Beam Strengthening at Support (Negative Moment) Region Using CFRP and Column Steel Belt

Josia Irwan Rastandi 1, Pio R.T.H. Naibaho 2, Hartono 3

1

Faculty of Engineering, University of Indonesia, Depok 16424 Email : jrastandi@eng.ui.ac.id

Faculty of Engineering,Tama Jagakarsa University, Jakarta 12530 Email : piorthnaibaho@yahoo.co.id

3

P.T. Sika Indonesia, Cileungsi, Bogor 16820 Email : hartono.hioe@id.sika.com

ABSTRACT Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) is a non-metal material made of carbon fibre and has a tensile strength of 2800 MPa, so when used in the composite concrete structure will play a role in providing a large tensile strength. CFRP is commonly used in practice to strengthen reinforced concrete beam, especially for strengthening mid span region (positive moment region). But for negative moment region, particularly when a column exist, strengthening with CFRP still facing a problem, because the lack of development length. In this paper, some methods for beam strengthening at negative moment region will be excercised. Experiment using steel belt at column section upon beam-column joint, aim to make development length for CFRP, is proved to raised the flexural capacity of the the beam at this section. A comparison to another method of strengthening is also presented here. Key words : Development length, carbon fibre, strengthening beam at column suppor tregion

1. INTRODUCTION
The issue of upgrading the existing structure has been one of great importance for over a decade. Deterioration of bridge decks, beams, girders and columns, buildings, parking structures and others may attributed to ageing, environmentally induced, degradation, poor initial design and/or construction, lack of maintenance, and to accidental events such as earthquake. Especially in seismic zone like Indonesia, seismic retrofit has become an impportance issue. Structural repair, strengthening and retrofitting is one of the challenging works in civil engineering. Strengthening has its own problems because it is done on the structures that already exist. Therefore the location factor (easy to achieve), weather, construction time, and costs of implementation are the importance factors that should be considered carefully by the engineer. The development in material science has provided answers to the above challenges. One of the them is the use of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polimer (CFRP) as external reinforcement for strsengthening structural element. CFRP can be used to increase both flexural and shear strength. Just like steel reinforcement, while strengthening flexural element, CFRP behave as an external additional tension element. Consequently it also requires development length so that the CFRP stress can increase from zero to its yield strength. The problem of development length will arise and become an obstacle if we want to increase the flexural capacity of beams in the support (negative moment) region. Normally in the building structure, we always have column in this area, so that it is impossible to provide development length for CFRP to reach its ultimate capacity. This paper proposed one alternative solution for beam flexural strengthening at support (Negative Moment) region by using CFRP and column steel belt. The CFRP are bonded to steel belt and the steel belts are fastened to the column, so that carbon fibers hopefully can reach its ultimate strenght and the moment capacity expected to increase optimally.

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2.

METHODS FOR BEAM STRENGTHENING AT SUPPORT REGION Theoretically the development length is a necessary condition that must be met for strengthening using CFRP. Nevertheles, it is often found in the fields, a variety of ways that violate this rule. In practice we can found 2 types of CFRP negative moment strengthening without development length, i.e. : 2.1. Straight CFRP plates on beam support region with termination in front of column face Theoretically, the maximum negative moment at beam occurs at the column face, and of course this area will become the most critical area for beam strengthening. The addition of straight CFRP plates without development length in this region does not add flexural capacity at all. The CFRPs end just exact at the maximum moment region without any development length that enable them to reach their ultimate strength. This type of strengthening is described as in figure 1 section I.

2.2. Cross CFRP plates on beam support region with termination in front of column face Just like the previous type, this second type of strengthening have no development length but only additional crossing CFRP plates perpendicular to the straight ones as described in figure 1 section II. To verify the analysis of both strengthening methods above, a series of experimental were performed using cantilever column-beam specimens that havbe been strengthened.

3.

