advances in Mud Logging; Applications to Production; Philosophy of Anomaly Selection; Contractor Technology; Future Technology
GEO-435
GIS & Remote Sensing (3CH)
Introduction to Geographical Information System, Data Types (Spatia / Aspatial), Data Models and Structures (Raster / Vector), Data Sources and Capturing Techniques, Displaying and Manipulating spatial information, Vector Data Preparation (Digitization and Spatial Data Editing), GPS Survey, Introduction to the concept of RS, Electromagnetic Spectrum, Atmospheric Interaction, Technology of Remote Sensing (Orbits, Satellites, Sensors and Platforms), Applications of Remote Sensing, Satellite Image Proceessing Cycle, Image Enhancement, Data Fusion and Mosaicing Information Extraction (Classification and Vectorization).
GEO-445
Seismic Stratigraphy (3 CH)
Introduction; Seismic stratigraphic approach; Recognition and discrimination of depositional
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sequence; Boundaries of depositional sequences; Stratigraphic interpretation of seismic facies; Principal types of seismic facies; Recognizing and evaluating unconformities; Factors controlling deposition of cyclic sequences; Origin of cyclic sequence; Application of seismic stratigraphy in hydrocarbon exploration; Basin classification; Classification and structural styles related to strikeslip, Thrust tectonics; Source rocks and its types. Interpretation of logs and other relevant data to identify areas favorable for hydrocarbon exploration
Geology of Pakistan (3CH) GEO-230
Physiographic and tectonic divisions and their descriptions. Geology and stratigraphy of the Indian plate, Karakoram plate, Afgan black and Arabian plate. Kohistan, Chagai and Ras Koh magmatic arcs, oroclines and suture zones. Regional metamorphism (Himalayan and Pre-Himalayan). Main episodes of magmatism and their relations to tectonics. Economic mineral and fuel deposits of Pakistan.
GEO-440
Thesis (6 CH)
Involves research work in any field of interest related to Geology and submission of a dissertation.
SOC-105
Pakistan Studies (2CH)
Historical Perspective, Ideological retionale with special reference to Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, Allama Muhammad Iqbal and Quad-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah. Factors elading to Muslim separatism, Peope and Land, Muslim advent, Location and Geo-physical features. Government and Politics in pakistan, Political and constitutional Phases (1947-58, 1958-71, 1971-77, 1977-88, 1988-99, 1999 onward), Contemporary Pakistan, Economic institutions and issues, Society and social structure, Ethnicity, Foreign policy of Pakistan and challenges, Futuristic outlook of Pakistan.
HSS-III
Introduction to International Relations
In this course the students are introduced to basic concepts in international Relations; the development of International Relations as a discipline, its scope, approaches to the study of International Relations; level of analysis and contending theories. Emphasis will be on the examination of contemporary International political systems, global issues of war and peace, economic and political integration, poverty, human rights etc.
HSS-II5
Introduction to Media Studies
In this course the students are introduced to media institutions and methods of production of media messages. If familiarizes the students with the tools of analysis of media messages as well as the studies of the audience and contemporary media debates. The focus then switches from media production and organization, to analysis of media output, to exploration of consumption and use of this out put and ultimately to the larger issue of the socio-political role/s of media in contemporary society.
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HSS-201
Introduction to Anthropology
The course is divided into four segments. Each segment introduces the students to one of the four main branches of Anthropology as a discipline namely socio-cultural anthropology, physical anthropology, archaeology and linguistics. In the first segment the students are introduced to the core concepts within socio-cultural anthropology to include ethnology, ethnography, society, social organization, culture, sub-culture and counter cultures etc. This segment also introduces the students to ethnographic fieldwork methods and basics of qualitative research. The second segment introduces students to the Drawinian evolutionary theory and theory & practice of paleo-anthropology, forensic anthropology and genetics. The third segment tells the students about the difference between historic, prehistoric and contemporary archaeology. It also familiarizes the students with the methods of conducting archaeological research and provides them with some basic information about various methods of feature and artifactual dating used in archaeology. The fourth and last segment of the course introduces students to various braches of linguistics with a focus on sociolinguistics. It would also discuss issues of politics of representation and discourse analysis.
HSS-202
Introduction to Sociology
This course introduces students to the basic concepts of siology to include the rise, evolution, and functioning of social groups in society, the principles underlying the inter and intra group interaction, the structure of conflict and conflict resolution, articulation between social structures and psychological processes. The course also looks at some of the classical socialogical theoreticians to include Augustine Xavier comte, herbert Spencer, Emile Durkhiem and others.
Students taking Zero (0) Size print of a Map in the Geomatics Lab.
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Bachelor of Science (BS) Geophysics

(4 years)
Bachelor of Science in Geophysics is a four years program comprising 135 credit hours in total. Summary and semester-wise details are given in the ensuing tables:
Summary
Compulsory Courses Other Courses BS Thesis Total Credit Hours 91 38 6 135
A group photo of gold medalists with the cheif guest, Naval Cheif of Staff and Rector Bahria University
21
Semester 1 (First Year)

Course Code S0C-105 S0C-110 ENG-103 GEO-105 MAT-105* CSC-105 PHY-101 Course Title Pakistan Studies Islamic Studies English I Physical & General Geology Mathematics Introduction to Computers Physics Total Credit Hours 2 2 3 3 0 3 3 16 Contact Hours Theory Lab Total 2 2 3 2 3 2 2 16 0 0 0 2 0 2 2 6 2 2 3 4 3 4 4 22
*Academic credit of this course is zero but its contact hours; teaching Material and tuition fee are equal to a 3-credit hour course.
Semester 2
Course Code ENG-104 GEO-110 GEO-120 GEO-115 MAT-115 CHM-105 Course Title English II Fundamentals of Geography & Geomorphology Field Geology Introduction to Geophysics Calculus & Analytical Geometry Chemistry Total Course Title Oral English Structural Geology Mineralogy & Crystallography Programming Fundamentals Statistics Humanities and Social Sciences Credit Hours 3 3 3 3 3 3 18 Credit Hours 3 3 3 3 3 3 Contact Hours Theory Lab Total 3 0 3 3 0 3 3 2 3 2 16 0 2 0 2 4 3 4 3 4 20
Semester 3 (Second Year)

Course Code ENG-205 GEO-205 GEO-210 CSC-205 MAT-205 HSS-111 Or HSS-115 Or HSS-201 Or HSS-202 Contact Hours Theory Lab Total 3 0 3 4 2 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 3 0 3
Total
Note: The students will be offered only one subject of HSS given above.
18
14
22
Semester 4
Course Code GEO-215 GEO-240 GEO-245 GEO-230 MAT-210 Course Title Sedimentology Gravity and Magnetic Expl. Techniques Mathematical Methods of Physics Geotectonics Advance Mathematics Total Credit Hours 3 3 3 3 3 15 Contact Hours Theory 2 2 2 2 3 11 Lab 2 2 2 2 0 8 Total 4 4 4 4 3 19
22
Field Work 1
Course Code GEP-250 Course Title Geology & Geophysical Field Work & Report-I Credit Hours 3 Contact Hours Theory Lab Total 0 0 3
Semester 5 (Third Year)

Course Code GEO-365 GEO-305 GEO-315 GEO-320 GEO-325 GEO-305 Course Title Electrical & Radioactive Tech Environmental Geology Igneous & Metamorphic Petrology Marine Geology Stratigraphy of Pakistan Data Structures Total Credit Hours 3 3 3 3 3 3 18 Contact Hours Theory Lab Total 3 0 3 3 0 3 2 2 4 2 2 4 3 0 3 2 2 4 15 6 21
Semester 6
Course Code GEO-335 GEO-350 GEO-370 GEO-340 GEO-345 Course Title Earthquake Seismology Geology of Pakistan Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism Well Logging Petroleum Geology Total Credit Hours 3 3 3 3 3 15 Contact Hours Theory Lab Total 3 0 3 4 2 2 4 2 2 3 0 3 4 2 2 12 6 18
Field Work 2
Course Code GEO-375 Course Title Geology & Geophysical Field Work & Report-2 Credit Hours 3 Contact Hours Theory Lab Total 0 0 3

Course Code GEO-450 GEO-405 GEO-415 GEO-420 GEO-425 Course Title Seismic Exploration Techniques Petroleum Engineering Economic Geology Hydrogeology Research Methodology Total Credit Hours 3 3 3 3 2 14 Contact Hours Theory Lab Total 2 2 2 2 2 10 2 2 2 2 0 8 4 4 4 4 2 18
23
Semester 8
Course Code GEO-440 GEO-455 GEO-460 GEO--435 Course Title Seismic Stratigraphy Geophysical Data Processing Thesis GIS and Remote sensing Total Credit Hours 3 3 6 3 15 Contact Hours Theory Lab Total 3 2 0 2 7 0 2 0 2 4 3 4 6 4 17
Students & Faculty Members of Earth Sciences on a field trip at Salt Range, Pakistan.
Bahrian Students during their trip to Harvard University
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Bachelor of Science (BS) Geophysics

Note: Course Description for common subjects in Geology & Geophysics can be seen in Previous Sections & the subjects Specified to this program are described as under: GEO-240 Pre-requisite: Gravity and Magnetic Exploration Techniques (3 CH) GEO-115
Introduction, fundamental principles, units of gravity, roll of mass & density in gravity, distribution of density inside earth, methods of determining value of g, gravity acquisition, flattening effect of earth, gravity processing including gravity reduction, different types of correction with their mathematical derivation, Bouger anomaly, regional and residual effect, gravity modeling of ore bodies, methods of finding out density & thickness of ore bodies, introduction to magnetic method, significance in oil exploration, magnetic force, definition, unit, advantages & disadvantages, planning of survey, magnetic moment, magnetic induction & magnetic permeability, intensity of magnetization, magnetic reduction, magnetism in rocks and minerals, remnant magnetization, susceptibility contrast, magnetism of earth (geomagnetism), hysteresis loop, interpretation of magnetic data.
Mathematical Methods of Physics (3 CH) GEO-110
Introduction, From a Problem to Its Solution by Mathematical Modeling, Practical Examples for Mathematical Modeling, Summation of series, Spherical and cylindrical coordinates, The divergence of a vector field, The curl of a vector field, The theorem of Gauss, The theorem of Stokes, Conservation laws, Scale analysis, Linear algebra, Fourier analysis, Analytic functions, Complex integration, Green's functions, principles, examples; Normal modes, Potential theory
Electrical and Radioactive Techniques (3 CH) GEO-115
Electrical methods Basic theory; Electrical properties of rocks and minerals; Self potential method Basics; Self Potential method field and interpretation; Self Induce Polarization method principles and theory; IP method field survey and interpretation study of a case history; Resistivity method basic theory; Electrical resistivity relations and measurements; Resistivity and Properties of materials; Acquisition and Processing of Data Interpretation; Radioactive methods Basic theory; Radioactive minerals and Survey Interpretation; Newton's Law Earth's gravity field Basic equations-Derivation of relation between gravity and density Concept using different geological structures; Gravity survey Scope - Planning, factors influencing the planning; Types of survey on the basis of objective and nature Accuracy; Acquisition of gravity data Corrections applied to field data; Drift correction Latitude correction and its mathematical derivation; Practical problem solution; Interpretation of gravity data; Regional residual separation 25
Techniques; Regional residual separation Mathematical treatment; Magnetic methods Basic theory; Magnetic properties of rocks; Paleomagnetism; Planning Data acquisition Processing; Interpretation
Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism (3CH) GEO-115
Fundamentals of geomagnestism.Magnetic properties of rocks. Description of magnetic field of the earth. Magnetic fields of the Sun, Moon and Planets, Paleomagnetic sampling, Measurement of NRM. Magnetic cleaning techniques and field test of Paleomagnetic stability. Paleo intensity analysis. Paleomagnetism and its applications. Paleomagnetism and Tectonics. Paleomagnetism and Tectonics. Paleomagnetism and Continental Drift. Geomagnetic Polarity.
GEO-375
Geology and Geophysical Field Work & Report-II (3 CH)
One-week fieldwork in geologically important areas to further train the students in geological field techniques; Method of data collection and measurement of stratigraphic section; Identification of complex structures, sample collection techniques. Use of field instruments and Geological mapping procedures; A written Geological report at the end of semester.
GEO-450
Seismic Exploration Techniques (3 CH)
This course is designed to give students theoretical background and hands-on experience in seismic exploration techniques. It will focus on fundamental theory and physical principles of seismic method as used in Hydrocarbon and mineral exploration programs. Seismic reflection survey methodologies. Special emphasis on physical instrumental and field procedures. Processing & Interpretation of seismic data.
GEO-455
Geophysical Data Processing (3 CH)
Over View of Seismic Data Processing; Elastic Properties of Solids; Seismic Waves; Reflection, Refraction & Diffraction; Practical Applications; Seismic Noises; Signal Theory Fundamentals; Courier Analysis; Correlation & Convolution; Principles of Digital Filtering; Data Reduction: Display, Editing, Amplitude Adjustment; Demultiplexing; Vibrosies Correlation; Header Generation; Geometric Correction: Trace Gathering, Static Correction, Dynamic Correction; Data Analysis and Parameter Optimization: Filtering, Deconvolution, Seismic Velocities; Data Refinement: Stacking, Residual statics, Migration, Hand Migration, Migration Velocity, Ray Tracing, Computer Migration, Comparison of Different types of Migration, Spatial Aliasing
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Bachelor of Science (BS) Environmental Sciences

