FACULTY OF ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

BENU 2002 Engineering Workshop NAME SYARIFAH NASUHA BINTI SYED ALI NAJWA BINTI ISHAK MATRIC NUMBER B021010137 B021010056

LECTURER: EN. RADI HUSIN BIN RAMLEE INSTRUCTOR ENGINEER: EN. SHAMSUL FAKHAR BIN ABD GANI

TITLE: APPLICATIONS INSTRUMENTATION, MEASUREMENT AND POWER SUPPLY IN ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT

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OBJECTIVE: 1. To apply Instrumentation, Measurement and Power Supply in electronic circuit

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EQUIPMENT REQUIRED: 1. Oscilloscope 2. Function Generator 3. Power Supply 4. Multimeter. 5. Voltage regulation circuit.

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THEORY: RECTIFIER. An unregulated power supply consists of a rectifier and a filter. This type of power supply is widely used in application where the dc voltage is not critical. In this experiment you will build and experiment with several power supplies of this type. Electronic equipment needs a source of power. Portable equipment such as transistor radios and calculators operate on batteries. Such equipment is designed to keep current drain in the battery as low as possible to extend battery life. More often, electronics equipment is operated from the DC power line. In these cases special circuits must convert the high voltage ac supplied by the power line to dc at different voltages required by the equipment circuitry. It also called AC to DC converter.

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PROCEDURE: PART 1: CLIPPER CIRCUIT Part A: Parallel Clipper

V1 2
-4/4V
1000 Hz

V2 R = 2.2k 2
Si

E=1.5V

Vo

Figure 1 i. The circuit had simulated by refer to Figure 1.

ii. 8 Vp-p is applied to sinusoidal-wave at a frequency of 1 kHz to the input, V1. iii. The output voltage, V2 is observed using dual channel oscilloscope. iv. The DC supply connection in Figure 1 is reversed and the waveform is observed. v. The clipping network circuit is constructed as shown in Figure 1 vi. Step 2 until step 4 is repeated.
vii.

The result is compared between these two methods. Part B: Series Clipper
Si
V1 2

-4/4V
1000 Hz

E=1.5V 5V

V2 2

R=1k Vo

Figure 2 i. The circuit had simulated by refer to Figure 2. ii. 8 Vp-p is applied to sinusoidal-wave at a frequency of 1 kHz to the input, V1.

iii. The output voltage is observed using dual channel oscilloscope. iv. The DC supply connection in Figure 2 is reversed and the waveform is observed. v. The clipping network circuit is constructed as shows in Figure 2. vi. Step 2 until step 4 is repeated. vii. The result is compared between these two methods.

PART 2: CLAMPING CIRCUIT

V1 2

1uF

V2 2 +

-4/4V
1000 Hz

Si 100k Vo

Figure 3

i. The circuit had simulated by refer to Figure 3. ii. 8 Vp-p is applied to sinusoidal-wave at a frequency of 1 kHz to the input, V1. iii. The output voltage is observed using dual channel oscilloscope. iv. The diode connection in Figure 3 is reversed and the waveform is observed. v. The clamping network circuit is constructed as shows in Figure 3. vi. Step 2 until step 4 is repeated. vii. The result is compared between these two methods.

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RESULT:

PART 1: CLIPPER CIRCUIT Part 1 A: Parallel Clipper (Multisim Software) 1) Parallel Clipper.

Figure 4 Calculation: + cycle: Vo = VS = 4V - cycle: Vo = -VD E Vo = -0.7- 1.5 Vo = -2.2V

2) Parallel Clipper when reverse the DC supply.

Figure 5

Calculation: + cycle: Vo = VS = 4V - cycle: Vo = -VD E Vo = -0.7 + 1.5 Vo = 0.8V Part 1 A: Parallel Clipper (Experiment) 1) Parallel Clipper.

Figure 6 2) Parallel Clipper when reverse the DC supply.

Figure 7

Part 1 B: Series Clipper (Multisim Software) 1) Series Clipper.