FLEXURAL BEAM STRENGTHENING AT SUPPORT USING CFRP AND COLUMN STEEL BELT The main problem in strengthening at support region is the absence of development length for CFRP plate. To overcome this, in this paper will discuss about a method that uses a steel belt that looped around the column, in which the CFRP plate, mounted on the top beam, glued to the steel belt. It is expected that the steel belt around the column, will function as the development length for CFRP plate, so that the CFRP plates will be able to reach their ultimate stresses and work optimally as an external tension element. In this strengthening method, bond between concrete and CFRP plate, and bond between CFRP plate and steel plate, plays a very important role for achieving a Concrete-CFRP-Steel Composite. To test the validity of this method, a series of experiment was performed using columns with cantilever beam speciments. Details of samples for this method will be discussed in next section.

4.

SPECIMENTS Three types of speciments were made in this experiment, representing two types of common practice method and a new proposed method using a steel belt. Each type consists of three specimens, so that nine speciments will be tested in the whole experiments. These three types of speciments are shown in figure 3 until figure 6. Each speciment has column section of 225 mm x 225mm, cantilever beam of 175mm x 225 mm and total column height of 840 mm. Each support was treat as hinge support. Detail sections of the speciment are represented in figure 2 below. The CFRP used in this experiment has a dimension of 50 mm width and 1,2 mm thickness. Table 1 shows the technical specification of CFRP while table 2 shows the specification of the epoxy adhesive. Tabel 1. CFRP Characteristic Tensile strength 2800 MPa Youngs Modulus 165.000 MPa Ultimate tensile strain > 1,7 % Thickness/width 1,2 mm/ 50 mm Density 1,60 g/cm3 Tabel 2. Epoxy Adhesive Characteristic Youngs Modulus 12.800 Mpa Bond strength > 4 MPa

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II

Beam strengthening using CFRP

Section I. Straight CFRP Strengthening without development length

Section II. Cross CFRP Strengthening without development length

Figure 1. Common beam support strengthening in practice

Plat10mm350/350

84 15

Column 225x225

Beam175x225 3D13 D10100 2D13 1500 175

Plat10mm350/350 225

350

8D13 D10100

350
Figure 2. Reinforced Concrete Cantilever Speciment
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Figure 3. Straight CFRP installment on Speciment model 1

Figure 4. Cross CFRP installment on Speciment model 2

Figure 5. CFRP installment with steel belt on Speciment model 3

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Figure 6. Cross section of CFRP and 50mm x 5mm steel plate on beam column joint

4.

EXPERIMENTAL METHOD

100 mm

Figure 7. Dial gauges location on speciment The experimental method are conducted as follow : 1. Deflection measurement was performed in 5 locations on the beam-column specimen, as shown in figure 7. 2. The load was located 100 mm from the beam ends as shown in figure 7. 3. Before it is strengthened, every sample was loaded until it reached its ultimate strength. 4. After it has reached its ultimate strength, then each sample was grouted using non-shrink grout material to fill its crack width. 5. After grouting process, the strengthening was performed for the whole three strengthening methods. 6. The strengthened samples were reloaded until they have reached their ultimate strength again.

5.

TEST RESULTS The test results from each sample are shown in table 3. This table shows that Model 3 gave the best result comparing to model 1 and model 2. Model 1 gives only an average increase of 13.9%, while model 2 at 24.0%. From the results of models 1 and 2, they show that even though there is no development length of CFRP, the load test results indicate the increasing of flexural capacity. This means that the presence of additional CFRP gave a quite good composite effect in this tension region. From table 3, we can see that maximum increasing load percentage from model 3 is 41,4% with an average of 35,4%. Theoretically, CFRP strengthening can increase the ultimate capacity until 55 %. This means that experimental results from model 3 show that model 3 can reach maximum 75,3% from strengthening target, with an average with an average achievement of 64,4%.