(4 years)
Bachelor of Science in Environmental Sciences is a four years program comprising 135 credit hours in total. Summary and semester-wise details are given in the ensuing tables:
Summary
Compulsory Courses Other Courses Thesis Total Credit Hours 91 38 6 135
Pro-rector Bahria University distributing certificates at the end of a seminar
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(Road Map)
Semester 1 (First Year)
Course Code SOC-105 SOC-110 ENG-103 ENV-105 PHY-101 CSC-105 BIO-105* MAT-105* Course Title Pakistan Studies Islamic Studies English-1 Introduction to Environmental Sciences Physics Introduction to Computers Fundamentals of Biology OR Fundamentals of Mathematics Total Contact Hours Credit Lab Total Hours Theory 2 2 3 3 3 3 0 0 16 2 2 3 2 2 2 3 3 16 0 2 0 2 2 2 0 0 8 2 2 3 4 4 4 3 3 25
* Academic credit of these courses is zero, but their contact hours, teaching material and tuition fee is equal to a 3 Credit hours course
Semester 2
Course Code ENG-104 ENV-110 CHM-105 GEO-110 GEO-105 MAT-115 Course Title English-II Environmental Biology Chemistry Fundamentals of Geography & Geomorphology Physical & General Geology Calculus & Analytical Geometry Total Credit Hours 3 3 3 3 3 3 18 Contact Hours Theory Lab Total 3 0 3 4 2 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 2 3 14 2 0 8 4 3 22
Semester 3(Second Year)

Course Code ENG-205 ENV-205 ENV-210 GEO-305 ENV-245 HSS-111 or HSS-115 or Course Title Oral English / Oral Communication Fundamentals of Ecology Environmental Chemistry Environmental Geology Introduction to Oceanography Humanties and Social Sceinces Credit Hours 3 3 3 3 3 3 Contact Hours Theory Lab Total 3 0 3 3 0 3 4 2 2 3 0 3 3 0 3 3 0 3
Total
Note: The student will be offered only one subject of HSS given above.
18
17
19
28
Semester 4
Course Code ENV-215 ENV-220 ENV-225 ENV-230 ENV-235 MAT-205 Course Title Social theory of Environment Environmental Microbiology Applied Ecology Environmental Issues Meteorology & Climatology Statistic Total Credit Hours 3 3 3 3 3 3 18 Credit Hours 3 Contact Hours Theory Lab Total 3 0 3 4 2 2 3 0 3 3 0 3 3 0 3 3 0 3 17 2 19 Contact Hours Theory Lab Total 3
Field Work
Course Code ENV-240 Course Title Environmental Sciences Field Work + Report
Semester 5 (Third year)