Figure 8 Calculation: + cycle: Vo = VS - VD - E Vo = 4 - 0.7 - E Vo = 1.8V - cycle: The diode is reverse bias, the circuit become open circuit so that Vo = 0V 2) Series Clipper when reverse the DC supply.

Figure 9

Calculation: + cycle: Vo = VS - VD + E Vo = 4 - 0.7 + E Vo = 4.8V - cycle: The diode is reverse bias, the circuit become open circuit so that Vo = 0V

Part 1 B: Series Clipper (Experiment) 1) Series Clipper.

Figure 10 2) Series Clipper when reverse the DC supply.

Figure 11

PART 2: CLAMPING CIRCUIT (Multisim Software) 1) Clamping Circuit.

Figure 12

2) Clamping Circuit when reverse the diode.

Figure 13

PART 2: CLAMPING CIRCUIT (Experiment) 1) Clamping Circuit.

Figure 14

2) Clamping Circuit when reverse the diode.

Figure 15

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DISCUSSION

PART 1: Part A: Parallel Clipper. Output Voltage, VO Maximum value Minimum value Multisim Software 4V -2V Table 1 The result between Multisim software and experiment is same. The waveforms from both methods have the positive and negative part but the value of negative is smaller compare to the positive part. The negative voltage is not suitable to be use in electronic device because it might damage the electronic components. Therefore, this circuit design is not suitable to be use as a power supply. Experiment 4V -2V

Part A: Parallel Clipper when reverse DC supply. Output Voltage, VO Maximum value Minimum value Multisim Software 3.9V 993mV Table 2 The result between Multisim software and experiment has slightly difference. This is because Multisim Software is more accurate compare to the experiment. The waveforms from both methods only have the positive part. The electronic devices need positive voltage to run the circuit. Therefore, this circuit design is suitable to be use as a power supply. Experiment 4V 1V

Part B: Series Clipper Output Voltage, VO Maximum value Minimum value Multisim Software 2V -2.4mV Table 3 The result between Multisim software and experiment has slightly difference. This is because Multisim Software is more accurate compare to the experiment. The difference for maximum output voltage is 0.3V while for minimum output voltage is 2.4mV. The minimum output voltage by using Multisim Software is too small so we can ignore that. The waveforms from both methods only have the positive part. But the maximum output voltage is smaller than the input voltage. The electronic devices need positive voltage to run the circuit. Therefore, this circuit design is suitable to be use as a power supply. Experiment 1.7V 0V

Part B: Series Clipper when reverse DC supply Output Voltage, VO Maximum value Minimum value Multisim Software 4.9V 13.3mV Table 4 The result between Multisim software and experiment has slightly difference. This is because Multisim Software is more accurate compare to the experiment. The electronic devices need positive voltage to run the circuit. Besides the maximum output voltage is larger than the input voltage. Therefore, this circuit design is more suitable to be use as a power supply because there is no negative output voltage obtained at the waveform. Experiment 4.8V 0V

PART 2: Clamping Circuit Output Voltage, VO Maximum value Minimum value Multisim Software 173.1mV -7.8V Table 5 The result between Multisim software and experiment has slightly difference. But the waveform places mostly at the negative part. So, the circuit design is not suitable to be se as a power supply. Experiment 0.4V -7.4V

PART 2: Clamping Circuit when reverse the diode connection Output Voltage, VO Maximum value Minimum value Multisim Software 7.6V -427.5mV Table 6 The result between Multisim software and experiment has slightly difference. But the waveform places mostly at the positive part. By using Multisim Software the minimum output voltage is 427.1mV. It is too small so it wont affect the electronic components. Therefore, the circuit design is suitable to be use as a power supply. Experiment 7.4V -0.4V

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CONCLUSION

Clipper circuit is use to cut the negative DC voltage while Clamper is use to shift entire voltage waveform up or down. Both circuits can be use as a power supply since they can eliminate the negative part of the waveform and obtain only the positive voltage. Electronic devices only require positive voltage to operate. If there is negative voltage supplied to the devices it might get damage. Besides, positive voltage can help to protect the electronics devices. Conclusively, all the clipper and clamper design must consider the arrangement of components to obtain the desired output.