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The results show that the typical failure that occurs in model 3 is the release of bonding steel belt at column face due to the tension force at the top face of the cantilever beam. Flexural cracks also occur at the column face. Tabel 3. Comparison ultimate load from three strengthening models
MODEL SAMPLE NUMBER M1.1 M1.2 M1.3 M2.1 M2.2 M2.3 M3.1 M3.2 M3.3 ULTIMATELOAD(kN) INCREASINGLOADPERCENTAGE(%) WITHOUTCFRP WITHCFRPSTRENGTHENING EXPERIMENT THEORETICAL STRENGTHENING THEORETICAL EXPERIMENT THEORETICAL EXPERIMENT EACHSAMPLE AVERAGE 13.1 13.0 20.3 14.2 55.0 9.2 13.9 13.1 12.0 20.3 14.8 55.0 23.3 13.1 13.0 20.3 14.2 55.0 9.2 13.1 12.0 20.3 16.2 55.0 35.0 24.0 13.1 13.0 20.3 15.4 55.0 18.5 13.1 14.0 20.3 16.6 55.0 18.6 13.1 14.0 20.3 18.4 55.0 31.4 35.4 13.1 14.0 20.3 19.8 55.0 41.4 13.1 15.0 20.3 20.0 55.0 33.3

STRAIGHT CFRP CROSSCFRP CFRPWITH STEELBELT

Gambar 8. Typical failure of model 3

6.

CONCLUSION From the analysis and experiment that has been done, it can be concluded : 1. 2.
3.

4. 5.

Beam strengthening at support region using model 1 and model 2 (without development length) only provides average effectiveness of 34,5%. Beam strengthening Model 3 (CFRP and steel belt) provides more effective results with an average effectiveness of 64.3%. Beam strengthening model 1 and 2 have typical failure mode characterized by the presence of wide cracks at column face. At beam strengthening model 3, failure mode is determined by the release of bonding steel belts at column

face.
Increasing the ultimate capacity in model 3 is still possible by anchoring the steel belt into the column.

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7.

REFERENCES

[1] ACI Commitee 440, Guide for the Design and Construction of Extenally Bonded FRP Systems for Strengthening Concrete Structures (ACI 440.2R-02), (American Concrete Institute, 2002) [2] Antonius, Endah K. Pangestuti, Mekanisme Keruntuhan Balok Beton yang Dipasang Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plate, Konferensi Nasional Teknik Sipil I (Konteks I), Universitas Atma Jaya Yogyakarta, (Mei 2007), hal. 369-378. [3] Aprile A., E. Spacone, and S. Limkatanyu, Role of Bond in Beams Strengthened with Steel and FRP Plates, Journal of Structural Engineering, 127(12), page 1445-1452, 2001. [4] Naibaho, Pio R. T., Panjang Penyaluran Carbon Fiber pada Perkuatan Struktur Balok Beton di Daerah Tumpuan, Tesis Magister Teknik, Program Pasca Sarjana, Universitas Indonesia, 2008 [5] Pangestuti, Endah K.,Pengaruh Penggunaan Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plate terhadap Perilaku Lentur Struktur Balok Beton Bertulang, Tesis Magister Universitas Diponegoro, 2006. [6] Permono, Aryo, Perbaikan Struktur Balok Beton Bertulang yang telah Mangalami Keruntuhan akibat Overloading dengan menggunakan material perbaikan Concresive 1438 dan Injection Resin LPL dan Material Perkuatan M-Brace CF130, Skripsi, Program Sarjana Fakultas Teknik UI, Depok, 2006. [7] Rahimi H., and A. Hutchinson, Concrete Beams Strengthened with Externally Bonded FRP Plates, Journal of Composites for Contructions, ASCE, V.5, No.1, Jan, pp. 44-45, 2001. [8] Triantafillou T., et al., Externally bonded FRP reinforcement for RC structures, Technical Report on the Design and Use of Externally Bonded Fibre Reinforced Polymer Reinforcement (FRP EBR) for Reinforced Concrete Structure, fdration internationale du bton (fib), 2001

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