Course Code ENV-305 ENV-310 ENV-315 ENV-320 ENV-325 HSS-201 HSS-202 Course Title Environmental Monitoring Environmental Toxicology Environmental Management System Environmental Biotechnology Water Resources Management Humanities and Social Sciences Credit Hours 3 3 3 3 3 3 Contact Hours Theory Lab Total 4 2 2 4 2 2 3 0 3 3 0 3 3 0 3 3 0 3
Total
Note: The student will be offered only one subject of HSS given above.
18
16
20
Semester 6
Course Code ENV-330 ENV-335 ENV-340 ENV-345 ENV-350 Course Title Environmental & Natural Resource Economics Analytical Techniques in Environmental Science Solid Waste Management Environmental Hazards Remote Sensing and GIS for Environment Total Credit Hours 3 3 3 3 3 15 Contact Hours Theory Lab Total 3 3 2 3 2 13 0 0 2 0 2 4 3 3 4 3 4 17
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Course Code ENV-405 ENV-410 ENV-415 ENV-420 GEO-420 Credit Hours Pollution Control Technology 3 Environmental Impacts Assessment 3 Natural Resource Management 3 2 Research Methods in Environmental Sciences 3 Hydrogeology 14 Total Course Title Contact Hours Theory Lab Total 3 0 3 3 0 3 3 0 3 2 0 2 3 3 0 14 0 14
Semester 8
Course Code ENV-425 ENV-430 ENV-435 ENV-440 Course Title Occupational Health and Safety Environmental Laws & Policies Final Project Energy and Environment Credit Hours 3 3 6 3 Total 15 Contact Hours Theory Lab Total 3 0 3 3 0 3 6 3 0 3 15 0 15
Students of Earth and Environmental Sciences during field work
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Note: Course description for common subjects in Geology, Geophysics and Environment Sciences can be seen in previous sections and the subjects specified to this program are described as under:
BIO-105
Fundamentals of Biology (0 CH)
Introduction to cell, Classification and its structure, Contribution of scientists, Description of human body parts and internal body functions, Classification of organisms, Order of classification, Types of kingdom, Description of phyla, Photosynthesis, Transpiration, Parts of a plant and internal structures of root, leaf and stem, Growth of organisms and Development stages, Theory of evolution, Introduction to genetic biology.
ENV-110 Pre-requisite:
Environmental Biology (3 CH) BIO-105
Introduction: Biosphere and biological resources. Evolution of biosphere: Origin of life, protocell formation, unicellularity, multicellularity. Origin of taxonomy: Origin of species, taxonomic categories and modern criteria of classification, different classification systems. Life in sea, invasion of life on land, Geological time chart with biodiversity. Evolution as a force in diversity of life: Overview of earlier theories, Lamarckism, Darwinism, modern concepts. Diversity of life and ecological factors: Homeostasis, crucial for organisms' sustainability, environmental changes and the basis of homeostasis in organisms; examples of adjustments in varied environment, interactions among diversified life. Biodiversity: Elements of biodiversity, molecular basis of biodiversity, measuring biodiversity, Geographical aspects of biodiversity. Extinction: Ecological extinction and extirpation, causes of extinction, population loss and decline, biodiversity crises, consequences of losing biodiversity.
PHY-101
Environmental Physics (3 CH)
Basic Concepts, Environmental Sciences, Composition of Atmosphere, Isolation, Atmospheric Layers, Vertical Distribution of Temperature, Ozone Layer, Atmospheric Pressure, Surface and Upper Winds, Temperature Distribution over Earth's surface, Climate Zones, Jet Streams, Sonic Boom, Solar Radiations, Solar Winds, Orbital and Geo-stationary Satellites, Commercial, Scientific, Defense and Weather Satellites, Satellite Communication, GPS, Weather Elements, Humidity, Relative Humidity, Saturation, Condensation Clouds formation, Weather Patterns, thunderstorm, Lightening, Hailstorm, Weather Maps, Weather Forecasting, Climatic Changes, Ozone Depletion, El-Nino.
ENV-105
Introduction to Environment Sciences (3 CH)
Description of Environment, An Introduction to the Components of the natural environment with the earth sciences perpective, their composition. Distribution of Natural Resources , Concept of Ecosystem, Description of atosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere and their and components, Causes of pollution/Environmental Hazards, Impact of Pollutants on nature and an overview of environment concerns of society, Environmental health criteria and standards.
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CHM-105
Chemistry (3 CH)
Periodic Table, Metals, Non-Metals, Concept of Bonding and Its Types, Dielectric Constants, Biochemical Effects of Arsenic, Lead, Mercury, CO, Nitrogen Oxide, SO2, Cyanide. Cyclic Pathways in the environment: N, P, CO2, Pollution and its types, Definition, nature and types of contaminants, Mechanisms and medium for their diffusion, Industrial effluents, agricultural chemicals, fossil fuels, Origin and transmission of pollutants, General study of selected environmental pollutants, Inorganic compounds in soil, Fertilizers, Pesticides and Weedicides as pollutants, Types of Radiation and their biological effects, Water logging and salinity, Buffers and acid base equilibrium, Amino acids, Proteins and enzymes, Techniques for pollution monitoring.
Fundamental of Ecology (3 CH) ENV-105
Definition, concepts, history, scope and classification of ecology, Definition, concepts, structure and types of Ecosystems, Energy flow in ecosystems, ecological pyramids, Ecological efficiencies and productivity, Definition and concepts of biogeochemical cycle, Definition and concept of habitat, classification, Biomes with special reference to Pakistan, The biotic community concept, Intra community classification, Ecological dominance, Strategy of ecosystem development and evolution of ecosystem, Evolution of homosapiens, stages of development and impact of various stages on the environment, Physiological changes, Environmental stress and sociological disorders.
ENV-235
Meteorology & Climatology (3 CH)
Meteorology & Climatology Studies topics included the origin, composition and structure of the atmosphere, solar and terrestrial radiation, atmospheric heat, temperature and circulation, air pressure, humidity, saturation, stability, clouds, precipitation, planetary circulation, middle latitude weather systems, thunderstorms, tornadoes, tropical weather systems, and the analysis of weather events using real-time satellite imagery (visible, infrared, water vapor), radar data, upper air soundings, Stuves, and meteorgrams.Climate change, global climate and pollution resulting global warming etc Further, lab work would include Internet tools for weather analysis and forecasting, Surface and upper air chart analysis, Fire weather case study, Fire weather case study, weather forecast, Internet tools for climate analysis and forecasting, Snow climatology analysis etc.
ENV-210
Environmental Chemistry (3 CH)
Historical background, Introduction to Environmental Science, Technology and Chemistry, Water pollution, Water treatment, Atmosphere and atmospheric chemistry, Particles in the atmosphere, Gaseous inorganic and organic pollutants, Photo-chemical smog, Environmental chemistry of hazardous waste, Chemical analysis of Water and waste water, Waste and solid, Air and gas
Environmental Issues (3 CH) ENV-105
Description of environment, rationale about concerns, fundamental principles, sustainable development, natural/manmade components. The Lithosphere, Atmosphere, Hydrosphere 32
and Biosphere. The hydrologic cycle, Types of Rivers/Stream, Discharge/runoff, Erosion/Transportation, Groundwater zones, Water table, Aquifers, Natural Springs, Effects of geology on water quality, The Composition of atmosphere, Heat budget, Structure, Wind systems, Air masses, Fronts and Depressions, Evaporation and Condensation, Clouds& fog, Thunderstorms, Tornadoes and Hurricanes, Weather & Climate, Climatic controls, Classification of climate, Climatic variability & trends. Ozone layer depletion, Green house effect and global warming. Environmental dilemmas, erosion, deforestation, water-logging, salinity, drought and desertification, Issues of environment and sustainable development, issues of the social environment: population, population & resources, population growth, urbanization, migration and poverty, Environment and life style.
ENV-220
Environmental Microbiology (3 CH)
Micro organisms and safety: Harmless micro organisms and assumptions, handling clinical an contaminated samples, Bio-safety against risk type micro organisms, Handling of genetically manipulated microorganisms and plant pathogens, Environmental applications: Waste water microbial treatments, solid waste treatment, biogas, sludge from fermentation as fertilizer, bio-deterioration control, bio-mining, and geological applications; Micro organisms and agri-production: bio-pesticides, dinitrogen fixation, virus detection, bacteria and virus elimination in plants, soil biological quality and plant growth, microbial activities, mineralization and immobilization, rhizosphere and degradation, Food technology and microbial aspects, Microbial food spoilage and improvement, sanitation in food industry, value addition, Industrial hygiene.
Applied Ecology (3 CH) ENV-205
Background and concepts of applied ecology, Carbon- energy balance and climate change, Solar radiation and primary production, CO2 and global climatic change, Ecological concepts in food production, photosynthesis, Use in farming systems, Cutting of forests for agricultural purposes, Sustainable agriculture and livestock management, Aquaculture practices, Pollution control in eco system, Species response to pollutants, Bioremediations and phytoremediations, Conservation and management of wild species, Co-existence of species, Specie-area relation ship, Human influence on bio-diversity.
ENV-245
Introduction to Oceanography (3 CH)
Fundamental oceanographic principles, Physical properties of sea, water, salinity, temperature, density, water masses, Oceanic budgets of heat, water and salt. Circulations and currents, waves, tides, tsunamis, monsoonal reversals. Estuarine circulation, sea water stratification, ocean acoustics, acoustic attenuation in marine sediments, Chemical properties of marine environment, Typical distribution of sea water characteristics, Surface and deep ocean water circulation, Worldwide heat budget study.
Social Theory of Environment (3 CH) ENV-105
Introduction to Social Theory, Environment and Societies, Contemporary Social Theory, Environmental degradation and politics, Classical Social Theory, Politics, Culture and 33
Socialism, Social interactions, Feminism, Population and environment, capitalism, Industrialism and transformation of nature, Globalization, The political ecology of capitalism, Origins of Environmental Movements, The sociology of risk, Social theory, Socialism and Environment, The ecology of unemployment, war and health.
ENV-305
Environmental Monitoring (3 CH)
Conceptual Basis of Environmental Monitoring Systems, Integrated Data Management for Environment Monitoring Programs, Basic Concept and Applications of Environmental Monitoring, Atmospheric Monitoring, Opportunities and Challenges in Surface Water Quality Monitoring, Groundwater Monitoring: Statistical Methods for Testing, Selection of Ecological Indicators for Monitoring, Efficiency of Forest Health Monitoring Indicators, Landscape Monitoring, Monitoring and Assessment of the Fate and Transport, Statistical Methods for Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, Discriminating between the Good and the Bad: Quality Assurance, Monitoring, Assessment and Environmental Policy, Development of Watershed-Based Assessment Tools, Biological Indicators in Environmental Monitoring Programs.
Environmental Toxicology (3 CH) ENV-105
Introduction to Toxicology: History, Toxin vs Toxicants, Anthropogenic Chemicals as Toxicants. Classification of Environmental Toxicants, Toxicological Agents and their types. Dose and Dose response relationship. Toxicity and its measurement. Organs, Organ system and Effects of Toxicants on Organ system. Bioaccumulation and biomagnifications: Threshold limit for toxins, Toxicant Metabolism and accumulation in body organs and pathways. Response of the body systems to toxicological agents: immunological considerations in toxicology, toxicity screening using microbial systems. Risks and their characterization: risk assessment and management
ENV-315
Environnemental Management System (3 CH)
Introduction to Environmental Management Systems, Principles and sources of EMS. Sources of data and data collection and interpretation, Related Environmental Regulations, Principles of cleaner production, Tools of Environmental management and Applications. Introduction of ISO14000 series of standards. Environmental auditing, Corporate social responsibility.
ENV-330
Environmental & Natural Resource Economics (3 CH)
Introduction to economics, Concepts and Scope of Environmental Economics, Economic growth and management, Obstacles to economic growth, Population and environmental quality, Interaction between ecology and economic management, Sustainable growth and development, sustainability as non-declining wealth and resilience, Fundamentals of sustainability, Targets for key resources, The meaning of environment valuation, Needs of evaluation, Types of values, Indicators for valuing environment, Techniques for valuing the environment, environmental accounting, Physical approach for monetary approach, rationales for discounting, discounting and intergeneration equity, Pollution as externality and types of externality, optimal level of pollution, Market based incentives, Proper pricing of natural resources and taxation policy.
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Water Resources Management (3 CH) ENV-105
Introduction; hydrological cycle, water resources and their role, limits to water availability, water losses, water consumption, water pollution, water shortage problem and solution, improving water productivity, water conservation practices, integrated management of coastal and marine resources, wetlands resources, irrigation resources, sustainable aquaculture practices, flood and draught management, government Policies and Programmes. Dams, barrages and their environmental impacts on farm water management.Recycling and re-use of wastewater as a resource. Indus Water Treaty 1960, Indus Water Accord 1991, relevant intuitions and authorities.
ENV-240
Environmental Field Work and Report (3 CH)
One-week fieldwork to train the students in environmental field techniques. Method of data collection and analysis. A detailed field report at the end of semester.
Natural Ressource Management (3 CH) ENV-105
Introduction to natural resources and their sustainable management, Requirements of a management plan, forest types and Methodologies of watershed management, existing status of Rangeland Management, Existing situation of Wildlife at national level, wildlife census, Threats faced by wildlife, Available water resources and threats to it, Effective management plan., Fisheries Management, Existing situation of Agricultural Sector, Agricultural products and their share in GDP, Problems faced by agricultural sector, Agricultural policy and Management options. Minerals Resources, Oil, methods of oil extraction, primary, secondary and tertiary oil recoveries, and Natural Gas.
ENV-335
Analytical Techniques in Environmental Science (3 CH)
Introduction, Principal of physical, chemical and microbiological analysis of environmental pollutants, Sampling rules, procedure, collection and there preservations for the examination of water, waste water, air, solid waste and soil, Lab technique and field monitoring, Conventional chemical analysis, Analytical Environmental data, assessment and interpretation, Separation Techniques, Electro analytical techniques, Thermal method of analysis, Biological indicators, General principle of spectrometry ,Instrumental techniques using atomic absorption, U.V-visible, infrared spectrophotometers, gas chromatography, Xray defraction, X-ray Florence etc.
ENV-345
Environnemental Hazards (3 CH)
Introduction, Types of environmental hazards, Flood control, Information on river flooding, Effects on agro-economy, Slope stability in hilly areas, Types of landslides, their causes and remedial measures, Methods of analysis of slope, Landslide inventory mapping, Information on land slides and their effects on Socio-economic conditions, Study of case histories in Pakistan and abroad, Snow Avalanches, Subsidence mechanism and related problems, Earthquake Hazards. Extreme climatic events, Global circulation of atmosphere, Hurricanes, Tornadoes, Mid-Latitude Cyclone, Thunderstorm. 35
Pollution Control Technology (3 CH) ENV-310
Waste minimizations, utilizations and treatment, Air pollution control, Water pollution control, Recycling and re-use, Incinerations, Separation Techniques, Medical waste handling and disposal, Barriers to new technology and recommendations
ENV-350
Remote Sensing and GIS for Environment (3 CH)
Fundamentals of Remote Sensing, Energy Sources, Characteristics of electromagnetic radiation and spectrum, Spectral reflectance of land covers. Remote Sensing system, Aerial Photography, Interpretation, Photogrammetry, Satellite Imageries, Image Processing, Interpretation, Preparation of thematic maps. Fundamentals of Geographic Information System (GIS), Data analysis and output, Organizational setup, evaluation and implementation; GIS applications in: Environmental protection and resource conservation, Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), Agriculture, Forestry, Fishery and Wildlife, Introduction to relevant Pakistani Institutions working in GIS
ENV-425
Occupational Health (3 CH)
Introduction, concepts, importance and principles of occupational health and safety, Cost of accidents, Hazards and risk at work place, Plants and mines safety and safe work practices, fire fighting techniques, Emergency response protocols, Spill response protocols, Risk assessment approaches, Occupational health and safety management system 18001, Occupational health and safety in Pakistan, Labor Code of Pakistan.
Solid Waste Management (4 CH) ENV-320
Sources and impacts of waste, Sustainability and the economics of waste management, Integrated Waste Management and Life Cycle Analysis, Quantification of waste, Waste minimisation and reuse, Collection, and sorting systems, Biological treatments, Incineration, Landfill, Recycling and Integrated Waste Management Case Studies, Wastewater emissions and water quality, Waste gas emissions and climate change.
Environnemental Impacts Assesment (3 CH) ENV-310
Environmental impacts of human/natural activities, Methods, techniques and format of Environmental Impact Assessment and Statements, Development plans and projects and detailed study of their Impact, environmental Impact Indicators, Monitoring including Environmental Management Plan and Disaster Management plan, and auditing in Environmental Impact Assessment with special reference to Pakistan, National planning for EIA, Case studies of EIA of Industries, Wars, Infrastructure Projects, Environmental quality standards, EIA follow-up, Strategic Environmental Assessment.
ENV-430
Environmental Laws & Policies (3 CH)
National Environmental Policy of Pakistan and its implementation, Conservation Strategies and Action Plans; Environmental provisions in the constitution of Pakistan; Pakistan Environmental Protection Act of 1997 and the rules, regulations made there under; 36
environmental provisions in the Local Government Ordinance, 2001 and the rules of business made there under. Meaning and Scope of environmental planning and management, Man-Environmental Interaction in time and space, Conservation strategies, WCS, PNCS, SPCS, and local conservation strategies, Environmental policies and Legislation for environmental protection in Pakistan, Treaties, Conventions and Protocols in International Environmental Issues, Public awareness and its role.
ENV-435
Research Project (6 CH)
The students will do the research project as a partial requirement of the bachelor's degree program.
ENV-320
Environmental Biotechnology (3 CH)
Introduction to Biotechnology, Principles and concepts, Current trends and environments, Bacteria DNA & genomics, Gene transplantation in Bacteria, Human genome its composition & genetics, Recombinant DNA technique, Biosensors, Bio absorption, Bioremediation, Gel electrophoresis, PCR, Oil spill, soil contamination & its management, Bioreactors.
ENV-440
Energy & Environment (3CH)
Basics of Energy: Energy Requirement for what?, Classification: Renewable, Nonrenewable, Alternate Energy, Fossil fuels and their environmental effects: Green house effect and acid rain etc., Renewable energy principles: Solar radiation characteristics, measurements and local data; Passive use of solar energy (water heating, air heating, crop dryers, space heating, water desalination, solar ponds and solar concentrators etc), Alternate Energy: Photovoltaic; Micro-hydro electric plants; Wind power; Biofuels; Ethanol from Biomass; Wave and tidal and ocean thermal energy; Geothermal energy, Energy storage (batteries and fuel cells etc.): Hydrogen from renewable energy sources.
ENV-420
Research Methods in Environmental Sciences (2 CH)
Introduction to Research, Research Design & Research Methods; Scientific Research: Science, Scientific Methods, Techniques & Pre-requisites for Scientific Research, Critical Thinking and Developing the Research Question: Defining the Research Problem; Selecting the Research Method; Research Proposal: its importance - A pre-requisite for Research; Research Proposal Writing Techniques: Importance of Research Design, Review of Literature, Objectives, Methodology; How to put things together? Introduction, Material Methods, Review of Literature, Bibliography, Literature Search: Database, Search Engines; Analytical tools in research: qualitative and quantitative methods; Sampling: the logic of sampling, concepts and terminologies, population and sampling frames, types of sampling design/; Data Collection: Techniques in data collection: Quantitative & Qualitative Data; Experimental Research, Case Studies, Surveys, Interviews, Questionnaire; Data Analysis: Data Interpretation: Current data interpretation with comparative studies (Inter-laboratory comparison), Inference based on findings; Research Presentation Techniques Data presentation.
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EARTH & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES MASTERS PROGRAMS

Master of Science (MS) Geology & Geophysics (2 years)
Master of Science Geology

(Road Map)
38
Students studying Rocks sections under the Microscope
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Master of Science (MS) Geology

GEO-501 Global Tectonics (3CH)
Geological, geochemical and geophysical evidence related to the contemporary concepts of plate tectonics and mantle convection. Kinematics and dynamics of plate motions. Description, evolution and causes of movements between lithospheric plates. Seismicity, geological processes and tectonics of plate boundaries. Wilson cycle in detail. Continental rift and drift. Major tectonic features of the Earth's crust. Tectonics and orogenies. Plumes. Plate tectonic evolution and geological processes of ocean basins, sea-floor spreading, magnetic anomalies, subduction zones, island arcs, rises, trenches and transforms. Geochemical and thermal evolution of the Earth. Dynamics of processes and physical properties of the Earth's interior including mantle dynamics and thermal convection. Modern analogues for plate tectonic phenomena. Plate tectonic framework of Pakistan.
GEO-502
Geophysical Exploration Methods (3CH)
An introduction to the physics of the earth. Theory and application of basic geophysical field techniques including, gravity, magnetic, electrical, electromagnetic, GPS, seismic studies, and satellite remote sensing. The present internal structure and dynamics of the earth and constraints from the gravitational and magnetic fields, seismology, mineral phases and wave propagation in earth materials. The earthquake source in terms of seismic and geodetic signals. Contributions of heat-flow, gravity, paleomagnetic, and earthquake mechanism data to plate tectonics, the driving mechanism of plate tectonics, and the energy sources of mantle convection.Application of the basic principles of physics to the earth sciences, including mechanics of rotating bodies, the two-body problem, tidal theory, oscillations and normal modes, diffusion and heat transfer, wave propagation, electro- and magneto-statics.
GEO-503
Advanced Petroleum Geology (3CH)
Origin, migration and accumulation of petroleum; Properties of reservoir rocks; Biomarkers and geochemical correlations; Techniques of subsurface geology formation evaluation using well logs, different mapping techniques; geological problems of production and secondary recovery are emphasized; case histories of major oil fields are reviewed. At least one field trip is required. Prerequisite: GEOL 415 or consent of the instructor.
GEO-504 Prerequisite:
Sequence Stratigraphy (3CH) GEOP 410 or Consent of the instructor
Concepts and principles of sequence stratigraphy, including data acquisition & data processing, 2-D and 3-D seismic methodology, and pitfalls. Sequence stratigraphic tools, including seismic stratigraphy, outcrop and well data, chronostratigraphic charts and biostratigraphy. Applications to depositional system, including fluvial systems, paralic 40
successions, deep marine clastic systems, carbonate systems, organic-rich facies and hydrocarbon source rocks. Pitfalls. Labs will emphasize type of sequences, system tracks and various units.
GEO-505 Prerequisite:
Advanced Sedimentology (3CH) GEOL 220 or consent of the instructor.
Review of properties of sedimentary materials- clastic and carbonates; Concept of flow regime and bed forms; Sedimentary processes and depositional environments continental, marginal marine and marine; Facies and facies analysis--criteria for recognition of ancient sedimentary environment; Interpretation and recognition of major depositional environments: fluvial, eolian, delta, beach and barrier bar, marine shelf-clastics and carbonates, deep marine turbidite, pelagic; Burial diagenesis clastics and carbonates.
GEO-506
Organic Geochemistry (3CH)
Study of organic carbonaceous materials in relation to the genesis and modification of fossil fuel and ore deposits. Biological origin of the organic matter with emphasis on contributions of microorganisms to the nature of these deposits. Biochemical and thermal changes which convert the organic compounds into petroleum, oil shale, tar sand, coal, and other carbonaceous matter. Principal analytical techniques used for the characterization of organic matter in the geosphere and for evaluation of oil and gas source potential. Organic matter in hydrocarbon generation. Kerogene and its types. Thermal maturation modeling of petroleum source rocks; subsidence history, thermal history. Depositional settings of petroleum source beds; petroleum types; rock pyrolysis; petroleum generation, expulsion and secondary migration. Evaluation of source rock potential. Labs will emphasize source rock evaluation, and oilsource rock and oil-oil correlation methods.
GEO-507
Basin Analysis (3CH)
Basins in their plate tectonic environment. Lithosphere mechanics. Basins due to lithospheric stretching. Basins due to flexures. Basins associated with strike-slip deformation. Controls on basin stratigraphy. The basin-fill depositional style. Evolution to the basin-fill. Application to petroleum play assessment. Quantification of undiscovered potential.
GEO-508
Stratigraphy & Petroleum Prospects of Pakistan (3CH)
Brief review of stratigraphy of Pakistan. Stratigraphy of Salt Range and Hazara regions. Sedimentary basins / sub-basins, source rocks, reservoir rocks, cap rocks, hydrocarbons potential of oil and gas fields of Pakistan.
GEO-509
Log Analysis and Well Site Geology (3CH)
Logging environment. Temperature logging. Caliper logs. Self potential logs, Resistivity and conductivity logs. Gamma ray and spectral gamma ray logs. Sonic logs. Density and photoelectric logs. Neutron log. Lithology construction from logs. Dip-meter log. Imaging logs. Facies sequences and depositional environment from logs. Stratigraphy and sequence 41
stratigraphy. Hydrocarbon detection. Source rock identification. Job of well-site geologist. Appraisal and examination of well samples. Description of well cuttings.
GEO-510
Development of Groundwater Resources (3CH)
An introduction to geophysical and geochemical methods of exploration for planning, and design of regional water resources investigations. Case histories in the management of ground-water resources. Literature review and special field problems. in resource developments.
GEO-511
GIS Applications in Geology (3CH)
Introduction to the GIS. Type of geological and remote sensing data used in GIS and data preparation for GIS studies. Uses of GIS in mineral and hydrocarbon exploration, and in geological, and structural studies. Spatial relationship and geological associations.
GEO-512
Mineral Prospecting & Exploration (3CH)
Mineral prospecting methods. Mineral deposit economics, target selection, deposit modeling, exploration technology, international exploration, environmental issues, program planning, proposal development. Geochemical prospecting methods. Geochemical behavior of common ore elements, development of primary and secondary haloes around ore deposits. Distribution of detrital material and solutions by streams. and glaciers, etc. Dispersion of trace metals from mineral deposits and their discovery. Principles and application of primary dispersion to the search for metallic mineral deposits. Secondary dispersion processes (mechanical and chemical) applied to the search for metalliferous mineral deposits. Field methods of analysis for trace amount of metals. Labs consists of analysis and statistical interpretation of data from soils, stream sediments, vegetation, and rock in connection with field problems. Individual special investigations of a laboratory or field problem in exploration geochemistry.
GEO-601
Thesis (3CH)
Thesis based on individual research work comprising original investigations under supervision of members of the faculty in their respective fields; designed to give training in methods of research, and to yield contributions to scientific knowledge. This may involve research-oriented geological field mapping, geophysical survey, practical training by internship, or participation in a research project, as per guidance of the academic Supervisor from the Department.
GEO- 519
Coal Geology
Definition, composition, classification and origin of coal .Litho types and coalmacerals. Chemical and petrographical analysis. Application of coal petrography. Depositional environments of coal and coal bearing strata, coalification process, types of coal basin sand their tectonic setting, concepts of cyclic deposition in coal basin, origin of split sand partings in coal seams . Comparison between modern and ancient coal forming environments, structural problems relevant to exploration & mining. Coal utilization and resource evaluation. Methods of coal exploration :geological, geophysical and drilling. Coal bearing 42
sequences of Pakistan. Coal mining and its environmental issues. Lab.Petrographyofcoalandassociatedrocks.Preparationofcoalpellets,petrographicmethods ofcoal analysis. Specified assignments/projects.
GEO-520
Rock Mechanics
Fabric and mechanical nature of rocks. Determination of rock quality for engineering purposes. Stress strain behaviors of different rocks. Rock mass strength. Theories of failure. Types of fracture. Rock deformation in compression. Factors controlling mechanical behaviors of rocks. Excavation methods in rocks. Distribution of stresses around underground excavations. Use of photo elastic it yin rock mechanics. Measurement of stresses in situ. Wave propagation in rocks. Dynamic Models. Lab. Specified assignments/projects on uniaxial and triaxial strength.
GEO-521
Soil Mechanics
Introductionandconceptofsoilmechanics.Soilformationanditsclassification,surveyandsamp lingwithitsimportantengineeringpropertieslikedensity,permeability,shearingstrength,beari ngcapacity,consolidation and settlements. Lab.Indexpropertiesofsoildeterminationofsoildensity,permeability, unconfined shearing and compressive strength of soil and Attenberg's limits.
GEO-522
Geochemical Exploration
Basic principles for geochemical exploration. Geochemical dispersion, geochemical mobility and association of elements. Classification of mineral deposits. Types of geochemical anomalies in bed-rock,residual and overburden, drainage sediments, and natural waters. Orientation surveys. Role of path finder elements in mineral exploration. Decay pattern in stream sediments. Statistical interpretation of geochemical data .Geochemical methods and selection of sediments in mineral exploration with emphasis on litho stream sediments and soil survey. Geochemical evaluation and appraisal of ore deposits. Lab. Preparation of histogram, frequency diagram sand geochemical maps.
GEO-523
Isotope Geochemistry
Principles and applications of isotopes in earth and planetary sciences. Distribution of isotopes in the Earth and solar system. Stable isotopes in the atmosphere and hydrosphere, stable isotope variations in various types of rocks and weathering and diagenetic processes, Carbon- and sulphur-isotope studies of organic matter, fossil fuels and related materials Radioactive decay: Introduction, decay mechanisms (beta, positron, electron capture, alpha), fission, rates of radioactive decay, half life, decay series and secular equilibrium, applications of natural radioactivity and units of radioactivity. An introduction to isotopic dating methods and Radiogenic isotope as tracers of geological processes: Introduction, KAr, Rb-Sr, Sm-Nd, U-Th-Pb (concordia, discordia, zircons, isochrons), extinct radio nuclides, fission tracks, cosmogenic nuclides and 14C dating, heterogeneity of the Earth's mantle, Nd and Sr isotope.
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GEO-524
Clastic Sedimentology
Texture of clastic sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary structures, their classification, and hydrodynamic conditions. Pealeo current analysis and provenance of clastic rocks. Sedimentary environment sand facies. Continental environments: Deserts, rivers lakes, glaciers and wind. Transitional environments; Delta, estuary,inter deltaic complexes. Marine environments: shelf, slope and deep marine. Diagenesis of clastic rocks. Lab. Petrographic study of clastic rocks. Heavy mineral analysis. Recording, plotting and analysis of Paleocurrent data. Field techniques for study of clastic sedimentary rocks.
GEO-525
Carbonate Sedimentology
Carbonate mineralogy and chemistry: structure of aragonite, calcite and dolomite, trace elements and isotopes, Dolomite and dolomitization models : Modern and ancient examples Dolomitization reactions, trace element geochemistry of dolomites, dolomite petrography. Depositional textures and structures: Carbonate constituents, algal stromatolites. Classification of carbonates by Folk and Dunham. Porosity types. Concept of micro facies and micro facies types of Wilson. Major controls on carbonate sedimentation. Depositional processes and facies in carbonate rocks. Carbonte depositional models, platforms, rimmed shelves, ramps, epeiric plat forms and isolated platforms. Cyclicity in carbonates. Modern carbonate environments of Bahamas, Florida and Persion gulf. Carbonted epositional systems; Lacustrine, shoreline, peritidal reefs, shallow and deep water. Diagnetic processes: sequences and models. Lab.Identificationofcarbonatesedimentsinhandspecimenandthinsections.Microfaciesinterp retations.Staining and XRD techniques.
GEO- 526
Clay Mineralogy
Introduction,structureandclassificationofclayminerals.Introductiontoanalyticalmethods.Or iginanddiagenesis:claymineralsduringdiagenesisandlowgrademetamorphism.Paleothermo metery.Geologicalsignificance:depositionalenvironments;claymineralsandsedimentation. Significanceofclayminerals in soils, drilling fluid and reservoirs. Industrial applications. Lab. Samplepreparation for analysis.Identification of clay minerals.
GEO-527
Hydrochemistry and Groundwater pollution
Laws of chemistry related to water and its reaction with the aquifer matrix.Principles and processes controlling composition of natural water. Water-Quality Standards (EPA), Methods of water sampling and analysis. Properties and constituents of water. Presentation, evaluation and interpretation of water analysisdata (Piper and Trilinear diagram, Stiff Pattern).Sources,nature and effects of groundwater contamination. Mass transport of solutes and chemical processes occurring in aquifers. Septic tanks and Cesspools, Landfills, Chemical Spills and leaking underground Tanks,Ground water contaminations prevention and remedies.Monitoring wells, Water treatment and techniques for the removal of physical biological and chemical contaminants.Saline intrusions in coastal and estuarine sediments. Lab. Ground water sampling for chemical analysis. Graphic presentation of chemical analysis data. Preparation of subsurface hydro chemical maps. Identification of the source and extent of contamination.
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GEO-528
Groundwater Modeling
Mathematical and numerical simulation methods for modeling both steady and transient groundwater flow in practical applications relevant to hydrogeology and contaminant transport. Finite difference and finite element methods for steady state and transient flows: boundary conditions, range of validity and stability of the numerical schemes, numerical artifacts. Inverse modeling. Dual porosity and triple porosity modeling in groundwater flow. Computer lab on the use of popular software packages, basic methods with an emphasis on case studies.
GEO-529
Industrial Mineralogy
Physical and chemical properties of minerals. Relationship between the structure, chemistry and properties of carbonates, sulphates, silica minerals, feldspars, clay minerals, nepheline, serpentinite, amphiboles, micas, olivines and phosphates. Mechanisms of mineral nucleation and crystal growth. Importance of kinetism in mineral formation. Interpretation of mineral analysis Recalculation of a mineral analysis in terms of fixed number of anions, and where appropriate cations. Plotting a phase diagram from experiental data. Inter pretation of phase diagrams including the SiO2-SiO2,Al2O3-SiO2-Al2O3-K2OSiO2,CaO-MgO-SiO2,Al2O3-CaO. Drawing of isothermal sections through ternary phase diagram and their relevance. Plotting data on triangular diagrams. Measurement of mineral triple junction angles, description of grain boundaries and their implication for the development of rock textures. Use of a variety of computer programs, including spread sheets, to calculate mineralogical parameters. Triangular and X-Y plots. Relating mineralogical information to the assessment and performance of industrial rocks and minerals. Lab. Microscopic identification of the common rock for mingmineral sinth in section, using transmitted and reflected light microscopy. Identification of common ceramic, refractory and slag minerals in thin section.
GEO- 530
Advanced Marine Geology
Development and evolution of the ocean basins; marine sedimentation; shoreline development and classification; submarine topography; mineral resources of the sea. Laboratory analysis of marine sediments and fossil assemblages.
GEO- 531
Advanced Structural Geology
An overview of descriptive, kinematic and dynamic analysis. Concept of stress and strain ellipse and ellipsoid and their geological applications. Concept of topographic contours, structure contours, isopach, isocore maps their construction and related exercises. Altitude calculation. Stereographic projections. Calculation of layer attitude in drill holes. Crosssection construction and balancing. Exercises. Description of mesoscopic structures. Kink, Busk and dip isogon methods. Various research case studies of the selected areas published in international journals
GEO- 532
Fundamentals of Gemology
Gems; basic properties, hardness scale, Nature of light, laws of reflection and refraction, refractive indices, refractometers. Polarized light, uses of polariscope. Pleochroism, 45
Dichroscope, Electrical, magnetic and thermal properties of minerals. Specific gravity and methods of determinations. Colour and causes of colour in gemstones. Gemological instrument, hand lens, microscope, gemological microscope, polarizing microscope, special optical properties, chatoyancy, asterism, luminescence play of colors, labradorescence. Inclusions and study of inclusions. Emission and absorption spectroscopy and spectroscopes. Classification of gemstones, systematic description of crystallography, physical properties, optical properties, absorption spectra, chemical properties, special gemological features, diagnostic features and occurrences of common and less common gemstones. Lab. Uses of various instrument needed in gemstones identification. Identification of rough and cut gemstones by physical and optical properties.
GEO- 533
Research Methodology
Introduction to Research, Two Research paradigms: Qualitative & Quantitative; Research Design & Research Methods; Scientific Research: Scientific Methods, Review of Literature, Techniques & Pre-requisites for Scientific Research, Importance of Research Design, Critical Thinking and Developing the Research Question: Defining the Research Problem; Selecting the Research Method; Research Proposal and its importance; Research Proposal Writing Techniques:, Analytical tools in research: qualitative and quantitative methods; Sampling: the logic of sampling, concepts and terminologies, population and sampling frames, types of sampling design/; Data Collection: Techniques in data collection: Quantitative & Qualitative Data; Experimental Research, Case Studies, Surveys, Inference based on findings; Research Presentation Techniques; Thesis manuscript writing.
GEO-534
Reservoir Geology
Reservoir rock types: clastics, carbonates, andnon-marine reservoirs. Reservoir properties, depositional and digenetic controls. Fluid properties and their saturation. Hydrocarbon distributing and fluid contracts. Reservoir zonation and thickness mapping reservoir pore spaces configuration, mapping reservoir heterogeneity. Reservoir estimation and calculation of reservoir volumetric, material balance and production decline curve methods. Appraisal and development of reservoir basic concepts.
GEO-535
Applied Mineralogy
Ore microscopic techniques. Systematic mineralogy, textures and optical properties of ore minerals and industrial minerals. Mineralogical aspects of refractories, slags, ceramics, and concretes. Environmental mineralogy. Minerals and health. Fluid inclusion studies. Study of fluid inclusions in ore minerals. Mineralogical applications in mineral exploration, mineral processing, beneficiation, tailings, acid rock drainage. Mineralogy of gemstones, precious metals, rare minerals.
GEO-536
Advance Igneous Petrology
Igneous rocks associations; Petrogenesis of igneous rocks; Petrogenetic provinces; Basaltic provinces; Granite-Granodiorite provinces and mafic and ultramafic complexes. Tectonismmagmatism relationship; Magmatism at convergent and divergent plate boundaries; Intracontinental hotspots; Continental rift related magmatism; ophiolites; Mantle magma systems and source of magma; Physio-chemical factors in magmatic evolution.
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GEO-538
Advanced Metamorphic Petrology
Metamorphic reactions and role of fluids. Concept of iso-grades and iso-reactions grades. Very low grade an ocean floor metamorphism. Contact and regional metamorphism. Metamorphism series. P-t gradients, mineralogical characteristics of individual facies. Progressive and Regressive metamorphism of pelites. Basic rocks and carbonates. High grades metamorphism, anatexis and migmatites. Tectonic of regional metamorphic belts. Paired metamorphic belts. Metamorphic structure of continental crust. Metasomatic processes.
ENV-523
Climate Change
Introduction to the earth's climate: climate change, and the interactions between climate and the global environment; ; Electromagnetic Radiation and the Global Energy Budget; Energy and Temperature; Climate classifications: Kppen Global Climate; Global Climate Change: Causes & Consequences: Natural & Anthropogenic sources; Human responses to potential climate change; Recent Climate Change Indicators; Predicted changes to the physical world: Predicted changes to the biological world: range shifts, phonological changes, altered community structure, extinctions, human health, agriculture; Physical, chemical, biological, and social factors contributing to climate and global change; Moisture in the Atmosphere; Precipitation; Patterns in Winds and Pressure; The Measurement of Climate Change; The Causes of Climate Change: Global warming and greenhouse effect; Air Pollution and Acid Rain; Ozone depletion; Regional droughts and cataclysmic climate change; Types & Resources to produce Energy; Role of Energy Production in climate change: Fossil fuels, Hydrocarbons & their byproducts; Future Climates and the Consequences: Ground and Satellite Based Measurements Solutions & Alternates to man-made problems.
GEO-537
Advanced Engineering Geology
The main aim of the course is to familiarize students with fundamentals of soil science (water, physical, mechanical properties of rocks, engineering-geological classification of rocks), fundamentals of engineering geodynamics (accepted classifications of modern geological and engineering-geological processes, their main laws, methods of study, interconnection with engineering activities, measures for decreasing negative consequences); regional engineering geology (namely, engineering-geological characteristics of conditions in Pakistan and engineering geological zones in Pakistan), methods of technical melioration of soils and main types of engineering geological works and research.
ENV-522
Disaster Management
Natural hazards and disasters: The need for hazard and disaster studies, Historical background on Hazard and Disaster research; Disaster its types: Natural vs Man-made; Flooding, Earthquake, Landslide; Natural cycles and their role, Prediction; Hazards, Risk and Vulnerability: Definitions and characterization, Different approaches and Indicators; Factors of vulnerability: Demographic factors, Socio-economic factors, Cultural factors, Political factors, Physical factors; The impact of natural disasters: Direct and short-term impact of disasters, Indirect and long-term consequences of catastrophes, Disaster as an opportunity for development; Disaster Management: Components of management, 47
International phenomenon; Hazard and vulnerability reduction and Mitigation: hard and soft measures; Earthquake Management, Flood Management: Organizational Role; Role of Government and Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs); Role of Media in Disaster Management; Techniques and methods to assess hazard, vulnerability and risk: Qualitative and Quantitative approaches; Disaster Management Trainings and Policies.
ENV-504
Environmental Impact Assessment
Introduction, overview, principles and purposes of IEE and EIA and its significance to the society.Cost and benefits of EIA. Main stages in EIA process, law, policy and institutional arrangements for EIA systems, public involvement, screening, scoping, impact analysis, mitigation and impact management, reporting, review of EIA quality, decision-making to implement the project, project implementation and follow up, EIA project management, social impact assessment (SIA), National Environmental Quality Standards for air, liquid, solids, and noise, role of quality assurance and quality control in environmental analysis, EIA Regulations of Pakistan.
ENV-537
Environmental Engineering
Principles of Environmental Engineering: population, economic growth, industrialization, energy use. Physical and transport properties of mixtures, contaminant partitioning and transport in air, water and solids. Application of environmental principles, life cycle analysis, principles of environmental quality, standards and guidelines. Water and wastewater: characteristics and parameters, standard methods of analysis, treatment plants and systems. Industrial wastewater characteristics, treatment, treatment levels and available technologies. Sources and classification of atmospheric pollutants and particulates, health and ecological impacts. Gaussian diffusion model, lapse rate and stability conditions. Control of particulates: collection, mechanisms and efficiencies. Control of gases and vapors, adsorption, absorption, incineration, odour and gaseous pollutant control. Solid waste characterization and classification. 3R techniques Solid Waste Management
ENV-513
Health Safety and Environment
Definition and Concept of Environment related Human health problems. Public health concept: communicable and non-communicable diseases, water borne, air borne, food borne and sanitation related diseases and control measures. Occupational Health: problems and issues, prevention and control. Accident prevention and safety plans, safety techniques. Ergonomic and Safety. Primary health care services: principles and practices. Government Policies and Programs.
GEO- 539
Ore Geology
Magmatic deposits: The ultramafic-mafic Cr-Ni-PGE deposits the mafic- ultramafic Fe-Ni-Cu sulphide deposits, the quartz monzonite-granodiorite Cu- Mosulphide deposits,the anorthositegabbro Fe-Ti deposits.Porphyry type deposits.Ores associated with carbonatites. Hydrothermal vein deposits. Iron and manganese concentration of sedimentary affiliation. Stratiform and stratabound sulphides deposits. Ores formed by metamorphic and metasomatic processes. Tectonic setting and mineralization. Lab. Identification of ores in hand specimens. Ore microscopy Case studies of ore deposits of Pakistan.
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Master of Science (MS) Geophysics

(Road Map)
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50
Master of Science (MS) Geophysics

Note: Course Description for common subjects in Geology & Geophysics can be seen in Previous Sections & the subjects Specified to this program are described as under: GEO-513 Reflection Seismology (3CH)
Principles of seismic reflection profiling, focusing on methods of seismic data acquisition and seismic data processing for hydrocarbon exploration
GEO-514
Electrical Methods and Bore-hole Geophysics (3CH)
Fundamentals of current flow in the earth. Electrode arrangements and field procedures. Instruments. Processing and interpretation of resistivity data. Field procedure, data acquisition and interpretation of self-potential, Induced polarization and electromagnetic methods. Study of Case histories. Principles of well-logging and theory. Formation evaluation. Different types of logging techniques and their fundamentals. Interpretation and applications. Labs comprise specified assignments on data acquisition/processing and interpretation.
GEO-515
Exploration Geophysics (3CH)
General survey of the most widely used Geophysical methods for natural resources exploration and environmental studies (e.g. seismic, gravity, magnetic, resistivity, telluric, magnetelluric, self-potential and GPR methods). Discussions include theoretical basis, field instruments, acquisition and reduction of raw data, various interpretation techniques and field examples. This course cannot be taken for credit by students in the Geophysics option (Group 4).
GEO-516
Applied Environmental Geophysics (3CH)
Introduction to geophysical methods for environmental applications. Fixed and mobile hazards. Applications in contaminant plumes, conduits, fractures, voids, aquifers, buried containers, waste pits, ordnance, landfill delineation. Use of seismic methods, ground penetration radar, electromagnetic methods, tomography and other geophysical methods to environmental problems.
GEO-517
Seismic Data Analysis (3CH)
Discrete data analysis with particular emphasis on seismic problems. Z-transforms, discrete Fourier transforms, filtering, deconvolution, autoregressive-moving average models, spectral analysis, missing data, model fitting, and two-dimensional and multi-channel analysis. Workshop experience in computer processing of seismic reflection data. Students individually process a commercial seismic reflection profile from field tapes to migrated stack, using interactive software on a workstation.
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GEO-518
3-D Seismic Interpretation (3CH)
Introduction, importance and application, practical points in seismic interpretation. Quality control of survey and processing; reflection identification; following a reflection; miss-ties; digitization and map construction. Two-way time maps. Depth contoured maps. Isopach maps. 3-D seismic interpretation techniques; horizon and seismic trace attributes.
GEO-519
Seismic Exploration (3CH)
Advanced seismic survey techniques land seismic survey techniques, marine seismic survey techniques. Practical seismic data processing. 2-D, 3-D & 4-D interpretation techniques. Data standardization and management. Applications of seismic reflection methods.
GEO-601
Thesis (3CH)
GEO-542
Geodesy
The geoid, the ellipsoid and the earth's gravity field; Elementary geometry of the ellipsoid; Determination of geodetic position in terms of geographical coordinates; Map projections; Geodetic datum concepts and geodetic surveying; Datum transformations; Active processes of strain, mass transfer, and loading
GEO-514
Mining Geophysics
Geophysical methods for exploration and mining. Methods for metalliferous mining. Geophysical prospecting. Electromagnetic, Resistivity, Induced Polarization, Self Potential, Radiometric, Gravity and Magnetic methods applied to problems in the search for metallic mineral deposits; Airborne electromagnetic surveys. site design; theoretical basis for each technique, the instrumentation used; Working Conditions, data collection, processing and interpretation procedures; Seismic methods for identifying coal, iron and copper sulphides etc. Review of geophysical research conducted in Pakistan.
GEO-543
Advanced Earthquake Seismology
Earthquake catalogue, Peak ground acceleration (PGA), Seismic risk analysis (SRA), Seismic hazard assessment (SRA), Deterministic Seismic Hazard Assessment (DSHA), Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment (PSHA), Earthquake geodynamics, Advances in Earthquake Engineering, Instrumentation, Micro earthquake Seismology, Methods of prediction and prevention of disasters and precautions for the mitigation of their effects. Seismic tomography and tele-seismic receiver's functions.
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GEO-540
Advanced Seismic Techniques
Seismic Velocity Models, Spatio-Temporal Velocity Interpolation, Horizon Velocity Interpolation, 2D Forward Seismic Modeling, Reflection Coefficient Horizon Attribute based Seismic Modeling, Velocity Model based Seismic Modeling, Seismic Inversion / Reverse Modeling, Hilbert Transform & Complex Trace Analysis, Post Stack Seismic Attributes, Amplitude versus Offset (AVO).
GEO-518
3D Seismic Technique
3D Seismic Planning Workflow, 3D Seismic Acquisition, Inline, Cross-Line and 3D Fold, Offset Distribution, Azimuth Distribution, Template, Swath, Salvo, Edge Management, Migration Aperture, 3D Seismic Processing, Grid Operations, 3D Binning, 3D Migration Algorithms, 3D Seismic Interpretation, Seismic Volume: Inline, Cross-Line and Time Slice, Auto Tracking
GEO- 519
Coal Geology
Definition, composition, classification and origin of coal .Litho types and coalmacerals. Chemical and petrographical analysis. Application of coal petrography. Depositional environments of coal and coal bearing strata, coalification process, types of coal basin sand their tectonic setting, concepts of cyclic deposition in coal basin, origin of split sand partings in coal seams . Comparison between modern and ancient coal forming environments, structural problems relevant to exploration & mining. Coal utilization and resource evaluation. Methods of coal exploration :geological, geophysical and drilling. Coal bearing sequences of Pakistan. Coal mining and its environmental issues. Lab.Petrographyofcoalandassociatedrocks.Preparationofcoalpellets,petrographicmethods ofcoal analysis. Specified assignments/projects..
GEO-524
Clastic Sedimentology
Texture of clastic sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary structures, their classification, and hydrodynamic conditions. Pealeocurrent analysis and provenance of clastic rocks. Sedimentary environment sand facies. Continental environments: Deserts, rivers lakes, glaciers and wind. Transitional environments; Delta, estuary, inter deltaic complexes. Marine environments: shelf, slope and deep marine. Diagenesis of clastic rocks. Lab. Petrographic study of clastic rocks. Heavy mineral analysis. Recording,plotting and analysis of Paleocurrent data. Field techniques for study of clastic sedimentary rocks.
GEO-525
Carbonate Sedimentology
Carbonate mineralogy and chemistry: structure of aragonite, calcite and dolomite, trace elements and isotopes, Dolomite and dolomitization models : Modern and ancient examples. Dolomitization reactions, trace element geochemistry of dolomites, dolomite petrography. Depositional textures and structures: Carbonate constituents, algal stromatolites. Classification of carbonates by Folk and Dunham. Porosity types. Concept of micro facies and micro facies types of Wilson. Major controls on carbonate sedimentation. Depositional processes and facies in carbonate rocks. Carbonte depositional models, platforms, rimmed shelves, ramps, epeiric platforms and isolated plat forms. Cyclicity in carbonates. Modern carbonate environments of Bahamas, Florida and Persion gulf. Carbonted epositional 53
systems; Lacustrine, shoreline, peritidal reefs, shallow and deep water. Diagnetic processes: sequences and models. Lab.Identificationofcarbonatesedimentsinhandspecimenandtinsections.Microfaciesinterpr etations.Staining and XRD techniques.
GEO-528
Mathematical and numerical simulation methods for modeling both steady and transient groundwater flow in practical applications relevant to hydrogeology and contaminant transport. Finite difference and finite element methods for steady state and transient flows: boundary conditions, range of validity and stability of the numerical schemes, numerical artifacts. Inverse modelling. Dual porosity and triple porosity modeling in groundwater flow. Computer lab on the use of popular software packages, basic methods with an emphasis on case studies.
GEO- 530
Advanced Marine Geology
Development and evolution of the ocean basins; marine sedimentation; shoreline development and classification; submarine topography; mineral resources of the sea. Laboratory analysis of marine sediments and fossil assemblages.
GEO- 531
Advanced Structural Geology
An overview of descriptive, kinematic and dynamic analysis. Concept of stress and strain ellipse and ellipsoid and their geological applications. Concept of topographic contours, structure contours, isopach, isocore maps their construction and related exercises. Altitude calculation. Stereographic projections. Calculation of layer attitude in drill holes. Crosssection construction and balancing. Exercises. Description of mesoscopic structures. Kink, Busk and dip isogon methods. Various research case studies of the selected areas published in international journals
GEO- 533
Research Methodology
Introduction to Research, Two Research paradigms: Qualitative & Quantitative; Research Design & Research Methods; Scientific Research: Scientific Methods, Review of Literature, Techniques & Pre-requisites for Scientific Research, Importance of Research Design, Critical Thinking and Developing the Research Question: Defining the Research Problem; Selecting the Research Method; Research Proposal and its importance; Research Proposal Writing Techniques:, Analytical tools in research: qualitative and quantitative methods; Sampling: the logic of sampling, concepts and terminologies, population and sampling frames, types of sampling design/; Data Collection: Techniques in data collection: Quantitative & Qualitative Data; Experimental Research, Case Studies, Surveys, Inference based on findings; Research Presentation Techniques; Thesis manuscript writing.
GEO-534
Reservoir Geology
Reservoir rock types: clastics, carbonates, and non-marine reservoirs. Reservoir properties, depositional and digenetic controls. Fluid properties and their saturation. Hydrocarbon distributing and fluid contracts. Reservoir zonation and thickness mapping reservoir pore spaces configuration, mapping reservoir heterogeneity. Reservoir estimation and 54
calculation of reservoir volumetric, material balance and production decline curve methods. Appraisal and development of reservoir basic concepts.
GEO-541
Geological and Geophysical Software
Type of Formats (UKOOA, P-190 format, SEG-D, SEG-Y etc), Basic learning of UNIX and LINUX, Scanning, Editing and QC of Data, Navigation data loading, Seismic data loading (SEG-Y files both 2D lines and 3D cube), Well data loading (Well locations, Formation tops, well logs etc), Preparation of Synthetic Seismogram, Generation of Horizon, Generation of Faults, Perform seismic visualization and interpretation, Velocity Model Building, Generation of Time and Depth Maps, 3D Visualization of Depth Surfaces, Crustal Shortening, Perform well correlation, Model faults, Model facies throughout the reservoir, Perform Petrophysical modeling, Calculate Reservoir volumes, Rock Physics Analysis, Complex trace attributes, Horizon and formation attributes, Color display and 3D visualization, Spectral decomposition and thin bed tuning, Geometric attributes, Attribute expression of structure and stratigraphy, Impact of data quality on seismic attributes, Structure-oriented filtering and image enhancement, Multi-attribute analysis tools
GEO-544
Borehole Geophysics (3 credit hours)
Fundamentals of current flow in the Earth. Electrode arrangement and field procedures. Instruments. Processing and interpretation of resistivity data. Field procedures, data acquisition and interpretation of self-potential, induced polarization and electromagnetic methods. Borehole geophysics as critical link Introduction, Rheology and wave propagation in inhomogeneous and fluid saturated porous materials, Vertical seismic profiling (Acquisition, Aanalysis of transmitted and reflected waves, Time and depth processing, P and S wave transformations and analysis), Fundamentals of rock physics, Borehole seismic methods introduction, Borehole seismic methods - Data acquisition, Borehole seismic methods - Data processing principles, 3D VSP, Introduction to well logging, Cross well seismic and travel time tomography, Core and core analysis, Quality control of log data, Logging tools (Calliper, SP, gamma ray logs; sonic logs; density; neutron; resistivity; NMR and Image logs), Log Interpretation methods, Special focus on several subtopics can be provided (i.e. 3D VSP, borehole imaging, pore pressure prediction)
ENV-523
Climate Change
Introduction to the earth's climate: climate change, and the interactions between climate and the global environment; ; Electromagnetic Radiation and the Global Energy Budget; Energy and Temperature; Climate classifications: Kppen Global Climate; Global Climate Change: Causes & Consequences: Natural & Anthropogenic sources; Human responses to potential climate change; Recent Climate Change Indicators; Predicted changes to the physical world: Predicted changes to the biological world: range shifts, phonological changes, altered community structure, extinctions, human health, agriculture; Physical, chemical, biological, and social factors contributing to climate and global change; Moisture in the Atmosphere; Precipitation; Patterns in Winds and Pressure; The Measurement of Climate Change; The Causes of Climate Change: Global warming and greenhouse effect; Air Pollution and Acid Rain; Ozone depletion; Regional droughts and cataclysmic climate change; Types & Resources to produce Energy; Role of Energy Production in climate change: Fossil fuels, 55
Hydrocarbons & their byproducts; Future Climates and the Consequences: Ground and Satellite Based Measurements Solutions & Alternates to man-made problems.
ENV-504
Environmental Impact Assessment
Introduction, overview, principles and purposes of IEE and EIA and its significance to the society. Cost and benefits of EIA. Main stages in EIA process, law, policy and institutional arrangements for EIA systems, public involvement, screening, scoping, impact analysis, mitigation and impact management, reporting, review of EIA quality, decision-making to implement the project, project implementation and follow up, EIA project management, social impact assessment (SIA), National Environmental Quality Standards for air, liquid, solids, and noise, role of quality assurance and quality control in environmental analysis, EIA Regulations of Pakistan.
ENV-513
Health Safety and Environment
Rectors of Bahria university and NUST are going to participate in an event organized by Bahria
56
Master of Science (MS) - Environmental Sciences

( 2 Years) Road Map
Semester
1 2 3 4 Total Credit Hours
Code
9 (2 Compulsory courses+ 1 Elective course) 9 (1 Compulsory course+ 2 Elective courses) 12 [6 (2 Elective courses); 6 (Thesis including Field and lab. Work)] 6 (Data compilation, Thesis writing and defense) 36 Hours
List Of Courses (Compulsory)

Course Title Environmental Analytical Techniques Advances in Environmental Science Environmental Management Research Methods in Environmental Sciences Credit Hours
3 3 3 3
ENV-502 ENV-506 Code ENV-530 ENV-503 ENV-505 ENV-517 ENV-520 ENV-533 ENV-513 ENV 515 ENV-506 ENV-523 GEO-527 ENV-504 ENV-508 ENV-509 ENV-534 ENV-510 ENV 511 ENV-533 ENV 536 ENV-512 ENV-537 ENV 514 ENV-516 ENV-518 ENV-519 ENV-521 ENV-522 ENV-507 ENV-524 GEO-528 ENV 600 -
ELECTIVES
Course Title Environmental Biotechnology Energy & Environment Environmental Law & Policy Pollution Control Technologies Solid and Hazardous Waste Management Advanced Environmental Chemistry Health, Safety and Environment Environmental Risk Assessment Research Methods in Environmental Science Climate Change Hydrochemistry and groundwater pollution Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Environmental Sociology Population Dynamics and the Environment Advanced Environmental Microbiology Environmental Auditing Environmental Economics Freshwater Ecology Advanced Environmental Geology Project Management Environmental Engineering Remote Sensing and GIS Applications in Environment Wildlife, Forestry and Wetland Management Watershed Management Epidemiology Marine Pollution Disaster Management Sustainable Development Air and Noise Pollution Groundwater Modeling Any course from Geology/Geophysics/EPM Road Map Thesis Credit Hours
12
57
Master of Science (MS) - Environmental Sciences

ENV-530 Environmental Biotechnology (3CH)
Introduction to Biotechnology: definition, principal and process, Recombinant DNA. technology: genetics of bacteria, Methods of gene transplantation in bacteria. Biosensors: development and use for pollution monitoring. Bioabsorption and bioaccumulation of heavy metals, Biodegradation of toxic chemicals: Genetics of biodegradation, Phytoremediation. Bioreactor: types and construction
ENV503
Energy & Environment (3CH)
Energy resources: Renewable & Non Renewable, Fossil fuels and their environmental effects: Green house effect and acid rain etc. Renewable energy principles: Solar radiation characteristics, measurements and local data; Passive use of solar energy (water heating, air heating, crop dryers, space heating, water desalination, solar ponds and solar concentrators etc). Alternate Energy: Photovoltaic; Micro-hydro electric plants; Wind power; Biofuels; Ethanol from Biomass; Wave and tidal and ocean thermal energy; Geothermal energy. Energy storage (batteries and fuel cells etc.): Hydrogen from renewable energy sources.
ENV-531
Environmental Analytical Techniques (3CH)
Introduction: Principles of physical, chemical and microbiological analysis of environmental pollutants. Sampling procedure for the examination of Water, Wastewater, Air and Solid Waste; sampling rules, sample collection and preservation. Laboratory Techniques and Field Monitoring for parameters of importance causing environmental pollution. Environmental Chemical Analysis; role and importance, classical methods: volumetric and gravimetric analysis. Instrumental Techniques using Spectrophotometery, Chromatography, Atomic Absorption and Emission Analysis etc. Statistical Tools: Assessment and Interpretation of Results
ENV-504
Environmental Impact Assessment (3CH)
Introduction to principles and process of EIA. Introduction to EIA tool and techniques. Role of bio-geo-chemical cycles in Trans-conversion of aspects to environment. Risk management process in terms of hazard management. Assessment of environmental impacts: Impacts upon the physical environment, ecological impact assessment, social impact assessment, economic impact assessment. Cost-benefit analysis of projects, Environmental Impact Statement.
ENV-505
Environmental Policy & Law (3CH)
Meaning and Scope of Environmental Planning and Management, development of concepts, Carrying capacity and sustainable development. Man-Environment Interaction in time and space. Relationship of culture, technology and resource use. Conservation Strategies; WCS, NCS, Provincial and Local Strategies. A detailed study of Environmental Problems of Pakistan, status of Terrestrial, Aquatic and Atmospheric Ecosystems. Treaties, Conventions and Protocols in Global, Regional and International Environmental Issues. Legislation and
58
Environmental Protection with particular reference to Pakistan. Environmental control Policies, Instruments and methods. Role of Public awareness and community participation in environmental conservation and management. Organizational and Institutional Framework for Environmental Protection and Management: Scope and Status in Pakistan. Draft National Environmental Policy.
ENV-517
Pollution Control Technologies (3CH)
Environmental pollutants: introduction. Pollution Concept: Types of Pollution, solid waste minimization techniques. Air, water and soil pollution control technologies, noise pollution control technologies. Waste water treatment technologies. Biotechnology for environment: industrial pollution control, oil spills. Occupational safety devices.
ENV-506
Research Methods in Environment Science (3CH)
Introduction to Research & Research Methods. What is a research proposal, its importance. A pre-requisite for Research. Research Proposal Writing Methods. Components of research proposal. How to put things together? Components of Research methods. How to do Literature Search: Database, Search Engines Readings: Faculty Resources, Research Proposals, Case Studies.
ENV-532
Advances in Environmental Science (3CH)
Introduction, history, movements, environmental systems: atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere, origin and inter-relationship. Environmental factors: chemical, physical and biological. Environmental pollution: types, sources, causes, and effects on human. Environmental dilemmas: erosion, deforestation, water-logging, salinity, drought and desertification. Issues of environment and sustainable development. Issues of the social environment; population growth, urbanization, migration and poverty. Environment and life style.
ENV-502
Environmental Management (3CH)
Fundamental concepts of Environmental Management, Historical Development of environmental concerns, sustainable development concept. Environmental management of agriculture, forest, water, and land resources. Social, ethical and religious dimensions, economic and technological use. Policy and legal instrument for environmental management: institutional framework, role of public, private sector and civil society. Green manufacturing: marketing, green consumerism. Global efforts for managing environment: Environmental policy and Law. ISO Guidelines (14000)
ENV-508
Environmental Sociology (3CH)
Introduction to sociology: individualistic, naturalistic and sociological features. Environmental sociology: history and development, Concepts: Socio-Environmental Relations; Co-evolution; Societal metabolism; Human expansionism. Environment and sociology: Relationship between society and nature, Gidden's theory of structuralism and its suitability as a tool for sociological investigation of environmental issues, Coevolution concept; relationship between society and nature. Interdisciplinary approach to 59
environmental issues, Constructive approaches in environmental sociology, Social commitments. Environment and development: Development, Environmentalism and conservation in developed and developing countries, Sustainable development, Political economy and political ecology. Environmental social movements, Gender and environment: Women and environment, Gender nature of environmental issues, Environmental degradation and women, Eco-feminism. International and national perspectives; e.g. America; Asia; Africa; Europe and Pakistan. Environmental management & Public policy.
ENV-509
Population Dynamics and the Environment (3CH)
The Population Concept. Population Problem and Population Debates. World Population: Current Scenario and Future Growth Projection. The Demographic Transitions: Population Growth and Decline. Population and Environment Nexus: Population and Natural Resource Sustainability, Population and Poverty: Unplanned Migrations and Urbanization, Unhealthy Living Environment. Population and Development Nexus: Population and Development in South Asia. Population-Development-Environment Nexus: South Asia Situation. Response to Population Problem: The Politics of Population Control. Government Responses: Programs and Policies. Individual Responses: Attitudes and Perceptions. Sustainable Approach to Population Control. Technology as Solution of Population Problem.
ENV-533
Advance Environmental Chemistry (3CH)
Environmental Chemistry: Material cycling in the environment; Micro and macronutrients. Geo-Chemical Cycles: Hydrologic, carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus, Cycling and balance of nature. Pollution: Chemistry and dynamics of pollutants in the environment; effects of pollutants: synergistic, antagonistic and additive effects on biotic and abiotic components of environment. Fate of pollutants in an ecosystem, treatment methods for pollutants. Pollution of the sea and water desalinization. Instrumental Methods of environmental analysis: Principles of sampling, Sampling techniques for chemical analysis of air, water, soil and food. Principles of filtration, titration, distillation, paper chromatography, gas chromatography etc., Absorption spectroscopy and atomic emission spectroscopy. Determination of NEQS parameters, water and waste water characteristics, chemical coagulation, disinfections of water, smog formation and acid rain, green house effect. Soil Biological Activity and Soil Conservation. Detail analysis of agrochemicals in relation to natural runoff persistence in the environment. Pollution prevention decision-making using life cycle analysis (LCA). Industrial ecology, ecology of polluted water.
ENV-534
Advance Environmental Microbiology (3CH)
Microbiology & Environment: Biological characteristics of wastes. Microbiological quality of water, food and soil. Effects of disinfectants on water and food borne microorganism. Techniques for the control of microbiological pollution. Environmental hygiene and sanitation. Health problems and issues related to different occupation. Primary health care and practice. Host pathogen interaction. Communicable and noncommunicable diseases.
60 59
ENV-510
Environmental Auditing (3CH)
Environmental audit: Introduction, background and history. Principles of environmental auditing: types of environmental audit, definition and basic concepts, scope of environmental audit, initiating an environmental audit; planning, team selection, preparation, carrying out the data, reporting. Environmental audit protocol.
ENV-511
Environmental Economics (3CH)
Introduction to environmental economics, Distinction between natural resource economics and environmental economics. Economy and the Environment: fundamental balance. Cost & benefits: the equilibrium principle, marginal cost and supply. Economic efficiency: Markets and social efficiency, external costs and external benefits. Pollution control a general model. Pollution damages and abatement costs. The socially efficient level of emissions. Evaluating the Environment and Benefit-cost Analysis: Measuring environmental benefits: contingent valuation, the travel cost method and the hedonic approach. Benefit cost analysis. The value of life, health, risk and safety. Economic Development and the Environment: The Global Environment: Ozone Depletion, global warming and biological diversity. International environmental agreements: economics of international agreements, International Trade and the environment.
ENV-535
Freshwater Ecology (3CH)
Ecology & Freshwater Environment: Definition, importance, lentic and lotic series, origin of lentic and lotic series, size, depth, elevation, margin, bottom; sources of bottom materials; stratification of bottom deposits. Physical features of water: density, water turbidity. Chemical features of water; dissolved gases; pH, alkalinity, hardness, salinity. Impact of Geochemical Cycles: nitrogen cycle; phosphorus cycle; sulphur cycle;
ENV-536
Advance Environmental Geology (3CH)
Introduction: Geologic framework: the home planet, earth systems and cycles, earth structure and materials. Hazardous geologic processes: assessing geologic hazards and risks, earthquakes, volcanic activity, tsunamis, landslides, mass wasting, subsidence, floods, and hazards of ocean and weather and meteorite impacts. Using and Caring for Earth Resources: the nature of earth resources, energy from fossil fuels, energy alternatives, mineral resources, soil resources and water resources. Human Impact on the environment: managing waste disposal contaminants in the geologic environment and atmospheric change. Medical Geology: the role of geologic materials in health; trace elements in natural waters, radon and trace elements in soil. Contamination of air and ground water resources by nuclear wastes and nuclear explosions. The effects of radioactivity on human health, and its remedial measures. Environmental Law: History, development and protection of environment
ENV-512
Project Management (3CH)
Introduction: What is a Project, Project Life Cycle, Writing Project Proposal, Defining Project objectives. Project Planning: Project Initiation; Need identification, feasibility study, economic evaluation. Logical Framework: Explanation of Vertical Logic; inputs, activities, outputs, specific objectives, development objectives, work breakdown structure. 61
Explanation of Horizontal Logic; indicators, means of verification, assumptions. Stakeholders Analysis and Participation. Participatory project monitoring and evaluation. Reasons for Project success or failure. Planning Commission Performas, Project Planning and Approval Processes, Resource Mobilization.
ENV-513
Health Safety and Environment (3CH)
ENV-537
Environmental Engineering (3CH)
Principles of Environmental Engineering: population, economic growth, industrialization, energy use. Physical and transport properties of mixtures, contaminant partitioning and transport in air, water and solids. Application of environmental principles, life cycle analysis, principles of environmental quality, standards and guidelines. Water and wastewater: characteristics and parameters, standard methods of analysis, treatment plants and systems. Industrial wastewater characteristics, treatment, treatment levels and available technologies. Sources and classification of atmospheric pollutants and particulates, health and ecological impacts. Gaussian diffusion model, lapse rate and stability conditions. Control of particulates: collection, mechanisms and efficiencies.Control of gases and vapors, adsorption, absorption, incineration, odour and gaseous pollutant control. Solid waste characterization and classification. 3R techniques Solid Waste Management , resource recovery and utilization. Engineering design and operational aspects of waste generation, collection, storage, transfer, processing. Engineering evaluation of Integrated waste management. Life cycle assessment of waste, physical and chemical treatment methods and Composting technique. Landfill design, operation, monitoring and reclamation
ENV-514
Remote Sensing and GIS Applications in Environment (3CH)
Image interpretation and identification of features form photographs and satellite images. Land Use mapping, environmental monitoring of natural and man-made processes such as floods, land sliding. ozone layer depletion, water pollution, deforestation. Soil erosion, water logging and salinity. Resource inventories. techniques to carry out surveys and inventories. MapInfo, ER Mapper, AutoCAD.
ENV-515
Environmental Risk Assessment (3CH)
Environmental risks: their assessment and management; historical perspective. Human health & Risk assessment: chemicals in the environment. Risk assessment to ecological systems from chemicals, from biological introductions, ad evaluation of the likelihood of major accidents in industrial processes. Assessing risks to ecosystems and human health from genetically modified organisms. Retrospective assessment: eco-epidemiology and ecological monitoring. Epidemiology and environmental risk assessment. Risk assessment 62
& Legislation: Application of risk assessment in policy and legislation in the European Union, North America, and developing countries. Balancing risks with other considerations: The psychology of risk and uncertainty. The economics of risk: Valuing risks. Natural hazards, risk analysis and risk management. Risk management: Principles, approaches and concepts: Corporate chemical management; a risk-based approach. Environmental risk assessment in business. Risk assessment and management for water treatment and disposal. Risk assessment and management in the exploitation of the seas. Risk assessment and management for inland waters. Environmental risk assessment in development programs, the experience of World Bank. Risk communication. A framework for sustainable product development.
ENV-516
Wildlife and Forestry Management (3CH)
Introduction to wildlife and their relationship with human population. Concepts of wildlife conservation: sustainable development and ecosystem. Effects of Industrial and Agricultural development and urbanization on wildlife. Endangered species: causes and measures for the conservation. National Parks: Wildlife sanctuaries and game reserves of Pakistan, their management and environmental problems. Modern techniques for control of environmental pollution in wildlife areas. International Conventions.
ENV-518
Watershed Management (3CH)
What is watershed, how watershed works, parts of watershed, natural changes within watershed. Current issues in water management, characteristics of effective management, watershed. Physical features and landforms, climate, soil, infiltration and runoff, stream flow, groundwater, water quality, plant and animal communities, land use, social and economic systems, valued features and activities. Identifying current users, need for public involvement, public involvement techniques and processes. Developing workable management options: simple and detailed assessment methods, costing and financing, quantifying intangibles, legal and institutional administrative concerns, planning for watershed, choosing and implementing the best plan, case studies.
ENV-519
Epidemiology (3CH)
Basic concept of Epidemiology, epidemiological approach and intervention. Dynamics of Disease and interventions, measuring the occurrence of disease, cohort cases, case control and cross sectional studies. Epidemiological models: ecological triad, wheel model and web causation, host and pathogen interaction: concept of cause, establishing the cause of a disease, environmental risk assessment, association and causation in environmental Epidemiology, survival of pathogen in the environment. Epidemiology of communicable and non-communicable diseases, Epidemiology and prevention. Field investigation for Epidemiology: designing studies in the field, developing interventions, The scope and level of prevention, Water and food borne disease and their spread, environmental and occupational Epidemiology, epidemiological aspects of environmental hazards to reproduction; risk factors for cancer in different occupational environment, Epidemiology and public health policy
63
ENV-520
Solid and Hazardous Waste Management (3CH)
Hazardous Wastes: Sources, Classification, Characteristics, and Generation. On-site handling and storage, collection, transfer, recycling and disposal techniques of municipal Solid Waste, land filling, thermal conversion and composting. Concept of integrated solid waste management: existing practices and their hazards. Economic evaluation of the systems, Hospital waste Management, Hazardous waste management.
ENV-521
Marine Pollution (3CH)
Marine Science, study of marine biology (organism, fisheries and mangroves). Characteristics of marine water and sediment. Sources and effect of marine pollution on ecological changes.Effects of pollution discharges, oil spills, coastal development, beach erosion, eutrophication channel dredging and changing sea-level on marine environment and their control measures. Seawater intrusion. Modeling for marine pollution dispersion: role of organism, fisheries and mangroves. Coastal geology and estuarine ecology. Marine resources and coastal management.
ENV-522
Disaster Management (3CH)
Disaster & Its types: Flooding, Earthquake, Landslide, etc. Natural cycles & their role, Prediction & Media. Disaster Management: Components of management, International phenomenon. Earthquake Management, Flood Management: Organizational Role. Role of Government and Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs). Trainings and Policies.
ENV-523
Wetland Conservation and Management (3CH)
History of wetland science and management; significance, concept, types, functions, values and classification, elements of wetlands management. Managerial issues, stakeholders participation and case studies in wetlands of Pakistan. Wetlands identification, delineation, wetlands assessment and monitoring. Ecological survey design and sampling techniques. Wetlands and water quality. Natural wetland protection and riparian areas as buffers. Management of exempt wetland activities, restoration, creation and constructed wetlands. Ecosystem, biodiversity, ecology, ecology of streams and rivers, lake ecology. Fishpond management and fish parasites. Wetland and floodplain ecology, structure, functioning and special characteristics of tropical river and lake ecosystems. Investigating activities/processes in the watershed and its effects on freshwater ecosystems and relevant ecosystem services.
ENV-507
Environment & Sustainable Development (3CH)
Introduction to Environment and Sustainable Development. Defining the concept of Sustainability, History and discourses of Sustainable Development. Development and Environmental Degradation. Sustainable Development of Natural Resources. Land Degradation: Deforestation and Desertification. Water Resources & Water Degradation: Aquatic & Marine environment & resources. Global Climactic Change; Kyoto Protocol. Population & Consumption: Poverty, Community Development and Participation, Role of the State and International Policy, Trade and Globalization. The Green Revolution
64
ENV-599
Thesis (3CH)
Senior students are prepared to brief new comers on their orientation day.
65
Master of Science (MS) Environmental Policy & Management (EPM) (2 Years)

This program is intended for mid-career professionals with an interest:
in maintaining human development with environmental integrity, in emphasizing upon national environmental policy and management and in resolving the impact on human environment through leadership.
The main objective(s) of this program are: to provide professionals with the knowledge and skills necessary to contribute, directly or indirectly, to the conservation and prudent use of natural resources for the benefit of society. This program will facilitate in understanding, analyzing and assessing problems from local and global perspective; in proposing sustainable solutions to environmental problems; and in contributing towards the development of policies and strategies for environmental planning. Participants in this program will be able to acquire the skills and know-how required for strategic development, policy making and decision making for environmental issues facing the country today.
66
Master of Science (MS) Environmental Policy & Management (EPM)

(Road Map)
67
68
Master of Science (MS) - Environmental Policy & Management (EPM)

Note: Course Description for common subjects in Environmental sciences (ES) and Environmental Policy and Management (EPM) can be seen in Previous Sections & the subjects Specified to this program are described as under: ENV-501 Issues in Environmental Science (3 CH)
Introduction, history, movements, environmental systems: atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere, origin and inter-relationship. Environmental factors: chemical, physical and biological. Environmental pollution: types, sources, causes, and effects on human. Environmental dilemmas: erosion, deforestation, water-logging, salinity, drought and desertification. Issues of environment and sustainable development. Issues of the social environment: population, population & resources, population growth, urbanization, migration and poverty. Environment and life style.
ENV-523
Climate Change
Introduction to the earth's climate: climate change, and the interactions between climate and the global environment; ; Electromagnetic Radiation and the Global Energy Budget; Energy and Temperature; Climate classifications: Kppen Global Climate; Global Climate Change: Causes & Consequences: Natural & Anthropogenic sources; Human responses to potential climate change; Recent Climate Change Indicators; Predicted changes to the physical world: Predicted changes to the biological world: range shifts, phonological changes, altered community structure, extinctions, human health, agriculture; Physical, chemical, biological, and social factors contributing to climate and global change; Moisture in the Atmosphere; Precipitation; Patterns in Winds and Pressure; The Measurement of Climate Change; The Causes of Climate Change: Global warming and greenhouse effect; Air Pollution and Acid Rain; Ozone depletion; Regional droughts and cataclysmic climate change; Types & Resources to produce Energy; Role of Energy Production in climate change: Fossil fuels, Hydrocarbons & their byproducts; Future Climates and the Consequences: Ground and Satellite Based Measurements Solutions & Alternates to man-made problems.
EVN-524
Air and Noise Pollution
Introduction, Sources and effects of air pollutants, air quality standards, Meteorological aspects related to air pollution, Air Pollution Measurements, Air Quality Monitoring, Air Quality modeling and its application, Air Pollution Laws, Case studies and model applications, Transboundary features of air pollution, General Ideas in Air Pollution Control, Traffic Emission Control. Sound and noise, reflecting on noise, sound pressure, human hearing and frequency, propagation, measures of noise, noise levels, The ear and human hearing perception, Sound Level Meter, equivalent noise levels, noise at work , national and internationally prescribed noise standards, noise calculations and traffic noise prediction.Noise Control.
69
ENV-537
Environmental Engineering
Principles of Environmental Engineering: population, economic growth, industrialization, energy use. Physical and transport properties of mixtures, contaminant partitioning and transport in air, water and solids. Application of environmental principles, life cycle analysis, principles of environmental quality, standards and guidelines. Water and wastewater: characteristics and parameters, standard methods of analysis, treatment plants and systems. Industrial wastewater characteristics, treatment, treatment levels and available technologies. Sources and classification of atmospheric pollutants and particulates, health and ecological impacts. Gaussian diffusion model, lapse rate and stability conditions. Control of particulates: collection, mechanisms and efficiencies. Control of gases and vapors, adsorption, absorption, incineration, odour and gaseous pollutant control. Solid waste characterization and classification. 3R techniques Solid Waste Management
GEO-527
Hydro-chemistry and Groundwater pollution
Laws of chemistry related to water and its reaction with the aquifer matrix. Principles and processes controlling composition of natural water. Water-Quality Standards (EPA), Methods of water sampling and analysis. Properties and constituents of water. Presentation, evaluation and interpretation of water analysis data (Piper and Trilinear diagram, Stiff Pattern).Sources,natureandeffectsofgroundwater contamination. Mass transport of solutes and chemical processes occurring in aquifers. Septic tanks and Cesspools, Landfills, Chemical Spills and leaking underground Tanks, Ground water contaminations prevention and remedies. Monitoring wells, Water treatment and techniques for the removal of physical biological and chemical contaminants. Saline intrusions in coastal and estuar in esediments. Lab. Ground water sampling for chemical analysis. Graphic presentation of chemical analysis data. Preparation of subsurface hydro chemical maps. Identification of the source and extent of contamination.
GEO-528
Mathematical and numerical simulation methods for modelling both steady and transient groundwater flow in practical applications relevant to hydrogeology and contaminant transport. Finite difference and finite element methods for steady state and transient flows: boundary conditions, range of validity and stability of the numerical schemes, numerical artifacts. Inverse modelling. Dual porosity and triple porosity modeling in groundwater flow. Computer lab on the use of popular software packages, basic methods with an emphasis on case studies.
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Earth & Environmental Sciences Department

Permanent Faculty (Islamabad Campus)
Name Designation Qualification
Dr Muhammad Zafar Dr Tahseenullah Khan Dr Muhammad Ikram Dr Humera Farah Mr M Khubaib Abuzar Mr Asif Javed Mr Saqib Mehmood Ms Fiza Sarwar Ms Sana Qureishi Ms Urooj Shakir Mr Hummad Ghani Syed Umair Ullah Jamil Mr. Mustafa Ms. Irum Khan Mr. M. Raiees Amjad Mr. Adil Naseer Mr. Fahad Mehmood
Associate Professor - I Professor - I Professor - II Associate Professor - II Assistant Professor - I Assistant Professor - I Assistant Professor-II Lecturer - I Lecturer - I Lecturer - I Lecturer - II Lecturer - II Lecturer - II Lecturer - II Lecturer - II Lecturer - II Lecturer - II
Ph D Geology Ph D Geology Ph D Chemistry Ph D Chemical Engineering M. Phil (NRM) MS Environmental Information System MS Geology MS Environmental Sciences M.Phil Chemistry M. Phil Geophysics MS Geology M.Sc Microbiology MS Geology M.Sc Geology MS Geophysics MS Geophysics MS Geophysics
71
Permanent Faculty (Karachi Campus)

Name Designation Qualification
Dr Mubarik Ali
Professor - I & HOD
Ph D Geology Ph D Geology Ph D Environment and Health M Sc Environmental Sciences M Sc (Hons) Environmental Sciences M Sc Numerical Analysis M.Sc Geology M.Sc Geophysics Masters
Dr Shamim Ahmed Siddiqui Professor Dr Yasmin Nergis Ms Shaista Iftikhar Ms Sumera Khalid Cdr Muhammad Rafiq (R) Mr. Zahid Ilyas Assistant Professor Assistant Professor Senior Lecturer Assistant Professor Lecturer
Mr. Muhammad Jahangir Khan Lecturer
Ms Naghmana Zafar Bhatti
Lecturer - II
A group photo of permanent faculty members with the Guest Speaker in the center
72

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CONTENTS

About the Department

Prof. Dr. Mubarik Ali Karachi Campus

Introduction What are Earth & Environmental Sciences?

What the Graduates of Environmental Sciences, Geology and Geophysics do?

Bahria University Environmental Sciences students are investigating cut-off drain.

Earth Sciences graduates of Bahria University

Bachelor of Science (BS) Geology (4 years)

Bachelor of Science (BS) Geology

Semester 2 Course Code

Credit Hours 3 3 3 3 3 3 18 Credit Hours 3 3 3 3 3 3

Contact Hours Theory Lab Total 3 0 3 3 0 3 3 2 3 2 16 0 2 0 2 4 3 4 3 4 20

Semester 5 (Third Year)

Course Title Geology Field Work & Report-2

Contact Hours Theory Lab Total 0 0 3

Semester 7 (Fourth Year)

Contact Hours Theory Lab Total 4 2 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 2 0 2 10 8 18

GEO-430 GEO-435 GEO-445 GEO-440

Bahrian University Geological Museum

Bachelor of Science (BS) Geology

Physical Geology and General Geology (3 CH)

Introduction to Computers (3 CH)

English 2 (3 CH) ENG-103

Fundamentals of Geography and Geomorphology GEO- 105

Introduction to Geophysics (3 CH) PHY-101

Field Geology (3 CH) GEO-105

Calculus & Analytical Geometry (3 CH)

Oral English (3 CH) ENG-104

Structural Geology (3 CH) GEO-105

Mineralogy and Crystallography (3 CH) GEO-105

Programming Fundamentals (3 CH) CSC-105

Sedimentology (3 CH) GEO-105

Optical Mineralogy (3 CH) GEO-210

Geochemistry (3CH) CHM-105

Geotectonics (3 CH) GEO-205

Advanced Mathematics (3 CH) MAT-115

Geology Fieldwork & Report-1 (3 CH)

Environmental Geology (3 CH) GEO-105

Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology (3 CH) GEO-210

Data Structures (3 CH) CSC-205

Marine Geology (3CH) GEO-105

Stratigraphy of Pakistan (3CH) GEO-325

Micropaleontology & Biostratigraphy (3 CH) GEO-310

Petroleum Geology (3 CH) GEO-325

Earthquake Seismology (3 CH) GEO-110

Well Logging (3 CH)

Geology Field Work and Report-II (3 CH)

Petroleum Engineering (3 CH)

Engineering Geology (3 CH) GEO-305

Economic Geology (3 CH) GEO-315

Research Methodologies (2 CH)

Geochemical Exploration Techniques (3 CH) GEO-415

GIS & Remote Sensing (3CH)

Seismic Stratigraphy (3 CH)

Introduction; Seismic stratigraphic approach; Recognition and discrimination of depositional

Geology of Pakistan (3CH) GEO-230

Pakistan Studies (2CH)

Introduction to International Relations

Introduction to Media Studies

Bachelor of Science (BS) Geophysics

Semester 1 (First Year)

Semester 3 (Second Year)

Semester 5 (Third Year)

Semester 7 (Fourth Year)

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